03/11/2014

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Go green, gas gas –the answer to all (emission) problems?

5th CIMAC Cascades 2014 Busan“GAS ENGINES - THE VIABLE ALTERNATIVE

23rd of October 2014

Peter Koch

Senior development engineer, Bergen Engines AS

Emissions

Demand for reduced NOx, CO2, SOx and PM

● Exhaust after-treatment for diesel engines

● Gas engine concepts

Economy

● Lower fuel consumption

● Lower OPEX (e.g. EHM initiatives)

● Low energy loss concepts

Technology

● Trends toward more specialised vessels with more flexible propulsion

systems (e.g. diesel-/gas-electric, hybrid drive)

● Move to deeper waters and more harsh environment operation

Regulations

● Stronger environmental focus through IMO Tier III and EPA

● Stronger safety focus (e.g. SOLAS, NORSOK and others)

(Marine) engines market drivers

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

Kleiner’s law(s)

“Make sure the dog

wants to eat the

dog food. No

matter how

ground-breaking a

new technology,

how large a

potential

market, make

certain customers

actually want it.”

(Eugene Kleiner)

NOx (+HC)

SOx

PM

CO2

EEDI

The diesel dilemma ���� “Go Gas”

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

Methane, methane, meth0 ���� GWP*

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CO

2 e

qu

. in

g/k

Wh

CH4 emissions in g/kWh

Net decrease in

GHG emissions

Net increase in

GHG emissions

GHG/GWP:

• CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information)

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

*Beetlejuice ���� © Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.

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Methane, methane, meth0 ���� GWP*

GHG/GWP:

• CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information)

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ch

an

ge

in C

O2

em

issi

on

to

ba

seli

ne

CH4 emissions in g/kWh

800 g/kWh CO2 750 g/kWh CO2 700 g/kWh CO2 675 g/kWh CO2

650 g/kWh CO2 625 g/kWh CO2 600 g/kWh CO2 575 g/kWh CO2

550 g/kWh CO2 500 g/kWh CO2

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

*Beetlejuice ���� © Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.

Methane, methane, meth0 ���� GWP

-30-20-10

0

10203040

200 190 180 170 160 150

0 3 6 9 12

Gas engine fuel consumption (ISO w/o pumps) in g/kWh

%

2006 2009 2011 2013

Methane slip in g/kWh @ mcr

Methane slip isolines in g/kWh

Re

du

ctio

no

fG

HG

in

% c

om

pa

red

to

the

resp

ect

ive

die

sel

en

gin

em

od

el

SFC and GHG basics

Natural gas:

• Lower heating value (LHV) of 36MJ/Nm3

• Methane number of 70

GHG/GWP:

• CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information)

Explanatory note

Gas engine with fuel consumption of 170 g/kWh

(~45% thermal efficiency)

Methane slip of the engine is 6 g/kWh (8 g/kWh)

� Total greenhouse gas (CO2 + CH4) emissions on

a lower (higher) level than for a comparable diesel

engine � 5% reduction (increase)

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

Methane slip in g/kWh @ E2 cycle

CH4 slip ���� engine (process) control

Gas admission

• Scavenging process – valve overlap

Combustion chamber design

• Crevices / fireland

Combustion process

• Quenching

• Turbulence – Lean mixture zones

• Boundary layer � “at the walls”

• Delayed combustion / misfiring

• Active throttle control

IV

EV

GAV

TDC

BDC

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

Lean burn gas engine control

03/11/2014

3

p in

ba

r

time after ignition in ms

Misfiring Regular Transition Reg-to-knock Knocking

lambda

Lean burn gas engine controlH

ea

t re

lea

se

time after ignition in ms

Misfire Regular Transition Knocking/Preignition

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

Transient behaviour – diesel vs. gas*

MN

HV

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

* Port injection Gas engines; CIMAC WG17; Transient response behaviour of gas engines; April 2011

� Specification for marine diesel fuel

� ISO 8217:2012 � 5th edition

� 4 distillate & 11 residual fuel categories

� Natural gas ���� “work in progress”

The Natural gas market/infrastructure

60

70

80

90

100

80 85 90 95 100

Me

tha

ne

nu

mb

er

Engine load in %

BE SI gas engine Other SI gas engine ex. DF engine ex.

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

47 48 49 50 51 52

Me

tha

ne

Nu

mb

er

MN

(A

VL)

LHV in MJ/kgArun(Indonesia) Arzew(Algeria)

Badak(Indonesia) Bintulu(Malaysia)

Bonny(Nigeria) Das Island(Emirates)

Lumut(Brunei) Point Fortin(Trinidad & Tobago)

Ras Laffan(Qatar) Skida(Algeria)

Snøhvit(Norway) Withnell(Australia)

Methane Average(USA)

Typical(Russia)

CO2N2

C4H10

C3H8

C2H6

H2

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

*JRC-IE; Liquefied Natural Gas for Europe – Some Important Issues for Consideration, 2009

P1 = Publicly available data DF engine #1 P2 = Publicly available data DF engine #2

Comparison of transient behavior (constant speed)

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

03/11/2014

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Variable speed and dynamic load capability

Marine mechanical drive key enablers

PSV in rough weather DP operation

� 30 knots wind and 3m wave height

Example of variable speed up-loading and

subsequent pitch reversal at rated speed 750 rpm

Engine speed in rpm on the 1st axis Engine power in % on the 2nd axis

x-axis � 4 minutes trend @ 10 s time resolution

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

35 m long

14,5 m wide

13,5 knots

68 tons Bollard pull

1 x 80 m3 Gas tanks and ancillaries

Acon gas monitoring safety system

2 x RRM US35 CP azimuth thrusters

2 x C26:33L6PG @ 1705kW = 2286 bhp

Marine mechanical drive*“0 first tugboat in the world to run purely on natural gas” M/T Borgøy

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

*Pictures partly copyright of Sanmar A.Ş.

0 and the “Oscars” go to M/S ”Stavangerfjord” – M/S ”Bergensfjord”

Marine mechanical drive

170 m long

27,5 m wide

25 000 GT

600 cars

1500 passengers

25 knots

2 x RRM Promas system

4 x B3540V12PG @ 5.600kW = 7.616 bhp

Over 4500 operating hours (17.03.14)

Overall true efficiency based upon thermal energy input at 47% (~50% with WHR)

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

The LNG “argument clinic”*

Yes, it is.Yes, it is.Yes, it is.Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.No, it isn’t.No, it isn’t.No, it isn’t.

*Monty Python’s Flying Circus ���� © BBC & Python Pictures / The Ten Commandments ���� © Paramount Pictures & Motion Picture Associates, Inc.

• Costs

• Emissions

• Operation

• Reliability

• Bunkering / Infrastructure

• Installation

• Safety

• Conversion 0

Private data unless stated otherwise

Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company

03/11/2014

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“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” – Aristotle