5_railway bridge defects and deterioration processes

Wroclaw University of technology Workshop I Oct. 23rd-24th, 2006 1

RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGES

AND DETERIORATION PROCESSES

Jan Bie, Krzysztof Jakubowski, Tomasz Kamiski, Maciej Maksymowicz, Pawe Rawa, Jarosaw Zwolski

Workshop IInspection and Condition Assessment of Railway Bridges

23.10.2006 24.10.2006, Berlin


CONTENTS:

1. CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

2. MAIN TYPES OF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGES

3. CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGES

4. CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BRIDGE DAMAGES

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MASONRY BRIDGE DAMAGES

6. DETERIORATION MECHANISMS


1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY CONCEPTION OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RAILWAY

BRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGES


2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2.

MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES MAIN TYPES

OF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGESOF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGES


Contamination

appearance of any type of a dirtiness or not designed plant vegetation

Deformationgeometry changes incompatible with the design, with changes of mutual distances of structure element points

DEFINITIONS OF MAIN TYPES OF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGES (1)


Destruction

deterioration of physical and/or chemical structural features in comparison with designed values

Discontinuity

not designed break in continuity of a structure material

DEFINITIONS OF MAIN TYPES OF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGES (2)


DEFINITIONS OF MAIN TYPES OF RAILWAY BRIDGE DAMAGES (3)Displacement

not designed displacement of a structure without changes of distances of structure element points (without deformation), also restriction in designed displacement capabilities

Loss of material

decrease of designed amount of structure material


3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF

CONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGESCONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGES


DeflectionProtection

DeflectionConcrete

Deformation

Superficial

PenetratingOrganic

Neutral

AggressiveInorganic

Protection

Superficial

PenetratingOrganic

Neutral

AggressiveInorganic

Concrete

Contamination

LEVEL IVLEVEL IIILEVEL IILEVEL I

CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DAMAGES


CONTAMINATION

CONCRETE

ORGANIC

PENETRATING SUPERFICIAL


DEFORMATION

CONCRETE

DEFLECTION




Strength reduction

Bond reductionModification of physical features

Reinforcement and prestressing system

Porosity increase

Permeability increase

Frost-resistance reduction

Fading

Embrittlement increase

Adhesion reduction

Modification of physical features

Salt concentration increase

pH factor reduction

Calcium hydoxide reductionModification of

chemical features

Protection

Strength reduction

Porosity increase




Elastic modulus change

Absorbability increase



pH factor reduction

Calcium hydoxide reductionModification of

chemical features

Concrete

Destruction




Translation

RotationLimited

Translation

RotationExcessive

Displacement

Fracture

CrackReinforcement and prestressing system

Fracture

Delamination

Crack

Protection

Fracture

Delamination

Transverse

Skew

Longitudinal

Irregular

Crack

Concrete

Discontinuity

Reinforcement and prestressing system

Protection

Concrete

Loss of material


LOSS OF MATERIAL

CONCRETE PROTECTION


4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4.


STEELSTEELSTEELSTEELSTEELSTEELSTEELSTEEL BRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGES


CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BRIDGE DAMAGES


Strength reductionModification ofphysical featuresWelded connector

Thickness reduction

Fading

Embrittlement increasing

Adhesion reduction

Modification ofphysical featuresProtection

Strength reduction

LooseningModification ofphysical features

Bolted/riveted connector

Strength reduction

Impact resistance reduction

Hardness reductionModification ofphysical featuresBasic component

Destruction

Torsion

Distortion

Deflection

Basic componentDeformation

Superficial

Penetrating Organic

Neutral

Aggressive Inorganic

Steel constructionContamination


CONTAMINATION

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

INORGANIC

AGGRESSIVE NEUTRAL


DEFORMATION

BASIC COMPONENT

DEFLECTION DISTORTIONDEFLECTION


DESTRUCTION

BASIC COMPONENT

MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL FEATURES

STRENGTH REDUCTION

BOLTED/RIVETED CONNECTOR


LOOSENING




Translation

RotationLimited

Translation

Rotation Excessive

Displacement

Fracture

CrackWelded connector

Fracture

Delamination

Crack

Protection

Fracture

CrackBolted/riveted connector

Fracture

Delamination

Transverse

Skew

Longitudinal

Irregular

Crack

Basic component

Discontinuity



Welded connector

Protection

Bolted/ riveted connector

Basic component

Loss of material


5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5.


MASONRYMASONRYMASONRYMASONRYMASONRYMASONRYMASONRYMASONRY BRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGESBRIDGE DAMAGES


DeflectionProtection

Swell

Slip

Deflection

Masonry

DeflectionBackfill

Deformation

Superficial

PenetratingOrganic

Neutral

AggressiveInorganic

Protection

Superficial

PenetratingOrganic

Neutral

AggressiveInorganic

Masonry

Superficial

PenetratingOrganic

Neutral

AggressiveInorganic

Backfill

Contamination


CLASSIFICATION OF MASONRY BRIDGE DAMAGES


CONTAMINATION

MASONRY

PENETRATING SUPERFICIAL

ORGANIC





pH factor reduction

Calcium hydroxide reductionModification of

chemical featuresJoint

Strength reduction

Porosity increase








pH factor reduction


chemical features

Brick/stone

Modification of physical featuresBackfill

Destruction




Destruction

Strength reduction

Porosity increase






Modification of physical featuresJoint

Porosity increase



Fading


Adhesion reduction




pH factor reduction


chemical features

Protection


DESTRUCTION

JOINT PROTECTION


MODIFICATION OF CHEMICAL FEATURES




Protection

Joint

Brick/stone

Backfill

Loss of material

Translation

RotationExcessiveDisplacement

Fracture

Delamination

Crack

Protection

Transverse

Skew

Longitudinal

Irregular

Fracture

Delamination

Transverse

Skew

Longitudinal

Irregular

Crack

Masonry

Discontinuity


LOSS OF MATERIAL

BACK FILL BRICK/STONE


6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6.

DETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMSDETERIORATION MECHANISMS


BASIC DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IDENTIFIED IN RAILWAY BRIDGES


Structural material Degradation mechanism

concrete steel masonry Physical

Creeping

Effect of high temperatures Fatigue

Freeze-thaw action

Modification of foundation conditions

Overloading

Shrinkage

Water penetration

Chemical Alkali-aggregate reactions Carbonation

Corrosion

Crystallization

Leaching

Oil and fat influence

Salt and acid actions

Biological Accumulation of contamination

Living organisms activities

MAIN DEGRADATION MECHANISMS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS


Damage type

Degradation mechanism

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Physical Creeping

Fatigue

Influence of high temperature

Freeze-thaw actions


Overloading

Shrinkage

Water penetration

Chemical Alkali-aggregate reactions

Carbonation

Corrosion

Crystallization

Leaching

Oil and fat influence




DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN RELATION TO DAMAGES OF CONCRETE RAILWAY BRIDGES


DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN RELATION TO DAMAGES OF STEEL RAILWAY BRIDGES

Damage type


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Physical Effect of high temperature

Fatigue


Overloading

Chemical Corrosion




DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN RELATION TO DAMAGES OF MASONRY RAILWAY BRIDGES

Damage type


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Physical Effect of high temperature

Fatigue

Freeze-thaw actions

Modification of foundation conditions Overloading

Shrinkage Water penetration

Chemical Carbonation Crystallization

Leaching





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5_railway bridge defects and deterioration processes

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