CHAPTER - 5

TYRSEM - AN OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE

5.1 Objectives, Approach & Strategy . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - _ d - - - - - - _ _ _ - - - _ _ . _ _ _ - _ ^ - - - _ - _ _ _

5.2 Components of the Programme

5.4 Supply of Free-tool kit to Trainees _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ - - - _ _ _ - - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - _ _ - - -

5.5 Financing project for S.E

5.6 Organisational Support - - - - - - - - - - _ - - _ - - - -

5.7 Progress of TRYSEM - India

5.8 Progress of TRYSEM - Andhra Pradesh -

5.9 Progress of TRYSEM - Nellore - - _ -

5.10 Conclusion - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - - - _ - .- - -- - - -- - - - - - - -

CHAPTER-5

TRYSEM : AN OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE

5.0 INTRODUCTION:

Attempts have been made over the last five decades by different Governments

both at the centre and state levels, to take the economy of the country to new heights of

development and to promote social just~ce through a series of five year plans using

various strategies and policy programmes But all these efforts have failed to unfold

new opportunities for a richer and mc-e varied life to the poor in general and rural

masses in particular '

The provis~on of employment opportunities IS an intensively human and very

complex problem as it involves a large number of variables, whlch require to be

manipulated for the purpose The problems of creating self-employment opportunities

in the rural areas 1s that rural people are illiterates, lacks managerial and entrepreneurial

skills and lack asset base Nearly one fourth of India's rural population comprises of

youth in the age group of 15 to 25 years This vast human resource as at present is away

from direct involvement in the national development process

Both in terms of infrastructure and human development, the need to formulate

programmes for all-round development of the youth and their particlpat~on in the

national growth process has been taken up as the Central theme of natlonal plannlng

1 Meera Reddy, V. "TRYSEM - a source of non-farm employment", Kurukshetra, Vol. XXXVII, No.7, pp. 14-1 7

2 Hoshiar Singh (e.d), "Rural Development in India, Evaluative Studies in Policies and Programmes", Print Well Publishers, Jaipur 1985.

process particularly from the sixth plan onwardsi One Imponant dimension i n the way

of providing employment opportunities for the rural youth includes opportunltles where

the youth could find and exploit their own resources for self-ernploymel~t Rightly a

programme directed towards this objective of self-employment for the rural youth,

known as TRYSEM was initiated by the Government of India

In this chapter the physical and financial progress of TRYSEM Programme is

presented Further the objectives, approach and components of the programme are also

briefly discussed

5.1 OBJECTIVES, APPROACH AND STRATEGY:

A centrally sponsored scheme "Training of Rural Youth for Self-employment"

(TRYSEM) was launched by the Government of Indla, Department of Rural

Development on 15" August, 1979 TRYSEM is a facilitating component of the

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).'

The objective of TRYSEM is to provide technical skllls to rural youth from

families below poverty line to enable them to take up self-employment in the broad

fields of agriculture and allied activities, industries, services and business activities The

target group comprises rural youth between the age of 18-35 from famrlies l~vlng below

the poverty line According to guidelines the upper age hmit of 35 years is relaxed to 45

years in case of widows, freed bonded labourers, fieed convtcts, persons displaced due

3 Singh, S.K. "TRYSEM and Rural Employment Generation", Kurukshetra (April 19891, NIRD, ~yderabad, Vol. XXXVI I, No.7, pp.8-11.

4 Ministry of Ruml Development, "IRDP and Allied Programmes of TRYSEM and DWACRA" Manual (New Delhi : Government of India, 19981, pp. 20-27

to large development projects and cured leprosy patients for receiving TRY SEhl

training

Under TRySEM safeguards were provided for certain sections Itlie SC/STs

women and physically handicapped A minimum of 50 per cent of trained youths are

represented from W d u l e d Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe cornrnunlties (ST)

communities and a minimum of 40 per cent of youth trained are from women h t l e a s t

3 per cent of the benefits are earmarked for physically handicapped persons who are

capable of taking up training under TRYSEM Scheme and subsequently of being self

or wage employed The identified y o ~ h are put through a period of training, either

with a training institution or a master craftsman to equip them with necessary technical

and entrepreneurial skills On the successful completion of training, he receives a

combination of subsidy and institutional credit to start his venture

5.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROGRAMME:

5 2 1 (a) Identification of Beneficiaries:

The Block Development Officer (BDO) calls for applications from youth

belonging to the target group in his are; A preliminary scrutiny is done to find out holv

many can be provided assistance under TRYSEM. Such an assessment is also done at

the time of household survey, so that a wide base of potential beneficiaries are

available. Applications by the youth may not be a necessary condition for inclusion in

the list.'

5 Ministry of Rural Development, Annual Reoorf. 1994-95 (New Delhi , Government of India), p. 40 6 Ministty of Rural Development, "IRDP and Allied Programmes of TRYSEM and DWACRA'

Manual (New Delhi : Government of India, 19981, pp. 21 7 Ministry of Rural Development, Annual Reoort 1992-93 (New Delhi, Government of India), p. 20 8 National Bank News Review, "TRYSEM" (June 19921, pp. 14-19

5 2 2 Selection sf Trainees:

Once an exhaustive list of potential benefic~arles is available. a Committee

presided over by the BDO and other members from training ~nstitutlons of the area.

banks, KVIs, Panchayati Raj Institutions and any other which it may wlsh to co-opt w~ll

finalise selection on the basis of following criteria

(i) To select the members of the poorest families first

(ii) At least 40 per cent of the candidates should be women

(iii) At least 50 per cent of the candidates be members of Scheduled

CasteITribes

(iv) At least 3 per cent of the benefits be earmarked for phys~cally

handicapped persons, and

(v) Preference to be given to persons who have been made literate under the

National Literacy Mission

There are no educational qualifications prescribed for selection of trainees

5 2 3 Identification of Vocations:

The District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) identifies the necessary

vocations, in consultation with the District-level officers of different departments,

keeping in mind their sectoral plans To give TRYSEM, market orlentation, the DRDAs

gets area skill surveys initiated in their gistricts to establish demand for various skills

The demand for skills in the nearby urban areas, industrial estates, growth centres and

9 Ministry of Ruml Development, "IRDP and Allied Programmes of TRYSEM and DWACRA' Manual (New Delhi : Government of India, 19981, pp. 21-22

22'7

major project areas also kept in view The final selection of vocations is done keeping I n

mind the demand for skills, goods and services requ~red

5 2 4 Identification of Training Facilities:

Once vocations have been shortlisted, the DRD;\ prepares a resource tnventoq

of training facilities The facilities may include institutions such as lTIs Pol3qechnics

Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Nehru Yuvak Kendras, Khadi and Village lndustnes Boards.

State Institutes of Rural Development extension tralning centres, reputed voluntary

organisations, and any departmental facilities available In that area In addition, reputed

master craftsmen are also utilised for tralnlng on a limited scale after adequately

ascertaining the quality of instructions they are capable of imparting RThile selecting

training institutionstmaster craftsman, it is ensured that they have adequate facilities in

terms of faculty, buildings etc lo

5.3 TRAINING:

Syllabus for each trade is approved by the DKDA The syllabus includes

training in job skills as well as mamgerial and entrepreneurial skllls The latter

may include (1) elements of book keeping (ii) slmple knowledge of marketing

(iii) acquaintance with product costing (iv) famillarisat~on wlth project financing by

banks Tra~ning module for each skill is systematically formulated and maximum

emphasis is on learning by doing

It is also felt desirable to associate successful trainees who have set up ventures

of self-employment with the training of a new batch of tranees The durat~on of training

10 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Annual Report, 1986-87, (New Delhi, Government of India), pp.12-13

generally does not exceed six months The State Le id CQ-ordinatmon Consmittee

(SLCC) can change the duration and prescribe duraklsn for nett trades DRD.4s Issue

certificates to TRYSEM trainees after successful complerlon of training

Stipends to trainees under TRYSEM are available as under

(i) Upto Rs 1501- per trainee per month, ~f the training is conducted in the vllIage

of the trainee

(ii) Upto Rs 2501- per trainee per month, if the training 1s conducted in a place other

than trainee's village and arrangements for free accommadation have been

made In case the period of trainlng is less than one month, dally stipend of

Rs 101- may be given subject to 2 maximum of Rs 1251-

(iii) Upto Rs 3001- per trainee per month, if the tralnlng is conducted in a piace other

than the trainee's village and no arrangements for free accommodation have

been made In case the per~od of training is less than one month, dally stipend of

Rs 121- may be glven subject to a maximum of Rs 1501-

On completion of training, the trainee is subjected to a performance test to see

whether he has acquired the skills and is proficient In them There is no financ~al

provision in the scheme for a perrod of apprent~ceshlp

5.4 SUPPLY OF FREE TOOLKIT TO TRALYEES:

A free toolkit costing not more than Rs S00/- can be given in kind to the trainees

during the course of the training itself It will be provided to the tranees after they have

acquired some proficiency, so that they gain experience in the use of their own toolk~ts

In case the toolkit costs more than Rs 800!- ~t could we]! be pro\-ided. if the balance is

met from the arrears of stipend or by the trainee htrnself

Artisans from a variety of crafts, except weaving, tailor~ng, needle-workers and

beedi-workers are supplied with suitable improved hand tools or a set of tools The

average cost of a toolkit is Rs 2,000 and in case of power driven tools the average-cost

is Rs 4,500 90 per cent of the cost of the toolk~t is a subsldy from the Goirernment of

India and 10 per cent is to be contributed by the beneficiary and there is no state share

The unit cost is to be fixed by the D~strict Rural Development .Agency (DRD.4)

concerned DRDA is the implementing agency "

5.5 FINANCING PROJECT FOR SELF-ENIPLOYMENT:

Loan application for assistance under IRDP of TRYSEM trainee has to be

completed and processed while training is still in progress, so that loan is disbursed

immediately upon completion of the course Delay in processing can lead to trainee

losing interest in the proposition and the benefit of tralnlng being lost, or at least

reduced. Apart from arranging institutionalecredit the Government provides subsidy to

the beneficiar~es for taking up self-employment scheme

The subsidy paid to the small farmers ~ncluding SCs is equal to one fourth of the

total cost of the project, while it 1s one third of the project cost for marglnal farmers and

rural artisans including scheduled castes But the maximum subsidy allowed In all the

above cases is Rs.3,000/-

11 Ministry of Rural Areas and employment, Annual Re~ort 1998-99 (Government of India, New Delhi) p. 36

5.6 ORGANISATIONAL SUPPORT :

(a) Central Level:

The Central Committee on IRDP and allied programmes prestded over by the

Secretary, Union Ministry of Rural Development provides the pollcy gu~delines

(b) State Level:

A Sub-committee of the State Level Co-ordination Committee (SLCC) is to be

constituted exclusively for TRYSEM An official of the rank of Project Director

(DRDA) w ~ l l function at State headquarters as part of the IRDP rnonttoring cell He

may be designated as Director (TRYSEM) Expenditure on this post is sharable equally

by the Central and the State Government l 2

(c) District and Block Levels :

The DRDA is responsible for the implementation of TRYSEM It has to ensure

complete involvement of all concerned District officials The District Industry Centre

has to be especially involved by the Industries Services Business (ISB) sector The APO

(Industries) and the Extension Officers !Industries) are to be specially designated at the

District and Block-levels respectively, as being responsible for the execution of

TRYSEM in addition to thetr normal dutles

A District Level Committee will be formed exclusively for TRYSEM follow-up

This Committee shall be a part of the DRDAs administrative organisation The main

72 Ministry of Ruml Areas and employment, Annual Report 1997-98 (Government of India, New Delhi), p.35

objective of the Committee was to take all necessary actions for rettllng TRJ7SEhI

trainees in ventures of self-employment or suitable \\age-employment on a substantive

and long-term basis It gives action taken report regarding settlement and progress of

TRYSEM trainees to the governing body of the DRDA whenever it meets

5.7 PROGRESS OF TRYSEM - INDIA

TRYSEM seeks to impart new skills and upgrade existing skills of beneficiaries

who are by and large attuned only to stagnant levels of agr~cultural or artlsan skills in

the year 1983 the objective of TRYSEM was enlarged to include prov~ding wage

employment also to trained youth TRYSEM has proved of great help in the

development of skills relevant to the rural areas The successhl implementation of this

programme is expected to bring out drastic Improvement in the living conditions of

rural youth The best criteria for assessing the development programme is to sketch out

the said objectives including physical targets and financial progress and then examine

the progress of achievement l3

TRYSEM broadly aims at providing basic technical and managerla1 skills to

rural youth from families below poverty line which will enable them to take up self-

employment ventures and also participate in wage employment activities relating to

agriculture and allied sectors, industries, services and business activities

The data on expenditure ~ncurred on TRYSEM are provided in the following

table

13 TRYSEM - "Training Rural youth for self-empfoyment", Co-a~emtive News Diaest, 30 (12) 1975' (December) : 214-21 6.

Table 5.1 - TRYSEM : Expenditure Incurred on Training during 1990-9 1-1 998-99

(Rs In lalihs)

Year Central Share State Share Total

1998-99 (upto Dec 98)

Source Annual Report 1998-99 - M~ustry of Rural Areas and Emplo~nicnt. 34-35

The above table explains the break up of the Central and State shares and the

total expenditure incurred during different years from 1990-91 to 1998-99 Dur~ng the

perlod 1993-94 the expenditure incurred was the highest. Thls may be due to the fact

that eighth five year plan recognised the worsening unemployment problem and

accorded high priority for achieving near full employment by 2000 The financial

support provided for TRYSEM programme can be explained with the help of the

following table

Table 5.2 - Financial Support Vnder TR17SE31 (Rs m lL&bsl

S1.No Period Recurring Infrastructure assistance to tralntng Expenses institutes as Central share

1 Sixth Plan 387 90 5.754 50

2 Seventh Plan 12884 90 2435 3 5

1998-99 (upto Dec 98)

Source 1 Annual Report 1997-98 - Mmstry of Rural Areas and Employment. p 35 2 Annual Report 1998-99 - Muustry of Rural Areas and Enlplo! rnent. p 155

(a> Denotes Central N A Not available

A cursory glance of the table indicates that large amounts were spent on this

programme for infrastructure development in sixth plan and seventh plan This may be

due to the fact that investment in infrastructure 1s qulte essential at the initial stages of a

development programme and needs huge resources The recurring expenses Increased

fi-011177 6 lakhs per annum during sixth ~ l a n to 6807 55 lakhs in 1997-98

The following table explains a b ~ t l t the number of beneficiaries to be trained and

the actual number undergone training

Table 5.3 - Targets and Achievements under TRYSEhl Programme in India

(Rs In ldd~s)

Period No to be trained No trained Percentage

Sixth Plan 1009440 I0 14695 100 52

Seventh Plan N A 876836 --

1998-99 (upto Dec 98)

Source NIRD, Rural Development Stabsbcs - 1998-99, p 225 N A . Not available

It is clear from the table that the number of trainees per annum under TRYSEh4

increased from around 2 lakhs during the sixth plan period to 2 5 lakhs in 1997-98 The

increase is not consistent and slight fluctuations are noticed It is also clear from the

table that the number of youth trained exceed the target during the sixth plan period and

1996-97 In the remaining years the achievement fell short of the target and it was very

low i e 22 50 per cent during 1998-99

The information on employment generation under TRYSEX1 are _elver? in Table

5.4 ~t can be seen from the table that though training \was given to 43 lakhs. only

24 lakhs were able to get employment constituting 54 49 per cent Further it is clear that

the percentage of trainees who got employment continuously declined from 62 8 per

cent in 1990-91 to 36 6 per cent in 1998-99 Employment generated under TRYSEM,

comprised of both self and wage employment Majority of the beneficiaries were able to

get self-employment, accounting for around 74 8 per cent while only around 25 19 per

cent were wage employed

Table 5.4 - Number of Youth Employed under TRYSEM Programme in India

Period No trained Self Wage Total

Sixth Plan 1014695 478396 (82 41) 102097 (17 50) 580493 (57 20)

Seventh Plan 876836 464036 (77 97) 131096 (22.02) 5951 32 (59 63)

(upto Dec 98)

Total: 4269670 1789718 (74.80) 602906 (25.19) 2392624 (54.49)

Source 1 Annual Report 1997-98 - Muustry Rural Areas & Employment, Govt of India, p 35 2 Annual Report 1998-99 - Mirustry Rural Areas & Employment, Govt. of India, p. 1 51;

It is interesting to note that while the proponlon of self-employed decllned from

82 41 per cent during the sixth plan to 53 75 per cent in 1998-99, the proportion of

wage employed increased from 17 5 per cent to 46 25 per cent during the same period,

thereby indicating declining prospects of self-employment generation under TRYSEM

Caste and gender were also given importance under this programme The

Table 5 5 provides explanation about caste wise break up and the level of women

prticipation From this it is clear that women were also given opportun~ty to participate

in this programme and gender equality was practiced

From the table it is evident that the percentage of SC/STs trained under

TRYSEM was more than 40 per cent as stipulated in the guidelines of the programme

The percentage of SC/ST youth trained was 44 6 per cent in 1990-91 and the percentage

remains almost the same at 45 per cent till 1998-99. During the period 1998-99, the

number tratned are relatively less so the percentage of SCIST category was as h ~ g h as

60 70 per cent The percentage of women trained reveals the gender equality and the

rate of percentage of women beneficiaries are trained was almost more than 50 per cent

in all the years except in 1995-96 (42 70 per cent)

The rate of percentage of women trained was as high as 70 2 per cent during the

period 1998-99 This reveals that women who belonged to the crucial group of family

also had their share of participation and employment in this programme There was no

discrimination on the basis of sex in this scheme

The following Table 5 5 explains the caste-wise breakup and women

participation in India during the implementation of TRYSEM programme

Table 5.5 - Coverage of SC/STs and Women among trained l'outh - India

Period No trarned SC/ST Women

Sixth Plan 10 1 4695 333928 (32 90) 342743 (33 77)

Seventh Plan 876836 422 1 45 (42 30) 459505 (46 04)

1998-99 6601 6 40073 (60 70) 46390 (70 2) (upto Dec 98)

Total: 4269670 1854825 (42.24) 2004668 (45.65)

Mean 224719 40 97622 42 105508 SO

LGR 2 290435 4 113449 4 37085 1

't'

Source . Annual Report 1997-98 - Ministry Rural Areas & Employment, Go\? of Indla, p 35 Amual Report 1998-99 - Ministry Rural Areas & Enlployment, Go1 t of Indln. p 35

Note F~gures m parentheses mhcate percentages * S~r@~cant at 10% level *** S~gnlficant at 1 % l e ~ ~ e l

5.8 PROGRESS OF TRYSEM - ANDHkS. PIWDESH :

TRl'SEM programme was implemented in Andhra Pradesh from 1979-80

~nwards A state level co-ordination committee was set up in 198 1 The members in the

committee represented various departments like industries, handlooms, handicrafts,

textiles, khadi and village industries e t ~ Thls State level committee meets frequently to

discuss about the implementation of the TRYSEM programme Implementation process

was completely decentralised in the district level with a district level committee headed

by the Distnct Collector The progress achleved under TRYSEM in the State is

discussed with the help of the following table

Table 5.6 - Target and Achievements under TRYSEM programme in A.P

Period No, to be trained No trained Percentage

1998-99 (upto Dec 98) 38534 7 192 18 66

Totall : 230033 147368 64.06

Source . 1 Annural Reports 1990-91, Department of Rural Development. M s t r q . of Agriculture. PP 67-68,

2.NIRD, Rural Development Statis~cs - 1996-97, pp 170-171 3 NIRD, Rural Development Statishcs - 1998-99, pp 220

The above table reveals that in 1990-91, 22,722 youth are to be tratned and only

15020 were trained (66 10) per cent. The number trained increased to 18 106 in 1 99 4 -92

i.e 76 32 per cent In 1994-95 the per centage of youth trained decreased to 46 80 per

cent and later again in 1996-97 it increased to 84.84 per cent But the per centage

trained was least in the year 1998-99 i e 18 66 per cent Some of the reasons for thls

may be lack of sufficient funds, lack of proper monitoring and discouraging atmosphere

of the past experience.

Total number of youth employed and the number of self-employed and wage

employed are presented in the Table 5 1

Table 5.7 - Number of Youth Employed under TRYSEM Programme in A.P

Period No tralned Self employed Wage elnplolred Total emplo! ed

1996-97 283 10 8130 (74 84) 2733 (25 IS) 10863 (38 37)

1998-99 7192 1416 (56.23) 1102 (43 76) 2518 (35 01) (upto Dec 98)

Total : 147368 52399 (76.02) 16528 (23.97) 68927 (46 77)

Source : NIRD, Rural Development Stat~sbcs - 1998-99, p 225 Note . Flgures in parentheses ~ndicate percentages

An analysis of employment generat~on under TRYSEhl in the state of ..\ndhra

Pradesh lndlcates that only 47 per cent of the trained youth were employed lvhlch is less

than the employment generation at all India level

It is also seen that during 1990-91 out of the total number employed, 76 02 per

cent are self-employed and 23 97 per cent are wage employed and total employment

was 46 77 per cent. In the year 1992-93 total employment has increased to 52 82 per

cent from 45 3 per cent (1 990-91) and later from 1994-95 it began to fall from 44 93 per

cent to 35 0 1 per cent in 1998-99 resulting in the increase in percentage of youth under

wage employment

Wage employment was highest in the year 1997-98 and lowest In the

year 1993-94 and it varied between 9 per cent to 55 per cent between the years

(1990-91-1998-99) whereas self-employment varied between 24.4 per cent to

80 per cent over the same period

The number of women trained and SCISTs trained under TRYSEM programme

in Andhra Pradesh are presented In the Table 5 8 The Cursory glance at the table

reveals that number of SCIST trained youth marked a decline till 1996-97 from

54 27 per cent to 24 7 per cent and later in the year 1998-99 it was 33 14 per cent With

regard to women's participation in TRYSEM it is disheartening to note that urornen

beneficlarles constituted only 11 per cent, which is around one fourth of the all India

coverage The proportion of women trained was least in the year 1993-1994

( 5 2 per cent) and highest in 1997-98 (27 6 per cent) However, in all the years the

percentage of women trained was less than the prescribed representation according to

guidelines of the programme.

Table 5.8 - Coverage of SC/STs and Women among trained Youth - -4.P

Period No trained SClST \11'0nlen

1990-9 1 15020 8152 (54 27) 1245 (08 20)

1998-99 7 192 2384 (33.14) 1102 (15 32) (upto Dec 98)

Total: 147368 62230 (42.22) 16528 ( 1 1.2)

Mean 13335 63 5915 421 3037.578

LGR 3 166309 1716180 - 2 94261

't' 1 988499* 1 166559~' -1 09229"~

Source: 1 NIRD, Rural Development Sta~shcs-1996-97, pp. 170-171 2. NIRD, Rural Development StaQshcs-1998-99, p 222 * Significant at 1% level NS-not Sigmficant

The investment in infrastructure is quite essential at the initial stages of a

development programme, When the infrastructural facilities become rich and stabilised

the same can be decreased l 4

14 National Institute of Rural Development, fJational Seminar on "TRYSEM and rural industn'es", (Sep. 8-1 0,1980), Hyderubad (mime01

The allocation of hnds for strengthening training and infrastructure are depicted

in the Table 5 9.

Table 5.9 - Allocation of Funds for Strengthening of Training Infrastr~cture-~4.P

(Rs rn ldd~s)

Year Allocation Funds Released Central + State Central + State

1990-9 1 117 28 55 42 (47 25)

199 1-92 117 20 56 03 (47 80)

1998-99 (upto Dec 98) 478 96 248 75 (5 1 93)

Source 1 NIRD, Rural Developnlent Stat~strcs (1 998-99), Hyderabad, pp 229 2 Annual Report (1998-99), rvfinrstry of Rural Areas and Employment, Go\? of India, pp 155

Note Flgures in parentheses inhcates percentages

The above table reveals that allocation of hnds (Centre & State) marked an

increase from 117 28 lakhs in 1990-91 to 684 92 lakhs in 1994-95 showlng an increase

but it remained the same for the period 1994-95 - 1997-98 Later it fell to 478 96 lakhs

in 1998-99 It can be observed from the table that hnds released marked a gradual

increase from 55 42 lakhs in 1990-91 to 1028 37 lakhs in 1995-96 but later it decreased

to 157 12 lakhs in the year 1996-97 Again in the year 1997-98 it increased to 669 10

lakhs and finally in the last year of the programme implementation it fell to 238 75

lakhs

Thus in the beginning, the resource allocation for promoting training

infrastructure was negligible Later realising the need to increase it, the amounts are

increased and it can be seen from the table that that the allocated funds are not totally

released The released funds constituted around 50 per cent of allocated funds from

1990-91 to 1994-95. later jumped to 150 per cent in 1995-96, again slashed down to 23

per cent in 1996-97 and again increased to 98 per cent in 1997-98

5.9 PROGRESS OF TRYSEM - NELLORE DISTRICT:

At the District level there is TRYSEM Committee for which District Coilector 1s

the Chairman The DRDA which assumes the over-all responsibility for the programme

provides the subsidy Projects for self-employment were discussed and prepared by the

youth with development officials Beneficiaries are being helped by the tralner, the

banker, the industrial Extension Officer and Block Development Officer (BDO) The

DRDA in its monthly meetings discusses the proposals and scrutinises the list of

beneficlar~es under the programme The officials of DRDA and DIC visit the

beneficraries and after train~ng period help them to obtain assistance from financial

institutions for starting their enterprises At the mandal level, the selection committee

usually consists of Mandal Development Officer (MDO), representative of lead bank,

IC & master craftsmen

The progress of the programme in terms of number of trained youth since ~ t s

inception in the district is hrnished in the Table 5 10. During 1980-99 train~ng was

given to youth in number of economic activities. A birds eye view of the table indicates

that on an average 775 rural youth are trained per annurn which is more than the target

It has to be noted that there are wide fluctuations in the number of trained persons

during 1980-1998 as shown by the calculated standard deviation Further the calculated

growth rate is observed to be significant at 1 per cent level.

Table 5.10- Number of Youth Trained under TRYSE3I Nellore District

SI.No. Year No. of Candidates trained

1 1980-8 1 732

Total :

Mean

S D

L G R

't'

CV

Source District Rural Development Agency, Nellore * * * Significant at 1 % level

Keeping in view the norms of TRUSEM, necessary per centage was allotted for

SC/STS and women and the following table explains the caste wise break up and

women beneficiaries trained under the programme

Table 5.12 - Caste-wise particulars of TRUSEM since 1990

No. of candidates Year trained SGslSTs Women

1990-9 1 708 575 (8 1.20) 206 (29 09)

199 1-92 483 358 (74 12) 144 (29 81)

1992-93 1361 899 (66 05) 408 (30.00)

1993-94 1483 768 (5 1 78) 444 (30 00)

1994-95 1425 696 (48 84) 575 (40 35)

1995-96 1375 71 9 (52 29) 786 (57 16)

1996-97 1173 436 (37 16) 477 (40 66)

1997-98 945 478 (50 58) 550 (58 20)

1998-99 847 339 (40 12) 288 (34 00)

Total : 9800 5268 (53.75) 3878 (39.57)

Mean 458.1052 254 7894

LGR

(t'

Source. Dlslrict Rural Developll~ent Agency, Nellore NS - not-s~grufic;uit *** Significant at 1%) level

From the above table it can be noticed that the amount of trained youth

belonging to SCISTs was highest as 899 in the year 1992-93, and for women 786 in the

year 1995-96. The calculated mean, st~nidard deviation, long term growth rates were

depicted in the Table 5.12.

The details of expenditure incurred under TRYSEM in Nellore District are

furnished in the following table

Table 5.113 - Total Expenditure Incurred under TRVSEM in Nellore District

- Year No. of Trained Expenditure (in lakhs)

-

Total : 9,800 3,16,26,000

Source DRDA, Nellorc

The above table reveals that expenditure was highest during the year 1995-96

and later ~t decreased to 30,53,000 by 1998-99 Though the allocation of expenditure

over different years was in varying amounts from 1993-94 (15,46,000) to 1996-97

(59,80,000) the expendtture was increasing But the last years of programme

implementation marked a decline in expenditure

Thus it can be concluded the TRYSEM plays a vital role in enhancing

employment opportunities to rural youth But the performance of TRYSEM in terms of

number of youth trained was less than the target in India, Andhra Pradesh and in the

study region, Nellore District. Though TRYSEM programme started with the main

of providing self-employment, later wage employment was also included in

the programme manual It is krther noticed that half of the trained youth were able to

set up self-employment and a considerable portion of youth wage employment ~ f f o r t s

were made by the implementing authorities to improve the performance of the

programme Due to lack of proper CO-ordination and monitoring, TRYSEM programme

could not achieve the desired result and efforts have to be taken by the implementing

authorities to enable the trained rural youth to set up self-employment schemes by

themselves atleast in fbture

5,10 CONCLUSION:

The vast human resources as at present are away from direct involvement In the

national development process One important decision in the way of providing

employment opportunit~es for the rural poor includes opportunities where the youth can

.find and exploit thetr own resources for self-employment Rightly a programme directed

towards this objective of self-employment for the rural youth known as TRYSEM was

initiated by the Government of India on August 15'h, 1979 Its main objective was to

provide technical skills to rural youth from families below poverty line to enable them

to take up self-employment in agriculture, industry, services and business activities. 50

per cent of trained youth are from SC/ST communities and 40 per cent of youth

includes women The identification of the beneficiaries for the programme will be done

after preliminary scrutiny A committee, presided over by the B D . 0 and other members

finalise the selection on tke basis of certain guidelines. Necessary vocations are

identified and training will be imparted through various government and non-

governmental organisations and the syllabus includes training in job-skills as well as

and entrepreneurial skills Stipends to trainees are paid depending on the

vocation Trainees are subjected to test after training and certificates are issued At the

end of the training, free tool kits are given to trainees, so that they get experience in the

use of their own tool kits Loan applications for assistance under IRDP of TRYSEM are

completed and processed while training is still in progress to obtain loans immediately

after the completion Organisational support is provided both by central and state level

co-ordination committee and Project Officer, D N A hnctions at District headquarters.

Between 1990-91 to 1998-1999 amount spent on this programme increased from

3260 93 lakhs to 8976 28 lakhs Large amounts were spent on this programme for

infrastructure development in sixth and seventh plans Recurring expenditure also

marked an increase from 77 6 lakhs tc 5807 lakhs during the period 1990-91 to 1997-

1998 The number of youth trained per annum ~ncreased from around 2 lakhs during the

sixth plan period to 2 5 lakhs in 1997-98 54 49 per cent of youth could able to get

employment generated under TRYSEM comprised both self-employment and wage

employment It was notlced that wage employment increased from 17 5 per cent to

46 24 per cent from sixth plan to 1998-99 whereas self-employment marked a decline

during the same period from 82 41 per cent in the sixth plan to 53 75 per cent in

1998-99 The youth tra~ned out of SC/ST communities also marked an increase and the

number of women beneficiaries trained was almost more than 50% in all the years

TRUSEM programme was implemented in Andhra Pradesh from 1979-80

onwards In Andhra Pradesh, the achievement has been always less than the target Out

of the total number of beneficiaries trained during the perlod 1990-91 to 1998-99, only

46 7 per cent were able to get employment opportunities. Out of the total number

employed 76 02 per cent are self-employed and 23 97 per cent are wage employed.

There was a decline in self-employment from 81.70 per cent to 56.23 per cent and in

case of wage employment there was an increase from 18 2 per cent to 43 76 per cent

during the same period (1990-9 1 to 1998-99) Among the number of trained youth, the

~roportlon of women was only 11 2 per cent and the proportion of SClST trained was

42 22 per cent

At the district level, Nellore district which was the sample for study, the over-all

responsibility rests with DRDA and the District Collector is Chairman The progress of

TRYSEM programme, in terms of number of youth trained since its inception, revealed

wide fluctuations in the number of youth trained during the period 1980-98 where

14733 youth were trained for the entire period During the period 1990-99 the

programme provided considerable amount of wage employment also in the district

where on an average 512 youth were self-employed and 337 youth were wage

employed Caste wise particulars revealed that number of SCIST trained were in the

proportion of 53 75 per cent during the period 1990-91 to 1998-99 and the women

beneficiaries were 39 357 per cent The expenditure incurred over a ten year period

from 1990-91 to 1998-99 amounted to Rs 3,16,26,000 00 Thus the phys~cal and

financial progress of TRYSEM In India, Andhra Pradesh in general and study

region- Nellore Distr~ct in particular were studied in this chapter