INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY BY

MASSIVE MIMO AND 3D BEAM FORMING

Millimeter Wave spectrum (3 to 300 GHZ)

M-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO) with Beamforming.

Higher Efficiency modulation and multiplexing mechanisms

Improved OFDM modulations; FBMC (Filter Bank Multi Carrier) and UFMC (Universal Filtered Multi Carrier)

C-RAN (Cloud RAN with low power Radio Transceivers)

RRUs (Remote Radio Units) and BBUs (Baseband Units)

MAC layer connectivity of BBUs and RRUs through CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)

PON is proposed at physical layer to connect RRUs and BBUs

Spectrum Slicing, SDN (Software Defined Networking) and NFV (Network Function Virtualization)

Dynamic bandwidth allocation to users according to their service subscriptions

Centralized execution of signaling and resource allocation algorithms in the cloud

Virtualization of network services at user equipment and actual services will be running in the cloud.

5G Standardizing bodies; 3GPP, ITU and IETF

5G technical specifications, which ultimately become standards.

Working on standard related to NFV January 02, 2017 Service Function Chaining Dataplane Elements in Mobile Networks

ITU standardizes 5G spectrum is working and considering three ranges; less than GHz, 1-6 GHz and above 6 GHz.

Preparing For Our Digital Economy

Misbahuddin Abdullah

Trainer (Zumbeel Academy)

13 Years Consultancy for Fortune 500 companies (Ericsson,

Nokia and Telenor) across the globe

Passionate about DaSci1.001

DaSci1.001 To empower Pakistan at the international Data

Science Forum and to deliver 1001 Data Scientists from

Pakistan. To increase Pakistan’s representation in data driven

companies like Nokia, Ericsson, Vodafone, AT&T

WHY 5G?

5G goals

Operators dilemma

Abstraction and Virtualization in 5G:: The bigger picture

Data Science in 5G

4G suffers from numerous limitations

Data Rate Too low for immersive VR/AR, multiple HDTV

Delay too high for gaming, distributed orchestra, simultaneous connections of IoT

Unable to serve high speed trains

Too few simultaneous connections (insufficient density)

Very high-power consumption leading to low battery life for UE

Price too high (Inefficient spectral use, expensive equipment due to lack of Virtualization)

5G will enable entirely new market segments

Ubiquitous wireless broadband

Broadband on high speed trains, special events and crowds

Massive IoT (20B IoT devices connected by 2022)

V2X(vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to infrastructure)

VR/AR

A study by Qualcomm suggests that by 2035:

3.5 trillion USD in 5G directly yearly revenues

12.3trillion USD worth of goods and services will be enabled by 5G

22 million jobs will be attributable to 5G

5G would boost global GDP by 3trillion USD (compared to 2020)

Peak data rate (20 Gbps/device) User experienced data rate (100 Mbps) Latency (1 ms) Mobility (500 km/h and seamless transfer) Connection density (106 devices/km2) Energy efficiency (1/100 Joule/bit for both air interface and

network) Spectrum efficiency (3 times the bps/Hz of LTE-A) Area traffic capacity (10 Mbps/m2)

It is not necessary to attain all of the above values at the same time. Instead, 5G uses the concept of slicing to separate traffic types

The greater the penetration and usage of

data, the greater the shift from legacy

cellular services to OTT, keeping the

revenue flat.

Cost hike due to rising energy prices,

inflation and low competition in

equipment vendor market

5G is the solution!

“Software is eating the world”

-Marc Andreessen

The first wave of software on PCs

disrupted databases, publishing and

accounting etc (MS Excel)

The second wave of dotcom

expanded beyond the reach of

computer industry (Amazon)

We are living in the third wave of software eating the world. It expands the reach of software to completely transform the industries like Finance, telecom and statistics.

There are two techniques used in CS to solve hard problems

Modularization (Factorization, Top-Down approach)

Abstraction (generalization, functionality, re-use, data hiding)

Although modularization has traditionally been considered more important in Software programming, it turns out abstraction is stronger

In everyday life, abstraction means generalization of a problem, by focusing on certain aspects while disregarding others

In Physics, complex systems are replaced by models

Atoms in ideal gases by ping-pong balls

In DL, Neurons are replaced by non-linear integrators

In mathematics, real numbers are abstracted to fields, rings, groups, sets

In everyday life, we complain when things become too abstract

In Software engineering, an abstraction is a representation that reveals semantics needed at a given level while hiding implementation details

Abstraction allows a programmer to focus on necessary concepts without getting bogged down in unnecessary details

Programming using abstraction is FAST

Assembly language (Few Abstractions)

Low Level Languages (Variables, data structures)

High Level Languages (OOP)

Domain Specific Languages (Maximum abstractions)

Abstraction helps programmers stand on the shoulders of giants

When someone solves a hard problem:

It is embodied in a routine/library that others may use

More Powerful--- Widely Distributed as Open Source

Even more Powerful – becomes an object that can be inherited/modified/extended

Most Powerful – Next generation of programming languages contain the construct as an atomic operation

This is the most effective approach, although the original solution effectively disappears

Abstraction is NOT a new development

Throughout history, physical entities have been successively replaced by more and more abstract ones

At the end, nothing tangible is left, but everything works

Paradoxically, everything even works better (Else: use a different abstraction)

Writing : A mechanism for preserving information over time

All other aspects such as

Chisel on stone

Feather quill on parchment

Printing press on paper

are low level details that time has eliminated

Storing information in the cloud abstracts the concept of writing and has the added advantage of ubiquitous access (i.e: works much better)

Money : A mechanism for preserving value over time (SoV)

Money was invented to abandon inconvenient barter system

Gold emerged as the choice for SoV due to its scarcity and hard to mine

Money was always Proof of Work

Richard Nixon removed connection between gold and paper money and moved to Fiat. Shift Trust from Proof of Work to government

Bitcoin abstracts gold due to its absolute scarcity and harder to mine

Bitcoin is immediately transferred over internet (i.e: works better than gold)

Notice that from radio and telephone to today, various physical boxes have gone away and their function improved.

But we are still left with two physical entities:

Communication devices (routers, transceivers, antennas etc)

Computation devices (servers, tablets, smartphones)

SDN and NFV cause these last two vestiges of physical world to completely disappear!

Historically, communications (telephone, radio,TV) and computations (computers) have grown in parallel without overlap

But behind the scenes, communication devices always ran complex algorithms, invisible to the user

But the overlap started in last decade

Most home computers are used more frequently for communications (email, chat, VOIP) rather than computation

Smart phones have become computers and are used for running apps more frequently than making telephone calls

Computication is the merger of communication and computation

The challenge in merging communication and computation is in mismatch of speed

Communications is based on protocols and standardizing new protocols is a very slow process

Computation is based on algorithms and coding new algorithms is a very fast process

This leads to fundamental disconnect between software and networking development timescales

Is there a way to develop communications at the speed of software?

SDN: Software Defined Networking, replaces protocols with algorithms

NFV: Network Functions Virtualization, replaces hardware with software

Communication has now completely merged into computation

But they haven’t disappeared completely- We Still have physical CPUs

Concretization (from SW to HW) is easy to understand

Benefits of concretization

Cost savings for mass production

Miniaturization/packaging constraints

High processing rates

Energy Savings

But concretization has become history! Welcome virtualization~

A VM is a software that emulates hardware (e.g: an x86 CPU)

You can run software on VM as if you are running on a physical computer

Benefits of Virtualization

Platform independence [Java, .NET and Android use VM)

Multiple CPU instances on one host CPU [VM used in data centers)

Natural statistical multiplexing of resources, lowers the cost when not all VM CPUs are maxed out

Flexible spin-up/tear-down / migration of virtual CPUs

CPUs have become software emulations and no longer exist in physical world

Ofcourse host CPUs exist physically but

They are getting smaller (Moore’s law)

Their distance from user is irrelevant

They are buried underground or under the ocean, you don’t even know where they are!

The immediate evolution for them seems to be built into walls or furniture

In coming generations (7G+), expect these VMs to be implanted into our brains. Allowing you to have a video call with your girlfriend across the seven oceans using only your brain!

SDN replaces networking protocols with software applications that configures all the NEs in the 5G network

Easy to experiment with new ideas

Software development is much faster than protocol standardization

Functionality is deployed, relocated and upgraded faster

NFV replaces hardware network elements with software running on COTS computers housed in data centres

COTS server price and availability can be scaled easily

Functionality can be located where-ever most effective or inexpensive

Replacing hardware NE with COTS helps break oligopoly and drives down the cost

RF KPIs + Core KPIs+ Commercial data= Subscriber E2E experience modelling

Subscriber churn modelling

Over obsession with equipment fault predictions

Traffic !=Revenue

Competitor SIM penetration analysis

Cellular operators empowering digital marketing (AT&T case study)

Cellular operators empowering energy market analysis

Cellular operators empowering financial services (Tez Case Study)

5G (NR Air Interface, Voice over NR, Network Slicing)

Hands on skills development on Python, R, SQL and version control

Skills development in Data Science, ML and DL

Specialist courses for Data Science in Telecom, Digital Marketing and Finance

academy@zumbeelgroup.com

+92-33-77454512