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ALEXANDER NlfiVSKI, gAlIOH,

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(, Volynia, & c.) , Tartar, , Yagdilo . , , Daniel, yoimgiBst N6vski, .

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-- Tby , Varangian .


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Varangian runestones , Runestones [24], Varangian Guard, .

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runestones

Ed. Ragnvaldr, Varangian , . PR4 RunestoneU 112, [26] runestones, PR5 , EdRunestone U 104 ( Ashmolean ), 1080-1130, runestones

RisbyleRunestone U 161, Tby. [27] , , Ulf Borresta Orkesta Runestone U 344 danegelds . [27]

, . Laxdla, BolliBollason, . 1006, Varangian . [28] , Varangian Guard? " ,

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Varangian Harald Sigurdsson , HaraldHardrde ( "Hard-" [32]). , Harald Gardariki , 1035.

, . Varangian Guard Harald manglavites spatharokandidatos. . V, Saga , . Harald , . 1043, , 1066. Varangian Guard , Harald Hardrde ,Sigurd , . , Sigurd , 6.000, Varangian . Sigurd . Folk Metal Turisas , The Varangian Way,


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. Viking Metal Amon Amarth Thunder "Varyags Miklagaard" .

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( 1193 - 3 1254) (1222-1254),

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,

3. (1197-1207) (rex) .

4. ,1237, ,, , . , .

5. , , ,1954, .651

6. , .. .6547. . , .. .385

8. , .869. . , .. . 276-279

.

10. 10,010,1 , 4, .16811. O

. . . .. . 415,

.12. , .230 .

.. . 41513. 14. , .11115. , " ", , 1997,

.72-73

, " (1204-1261)",

( ), 1994 " ", ' (

), , 1972

, " '
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42/459

", ,. 89, 2004

, " ", , . 117, 2006

, , 1985-1988

Angold Michael, "A Byzantine Government in Exile", OxfordUniversity Press 1975.

, " ", . 1954.

, " ", ,

1997. , "

(1204-1261)", , 2007. ISBN 978-

, 27, 2006.

, - . ,, . ( catastrophe, telephone) ( elephant).

. ( 12 ) . , ( ) . .

. . imperium
http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86&action=edit&redlink=1http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86&action=edit&redlink=1http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://www1.antibaro.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6665:09012010-byzantines-diethneis-lexeis&catid=106:history-byzantium&Itemid=292http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86&action=edit&redlink=1http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://www1.antibaro.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6665:09012010-byzantines-diethneis-lexeis&catid=106:history-byzantium&Itemid=292


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imperium christianum . , , . , ,

. , , . , , . . ,

. . , 10 .

, - . , , 4

. , , . . hospitalis. , hospital(ospedale ).

, , , , , . cemetery . ,

, cemetery, graveyard!

, ,


44/459

, . 5 , 8 (717-741 ..) . universalis. (11 12 .)

, . , university.

. (527-565..) , . , . , , ,

, , ... , . 8 ., . , , . 11 .

,

. , . caramella. (caramel ). , , , . ( + )

. , (macaroni)! spaghetti. , - , pie. ,

. , , . (!) (pizza, )!

Notes


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1. ^ Milner-Gulland, R. R..Atlas of Russia and the Soviet Union.Phaidon. p. 36. ISBN0714825492.http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Books.

2. ^ Schultze, Sydney (2000). Culture and Customs of Russia.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN0313311013.http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Books.

3. ^ Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). Viking Rus. BRILL. pp. 1011.ISBN9004138749.http://books.google.com/books?

id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dq.4. ^ Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram, and Frederik Pedersen.Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press, 2005ISBN 0-521-82992-5. p. 1314.

5. ^ abcd Stephen Turnbull, The Walls of Constantinople, AD3241453, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-759-X.

6. ^ H.S. Falk & A. Torp,Norwegisch-dnisches etymologischesWrterbuch, 1911, pp. 14034; J. de Vries, Altnordisches

etymologisches Wrterbuch, 1962, pp. 6712; S. Blndal &B. Benedikz, The Varangians of Byzantium, 1978, p. 4

7. ^ Hellquist 1922:1096,1172; M. Vasmer,Russischesetymologisches Wrterbuch, 1953, vol. 1, p. 171.

8. ^ Blndal & Benedikz, p. 4; D. Parducci, "Gli stranierinellalto medioevo", Mirator1 (2007)in Italian, Englishabstract

9. ^ Falk & Torp, p. 1403; other words with the same secondpart are: Old Norse erfingi "heir", armingi "beggar", aumingi"beggar", bandingi "captive", hamingja "luck", heiingi"wolf", lausingi / leysingi "homeless", cf. Falk & Torp, p. 34;Vries, p. 163.

10. ^ S. Bugge,Arkiv fr nordisk filologi 2 (1885), p. 225[1]11. ^ A massive majority (40,000) of all Viking-Age Arabian

coins found in Scandinavia were found in Gotland. In Skne,land and Uppland together, about 12,000 coins were found.Other Scandinavian areas have only scattered finds: 1,000from Denmark and some 500 from Norway. Byzantine coinshave been found almost exclusively in Gotland, some 400.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714825492http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714825492http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311013http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-2%23cite_ref-2http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138749http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138749http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-3%23cite_ref-3http://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184176759Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-5%23cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://runeberg.org/svetym/1184.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1184.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1260.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1260.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevo.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9http://runeberg.org/anf/1885/0229.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714825492http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311013http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-2%23cite_ref-2http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138749http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-3%23cite_ref-3http://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184176759Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-5%23cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://runeberg.org/svetym/1184.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1260.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevo.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9http://runeberg.org/anf/1885/0229.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10


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SeeArkeologi i Norden 2. Frfattarna och Bokfrlaget Natur& kultur. Stockholm 1999. See also Gardell, Carl Johan:Gotlands historia i fickformat, 1987. ISBN 91-7810-885-3.

12. ^ The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text Translatedby O. P. Sherbowitz-WetzorISBN 0910956340

13. ^ Jansson 1980:2214. ^ab Pritsak 1981:38615. ^ Battle Honours of the Varangian Guard, by Stephen Lowe16. ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad(London: Penguin, 2003), p.

95.17. ^ Byzantine Armies 8861118 by Ian Heath and Angus

McBride, 1979, page 38, "Psellus however claims that every

Varangian without exception was armed with shield and'Rhomphaia'...a mixture of Byzantine and Scandinavian gearwas in use..."

18. ^ Mark Bartusis The late Byzantine army: arms and society12041453 (Philadelphia 1992), pp. 272275.

19. ^ As in theNovgorod Chronicleon Pontus de la Gardie'sSwedish troops[2]. In Swedish only

20. ^ It is neither unusual nor particularly Byzantine that a foreign

unit would gain such access and prestige. Augustus himselfhad a personal guard of Germans, the Collegium CustodumCorporis orGermani Corporis Custodes, to protect himselffrom the native Praetorians. This guard was revived byTiberius and continued until Nero.

21. ^abcdeEnoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998).Runor : historia,tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun.ISBN 91-88930-

32-7 p. 13522. ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad(London: Penguin, 2003), p.97.

23. ^Norwich, John J. (1997).A Short History of Byzantium.Viking.ISBN0-679-77269-3..

24. ^ Larsson, Mats G (2002). Gtarnas Riken : UpptcktsfrderTill Sveriges Enande. Bokfrlaget Atlantis ABISBN9789174866414 p. 143144.

25. ^Runriket Tby-Vallentuna en handledning, by RuneEdberg gives the start date 985, but the Rundata projectincludes also Iron Age and earlier Viking Age runestones inthe style RAK.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9178108853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9178108853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-RPC_11-0%23cite_ref-RPC_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910956340http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-12%23cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/BattleHonours.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-17%23cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-18%23cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardiehttp://fornvannen.se/pdf/1910talet/1914_081.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-19%23cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-22%23cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Short_History_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-23%23cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9178108853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-RPC_11-0%23cite_ref-RPC_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910956340http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-12%23cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/BattleHonours.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-17%23cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-18%23cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardiehttp://fornvannen.se/pdf/1910talet/1914_081.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-19%23cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-22%23cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Short_History_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-23%23cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundata


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26. ^ abc The dating is provided by theRundata project in a freelydownloadable database.

27. ^ ab The article 5. Runriket - Risbyle on the site of StockholmCounty Museum, retrieved July 7, 2007.

28. ^ Sagas of the Icelanders,Penguin Group

29. ^ OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 7330. ^ OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 7731. ^ OMACL: The Story of Burnt Njal32. ^ Philip Dixon,Barbarian Europe, Salem House Publishing

(October 1976), 978-0525701606

Trade route from the Varangians to the

GreeksThe Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks)

(: , Put iz varyag , : Vgen varjagernafrn till grekerna, : - )

, . , , . , Birka, Hedeby, Gotland, , . , Volkhov ,

, Ilmen, Lovat River. , portaged Gnezdovo. Dvina (Daugava) Lovat Smolensk, Kasplya Gnezdovo. , , .

Varangian : ( ) ( ). 8-11 . Varangians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-0%23cite_ref-rundata_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-1%23cite_ref-rundata_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-2%23cite_ref-rundata_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-2%23cite_ref-rundata_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/risbyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-penguin_27-0%23cite_ref-penguin_27-0http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.htmlhttp://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Forefront_28-0%23cite_ref-Forefront_28-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter73.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0%23cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter77.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-30%23cite_ref-30http://omacl.org/Njal/http://omacl.org/Njal/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0%23cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-0%23cite_ref-rundata_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-1%23cite_ref-rundata_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-2%23cite_ref-rundata_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/risbyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-penguin_27-0%23cite_ref-penguin_27-0http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Forefront_28-0%23cite_ref-Forefront_28-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter73.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0%23cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter77.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-30%23cite_ref-30http://omacl.org/Njal/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0%23cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks&redirect=no


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, , , , Varangians. , .

, Varangian , . , . , Kriviches -out , monoxyla, , .

Smolensk (), Liubech (), Chernihiv (), (), Vitechev (), ( ()). Old Norse, : Novgorod= = Hlmgarr = 'Island Enclosure , Ngarr =' '? = Knugarr =' = Sandbakki-ass = 'Sandbank Ridge . [1] ( Runestone N62 Vitaholmr (" ) Vitichev.) ,

. , Varangians .[2] portage Rapids ( 1950-'70), Pecheneg. The Rapids Dnipropetrovsk 50 66

Names of the Dnieper rapids, with translations[3], and ConstantinesGreek spelling:Modern Slavonic Norse

Ne spi, Don't Sleep,

Sof eigi, Don't Sleep

Surskij, Severe One;Lochanskij

Ostrovnyj prag,Island-waterfall,

Holmfors, Island-Waterfall,

Zvonets(kij), Clanger Gellandi, Roaring,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks#cite_note-2%23cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks#cite_note-2%23cite_note-2


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Nenasytets(kij),Insatiable

Nejasyt, pelican(which nested there),

Eyforr, ever violent,

Volnyj,

59a russia history gr

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