5.8 acid deposition (rain). the ph scale…what is acidic?
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5.8 Acid Deposition (Rain)
The pH Scale…What is acidic?
Acid Deposition (Process)
Chemistry of acidified precipitationsAcid deposition can be either wet or dry:
Wet deposition - acidic rain, snow, or other precipitation
Dry deposition - acidic gas or dry particles, not mixed with water
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary:Primary pollutants - those directly
emitted by a factory or automobileSO2 - sulfur dioxideNO and NO2, usually identified as NOx
Primary pollutants by source
Chemistry Cont.Secondary pollutants - primary pollutants
react with other substances in the atmosphere and create different pollutantsH2SO3 - sulfurous acidH2SO4 - sulfuric acidHNO3 - nitric acid
Effects of acid deposition on environment
Direct effects (Know 1):Inhibits embryonic development of fishChlorophyll loss & yellowing of tree leaves and buds →
diminished growthThinning of cuticle (the waxy coating on needles)Symbiotic root microbes killed (i.e. Rhizobium spp. and
other beneficial fungi)Toxic effects (Know 1):
Aluminum (Al) leaches out of soil into streamsAl disrupts salt, water, and oxygen regulating
mechanisms in fishAl can also adhere to fish gills, causing suffocationLichens sensitive to SO2 gases and used as indicator
species
Effects of acid deposition on environment
Nutrient effects (Know 1):Soil particles can’t retain Ca, Mg, K, and
other nutrients in acidic environment, so those nutrients are leached out of soil and not available to trees
Dissolved Al ions damage root hairs (the smallest roots, which are the most effective at absorbing nutrients), so the trees are unable to absorb as many nutrients
N-fixing bacteria don’t function as well, so less N is added to soil matrix
Acid deposition is regional
Acid precipitation falls back to Earth rather than entering stratospheric jet stream
Most areas are downwind of pollution sourcesCanadian forests
damaged by coal-fired power plants in USA
Scandinavian and German forests damaged by British coal plants
Pollution management strategies for acid deposition
See Table 15.7 on p.298 of the IB ESS 2010 Course Companion
ReplaceSwitch to renewable energy sources (reduce fossil fuel use)Increase energy efficiency (better light bulbs and
appliances)More public transportation (fewer automobiles on the road)Use low-sulfur fuels
RegulateInstall ‘scrubbers’ on smokestacks of coal-fired power
plants to remove SO2
Catalytic converters installed on automobiles (required by law in the US, Canada, and Europe)
Management cont.Restore
Add limestone to acidified lakes and streamsUsing limestone or calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
can neutralize (buffer) the impact of acids. Freshwater ecosystems much more vulnerable
Expensive and hard to determine how much to add