………………………………………………………………………………………

SQL Server Analysis Services

Khalid Abu QtaishSr. BI Consultant / Solution DesignerKhalidBI.wordpress.comKhalid.yq@gmail.com

Analysis Services

Agenda Introduction ETL OLAP Terms Storage Modes Queries (MDX) Tools Live Demo Q&A

SQL Server 2008 R2 BI Platform

Introduction Analysis Services provides access to large data

sets Running SQL queries against a 100 million row

table just doesn’t work When your data sets get large, you need a better way of

handling the load Online analytical processing (OLAP) provides all

your answers with speed! Analysis services is an OLAP implementation

Integration & Structure

Managing Information

Data Warehouse

Analysis Services

ERP

CRM

HRMS

BI Developer or Analyst

Integration Services

ETL The Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) process is

vital to the OLAP results If you input junk, you get junk back out! All data that enters the OLAP database must be valid or

your results could be exponentially wrong! Make sure that all possible means are employed

when ensuring only valid data is entered into the system and that it is entered only once! Common issue is data inserted more than once which

causes invalid results

ETL

ETL

Integration Challenge

Data Warehouse

Call Center

Web Apps

Inventory

ERPHR

Finance

CRM

SOA – Enterprise

Service Bus

Source Systems Process real-time transactions Optimized for data modifications

Normalized Limited decision support Commonly called:

Online transaction processing (OLTP) systems Operational systems

HR Finance Inventory

Data Warehouse Provides data for business analysis

Grouped in subject-specific stores called Data Marts

Optimized for rapid ad-hoc information retrieval

Integrates heterogeneous source systems Consistent historical data store

Star Schema

Star Schema Benefits Simple, not-so-normalized model High-performance queries

Especially with Star Join Query Optimization Mature and widely supported Low-maintenance

OLAP Terms

Data Source View Diagrams of star schemas – state cube,

perf cube

Dimensions Describe business entities Contain attributes that provide context to

numerical data Present data organised into hierarchies

Fact Table Fundamentals Collection of measurements associated with a

specific business process Specific column types

Foreign keys to dimensions Measures – numeric and additive Metadata and lineage

Consistent granularity – the most atomic level by which the facts can be defined

Cube (UDM)Unified Dimensional Model

Combination of measures (from facts) and dimensions as one conceptual model

Rich data model enhanced by Calculations Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Actions Perspectives Translations Partitions

Formally, cube is called a UDM

Cube

2009

Q1

Jan

Feb

Mar

AccessoriesParts

Cars

MeasuresIte

ms Sold

CostSa

les $

Dates

Products

Dicing a Cube

1

3

2

6

252009

Q1

Jan

Feb

Mar

AccessoriesParts

Cars

MeasuresIte

ms Sold

CostSa

les $

Dates

Products

Conceptual Terms

Hierarchies Benefits

View of data at different levels of summarization Path to drill down or drill up

Implementation Denormalized star

schema dimension Normalized snowflake

dimension Self-referencing

relationship

Dimension Relationships Define interaction between dimensions

and measure groups Relationship types

Regular Reference Fact (Degenerate) Many-to-many Data mining

Measure Group Group of measures with same

dimensionality Analogous to a fact table Cube can contain more than one

measure group E.g. Sales, Inventory, Finance

Defined by dimension relationships

Calculations Expressions evaluated at query time for

values that cannot be stored in fact table Types of calculations

Calculated members Named sets Scoped assignments

Calculations are defined using MDX

Time and Date DimensionsCalendar dates and hours of day, with separate attributes for time-folded analysis (values by hour for the past week, for example)

• Date by Month (Year, Quarter, Month, Date)• Date by Week (Year, Week, Date)• Time (Hours, in 12 hour or 24 hour format)

Period CalculationsA dimension that contains dynamic, time-based calculations• Month-to-date• Quarter-to-date• Year-to-date• Prior Period• Year-to-date, Prior Year• Percentage change

Parent-Child Hierarchy A dimension that contains a parent

attribute A parent attribute describes a self-

referencing relationship, or a self-join, within a dimension table

Common examples Organizational charts General Ledger structures Bill of Materials

Parent-Child Hierarchy Example

Brian

Amy

Stacia

Stephen

Shu

Michael

Peter

José

Syed

Slowly Changing Dimensions

Maintain historical context as dimension data changes

Three common ways (there are more): Type 1: Overwrite the existing dimension

record Type 2: Insert a new ‘versioned’ dimension

record Type 3: Track limited history with attributes

Key Performance Indicators (KPI) KPIs are used to show very simply whether a

target is being accomplished Components include the Goal, Value, Status, and Trend Example: Sales and Quality targets

Analysis Services allows you to build MDX expressions off of Cube data to build KPIs KPI values can be queried from client applications Allows for visual display of meaningful data

Actions Actions

Allows client application users to be able to interact with what the data means

Example: Browse to a customer or product via URL Types of Actions:

CommandLine, DataSet, Drillthrough, Html, Custom, Report, URL

Define and assign to objects in the Cube

Perspectives Perspectives work similar to views in a relational

database Shows different users the data they need to see for a

particular role they may be in Used to reduce complexity of cube data Not meant to be security mechanism for data

Storage Modes Data in an Analysis Services database is stored

differently than a relational database Optimized storage provides the OLAP query performance

Partition MOLAP – multidimensional OLAP (fact data and

aggregations are stored in special format) ROLAP – Relational OLAP (fact data and aggregations

remain in relational database) HOLAP – Hybrid OLAP (fact data is relational, aggregations

are stored in special format) Dimension (dimension attributes only)

MOLAP – stored in special format ROLAP – stay in relational format

Querying Cubes SQL is not used in OLAP databases MDX (multidimensional queries) is used for

querying cubes DMX (Data Mining queries) is used for querying

data mining models

MDX Queries Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) are used to

query multidimensional data Some common terms are:

Cell – the space at an intersection of a measure and attribute

Tuple – a unique cell based on a set of attribute members

Set – an order set of tuples with same dimensionality T-SQL & MDX

I need to determine which month had the highest sales, then look at the products and customers that made that month so good

Calculated Members and Named Sets

Calculated Members are used when you need to determine something at query time Can be query or session scoped Value are only stored in memory not on disk

Named Sets are basically predefined MDX queries that can be reused in other queries Used to group dimension members

Partitioning Mechanism to break up large cube into

manageable chunks Partitions can be added, processed,

deleted independently Update to last month’s data does not affect prior months’

partitions Sliding window scenario easy to implement E.g. 24 month window add June 2006 partition and delete

June 2004 Partitions can have different storage settings

What could go wrong? Cubes really are simple things to build and utilize

As simple as they are, it is easy to create a cube that has the wrong data

Always validate that the data that is displayed in the Cube is valid and accurate Never hurts to be overly aggressive when testing Cube

data

Tools

Business Intelligence Development Studio

BI Studio is just Visual Studio with project templates installed

Project templates provide item templates and wizards New 2008 Wizards are much easier to use and more

powerful Context sensitive functionality keeps toolbars

and menus trimmed to what elements you need based on what you are looking at

Because it is Visual Studio it is fully customizable 3rd party add-ons can make it even more powerful

Designing an Analysis Services Database

BI Studio will be used to create new AS Databases

Steps include: Define data source Define data view Create a new cube Define fact tables Define dimensions (data and time) Define measures Aggregate/Run the cube

SSAS 2008 R2 New Features Develop solutions quickly with the new, streamlined Cube

Designer Take advantage of enhanced Dimension and Aggregation

Designers Create attribute relationships easily by using the new

Attribute Relationship Designer Avoid common design problems by using best practice Enable high-performance “what if” scenarios by using

MOLAP enabled write-back Take advantage of enhanced data mining structures and

improved Time Series support Monitor and optimize analytical solutions by using Analysis

SQL Server Analysis Services

Live Demo

SQL Server Analysis Services

Q & A