566 4 cultural issues in ihrm distribution

7/30/2019 566 4 Cultural Issues in IHRM Distribution

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Cultural Issues in IHRM


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EXPLICIT VERSUS

SUBJECTIVE CULTURE


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EXPLICIT VERSUS

SUBJECTIVE CULTURE

Explicit Culture

Art, literature, music, other explicit products

Rituals and symbolsDress and Appearance

Food and Eating Habits

Communication and Language

Relationships


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EXPLICIT VERSUSSUBJECTIVE CULTURE

Subjective Culture

Beliefs

Perceptions

Attitudes

Norms

Values


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PROPERTIES OF CULTURE


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LEARNED, not inherited.

SHARED by a group, organization, or

society.TRANSGENERATIONAL (cumulative

and passed from one generation to the

next)


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Highly SYMBOLIC

Means of ADAPTATION

Cultural traits (or syndromes)


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CULTURAL DIVERSITY


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CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Organizational Culture

Sub-Organizational Cultural

Trans-Organizational CulturalSupra-Organizational Culture


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CULTURE SHOCK


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CULTURE SHOCK

Symptoms

Homesickness

Psychosomatic Disorders

Hostility and Anger

Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Anxiety

Depression


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CULTURE SHOCK

Culture shock is a psychological disorientation

caused by misunderstanding or not understanding

the cues from another culture. It arises from

such things as lack of knowledge, limited prior

experience, and personal rigidity.

---W.J. Redden


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CULTURE SHOCK

Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety thatresults from losing all our familiar signs andsymbols of social intercourse. These signs or

cues include...the ways..we orient ourselves to thesituations of daily life: how to give orders, how tomake purchases, when and when not to respond....(T)hese clues, which may be words, gestures,facial expressions, customs, or norms acquired byall of us in the course of growing up....(W)edepend for our peace of mind (on such) cues

---K. Oberg


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CULTURE SHOCK PHASES

Rentry

Adjustment

ReentryShock

Adjustment

to Culture

Repatriation

Honeymoon

Culture

Shock

Normal

Honeymoon

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

WE

LL-BEING


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Cultural Syndromes

Hofstede

individualism/collectivism

power distanceuncertainty avoidance

masculinity/femininity

Confucian dynamism


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Cultural Syndromes

Triandis

horizontal collectivism

vertical collectivismhorizontal individualism

vertical individualism.


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Cultural Syndromes

Trompenaars

universalism vs. particularism

individualism vs. communitarism

neutral culture vs. affective culture

specific culture vs. diffuse culture

achievement culture vs. ascription culture

sequential time orientation vs. synchronicorientation

inner-directed culture vs. outer-directedculture


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Cultural Syndromes

House

uncertainty avoidance

power distance

collectivism I (societal collectivism)

collectivism II (in-group collectivism)

gender egalitarianism

assertiveness future orientation

performance orientation

humane orientation


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Cultural Effects

Culture and Self-I denti ty

Collectivists view the self as interdependentwith others, while individualists view the self as

autonomous and independent from groups. Correspondingly, individualists use the

individual ("I") as the unit of analysis of socialbehavior, whereas collectivists use groups

("We").


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Cultural Effects

Culture and Decision M aking

In horizontal-individualist cultures, decision

making will be individual and leaders will

delegate authority, while in verticalindividualist cultures, decisions will be

centralized and top-down.

People in high power distance countries are lesslikely to expect or want to have input into a

decision making process.


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Cultural Effects

Culture and Motivation

Achievement motivation is socially orientedamong collectivists, who will be motivated by

goals that are widely accepted by the in-group,while motivation is largely a personal matterfor individualists, who will be more motivatedif they have a hand in shaping goals.

Horizontal cultures will favor small salarydifferentials, while vertical cultures willtolerate large salary differentials.


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Cultural Effects

Cul ture and Conf l ict Resolution

Japanese participants avoid conflict inmore situations than American

participants.

Collectivists display more concern forothers than individualists so that the

conflict can be more avoided.


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Cultural EffectsCul ture and Negotiating Style

Collectivists will spend more time in the non-task negotiating activities, in planning beforeand debriefing after a session, and inpositioning during negotiating activities thanindividualists.

Those from higher power distance cultures willspend less time compromising.

Those from more masculine cultures will spendless time in persuasive efforts in dealing withthe bargaining counterparts.

Those from high uncertainty avoidance

cultures will spend more time in agreement.


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Sources of Cultural Differences

Misperception

Perception is selective

Perception is learned

Perception is culturally influenced

Perception is consistent

Perception is inaccurate


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Misperception

Cultural blinders

Lack of cultural self-awareness

Projected similarity

Misevaluation


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Resolving Cross-Cultural Conflict

Describe the situation

Your cultural perspective

Others cultural perspectives

Culturally distinct interpretations

Assess cultural overlaps

Develop culturally synergistic

alternatives Implement best culturally synergistic

alternative

566 4 cultural issues in ihrm distribution

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