538 prev caries
TRANSCRIPT
COURSE # AND TITLE: PEDS 538, Pediatric Dentistry
SESSION # AND TOPIC: # 9 Prevention of Dental Caries-Fluoride
DURATION: Equivalent to 1 hour
FACULTY: Dr. Glenn Minah
GENERAL GOALS: Become familiar with various soft tissue abnormalities and diseases found in children
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: The student should be able to:
1. State goals of fluoride therapy.
2. Understand how optimal benefits of non- professional administration of fluoride can be accomplished.
3. Describe rationale and clinical recommendations for professionally applied topical gels, fluoride varnish and home rinses and gels.
SESSION PLAN
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: The student should be able to:
4. Describe optimal use of fluoride dentifrice.
5. Know when intensive fluoride therapy is required and what type should be administered.
METHODOLOGY: Web Lecture
ASSIGNMENT: McDonald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. Mosby, St. Louis, 7th ed. 2000. Chapter 10, p. 209
EVALUATION: Written exam. Questions will be from the text portion of this presentation.
SESSION PLAN
TEXT
A. Goals of fluoride administration
B. Non-professional fluoride administration
1. Systemic
2. Topical gels
3. Rinses
4. Dentifrice
C. Professional administration
1. Topical
2. Varnish
SESSION OUTLINE
Goals of Fluoride (F) Administration
1) Do not harm the patient. 2) Prevent decay on intact dental surfaces. 3) Arrest active decay. 4) Remineralize decalcified tooth surfaces.
TEXT
GOALS OF FLUORIDE (F) ADMINISTRATION
Do no harm
Prevent decay on in tact dental surfaces
F
F
Arrest active decay
Remineralize decalcified teeth
1.
2.
3.
4.
F
Fluorosis or toxicity
Do not harm the patient
Probable toxic dose (PTD): The PTD is 5 mg F/kg body weight. For a 20 kg 5 to 6 year old this would be 100 mg and for a 10 kg 2 year old, 50 mg. F content of dental products or treatments may exceed these values for young children. For example, a gel tray containing 5 ml of APF contains 61.5mg F (F is absorbed more quickly when in acidic form.), 100ml of 0.2 or 0.4% F mouthrinse contains 91 or 97mg F and a tube of fluoridated toothpaste contains as much as 230mg F. Sub-lethal toxic symptoms are manifested quickly after the dose and consists of vomiting, excessive salivation, tearing and mucous discharge, cold wet skin and convulsions with higher doses. Counter measures which should be administered immediately are emetics, 1% calcium chloride, calcium gluconate or milk. (Calcium reacts with F in the GI tract and prevents its absorption. The most serious consequences of F toxicity stem from reactions of cationic electrolytes with systemic F.)
1.
TEXT
POTENTIAL HARM
5 mg F / kg body weight
20 kg 6 year old, PTD= 100 mg F
10 kg 2 year old PTD = 50 mg F
230 mg F/ tube toothpaste
ACT91-97 mg F/ container of F mouthrinse
Symptoms:
1. Vomiting
2. Excess salivary and mucous discharge
3. Cold wet skin
4. Convulsion at higher dose
Probable toxic dose:
Topical F, 12,300 ppm F pH= 3.5
61.5 mg F/ 5 ml
F
Ca
F
Ca
Counter Measures:
1. Emetics
2. 1% calcium chloride
3. Calcium gluconate
4. milk
Divalent cations like Ca cause precipitation, of F and prevent absorbtion in the intestine.
F Ca
F
Ca
F Ca
FCa
FCa
FCa
A serious systemic consequence is binding of F to Ca which needed for heart function.
POTENTIAL HARM
F Ca
FCa
FCa
FCa
Fluorosis: Fluorosis occurs when teeth are developing. The most critical ages are from 0 to 6 years. After 8 years, risk of fluorosis is essentially past. During the critical ages F intake in excess of 0.1mg/kg body weight/day can lead to fluorosis. This is roughly 1mg/day for a 1 to 2 year old or 1.5 to 2 mg for a 5 year old. Remember that all forms of F intake comprise the daily consumption. This includes water intake (up to 1.5mg/day), foods (0.3 to 1.0mg) and especially significant in young children, swallowed toothpaste. Children under 2 years swallow 50% of toothpaste during tooth brushing and at 5years, 25%, both of which may amount to 1mg F/day.
Do Not Harm the Patient
2.
TEXT
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
FLUOROSIS
0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
DMFT
PPM F IN DRINKING WATER
slight
severe
moderate
mild
F in excess of 0.1mg/ kg body weight = fluorosis
POTENTIAL HARM
FLUOROSIS
F
F
Excess F affects mineralization of developing teeth
Up to age 6 is the critical age for fluorosis. After age 8, risk is past.
Enamel prism
FLUOROSIS
F in excess of 0.1mg/ kg body weight = fluorosis
Maxium safe dose for a 5 year old = 2 mg F / day
Maxium safe dose for a 2 year old = 1 mg F / day 1 2 3 4 mg F
supplements toothpaste
fluids food
DW Banting JADA 123:86,1991
Daily F intake of a 20 kg 4 year olds with different water F
0.5 ppm water F
1.2 ppm water F
FLUOROSIS
Children under 2 years swallow 50% of toothpaste
5 year olds swallow 25% of toothpaste
Toothpaste = 1 mg F / gram (1000 ppmF)
1 to 3 grams
“pea” size amount (0.5g) is recommenred for fluorosis susceptible children.
Prevention of Caries
Deposition of fluorapatite (FHA) in sound tooth structure: Caries protection results from FHA being more acid resistant than pure hydroxyapatite (HA). Deposition takes place when F replaces hydroxyl groups in HA. This can occur pre- or post-eruption at neutral pH, or post-eruptively at neutral or acidic pH. At low pH, HA dissolves, then re-precipitates as new crystals which are larger and more acid-resistant due to higher FHA and lower magnesium and carbonate content. Deposition of FHA is accomplished both by systemic intake of F during tooth development, and topical F administration after eruption. Professional topical F treatments with concentrated acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gels (2.72% APF gel contains 12,300 ppm F), is the most efficient way to accomplish this, especially when applied to newly erupted teeth (i.e., age 2 for primary molars; age 6 to 8 for permanent first molars and anterior teeth; age 11 to 14 for permanent premolars and second molars).
1.
TEXT
MECHANISMS OF F PROTECTION
F F F F F F
F F F F F
F
Saliva (S)
Plaque (P)
Tooth (T)
DEPOSITION
Increase FHA levels maximally in intact dental surfaces.
Theory:
Topical F is the best method for deposition.
F
F
F
F
F
FF
FCa
PO4
PO4
Ca
Neutral pH
remineralization
DEPOSITION OF F
F
F
FHA
FHA
FHA
HA
pH 5.0
Ca
P
FHA is more acid resistant than HA
H+
H+
CO3
Mg
H+
H+
Mg and CO3 do not repreci-pitate
F
F
F
F
This has better F uptake due to more porosity
DEPOSITION OF F
Best F uptake is late pre-eruption and early post-eruption
FF
F F
FF
FFFF
FFFF
F
F
F
F
Mature enamel
Surface build-up of F
F
F
F
Enamel fluid
Young enamel
Drinking water
Permanent teeth
Primary teeth
F 3000 900
No F 2000 600
Maximal F levels of in outer 5 microns
3000
2000
1000
PPM Fluoride
outer 2 microns = 6000 ppm fluoride (max. uptake)
Fluoride uptake is higher in a decalcified area
F
5 um
DEPOSITION OF F
CaCa CaCaCaF F
F
As fluoride reacts strongly with calcium it does not penetrate far into the tooth.
3000 ppm F
1500 ppm F
F
DEPOSITION OF F:
Maxium uptake can not be exceeded. (3000 to 4000 ppm F in outer 5 um)
The F-rich surface can be abraded away.
TOPICAL F STUDIES
Averill JADA 74:990,1987
DePaola JADA 87:155,1973
Downer BritDJ 141:242,1978
Horowitz JDent Child 27:157,1980
Muhler JDent Child 27:1571980
Szwejda JPub Health Dent 32:110,1972
NaF
APF
APF
SnF2
SnF2
APF
Caries reduction100%
Newly erupted teeth Previously erupted teeth
Bioavailability of F: A second theory of caries prevention asserts that F in the vicinity of carious activity (in enamel fluid) prevents dissolution of HA crystals. Although this mechanism requires only low levels of F (less than 100ppm to as low as 1ppm), F must be present when the acid challenge takes place and therefore must be supplied continually. Examples of topical applications which ensure bioavailability are fluoridated drinking water and fluoridated dentifrices. A major source of bioavailable F is residual F in plaque and pellicle. F in plaque minerals such as CaF2 or calculus or in
protein complexes is released during bacterial acid production.
Prevention of Caries
2.
TEXT
BIOAVAILABILITY
F
F
S
P
T F
ACID
SUGAR
Provide continual low level of F to enamel fluid. The benefit occurs at the time of decalcification.
Theory:
MECHANISMS OF F PROTECTION
Water fluoridation is an example of a source.
BIOAVAILABILITY OF F
SUGAR
Low level of F F
S
H+
H+H+
H+
F
F
F
F
SS
saliva
Plaque and enamel fluid
plaque
Intact HA crystals
H+
FDecalcifying HA crystals
J Arends. JDR 69(SI):601,1990
Decalcification of enamel crystals:
F Stable FHA
F Loosely bound or adsorbed F
F
F
F
F
FF F
F
F
F
FFACID
Protection from dissolution
F from plaque fluid
H+
H+
BIOAVAILABILITY OF F
F
F
Loosely-bound F
will eventually
become stable
FHA.
J Arends. JDR 69(SI):601,1990
F
F
F F
F
FF
F
Protection only where is
F
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
BIOAVAILABILITY OF F
F
Ca
PO4
PO4
Ca
FHA with no
Incomplete protection
F
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
F
J Arends. JDR 69(SI):601,1990
BIOAVAILABILITY OF F
FF
F
H+
H+MS
Effect on bacteria:
H+
H+
F
F
F
F
SSH
+
F
H+
H+
The presence of
fluoride at the time of
glycolytic activity will also
inhibit of plaque
acidogenesis.
SOURCES OF BIOAVAILABLE F
1. saliva
0.08
0.02
ppm F in saliva after drinking
1 3 5 h
F F F F
S
P
T
4. RESIDUAL F
ACT
2. Fluoridated water
3. Home care products
Calcium Fluoride
F F F F F
Topical F
CaF2 precipitates in plaque during topical F treatment
FHA
No FHA
No FHA
F F
10 ppm F added to drinking water
LESIONS (mean)
MS
8
30
5
DEPOSITION
BIOAVAILABILITY
Larson RH. Caries Res 10:321, 1976
sugar
BIOAVAILABILITY VERSUS DEPOSITION OF F
Rodent studies:
plus
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.05 0.1 1 5
calcium loss
F ppm in solution
pH
5
4.5
4
BIOAVAILABILITY OF F
pH 5.0
HA
calcium
phosphate
JM Ten Cate. JDR 69(SI):614,1990
Research evidence:
F
F
Add F:
Summary of preventive F procedures and recommendations: The older view of caries prevention was that FHA deposition in non-carious dental surfaces should be maximized by systemic F administration during tooth development, and post-eruptively by topical F treatments. It was believed that increased FHA provided increased protection against caries. Although implementation of high FHA deposition has proved beneficial, it does not afford as much protection as bioavailable F. Moreover, the high doses of F required, systemically or topically (which often becomes systemic intake) are partly responsible for the increasing incidence of fluorosis. Current clinical recommendations for preventive F measures are 1) to determine total F intake per day from all sources in order to assess over or under F exposure, 2) determine caries risk, 3) institute a regimen commensurate with individual caries risk status which emphasizes bioavailability of post-eruptive topical F (e.g. regular use of F dentifrice and other home products if indicated), 4) administer professional topical F treatments, the timing of which should also be gauged to caries risk (This may not be needed in low risk individuals) and 5) administer systemic topical F if indicated. (The latter is currently under review. Present Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommendations are presented below.
Prevention of Caries
3.
TEXT
FLUORIDE SUPPLEMENTS
AGE <0.3ppm 0.3-0.6ppm
>0.6ppm
6m-3y 0.25 0 0
3-6y 0.5 0.25 0
6-16y 1.0 0.5 0
F in drinking water
F
Academy of Pediatric Dentistry current recommendations
TEXT
1. Determine F intake
2. Determine caries risk
3. Devise personalized plan based on risk level.
4. Stress bioavailability of F.
5. Monitor F intake of young patients in an effort to prevent fluorosis.
SUMMARY OF PREVENTIVE F
Mechanisms: Caries arrest means that active lesions become inactive. This is accomplished clinically by adjusting several aspects of the oral environment such as by reducing intake of cariogenic dietary substrates, reducing plaque volume, stimulating salivary flow, increasing plaque levels of Ca++ and PO4---,
promoting favorable microbial shifts (i.e. reducing acidogenic and aciduric bacteria and encouraging proliferation of alkalinogenic bacteria) and increasing bioavailable F. Bioavailable F arrests caries by 1) inhibiting decalcification by coating enamel crystals, intact or partially decalcified, with loosely bound F and thereby preventing further dissolution of crystals, 2) catalyzing reprecipitation of dissolved enamel crystals and 3) inhibiting acidogenesis and aciduricity of cariogenic bacteria. Arrested incipient lesions appear either as dark stained fissures which resist explorer penetration (Active probing of stained fissures with sharp explorers is not recommended as it may induce cavitation.), stained cervical incipient lesions or shiny enamel surfaces covering white spot lesions. Arrested carious dentin or root surfaces exhibit dark staining with hard and often shiny surfaces.
Arrest of Active Decay
1.
TEXT
Clinical recommendations: 1) Determine total F exposure, 2) determine caries risk and tailor clinical measures to risk status, 3) institute dietary and plaque control procedures, 4) control cariogenic bacteria, if indicated and 5) have patient maintain continual low level F exposure to decalcified sites.
Arrest of Active Decay
2.
TEXT
ARREST OF ACTIVE DECAY
incipiencies
Root caries
Indications:
Cases difficult to treat, i.e., certain ECC cases
Interproximal caries in low or moderate risk patients.
ARREST OF ACTIVE DECAY
PO4PO4Ca
Ca
MS
LB
1.
2.
3.
Increase topical Ca and PO4 intake.
Encourage beneficial microbial shifts.
4.
Plaque control
Procedure:
Diet control
ARREST OF ACTIVE DECAY
5. Increase bioavailable F
F
Arrested caries turns dark, is firm and often glossy.
F
F
S
P
T F
ACID
SUGAR
Indications and mechanisms: This clinical manipulation is intended to restore lost mineral from incipient lesions and reverse appearance of white spot lesions. (Review notes on remineralization from Cariology course.) Generally, remineralization procedures are indicated for non-cavitated carious dental surfaces (enamel or cemental) in individuals who are not in the high or severe caries risk category. These are the same as caries arrest procedures with the exceptions that 1) only non-cavitated lesions are indicated and 2) F, Ca++ and PO4--- exposure are monitored
more carefully.
Recommendations: Follow recommendations for caries arrest, above, along with application of recalcifying solutions (e.g., Enamelon, which contains F) and/or F to affected sites. Recalcification of white spot lesions on anterior smooth surfaces require low concentrations of topical F (100 to 250ppm) since higher ones do not penetrate enamel as effectively and may cause preservation of the white spot by reacting only with the outer enamel layer.
Remineralization of Decalcified Surfaces
1.
2.
TEXT
REMINERALIZATION
Same procedures as for arresting caries.
Exceptions or additions:
1. Only non-cavitated
lesions can be
remineralized.
2. Not recommended for
severe of high caries risk
patients.
3. Ca, PO4 and F are
administered more
precisely.
White spot
before after
Clinical Fluoride Products
These include 1) professional topical F, 2) F varnishes 3) home rinses and gels, 4) dentifrices, 5) supplements and 6) other agents such as sustained release devices. A detailed summary is presented in Tables at the end of the presentation.
Professional Topical F
Products and description: The principal products are 2.72% acidulated phosphate fluoride(APF) gel and 2% neutral sodium fluoride gel. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is no longer used routinely for professional
topical applications. APF, pH 3.5, contains 12,300 ppm F and is formulated from sodium fluoride and 0.1M phosphoric acid. This gel is intended to dissolve surface enamel which will re-precipitate with higher FHA content. Neutral NaF gels (9200 ppm F) are indicated when composite restorations are present since APF will etch glass filler particles of the composites. This product will not produce comparable surface FHA deposition, but according to research evidence, achieves the same caries protection as APF.
1.
TEXT
Mechanisms of caries protection: The earlier theories centered on increasing deposition of FHA. Now it is believed that benefits are derived mainly from residual F buildup in plaque and other oral surfaces or biofilms in the form of CaF2, other minerals and protein-bound F.
These reservoirs release F during acidification which acts as bioavailable F. (Note: sealants should not be placed immediately after professional topical F treatment due to instability of the CaF2 layer which precipitates on the tooth surface. Sealants may be placed after 24 hours.) When applied every 6 months to children in F deficient regions, all types of professional topical F agents achieved roughly 30% caries reduction versus sham treated controls.
Professional Topical F
2.
TEXT
PROFESSIONAL TOPICAL F
2.72% acidulated phosphate F (APF), 1.23% free F, 12,300 ppm F.
2.0% neutral sodium F, 0.9% free F, 9200 ppm F.
8% stannous F (no longer used routinely).
F
0.1 M H3OP4
PO4
Ca
Ca
F
Dissolution of surface layer
Reprecipitation of fluorapatite
1.
2.
3.
APF
Ca
Topical Fluorides:
H+H+
Precipitation of calcium fluoride on enamel surface
Ca
PO4
PROFESSIONAL TOPICAL F
CaF2
Do not seal teeth immediately after a topical F treatment due to CaF2.
APF will etch glass in filled resins. Use neutral F gel.
T
H+
Plaque acids will release bioavailable F from CaF2.
F
FCa
Ca
resin
Etched glass
H+ H+
Recommendations: 1) Determine total F exposure. 2) Determine caries risk. 3) Administer as indicated by # 1 and 2. (Timing may be monthly, 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a year or even contra-indicated.) 4) Apply for 4 minutes. 5) Add no more than 2ml to the gel tray and make every effort to keep patient from swallowing the gel. 6) Have patient refrain from rinsing, eating or drinking for 30 minutes after application.
Professional Topical F
3.
TEXT
PROFESSIONAL TOPICAL F
Recommendations:
1. Determine total F exposure.
2. Administer 0,1,2,3,4 times a year as indicated by caries risk level.
3. Apply for 4 minutes.
4. Use only 2 ml of gel in trays, keep patients from swallowing the gel.
5. No rinsing, drinking or eating for 30 min. afterwards.
caries
Two topical F treatments per year reduced caries by 30% versus placebo gel.
topical
placebo
Fluoride Varnish
Products and use: Application of F varnish is essentially a professional topical F treatment. Duraflor is currently the only concentrated F varnish sold in the US (called Duraphat in Europe) and contains 5% NaF. Flor-Protector contains 0.7% silane F and is used as a cavity varnish. For topical treatments Duraflor should be applied to, and allowed to dry on all cotton roll-isolated teeth. Afterwards the patient should not eat for 2 hours. Although the caries benefits are similar to topical F gels, less total F is released into the oral cavity during treatment (i.e., only 3 to 6mg ) than from gels.
Indications: Apply to: 1) teeth during operating room procedures, 2) enamel incipiencies, 3) exposed roots, 4) margins of restorations, 5) teeth at risk which cannot be sealed such as erupting molars or premolars or 6) carious anterior teeth in very young children.
1.
2.
TEXT
FLUORIDE VARNISH
Duraflor – 5% NaF, 26,000 ppm F, 3-6 mg F per dose.
Fluor-Protector – 0.7% silane F. Used as a cavity varnish
FLUORIDE VARNISH
Cavity Shield (OMNI) – 5% NaF
0.40 ml for mixed dentition
0.25 ml for primary dentition
FLUORIDE VARNISH
White spots or other incipiencies
All teeth in the OR
Exposed roots and root caries
Margins of restorations
Erupting teeth
Carious anterior teeth in young children
Indications:
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
6.
Home Rinses
Products and use: These are available as over-the-counter (OTC) daily rinses (0.05% NaF, 230ppm F; 0.02% NaF, 200ppm), or as prescription weekly rinses (0.2% NaF, 910ppm F or 0.4% SnF2, 970ppm F). Patients should rinse 1x/day for 1
minute with 10ml.
Indications: 1) High caries risk patients. 2) Exposed root surfaces. 3) School prevention programs.
1.
2.
TEXT
HOME F RINSES
ACT
0.05% NaF, 0.023% free F, 230 ppm F, 2.3 mg F / dose
Daily Rinse:
PHOS-FLOR
0.02% APF, 0.02% free F, 200 ppm F, 2 mg F / dose.
Weekly Rinse
PREVI-DENT
0.2% NaF, 0.091% free F, 910 ppm F, 9.1 mg F / dose.
Indications:
1. High caries risk
2. Exposed roots
3. Prevention programs
Home Gels
Products and use: Home gels are available as prescription 1.1% NaF (5000ppm F) and 0.4% SnF2 (1000ppm). These
are self-administered by the exposure of F to teeth than do rinses.
Indications: 1) High or severe (rampant) caries risk patients. 2) Exposed root surfaces when evidence of caries is present. 3) School prevention programs.
TEXT
HOME GELS
GEL-CAM –
0.4% SnF2,
0,097% free F,
970 ppm F, 2-3mg
F/ dose.
PREVIDENT –
1.1% NaF, 0.5% free F, 5000 ppm, 10-25 mg F/ dose.
Indications:
1. Severe caries
2. Root caries
3. Prevention programs
Radiation caries
Dentifrices
Product descriptions: Dentifrices are sold as pastes or gels. The latter theoretically penetrates retention sites better, and are more acceptable to young children than pastes. The main ingredients of dentifrices, from a preventive standpoint, are F salts and abrasives. One of 4 types of F salts are used, i.e., 1) 0.2% NaF, 2) 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), 3) 0.4% SnF2 or 4) amine F. Amine F is not sold in the US.
Most dentifrices contain 1mg F/gram which amounts to 1mg or 1000ppm F in each tooth-brushing dose. A few newer products contain up to 1500ppm F. According to trial data, all F dentifrices reduce caries by 25 to 32% versus control paste without F, when used twice daily. MFP and NaF are the standard types of F used in the US. SnF2 exhibits a shorter
shelf life and may cause staining of teeth. MFP is formulated with covalently bound fluoride which improves stability, and can be used with abrasives containing Ca++ which will react with and inactivate non-covalently bound F. F is released from MFP in vivo by enzymatic reactions and supposedly achieves better enamel uptake of the F ion than NaF pastes. Common abrasives are a) sodium metaphosphate, b) silica, c) sodium bicarbonate, d) acrylic polymer, e) dicalcium phosphate or f) calcium carbonate. The latter two can only be used with MFP. The FDA requires that at least 60% of free F ion be available in doses, over the life of the dentifrice. NaF and MFP dentifrices lose about 20% F availability within 2 years.
TEXT
DENTIFRICE (TOOTHPASTE,TP)
Gels:
1. Better interdental penetration
2. More acceptable to children
PastesKey ingredients in TP:
1. F salt
2. Abrasive
DENTIFRICE
1. 0.2% NaF
2. 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP)
3. 0.4% stannous F
4. Amine F
1 gram of TP = 1 mg F
Na
FPO4
MFP does not react with calcium abrasives (F is covalently bound) and has better uptake by enamel crystals.
Na
F
The ADA requires that 60% of free F ion be
available over the shelf life of the TP. NaF and MFP lose about 20% free F in 2 years.
F salt (all reach 1000-1500 ppm F)
F salt in TP:
FSn
F
SnF2 exhibits less shelf life and may cause dental staining
F
Amine F is not sold in the US. It adsorbs to enamel and has anti-bacterial properties
Na
DENTIFRICE
Na PO4
CO3
H
Ca
Ca
Ca
PO4
CO3
Ca These can be used with MFP
It is desirable to have
PO4 and Ca and HCO3
as abrasives
H+
Abrasives:
Sodium metaphosphate
Sodium Silica
Na bicarbonate
Acrylic polymer
Dicalcium phosphate
F
2.5.
4.
3.
1.
Na
6. Calcium carbonate
Ca
CO3
CaPO4
PO4
F
Use considerations: Noteworthy concerns are fluorosis from swallowed toothpaste in children, and the F content of commercial products. The latter involves toothpaste trial data showing that preventive effects correlate positively with F content. As a result, commercial products are prepared with increasing amounts of F, and this may become a fluorosis concern with young children. Accepted provisions for reducing child intake of F are use of toothbrushes with small heads to limit paste application, and instructing parents to use no more than a “pea size” amount of paste (approximately 0.5g) on the toothbrush (High concentration F dentifrice should not be used before age 7.). Another concern is rinsing after tooth-brushing. Studies show that 50% of the benefit is lost when this is routinely practiced. No rinsing after brushing, or rinsing with an OTC F mouthrinse are recommended. Finally, tooth-brushing should be conducted just before bed-time in order to take advantage of night-time reduction of oral clearance mechanisms. F bioavailability will thus be increased.
Dentifrices
TEXT
F USE CONSIDERATIONS
F
FF
F
F
F
Evidence shows that increased F use and F concentration increases bioavailability in stagnation sites.
(Note: be aware of fluorosis susceptible patients.)
FS
P
T
FS
P
T
F F
F
F
awake
asleep
High salivary flow
Low salivary flow
Brush before bedtime
Rinsing after brushing
reduces F effectiveness by 50%.
Recommendations: Do not rinse after brushing or rinse with a F rinse.
Type of F F salt Free F Brand name
Company F ppm F mg/dose
Professional gel 2.72% APF
1.23% Nupro Dentsply 12,300 24.6-61.5
2.0% NaF
0.9% “ “ 9200 18.4-46
F varnish 5.0% NaF
2.6% Duraflor Pharma Science
26,000 3-6
Daily rinse 0.05% NaF
0.023% Act J&J 230 2.3
0.02% APF
0.02% Phos-Flor Colgate 200 2.0
Weekly rinse 0.2% NaF
0.091% Prevident Colgate 910 9.1
Home gel 0.4% SnF2
0.097% Gel-Kam Colgate 970 1.94-4.85
1.1 NaF
0.5% Prevident Colgate 5000 10-25
Commonly Used F Products