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ENGINE FOR PROPELLER CAR

AIM: Propeller based Formula Car using Gasoline Direct Injection Engine.

OBJECTIVE:

To construct a Model of Propeller Car with free wheel at the front and two wheel sat the

rear.To fit a gasoline direct injection engine with propeller blades at the front to get maimum

air thrust.

OVERVIEW:

The project Propeller car will wor! on the priciple of laws of motion. The propeller bladeat the front of "ehicle will force the car to mo"e forward as the air will flow at the

bac!. #refer air propeller car$aircraft%. The engine will operate with the hand start

motion and to be fuelled with a specfied fuel as gi"en below.

The C&' will comprises a geared motor of sa( )** rmp )+, Dc connected with thesterring control wheel. This will change the direction and is controlled with an 'F

remote control. The rear wheel sare free to dri"e with propeller car force. &nother

gear motor of same specification as in front wheel will operate the bra!ingmechanism as paddel bra!e and it is also operated "ia 'F remote.

Thus when (ou start the engine and place the car on surface- the car will mo"e forward

and the 'F remote for steering wheel will cahge its direction for left and right. If

someone need to create a sudden bra!e- the another 'F control !e( can be aci"atedfor that to ma!e sheo bra!e.

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PROPELLER CAR

Instructions

Connect the tan! to the engine using a transparent fuel tube. The le"el of

fuel should be eual to the fuel inta!e when the tan! is in filled position. The

tan! si/es for the DIE0E1 E2GI2E0 are as follows3

). 4C.C.555564 to 4* CC +. 4C.C.55557* to 74CC

8. +C.C55559* to 94C.C.

.

Fill up the fuel tan! : connect the tube to the approimate fuelsetting of the engine;s first start- open two : a half turn right from the

closed position. 2ow cho!e the engine b( putting the finger o"er the air

inta!e : rotate the propeller +58 times. &djust the compression setting screw

such that when the propeller is flic!ed a jer! is felt on fingers< out if the jer!

is too high then set the compression low b( unscrewing the compression

setting screw.

=hen the engine fire- it is not necessar( that it will !eep running.

The propeller ma( oscillate or he engine ma( start re"erse this means

compression is higher- then it is needed to turn the compression screw bac!.

In this case it is also possible that there is some ecess fuel in the engine- toremo"e the same turn bac! the compression setting screw : flic! hard

se"eral times.

=hile starting the engine- the compression setting screw is sent bac!

from its actual running position- so when the engine misfires or run

une"enl( after start- screw the compression setting screw until the engine

fires e"enl(. If the sound of the engine further changes to as a damped sound

that means the engine is o"er compressed- the compression setting screw

should be turned bac! until engine sounds e"enl(.

If the engine did not speed up : the ehaust is too oil( that means fuel

setting is rich- the time the fuel needle should be closed down until engine

runs to maimum '.P.M. >n the other if the engine runs with the short

bursts onl(- this means engine needs more fuel : fuel needle should be

opened until a smooth running is achie"ed.

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=eather mounting the engine on a test bench or a model- the engine should

be firml( mounted. & loose mounting ma( cause ha/ards : a power loss

during running due to hea"( "ibration.

FUEL:The fuel miture recommended b( us for all our diesel engines is as

follows3

6*? Paraffin >il #@erosene%

8*? &nesthetic or 0ol"ent Either

+758*? Castor >il

+58? lgnition impro"ers li!e &m(l 2itrate can be used.

The commerciall( a"ailable fuels can also be used. For some applications

li!e racing some fuel miture ma( be found better then the recommended-but in that case please chec! that the oil content- for a new engine should be

not less there 8*? : for a used engine it should not go below +4?. The fuel

lower oil content is not recommended as it lowers engine life. Aowe"er 8*?

is enough for the good running of the engine- adding more oil will not

pro"ide benefit.

MAINTENANCE:

These engine do no reuire an( internal maintenance if instructions arefollowed. The three screws on the c(linder head of the engine should be

chec!ed : tightened #if reuired% occasionall(- but the care should be ta!en

that these screws are not o"er tightened.

If b( chance (our engine meet a crash landing which ma!es (our engine

burr( in loose soil or sand then ta!e it to an epert for proper cleaning unless

(ou feel that (ou can thoroughl( clean it using !erosene or diesel for further

running. &fter e"er( ha/ard landing alwa(s chec! the pitch : balance of

(our propeller.

These engines ne"er needs decarbonising- the carbon produced in ingineis self thrown out of the engine with the eha during running.

BMaimum at standard conditions : fuel.

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RUNNING INSTRUCTIONS:

efore lea"ing our wor!shop each of the E2GI2E is test run upto

)+*** '.P.M. at least for fi"e minutes- these engines do not need an(

running in : are read( to be fitted on a model.

For test running of the engine without model- ne"er hold the engine itself in

a "ice- it can distant the engine;s cran!case. se an engine test bench for it

screw the engine tight to the piece of wood : then hold piece "er( firml( in

"ice.

Choose the appropriate propeller from the chart : fit to the engine so

that the piston tra"el upwards- closing the ehaust ports : began to

compress the gas there- at that position the upper end of propeller should be

showing T=> >; C1>C@. This will help in flic!ing from right to left #i.e.in anticloc!wise direction%. Touching the propeller near hub flic! the

propeller hard- a hard flic! is necessar( for a good start. Meanwhile (ou can

use (our left hand to cho!e the engine b( placing left hand o"er the air

inta!e : turn the propeller.

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Gasolin !irct in"ction

Gasolin !irct in"ctionor G#iis a "ariant offuel injectionemplo(ed in modern two5

and four5 stro!e petrol engines. The gasoline is highl( pressurised- and injected "ia a

common rail fuel line directl( into the combustion chamberof eachc(linder- as opposedto con"entionalmulti point fuel injectionthat happens in the inta!e tract- or c(linder port.

GDi enables stratified charge #ultra lean burn% combustion for impro"ed fuel efficienc(

and emission le"els at low load.

T$or% o& o'ration

The major ad"antages of a GDi engine are increased fuel efficienc( and high power

output. This is achie"ed b( the precise control o"er amount of fuel and injection timingswhich are "aried according to the load conditions. In addition- there are no throttling

losses when compared to a con"entional fuel injectedor carburetedengine- which greatl(impro"es efficienc( in engines without a throttle plate.

The engine management s(stemcontinuall( chooses among three combustion modes3

ultralean burn- stoichiometric-and full power output. Each mode is characteri/ed b( theair5fuel ratio. Thestoichiometric air5fuel ratio forpetrol#gasoline% is )6.7 to ) b( weight-

but ultra lean mode can in"ol"e ratios as high as 4 to ). These leaner mitures- much

leaner than in a con"entional engine- reduce fuel consumption.

Ultra lanmode is used for light5load running conditions- when little or noacceleration is reuired. The fuel is not injected at the inta!e stro!ebut rather at

the latter stages of the compression stro!e- so that the small amount of air5fuel

miture is optimall( placed near the spar! plug. This stratified charge is

surrounded b( mostl( air which !eeps the fuel awa( from the c(linder walls forlowest emissions. The combustion ta!es place in a toroidalca"it( on thepistons

surface. This techniue enables the use of ultra5lean mitures impossible with

carburetors or con"entional fuel injection.

Stoic$io(tricmode is used for moderate load conditions. Fuel is injected during

the inta!e stro!e-creating a homogeneousfuel5air miture in the c(linder. From

the stoichiometric ratio- an optimum burn results in clean ehaust readil( further

cleaned b( the catal(tic con"erter. &ull 'o)rmode is used for rapid acceleration and hea"( loads #as when climbing

a hill%. The air5fuel miture is homogeneous and the ratio is slightl( richer thanstoichiometric- which helps pre"entpinging. The fuel is injected during the inta!e

stro!e.

Direct injection ma( also be accompanied b( other engine technologies such as "ariable

"al"e timingand tuned or"ariable lengthinta!e manifolding. =ater injectionor #more

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection#Multi-port_fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-fuel_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cyclehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_injection_(engines)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection#Multi-port_fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-fuel_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cyclehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_injection_(engines)

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commonl(% ehaust gas recirculation can help reduce the high2> emissions that result

from burning ultra leanmitures.

*istor%

The first direct injection s(stem was de"eloped b( osch-and was introduced b( Goliathand Gutbrodin )94+. The )944 Mercedes5en/ 8**01- the first sports car to use fuel

injection- used direct injection. The osch fuel injectors were placed into the bores on the

c(linder wall used b( the spar! plugs in other Mercedes5en/ si5c(linder engines #thespar! plugs were relocated to the c(linder head%. 1ater- more mainstream applications of

fuel injection fa"oured less epensi"e indirect injection methods.

During the late )97*s- the Ford Motor Compan(de"eloped a stratified5charge enginethe( called HProCoH #programmed combustion%-)J+Jutili/ing a uniue high pressure pump

and direct injectors. >ne hundred Crown ,ictoria cars were built at Fords &tlanta

&ssembl(inAape"ille- Georgiautili/ing a ProCo ,K engine. The project was canceled

for se"eral reasons< electronic controls- a !e( element- were in their infanc(< pump andinjector costs were etremel( high< and lean combustion produced nitrogen oides in

ecess of near future EP&limits. &lso- the three wa( catal(tic con"erterwas pro"en to be

a more cost effecti"e solution.

It was not until )99 that gasoline direct injection reappeared in the automoti"e mar!et.Mitsubishi Motors was the first with a GDI engine in the Lapanese mar!et

Galant$1egnums 4G93).K 1 straight56-8Jwhich it subseuentl( brought to Europe in

)997 in the Mitsubishi Carisma-6J although Europes high5sulphur fuel led to emissionsproblems- and fuel efficienc(was less than epected.4J It also de"eloped the first si

c(linder GDI powerplant- the 6G74 8.4 1 ,- in )997.J Mitsubishi applied this

technolog( widel(- producing o"er one million GDI engines in four families b( +**)- 7J

P0& Peugeot Citronand A(undai Motorsboth licensed Mitsubishis GDI technolog( in

)999- the latter using the first GDI ,K.KJ9JDaimlerChr(slerproduced a special engine for

+***- offered onl( in mar!ets with low sulphur fuel.citation neededJ

&lthough other companies ha"e since de"eloped gasoline direct injection engines- GDI#with an uppercase final HIH% remains a registered trademar! of Mitsubishi Motors.)*J

To(ota introduced direct injection engine D6 #To(ota &N engine% in +*** To(ota

&"ensis. To(otas 2GR-FSE ,uses a combination of direct and indirect injection. It

uses two injectors per c(linder- a traditional port injector and a new direct injector.

1ater GDi engines ha"e been tuned and mar!eted for their high performance.

,ol!swagen$&udi introduced their GDi engine in +**)- under the product name Fuel

0tratified Injection #F0I%- the technolog( adapted from &udis 1e Mansprotot(pe racecar.

&lfa 'omeo introduced their first direct injection engine LT0 in +**+- and toda( thetechnolog( is used on almost e"er( &lfa 'omeo engine.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutbrodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300SLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Crown_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapeville%2C_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Galanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_4G9_engine#4G93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Carismahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_6G7_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaimlerChryslerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_AZ_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Avensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Avensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine#2GR-FSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_hours_of_Le_Manshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTS_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutbrodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300SLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Crown_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapeville%2C_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Galanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_4G9_engine#4G93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Carismahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_6G7_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaimlerChryslerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_AZ_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Avensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Avensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_GR_engine#2GR-FSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_hours_of_Le_Manshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTS_engine

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M=introduced GDi ,)+M= 278engine in +**8. This initial M= s(stem used

low5pressure injectors and could not enter lean5burn mode- but the compan( introduced

its second5generation Aigh Precision Injection s(stem on the updated24+straight5 in+**. This s(stem surpasses man( others with a wider en"elope of lean5burn time-

increasing o"erall efficienc(.))JP0& is cooperating with M= on a new line of engines

which will ma!e its first appearance in the +**7MI2I Cooper 0.

General Motorshad planned to produce a full range of GDi engines b( +**+- but so faronl( two such engines ha"e been introduced O in +**6- a "ersion of the +.+ 1 Ecotec

used b( the >pel ,ectraand in +**4- a +.* 1 Ecotec with ,,T technolog( for the

Pontiac 0olstice GP- the ,auhall GT- the >pel 0peedster- and the 0aturn 0!( 'ed1ine. The forthcoming +**K Cadillac CT0and Cadillac 0T0 will also be a"ailable GDi

8. 111Tengine due out in the fall of +**7.

In +**6 Isu/u Motors produced the first GDi engine sold in a mainstream &merican

"ehicle. 0tandard on the +**6 &iom and optional on the +**6 'odeo. Isu/u claimed the

benefit of GDi is that the "apori/ing fuel has a cooling effect- allowing a highercompression ratio #)*.8 to ) "ersus 9.) to )% that boosts output b( +* horsepower

#)4 !=% and that *5to5* times drop from K.9 to just 7.4 seconds- with the uarter5milebeing cut from ).4 seconds to )4.K tic!s.)+J

Ma/da uses their own "ersion of direct injection in the Ma/daspeed $ Ma/da MP0-

the C57 sport5ute- and the new Ma/daspeed 8. It is referred to as Direct Injection 0par!

Ignition.

In t)o+stro, n-ins

The benefits of direct injection are e"en more pronounced in two5stro!eengines- becauseit eliminates much of the pollution the( cause. In con"entional two5stro!es- the ehaust

and inta!e ports are both open at the same time- at the bottom of the piston stro!e. &large portion of the fuel$air miture entering the c(linder from the cran!case through the

inta!e ports goes directl( out- unburned- through the ehaust port. =ith direct injection-

onl( air comes from the cran!case- and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and allports are closed.

Two t(pes of GDI are used in two5stro!es3 low5pressure air5assisted- and high pressure.

The former- de"eloped b( >rbital Engine Corporation of &ustralia #now >rbital

Corporation% injects a miture of fuel and compressed air into the combustion chamber.

=hen the air epands it atomi/es the fuel into K5micrometre droplets- "er( small relati"eto the +* to 8*5micrometre fuel droplets in other direct injection s(stems. The >rbital

s(stem is used in motor scooters manufactured b( &prilia- Piaggio- Peugeot and @(mco-in outboard motors manufactured b( Mercur( and Tohatsu- and in personal watercraft

manufactured b( ombardier.

In the earl( )99*s- Ficht GmbA of @irchseeon- German( de"eloped a high5pressure

direct injector for use with two stro!eengines. This injector was uniue in that it did not

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_N73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_N52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINI_(BMW)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Family_II_engine#DIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Vectrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Family_II_engine#SIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice#GXPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_High_Feature_engine#LLThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchseeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_N73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_N52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINI_(BMW)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Family_II_engine#DIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Vectrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Family_II_engine#SIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice#GXPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_High_Feature_engine#LLThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchseeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_stroke

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reuire a high pressure pump but was still capable of generating enough pressure to inject

into a closed combustion chamber. >utboard Marine Corporation#>MC% licensed the

technolog( in )994 and introduced it on a production outboard engine in )99. )8J)6J>MCpurchased a controlling interest in Ficht in )99K.)4Jeset b( etensi"e warrant( claims

for its Ficht outboards- >MC declared ban!ruptc( in December of +*** and the engine

manufacturing portion and brands #E"inrude >utboard MotorsandLohnson >utboards%-including the Ficht technolog(- were purchased b( ombardier in +**).)J-)7J

E"inrude introduced the E5Tech s(stem- an impro"ement to the Ficht fuel injection- in

+**8- based on .0. patent-89K-4)). In +**6- E"inrude recei"ed the EP& Clean &ir

Ecellence &ward for their outboards utili/ing the E5Tech s(stem.)KJ

Qamaha also has a high5pressure direct injection s(stem for two5stro!e outboards. It

differs from the Ficht$E5Tech and >rbital direct injection s(stems because it uses a

separate- belt dri"en- high pressure- mechanical fuel pump to generate the pressure

necessar( for injection in a closed chamber. This is similar to most current 65stro!e

automoti"e designs.

En"iroFit- a non5profit corporation sponsored b( Colorado 0tate ni"ersit(- has

de"eloped direct injection retrofit !its for two5stro!emotorc(clesin a project to reduce

air pollution in 0outheast &sia- using technolog( de"eloped b( >rbital Corporation of&ustralia.)9JThe =orld Aealth >rgani/ation sa(s air pollution in 0outheast &sia and the

Pacific causes 487-*** premature deaths each (ear. The )**5million two5stro!e tais and

motorc(cles in that part of the world are a major cause.+*J+)J

Altrnati. Ful( E'IC PETE'0

Posted3 +**5*65)) ))367346

&t the dawn of the automobile age- gasoline was the up5and5coming Halternati"e fuelH 55"(ing with electric batteries and steam power. Gas ultimatel( won out- of course. ut

now that were running out of distilled dinosaur juice 55 or at the "er( least- getting sic! of

being at the merc( of >PEC 55 a "ariet( of +)st centur( alternati"es to gasoline are

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_Marine_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evinrude_Outboard_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Outboardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Corporation_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-20http://autos.aol.com/buyguide/hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_Marine_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evinrude_Outboard_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Outboardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Corporation_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-20

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entering the pipeline #so to spea!%.

Altrnati. Ful Poll

E/01t$anol

Essentiall(- alcohol created from "egetable matter and mied with gasoline or used

undiluted and Hstraight up.H EK4 is the commercial name for the mi that is currentl(

a"ailable at a growing number of gas stations around the countr(. It is K4 percent ethanoland )4 percent gasoline. GM and Ford both offer EK4 compatible new cars and truc!s

designed to safel( use this fuel #the( can also run on regular gas%.

The ad"antages of ethanol$EK4 include lower emissions of unburned h(drocarbons

#which form the precursors of smog% and the potential for a significant reduction in .0.

dependence on non5renewable- petroleum5based fuels. &lso- most "ehicles can be set up

to operate on EK4$ethanol at relati"el( low cost and there is no loss of performance orpower. Ethanol fuel also degrades uic!l( in water and therefore presents a much lower

ris! to the en"ironment than an oil or gasoline spill. #0ee

http3$$www.eK4fuel.com$inde.phpto learn more about EK4 and ethanol fuels.%

Bio!isl

,egetable oil can coo! (our fries as well as power the "ehicle that gets (ou to the dri"e5

thru. &n interesting historical fact is that diesel engines were originall( designed to run

on "egetable oil- not petroleum5based diesel fuel. Engines can still run on "egetable oiland help !eep the air cleaner and reduce our countr(s dependence on the oil cartels b(

doing so. iodiesel is not the same as raw "egetable oil #though that can be run in diesel

engines- too%. It is- howe"er- made from raw "egetable oil. Its chief ad"antage o"er raw"egetable oil is that it can be used in an( compression5ignition #diesel% engine with little

or no modification necessar(. The use of raw "egetable oil in diesels reuires pre5heaters

and other fuel s(stem upgrades. iodiesel is also less toic than table salt 55 and degradesas fast as sugar. #0ee www.biodiesel.orgfor more information about biodiesel fuels.%

http://www.e85fuel.com/index.php%20http://www.e85fuel.com/index.php%20http://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.e85fuel.com/index.php%20http://www.biodiesel.org/

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