52116305-physics-1st-sem-water-level-indicator-project-report

8/7/2019 52116305-PHYSICS-1st-SEM-WATER-LEVEL-INDICATOR-PROJECT-REPORT

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PROJECT REPORT

ON

Water Level Indicator

Submitted by:

Anubaav Ghosh

10-EEU-009

Deepash Khaneja

10-EEU-013

Gagandeep Singh Bawa

10-EEU-016

Kshitij Rampotra

10-EEU-022


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APPARATUS1. I.C. 40492. L.E.D. L1- L5- Any colour3. RESISTANCE

i. R1- R5 (100 K ohm)ii. R6-10 (100 ohm)

4. SIXC RE WIRE5. Relay 7 amp6. Transistor pnp7. Piezo Electric Buzzer


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APPLICATION

Water level indicators basically show the level of water tank. After fitting this

project, we observe the level of water in tank. Main part of this project is six-core wire and electronics circuit. Six core wire fitted in the water tank on the

plastic tube. As well as water increases in tank wires are connected with the

voltage with water. Here water acts as a conductor. Voltage from sensor wires

is connected to theelectronics circuit. As well as electronics circuit receives the

signal from wire, circuit switch on the L.E.DS in steps.


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CIRCUIT WORKING

Here we use I.C. 4049 as a inverter I.C. 4049 sense the input voltage and

converts its output into L.E.D.IC 4049 is a CMOS

IC. its contains 16 pins. All

CMOS IC works on +/-5 volt to +/- 15 volt dc without any problem. Current

consumption of IC 4049 is very low approx. 100 MA. We use five

resistances in input and five in output with LED. IC 4049 is a digital IC. This IC

contains six inverter. If input is negative then output is po sitive as per

specification of inverter gate. In this circuit when we give a negative input then

output is positive. At positive output LEDs are not glowing because cathode

point is connected to the output. To glow a LED, it require a negative output.

Negative output is possible only when we give a positive input. In this circuit

we give a positive input through water sensor probe.

In water tank we connect all six wires in steps on the plastic probe. Out of these

six five wires for inverter circuit and one wire for +ve reference voltage.

Positive referencevoltage is connected to the bottom of plastic probe. In empty

tank, when there is no water, all wire are disconnected with referencevoltage.

When water fill up in the tank then sensor wires are connected with reference

voltage with water. Here water act a conducting layer between referencevoltage

and sensor wires. Positivevoltage from wires are connected to the input ofI.C,

and I.C converts these positive inputs into negative. When these negative

outputs are connected to L.E.D. then L.E.Ds are on step by step.


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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WORKING PRINCIPLE

Oneelectrode probe is with 6V AC is placed at the bottom of tank. Next probes

are placed step by step above the bottom probe. When the water/liquid comes incontact with theelectrode tip, a conductive path is established between the sense

electrode and the tank wall/referenceelectrode , which in turn makes thetransistors conduct to glow LED and indicate the level of water. Theends ofprobes are connected to corresponding points in the circuit as shown in circuit

diagram. Insulated Aluminum wires with end insulation removed will do for theprobe. Arrange the probes in order on a PVC pipe according to the depth and

immerse it in the tank. ACvoltage is use to prevent electrolysis at the probes.

Table 3-1 Operati sequences

Water level System response (assuming power supply +V = 6.0V)

Below 25%Probe

There is no conductive path between Ground Probe andother probes. Thus no LED glows because the circuit is not

completed.

Between25% Probe

and 50%Probe

Water provides a conductive path between 25% Probe andGround Probe. Thus switch S1 of theIC4066 activates the

LED1 (green).

Between50% Probe

and 75%Probe

Water provides a conductive path between 50% Probe andGround Probe, which is in parallel with the 25% Probe

Ground Probe pathIf this second path resistance is also within the range, Thenswitch S2 of theIC4066 activates the LED2 (white).

Between75% Probe

and full

Water provides a conductive path between 75% Probe andGround Probe, which is in parallel with the 25% Probe

Ground Probe & 50% probe - ground path, If this third pathresistance is also within the range, Then switch S3 of the

IC4066 activates the LED3 (yellow).

At Full Water provides a conductive path between full Probe andGround Probe, which is in parallel with the 25% Probe

Ground Probe,50% probe - ground path, If this fourth pathresistance is also within the range, Then switch S4 of the

IC4066 activates the LED4 (Red).


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TRANSIST R(BC148)

Atransistori a s mi t d i e commonl used to ampli or switch

electronic si nals. Atransistoris made of a solid piece of a semiconductor

material with atleastthreeterminals for connection to an e ternal circuit. A

oltage or current applied to one pair ofthetransistor's terminals changes thecurrent flowing through another pair ofterminals. Becausethe controlled

(output power can be much morethan the controlling (input power, the

transistor pro ides amplification of a signal. Sometransistors are packaged

individuall but most are found in integrated circuits. Thetransistoris the

fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and its presenceis

ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.

Fig: BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration.

Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power

applications including switched-mode power supplies and low power

applications such as logic gates.In a grounded-emittertransistor circuit, such as

thelight-switch circuit shown, as the basevoltage rises the base and collector

current risee ponentially, and the collectorvoltage drops because ofthe

collectorload resistor. The relevantequations:

VRC = ICE RC, thevoltage across theload (thelamp with resistance RC)

VRC + VCE = VCC, the supply voltage shown as V

If VCE could fallto 0 (perfect closed switch) then Ic could go no higherthan VCC

/ RC, even with higher basevoltage and current. Thetransistoris then said to besaturated. Hence, values ofinputvoltage can be chosen such thatthe outputis

either completely off, or completely on. Thetransistoris acting as a switch, and

this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off"

values are relevant.


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RESISTANCE

Theelectrical resistance of an objectis a measure ofits opposition to the

passage of a steady electric current. An object of uniform cross section will

have a resistance proportionalto its length and inversely proportionalto its

cross-sectional area, and proportionalto the resistivity ofthe material.Discovered by Georg Ohm in thelate 1820s, electrical resistance shares some

conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of

electrical resistanceis the ohm, symbol . Resistance's reciprocalquantity is

electrical conductance measured in Siemens, symbol S. The resistance of a

resistive object determines the amount of currentthrough the object for a given

potential difference across the object, in accordance with Ohm's law:

Where

Ris the resistance ofthe object, measured in ohms, equivalentto Js/C2

Vis the potential difference across the object, measured in volts

Iis the currentthrough the object, measured in amperes.

For a widevariety of materials and conditions, theelectrical resistance does not

depend on the amount of currentthrough orthe amount ofvoltage across the

object, meaning thatthe resistance Ris constant forthe given temperature and

material. Therefore, the resistance of an object can be defined as the ratio of

voltageto current:

In the case of nonlinear objects (not purely resistive, or not obeying Ohm's

law), this ratio can change as current orvoltage changes; the ratio taken at any

particular point, theinverse slope of a chord to an IV curve, is sometimes

referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance".


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LED

Alight-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. LEDs are used as

indicatorlamps in many kinds ofelectronics and increasingly forlighting.

LEDs work by theeffect ofelectroluminescence, discovered by accidentin

1907. The LED was introduced as a practicalelectronic componentin 19 2. All

early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available

across thevisible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high

brightness.

LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diodeis forward biased

(switched on), electrons are ableto recombine with holes and energy is released

in the form oflight. This effectis called electroluminescence and the color of

thelightis determined by theenergy gap ofthe semiconductor. The LED is

usually smallin area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical components to

shapeits radiation pattern and assistin reflection.

LEDs present many advantages overtraditionallight sources including lower

energy consumption, longerlifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and

faster switching. However, they are relatively e pensive and require more

precise current and heat managementthan traditionallight sources.

Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy indicators but

also for replacements fortraditionallight sources in generallighting,

automotivelighting and traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has allowednew te t and video displays and sensors to be developed, whiletheir high

switching rates are usefulin communications technology.


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I-V diagram for a diode an LED will begin to emitlight when the on-voltageis e ceeded. Typical on voltages are 2-3 Volt


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PIEZO ELECTRIC BUZZER

Basically, the sound source of a piezoelectric sound componentis a

piezoelectric diaphragm.A

piezoelectric diaphragm consists of a piezoelectricceramic plate which has electrodes on both sides and a metal plate (brass or

stainless steel, etc.). A piezoelectric ceramic plateis attached to a metal plate

with adhesives

Applying D.C. voltage between electrodes of a piezoelectric diaphragm causes

mechanical distortion dueto the piezoelectric effect. For a misshaped

piezoelectric element, the distortion ofthe piezoelectric elemente pands in a

radial direction. And the piezoelectric diaphragm bends toward the direction.

The metal plate bonded to the piezoelectric element does note pand.

Conversely, when the piezoelectric element shrinks, the piezoelectric diaphragm

bends in the direction .

Thus, when AC voltageis applied across electrodes, producing sound waves in

the air.

52116305-physics-1st-sem-water-level-indicator-project-report

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