5.1 parking management mb_4.10.15

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Parking Management : International Perspective

Manfred BreithauptSustainable Urban Transport Project

German International Cooperation (GIZ)

1. PARKING CHALLENGES

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Why do we need parking management…

Source: Wagner Source: Breithaupt, GIZ Photo DVDSource: Wagner, GIZ Photo DVD

• Increasing emissions of green house gases pollutants and noise caused by parking-space-search-traffic:

Ø Cruising for curb parking generates about 30% of the traffic in central business districts

Ø Study of a 15-block business district (Los Angeles) shows(per year):

1. 1.500.000 excess vehicle km = 38 trips around the world2. Wastage of 177.000 liters of fuel3. Production of 730 tons of carbon dioxide

(Source: Donald Shoup, The New York Times, March 29, 2007)

Parking? Why Manage it?

Parking? Why Manage it? (1)

4 It is an important component of transportation

4Every vehicle needs a place to park, so just to increase parking facilities is not a solution

4 It is a major cost to a society

4 It affects accessibility to a destination

4A typical automobile is parked for 23 hours a day and uses several parking spaces a week

4 Improper management hinders development of other infrastructure

4 Parking is a key issue in the push-and-pull approach towards better urban transport with fewer cars and more cycling, walking, and transit.

4 Parking policies are supposed to support the change from car trips to the more city-compatible means of transport, and to relieve the open space of driven and parked cars for other uses

4 Parking control and pricing is the most commonly applied demand management measure.

Parking? Why Manage it? (2)


Source: Wagner, GIZ unpubl.

Source: Wagner, GIZ Photo DVD

Source: Fjellstrom, GIZ Photo DVD


Source: Thiemann-Linden, GIZ Photo DVD


Source: Wagner, GIZ Photo DVD Source: Ledwoch, unpubl.


05.10.15Source: Wagner, GIZ Photo DVD


What´s wrong with parking in many towns and cities?

“Parking spaces attract cars; so they generate car traffic. Parking needs space, which is not available for other street uses. Nothing else has changed the traditional streetscape as dramatically as parked cars have done during the last few decades.”

Hartmut H. Topp, Professor at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany

Photo by Santosh Kodukula (2008)

Photo by Dominik Schmid (2006)

PEDESTRIAN WAY OR PARKING ZONE?

Photo by Karl Fjellstrom Bangkok / Thailand


4 On-street parking as a widespread phenomenon

4 Often lack of parking management

4 Parking regulations are not enforced

4 On-street parking is cheaper than off-street parking

4 Too many parking space is available in city centres

4 Cities are concerned to lose customers when providing too little parking spaces

4 Subsidising and undercharging of Parking


Photo by Armin Wagner (2007)

CAN YOU FIND THE BICYCLE PATH?

Bucharest / Romania


Photos by Lloyd Wright, http://spacingmontreal.ca/2008/1 1/27/ bike-p ath- reve rts-to -pa rking-i n-west mount /, http://picasaweb.google. com/lh/ phot o/F2Jt c3V-Y-QKlcUkDSazeQ

Westmont / USA

THE SINGLE-SIDED DRIVER´S POINT OF VIEWPhoto by Karl Fjellstrom


INTERESTING PATTERN FROM A BIRD´S EYE VIEW

Photo by Dr. Hanns-Uve Schwedler / EAUE

Volos / Greece

Our cities need….

Parks………………………………….not car parks!

Growing Challenges

§ Growing number of cars§ Limited road infrastructure capacity§ Emissions (local emissions and noise)§ Road safety problems§ Lack of public urban space§ Negative impact on quality of urban life Source: comons.wikimedia.org

2. PARKING STRATEGIES

Source: comons.wikimedia.org

05/10/20

What it does…§ Less “wild“ parking

§ Higher availability of parking space

§ Less circulation to find a free or cheap parking spot

§ General speed-up of car traffic

§ Shift car users to other transport modes

§ higher attractivity of urban space

§ major revenue earner (medium-sized city: 5-20m USD)

What it doesn‘t…§ Keep road users, commuters, residents away from visiting the city centre§ lead to a decline of retailers

Parking management

Menu of Parking Regulation and Policies..

• Limit on-street parking ��time (amount of time that a vehicle can be left in a spot).

• ��Limit use of on-street parking to area residents.

• ��Limit on-street parking of large vehicles.

• ��Prohibit on-street parking on certain routes at certain times (such as arterials during rush hour).

• Parking requirements / standards (Min size per dwelling), going for maximum parking alowance ( refer to case Joburg)

• Unbundle Parking

• Mandatory off-street parking proof to purchase vehicle

• Bicycle Parking

• Parking information systems

• Price parking depending on demand

Okrepljen nadzor parkiranja

23

IMPROVE

Strategies I

AVOID

SHIFT

Reducing the need for car travelling and parking

§ Coherent and integrated urban development concepts

§ Compact city with mix of urban functions§ Maximising urban mobility while minimising

length and number of necessary trips

Strategies

AVOID

Both images: comons.wikimedia.org

§ Commendable alternatives to car usage e.g.:- Fast, safe, accessible, reliable and comfortable Public Transport network

- Non-motorized private transport infrastructurefor pedestrians and cyclists

§ Intermodality between transportation systems(transport associations with common ticketing) aswell as between private and public transport (P+R)

§ Parking guidance systems for MT

Strategies

All images: comons.wikimedia.org

SHIFT

§ Pricing (on-/off-street)§ Smart pricing§ Time limit of maximum stay§ Limitation of available

parking places§ Parking zones§ Residential parking only§ Stringent enforcement§ Physical (urban) design§ New technologies

Strategies

S: Broadus, GIZ Photo DVD

Both images: comons.wikimedia.org

IMPROVE

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Restraints on car use – On-street• Road availability (access controls)

• Pedestrian priority zones

• Access through gates / retractable bollards

• Need for complementary measures (pt, car share, etc)

• Barcelona / Bologna / Krakow / Ljubljana / Namur

• 20%-78% reduction in traffic / 19% reduction in accidents

Example of Gent, Belgium – 35 hectares of pedestrian zone

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Another option – York, England, UKOff-street parking in city centre replaced with park and ride on edge of town

2001-2006: è Passenger numbers up

45% in PT (bus)è Peak hour traffic lower

than in 1999è Very successful city

economically – including city centre

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Measure it, Manage it, Price it

• Parking regulation, management, enforcement, pricing is key TDM strategy – needs legal, institutional support

• London sets parking charges to keep average 85% occupancy (this to minimize idle search and have high occupation)

Illegally parked cars block bikeways and sidewalks in Changzhou

From Michael Replogle

No meters Meters Prices quadrupled

Grosvenor Square, LondonSource: TRL in ITDP (2011): Europe‘s Parking U-Turn

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On-street parking/hour (CBD)

Single bus ticket

Comparison of parking fees in European cities (On-street per hour, CBD) with costs of single bus fare (Survey by GTZ, 2008, www.sutp.org)

“Parking fees should be higher than a single bus fare”

Limitation of available parking lots

Conventional approach: Minimum parking requirements in order to meet all the demand

Alternative: Meeting only minimum level of demand in urban centres

§Problematic in dense urban areas

§ Feeding the “predict and provide” spiral

§ Subsidization of parking at everyone’s expense

§ Short-term parking is more space efficient then all-day parking

§ Shifting parking to periphery (P+R)

§ Promoting public transport and non motorized individual transport

Sources: SUTP (2010): Parking Management: A Contribution Towards Livable Cities

Strategic steps of implementation

3. BEST PRACTICES


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Munich

“Being mobile in Munich through parking management” (Promo-slogan City of Munich)


Policy Goals (1998-2003 MOBINET)§ Mitigation of traffic§ Promoting alternative modes

§ More livable public space

Munich

Strategies§ Attractive public transport, P+R and B+R facilities§ Demand-orientated parking guidance systems§ Parking zones with different characteristics§ Stringent parking regulation throughout the city§ Parking pricing throughout the city§ Maximum parking standards for new buildings

Munich

Example I: Parking zones§ No parking allowed (red)§ No parking allowed (resident parking at night)§ Alternating no parking-mixed parking (mixed

parking at night) (orange)§ Alternating mixed-short stay (all €1/h,

residents free at night) (yellow)§ Alternating resident-mixed (visitors €1/h, residents free) (yellow)

§ Altstadtring special short-stay (visitors €2,5/h, 2 h max, residents with special permit only)

Parking zones. Source: Website City of Munich

Munich

Example II: Park and Ride§ 120 parking facilities for intermodal

transport at rapid railway or metro

stations

§ 26,100 parking lots available, of

which 25,300 are used on an average working day

Source: Kuehn, GIZ Photo DVD

Munich

Parking management in numbers§ Car trips: - 14%§ Bicycle: + 75%§ Walking: + 61%§ 1.700 fewer automobiles owned by

residents§ Reduction of overnight parking by 25%, § Reduction of all-day parkers by 40%

Source: ITDP (2011): Europe‘s Parking U-Turn

Graz/Austria

§ Corridor of urban development exclusively along rail linkss§ Target 2021: Reduction of motorized traffic to city

centre by 33%, higher share of NMT§ Extension of rapid transit railway services

(+150%)

§ Parking regulation throughout the city combined

with Web-GIS based parking guidance § Lower parking tariffs for eco-friendly vehicles

§ Calming traffic and upgrading urban space in centre

Source: RVK Graz (2010)


Source: Web-GIS-website Graz

GrazExamples

§ Parking zones: - Blue: € 1,2/h (3 h max.)- Green: € 0,6/h (no max.)

§ Vending- User-friendly innovative

techno-logies as pay-by-phone tickets

§ Eco-tariff for vehicles in the limits of

max. 140g CO2/km (gasoline) or 130g

CO2/km (diesel) may use the “Umweltjeton”

Source: CIVITAS

Source: Website City of Graz

Zurich

Integrated transport concept for Commuters

§ High level of suburbanization§ Corridor of urban development exclusively along

newly built rapid commuter railway lines§ High share of single-passenger cars entering the city

as the major challenge

§ Competitive rapid-trains: frequent services, large network covering even remote areas

§Introduction of P+R and B+R with 15,000 bike stands

in the city's outskirts§ Number of commuter rail PAX increased by 300%

(1991-2001)

Source: Apel, D. (2001): Städtischer Verkehr in Europa; ITDP (2011): Europe’s Parking U-Turn


Zurich

Promotion of PT & NMT in the city centre

§ Prioritization of PT on all traffic-light systems:Slower car traffic in favor of fast and competitive trams

§ Redevelopment of streetscape:

- Reduction of on-street parking- Shared space for pedestrians, cyclists and

publictransport

- Livable urban space

§ Strict standards on maximum parking, e.g. residential:

1 parking space per 120m² of living space forcing

many residents to park their car outside the city, share cars or use alternative modes of

transportation Source: Wright, GIZ Photo DVD

Source: Wright, GIZ DVD

Source: Website City of Zurich

Zurich

Promotion of PT & NMT in the city centre

In numbers: § - 10.000 off-street parking places§ minimum parking standards for buildings reduced by

40% (equivalent to the new maximum) § 300 km urban cycle routes (out of total 800 km street

network) developed

Source: Apel, D.

Source: Wright, GIZ Photo DVD

Source: Wright, GIZ Photo DVDModal split in Zurich 2000 and 2005

Source: ITDP (2011): Europe‘s Parking U-Turn

Parking Management – Other Measures

• Strict reductions in the number of parking lots in the city centres

• Closing of particular streets or areas for passenger cars (except deliveries and taxis, and sometimes buses)

• Restricted parking areas (“Residents only“)

• Parking guidance systems

Karl Fjellstrom

Muenster, Germany

Berlin

Parking Management –Pricing in Germany

• All parking paid via meters & ticket vending machines• City parking costs 1-3 Euro/hour • Bremen and increasingly other cities: Parking tickets may

be used by two persons as public transport tickets for trips within city center during the parking time

• All mega events (concerts, sports events): the entrance ticket includes public transport ticket

Karl Fjellstrom

Example of Istanbul…

• The company ISPARK controls 17.000 on-street spaces

• It changed completely the enforcement and payment system for these spaces

How much money will it cost me?• Ticket machines

• Per machine: E2500 investment, E250/yr maintenance (UK)

• Close enough to parked car to buy ticket without being fined!

• One machine per 10-20 bays

BUT!

• Mobile phone parking – parts of London 60% market share, Tallinn 80%

• Mobile phone permits also possible

• Switch to mobile parking in Southwark, London, 2010:• Cash collection and processing costs down 35%

• Meter faults down 56%

• Revenue up 6%

• See video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_-9Mk5XvKc

San Francisco real time parking guidance and pricing

• San Francisco USA – measures occupancy of 12,000 off-street AND 7,000 on-street parking spaces

• Changes prices in real time to keep occupancy close to 85%

• Info to drivers via internet, smartphone App, GPS

• Film at http://www.streetfilms.org/mba-the-right-price-for-parking/

• See www.sfpark.org (in English)

• And http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/streetline-raises-the-bar-on-what-consumers-can-expect-from-parking-guidance-apps-with-release-of-parker-30-151761085.html

Alternatives to Car Parking

Bike Parking at Major Activity Centers & Public Transport

Chicago’s Millenium Park Bikestation

Muenster, Germany

Long Beach, California

Expanding Transit with Bicycle Access/Egress

• Expands walk access at both trip ends

• 10-100 times cheaper than park-and-ride (5500 Euro per car parking lot)

• Requires guarded bike parking, racks, safe routes leading to stations and key stops

Photo by Michael Replogle

Bikes as a low cost feeder system:Bogota BRT Phase II has Bike parking at Terminals

1st Generation: Free Bikes

2nd Generation: City Bikes 3rd Generation: Smart Bikes

Bike Sharing -Generations

Bike Sharing

Velib or “Freedom Bikes”:Smart Bike Fleets

• Parked at numerous locations throughout cities

• Available free for initial ½ hour with inexpensive system registration via kiosk

• Paris has 23,000 bikes; Wuhan/CN 90,000 bikes

• Berlin, Vienna, and many other European cities have smaller fleets

• More than 400 PBS worlwide

Berlin Smart Bikes

Photos by Michael Replogle

Conclusion: Some Key Concepts for Parking Management

• Manage and price for 85% occupancy of on-street spaces to maximize value of parking assets

• Limit and regulate parking in central areas

• Establish maximum, not minimum parking requirements

• Use markets and taxes to ensure high daily parking fees while keeping short-term parking fees more modest to support retail

• Encourage employer provided public transport, discourage free parking

• Discourage free parking provision in urban centers

• Use smart card systems to manage priced automated parking

• Promote bicycle parking, smart bikes, bicycle linkages to public transport

For further information visit:

German International Cooperationwww.gtz.de\transport

Sustainable Urban Transport Projectwww.sutp.org


5.1 parking management mb_4.10.15

Environment