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5.1: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM 5:2: IMPERIALISM AND NATION-STATE FORMATION 5.3: NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND REFORM 5.4: GLOBAL MIGRATION Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750-1900- 20% of test

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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global Capitalism Industrialization fundamentally changed the production and consumption of goods around the world A variety of factors led to the I.R. Europes location and geographical distribution of coal, iron, timber Urbanization Agricultural productivity Legal protection of private property Access to foreign resources Accumulation of capital

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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global Capitalism Machines Steam engine Internal combustion engine Possible to exploit fossil fuels Factory systems Specialization of labor Second Industrial Revolution Steele, chemicals, electricity, precision electricity

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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global Capitalism Need for raw materials led to specialized mass production of single natural resources (cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, etc) Decline of agricultural activity in some places-Textile production in India New consumer markets-China Mining centers-copper in Mexico, gold and diamonds in Africa Development and expansion of financial institutions- stock markets, insurance, gold standard, corporations Classical liberalism-Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill Transportation and communication

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Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global Capitalism Social Classes Middle class and industrial working class Gender roles changed Urbanization-unsanitary conditions and new types of communities Global Capitalism Alternative visions: Utopian socialism, Marxism, Anrarchism Government promotion of industrialization-Meiji Japan, Tsarist Russia, Chinas Self- Strengthening, Ottoman Empire Reforms: state pensions and public health- Germany, suffrage rights- Britain, public education

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Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation- State Formation States expanded overseas colonies and established new types of colonies Modern empire building impacted regional warfare and diplomacy Increase in European influence, USA, and Japan Land based empires in Eurasia were challenged by new empires New ideas about nationalism, race, gender, class, and culture developed and facilitated growth of empires and formation of new national identities

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Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation- State Formation Strengthening colonial control-British in India, Dutch in Indonesia Europeans used warfare and diplomacy to establish empires-Britain in W. Africa, Belgium in Congo European settler colonies-British in S. Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the French in Algeria Economic imperialism-British and French

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Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation- State Formation Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world Anti-imperialism resistance led to the contraction of Ottoman Empire USA and Russia expanded their land borders New states developed on the edge of existing empires-The Cherokee Nation, Zulu Kingdom, Hawaii Nationalism-Germany, Philippines, Liberia Social Darwinism justified imperialism

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Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform Intense period of revolution and rebellion, establishment of new nation states Enlightenment Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau Revolutionary documents-Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, Jamaica Letter Individual Rights, Natural Rights, Social Contract New ideologies Anti-imperial Liberalism, Socialism, Communism Womens suffrage, emergent feminism-Mary Wollstonecraft, Declaration of Sentiments

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5.4: Global Migration Number of migrants increased significantly Change connected to transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy Some economic benefits Some people became economic commodities Produced dramatically different societies on both ends Challenging for governments-trying to foster national identities and regulate the flow of people (enclaves such as Indians in S. Africa) (Chinese Exclusion Acts) Global population rose because of changes in food production and improved medical conditions New transportation Increased urbanization-people relocated to cities

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Key Concept 5.4 : Global Migration End of slave trade but increased indentured labor and penal colonies Long Distance migration Regulation of borders (passports, citizenship as part of nation state)

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Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration Immigration Why? Where?

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19 th c. Migration to Latin America Asian immigration to Latin Americans Filipinos in 16 th century Indentured labor: Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese Brazil now has 2.3 million Asian Latin Americans 3% of population today in Peru

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Changing Relationships between Latin America and the World Political independence (Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia) Rebellions of the Last Incas Economic dependency (sugar, coffee, bananas, guano) Emerging Relationship with the United States (neo- imperialism)

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Simon Bolivar--The Jamaica Letter The role of the inhabitants of the American hemisphere has for centuries been purely passive. Politically they were nonexistent. We are still in a position lower than slavery, and therefore it is more difficult for us to rise to the enjoyment of freedomStates are slaves because of either the nature or the misuse of their constitutions; a people is therefore enslaved when the government, by its nature or its vices, infringes on and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject.

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Simon Bolivar--The Jamaica Letter More than anyone, I desire to see America fashioned into the greatest nation in the world, greatest not so much by virtue of her area and wealth as by her freedom and glory. Although I seek perfection for the government of my country, I cannot persuade myself that the New World can, at the moment, be organized as a great republic. . The American states need the care of paternal governments to heal the sores and wounds of despotism and war. As soon as we are strong and under the guidance of a liberal nation which will lend us her protection, we will achieve accord in cultivating the virtues and talents that lead to glory. Then will we march majestically toward that great prosperity for which South America is destined.

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New Dependencies Sugar Guano Bananas Coffee

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Banana Republics

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Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand

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Rise of Western Dominance Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) Japan Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration Russia Reforms and Rebellions Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization China--Boxer Rebellion Islamic and Chinese responses compared Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

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Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa

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Talking Points: The Magnificent African Cake Berlin Conference Boer War: Dutch and the British Liberia and Ethiopia Resistance efforts Cecil Rhodes Lobengula and the Rudd Concession King Leopolds Ghost French vs. British rule Resource exploitation: rubber, diamonds

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Comparing Intervention Forms of intervention in 19 th century Latin America and Africa Case studies: US involvement in Latin America compared to Belgians in Congo or British in Nigeria? British actions in South Africa (Boer War) compared to British in Falklands or French in Algeria? Italian intervention in Ethiopia compared to French in Haiti Others?

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Race and Civilization Racism Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer

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Revolutions Revolutions (Haiti, Americas, Europe) and colonial revolts Enlightenment ideology as well as the use of spirituality in some rebellions Liberal political principles embraced suffrage, abolition, and gender equality

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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Revolutions Why Revolution now? Where? United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)

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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar

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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Haitian Revolution Toussaint LOuverture

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Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Mexican Revolution

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Liberator-Hero Analysis: Eulogies and Portraits

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New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states Compare to Germany, Italy, Japan, India, Ethiopia

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Resistance in Africa Samoure Toure Menelik II

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Abolition: End of the Slave trade Why? William Wilberforce So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the Trade's wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for Abolition. Let the consequences be what they would, I from this time determined that I would never rest until I had effected its abolition. Is it not the great end of religion, and, in particular, the glory of Christianity, to extinguish the malignant passions; to curb the violence, to control the appetites, and to smooth the asperities of man; to make us compassionate and kind, and forgiving one to another; to make us good husbands, good fathers, good friends; and to render us active and useful in the discharge of the relative social and civil duties? Equianno

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Abolition of slave trade- Britain 1807

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Wahhabism 18 th century conservative Islam movement Modern Legacy within Arab nationalism

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Mohammad Ali and Egypt Such being my supreme pleasure on all the points above specified, thou, thy children, and thy descendants, grateful for this exalted sovereign favour, ye shall always be diligent in scrupulously executing the conditions laid down, ye shall take need not to infringe them, ye shall be careful to ensure the repose and the tranquility of the Egyptians by protecting them from all injury and from all oppressions, ye shall report to this place, and ye shall apply for orders on all matters of importance which concern those countries, it being for these purposes that the present Imperial FIRMAN, which is decorated with my sovereign signature, has been written, and is sent to you. http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticl e&artid=15

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Suffrage Movements Small presence of movement in Latin American countries though in Africa women were more involved in nationalist struggles (later) National women's suffrage was granted in 1929 in Ecuador, 1932 in Brazil, 1939 in El Salvador, 1942 in the Dominican Republic, 1945 in Guatemala, and 1946 in Argentina. In African countries, men and women have generally received the vote at the same time, as in Liberia (1947), Uganda (1958), and Nigeria (1960).

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Impact of Industrialization in Latin America Raw materials Beef Extract (BWH series) Trade Case studies student jigsaw Argentina Peru Brazil (The Seamstress) Mexico Nicaragua Cuba

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Impact of Industrialization in Africa Raw materials Colonialism Case Studies student jigsaw Congo (Choices unit) Rhodesia/ South Africa Kenya Morocco The Gambia/ Senegal (Donald Wrights book)

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Gender Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe compared to women in Latin America and Sub- Saharan Africa in the 19 th century

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Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph Suez Canal, Panama Canal

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Panama Canal

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Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869

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Conclusions What are the global processes that are at play? Which have intensified? Diminished? Predict how the events of the 19 th century are a natural culmination of earlier developments. Speculate what historical events in the 19 th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras. What region (s) are in a position to be players in the next period?