5.1 disscussion & conclusion

DISCUSSION

AND CONCLUSION

CN505/DCN5051 -ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT 1

PROPOSAL

First step in implementing a research project;

Indicator of your understanding of the research project;

Outlines the feasibility/viability of the research project.

PROPOSAL COMPONENTS

Title

Background Study

Problem Statement

Objectives

Literature review

Methodology

DOCUMENTATION

project writing is both laborious and time consuming!

Format of project – as in attachment

Completed sections can be submitted to supervisor for corrections / comments as and when they are ready; do not leave it to the last day!

Remember to BACKUP your work (pen drive, CD)!

Order of report in descending order of importance for the reader.

Contents pages should be informative.

1 Introduction

2 Method

3 Results

4 Discussion

5 Conclusions

6 Recommendations

7 References

1 Introduction

2 Method of treatment

2.1 Survey of reducing

agents

2.2 Survey of precipitating

agents

3 Plant requirements.

3.1 Pre-treatment storage

3.2 ………..

Results Discussion

• Do not swamp the

argument.

• Place the details in

Appendices.

• Decrease the detail from

reports to theses to

papers.

• Give sufficient results to

support the argument.

What is implied by the

data?

Do not simply repeat

the results.

Compare with the

results of other work.

Conclusions are drawn

and justified during the

discussion.

Presentation of results

Use the format that

illustrates the point to be made.

Tables.

Graphs.

Drawings.

Schematic diagrams.

Method

Describe the method

or approach.

Justify that it is appropriate.

Establish constraints or

assumptions.

Enable others to repeat the work and

check the conclusions.

Link with the research

question.

Motivate the work -what is its

importance?

Establish approaches used in previous research - the

literature search.

Sometimes you can use a citation to make your text clearer

or to illuminate your story. The following guidelines apply for citations:

Quote citations literally and without mistakes. If you

omit a part of the citation, you use [...] in that space.

Your own quotations are also put between brackets ([ ]) Show clearly where you start and end the citation:

choose a smaller letter, indent the text, use italics or put

the text between single quotation marks

Make sure that the sentence in which you use the

citation still flows well.

Citations

one author: (Swanborn, 1975)

Two or three authors: (Kotler, Robben and Geuens,

2005)

Three or more authors: (Bruin et al., 2006)

If an author is already mentioned in the text only,

mention the page number(s): (66-67)

When you use more publications written by the

same author, include a shortened version of the title to

differentiate them: (Slywotzki, How digital 2005)@

(Slywotzki Profit 2004)

If there is no author, use a shortened version of the

title between quotation marks: (“How digital” 32)

If you refer to publications in the text, make sure that

you list them in your bibliography!

Citations (cont.)

Citations- ExampleCitation –Beginning of the sentences

According to Esser (1971), gamma radiation is an effective

ionizing radiation due to its ability to penetrate cell walls of

mushroom mycelia.

Fukushige et al. (2009) proposed that “TORNADO” device

with multiple infall of leachate is preferable for the effective

aeration.

Citation –end of the sentences

Fish yields are determined by several factors that include

the quantity and quality of diets. (Jauncey, 1982).

Over the last 30 years, Malaysian palm oil industry has

grown and at present it is one of the largest agro-based

industries (Wong et al., 2002)

References and Citations

Citations :

Umar [28] states that …

Client/server environments [28] are

important ….

Umar (1997) suggests that …...

…had significant results (Umar et al. 1997).

References :

[28] Umar, A, (1997), Object-oriented

Client/server internet environments, Prentice-

Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.

DATA PRESENTATION & DISCUSSION

Purpose: Generate new Knowledge and enhance our Understanding

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/93/DIKW.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/93/DIKW.png

DATA PRESENTATION

DATA PRESENTATION & DISCUSSION

Data can be qualitative or quantitative;

Qualitative data:

Is subjective, rich, and in-depth information

normally presented in the form of words;

derived from 1) interviews and 2) other sources -observations, life histories and journals (paper review) and documents of all kinds including newspapers.

Example: Taste (sweet, sour, bitter, salty)

DATA PRESENTATION

TYPE OF DATA

EXAMPLE OF QUANTITATIVE DATA

20min, 0min, 10min, 50min, 40min, 30min;

298K, 299K, 299K, 298K, 298K

16mg/L, 1mg/L, 8mg/L, 4mg/L, 1mg/L, 2mg/L;

15mg/L, 0.7mg/L, 6mg/L, 5mg/L, 1.1 mg/L, 2.5mg/L;

17mg/L, 1.3 mg/L, 7 mg/L, 3mg/L, 0.8 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L.

INFORMATION

Information = Arranged, organised Data.

Time

[s]

Temp.

[K]

Conc. 1

[mg/L]

Conc. 2

[mg/L]

Conc. 3

[mg/L]

0 298 1 0.7 1.3

10 299 1 1.1 0.8

20 298 2 2.5 1.5

30 298 4 5 3

40 299 8 6 7

50 298 16 15 17

KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge = Processed Information;

Average and standard deviation were calculated from arranged data;

Time

[min]

Temp.

[K]

Average Conc.

[mg/L]

StDev

[mg/L]

0 298 1 0.3

10 299 1.0 0.15

20 298 2 0.5

30 298 4 1

40 299 7 1

50 298 16 1

KNOWLEDGE (CONT’D)

Concentration of ... increases exponentially at 298K;

Reaction is first order;

Rate constant, k = 0.0586 mg/(L·min).

y = 0.7142e0.0586x

R2 = 0.9599

200

250

300

350

400

0 20 40 60

Time [min]

Tem

pera

ture

[K

]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Co

ncen

trati

on

[m

g/L

]

Temperature [K]

Concentration [mg/L]

UNDERSTANDING

Understanding = Ability to explain Knowledge;

Example: The increase in microbial concentration is first order because microorganisms produce daughter cells every 10 min.

y = 0.7189e0.0594x

R2 = 0.9643

200

250

300

350

400

0 20 40 60

Time [min]

Tem

pera

ture

[K

]

0

5

10

15

20

Co

ncen

trati

on

[m

g/L

]

Temperature [K]

Concentration [mg/L]

WISDOM

Wisdom = Apply Knowledge the right Way.

Example (The Right Way):

Fermenter operator understands that ethanol concentration of 15 % kills the yeast culture. Hence ethanol concentration is monitored and controlled to remain <15 %.

Example (The Unethical Way):

Colleague has a grudge against of fermenter operator and decides to sabotage. Colleague also understands toxic effect of ethanol and decides to turn off monitoring system so that ethanol concentration spirals out of control and inhibits yeast culture.

PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION

Table

Line graph

Bar chart

Pie chart

Figure from software/instrument used

Please take Note!

Whatever diagram you use, an associated commentary is essential.

Do not leave it to the reader (especially supervisor and internal examiner) to work out what the diagram shows.


Table

Make comparisons between quantities which are totals and/or have sub-divisions, at the same point in time

Show data that is time series, nominal or ordinal


Table (Example)

Source: K. Openshaw / Biomass and Bioenergy 19 (2000) 1-15.


Line Graph

Source: As. J. Energy Env. 2009, 10(04), 221-229


Line Graph

Source: Agricultural Wastes 4 (1982) 411-426


Bar chart

Make comparisons between quantities which are totals and/or have sub-divisions, at the same point in time

Show data that is time series, nominal or ordinal

Bar charts are inappropriate for large data sets with many bars and numerical data.


Bar chart (Example)

Source: M. Franz et al. / Carbon 38 (2000) 1807 –1819


Bar chart (Example)

Source: Renewable Energy World, Vol. 14(4), p. 8.

PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION Bar chart (Example)

Source: Renewable Energy World, Vol. 14(4), p. 47.


Pie chart

show the percentage parts of the whole; they are the circular version of a percentage component bar chart;

highlight a particular component using an exploded or dynamic pie chart, where a slice of the pie is extracted.

PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION Pie chart (Example)

Bulb

2%

Water heater

2%Others

6%

Electric kettle

5%

Fluorescent light

3%

TV

6%

VCD / VCR / DVD

7%

Iron

8%

Refrigerator

21%

Air-con

12%

Washing machine

10%

Rice cooker

8% Fan

10%

Figure 3. Breakdown of residential electricity consumption in Malaysia. Refrigerators and

air con’s top the list followed by washing machines, fans, rice cooker, irons etc.

Source: Energy Policy, Vol. 35(2), pp. 1050–1063.

The basic format:

Author's last name, Initial(s). “Title of the document”. Name of the

site. Date of publication. Name of the sponsoring

company/institution. Date of access <electronic address>.

Examples:

Online journal article

Stone, Amey. “This Product Test Was Conclusive, Or Was It?”

Business Week Online. 2 Nov.

1999. 3 Nov. 1999 <http://www.businessweek.com/today.htm>.

WWW-site

Burka, L.P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-user Dimensions”. MUD

History. 5 Dec. 1994

<http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/lpb/mud-history.html>.

REFERENCES

HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACT

Abstract is simply a summary of the work or paper that

others can use as an overview.

It will help your reader to understand the paper and it

will help people searching for a particular work to find it

and decide whether it suits their purposes.

Seeing as an abstract is only a summary of the work

you've already done, it's easy to accomplish!

• Writing Your Abstract

Identify your purpose.

Explain the problem

Explain your methods

Describe your results (informative abstract only)

Give your conclusion

Background

Discharging the oily wastewater in the environment causes serious problems,

because of the oil compounds and organic materials presence. Applying

biological methods using the lipase enzyme producer microorganisms can be an

appropriate choice for treatment of these wastewaters. The aim of this study is to

treat those oil wastewaters having high concentration of oil by applying lipase

enzyme producer bacteria. Oil concentration measurement was conducted using

the standard method of gravimetric and the wastewater under study was

synthetically made and contained olive, canola and sunflower oil. The strain used

in this study was Pseudomonas strain isolated from compost fertilizer. The oil

under study had concentration of 1.5 to 22 g/l. The oil removal amount in

concentrations lower than 8.4 g/l was over 95 ± 1.5%. Increase of the oil's

concentration to 22 g/l decreases the amount of removal in retention time of 44

hours to 85 ± 2.5%. The best yield of removing this strain in retention time of 44

hours and temperature of 30°C was achieved using Ammonium Nitrate as the

nitrogen resource which yield was about 95 percent. The findings of the research

showed that Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from the compost fertilizer can

degrade high concentration oils.

Keywords: Pseudomonas, Oil, Wastewater, Lipase, Bacteria

EXAMPLE OF ABSTRACT

Background: Discharging the oily wastewater in the environment causes serious

problems, because of the oil compounds and organic materials presence. Applying

biological methods using the lipase enzyme producer microorganisms can be an

appropriate choice for treatment of these wastewaters. The aim of this study is to treat

those oil wastewaters having high concentration of oil by applying lipase enzyme

producer bacteria.

Materials and methods: Oil concentration measurement was conducted using the

standard method of gravimetric and the wastewater under study was synthetically

made and contained olive, canola and sunflower oil. The strain used in this study was

Pseudomonas strain isolated from compost fertilizer. The oil under study had

concentration of 1.5 to 22 g/l.

Results: The oil removal amount in concentrations lower than 8.4 g/l was over 95 ±

1.5%. Increase of the oil's concentration to 22 g/l decreases the amount of removal in

retention time of 44 hours to 85 ± 2.5%. The best yield of removing this strain in

retention time of 44 hours and temperature of 30°C was achieved using Ammonium

Nitrate as the nitrogen resource which yield was about 95 percent.

Conclusion: The findings of the research showed that Pseudomonas bacteria isolated

from the compost fertilizer

can degrade high concentration oils.

Keywords: Pseudomonas, Oil, Wastewater, Lipase, Bacteria

EXAMPLE OF ABSTRACT

Purpose/Objective

RESEARCH ETHICS

DO NOT CHEAT!

Present the data you obtained experimentally and not what you think it should be!

DO NOT PLAGIARIZE!

‘Cut-n-paste’ is not an acceptable practice!

If you have to use certain phrases from a particular source, credit must be given to original author(s)

5.1 disscussion & conclusion

Education