AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.ABRASION RESISTANCE - The ability of a concrete surface to withstand surface wear from machines and other materials.ABUTMENT - in bridges, the end foundation that is typically constructed with concrete that supports the superstructure of the bridgeABUTMENT - Supporting substructure at ends of bridges.ACIAmerican Concrete nstituteACTIVE CRACK - a crac! whose width changes with time.ADHESIVES " the group of materials used to #oin or bond similar or dissimilar materials, for e$ample in concrete wor!, the epo$y resins.ADMIXTURES - %aterials and chemicals added to a concrete mi$ design which canincrease strength,wor!ability, lower free&ing points, accelerate or decelerate setting time,entrain air or otherwise affect the placement, and curing of concrete.ADVANCING SLOPE METHOD " a method of placing concrete, as in tunnel linings, in which the face of the fresh concrete is not 'ertical and mo'es forward as concrete is placed.AGGREGATE"()A*+,A)%AT-)A,S,S+CHASSA*.,()A/-,,C)+SH-.STO*-,A*.)O*0,AST-1+)*AC-S,A(,+S-.2THAC-%-*T*(%-.+%TO1O)%AH3.)A+,C C-%-*T CO*C)-T- O) %O)TA).Aggregate interl!" - Shear or friction resistance by the concrete on opposite sides of a crac! in a reinforced concrete member 4ob'iously larger with narrower crac!s5Aggregate lig#t$eig#t is aggregate with a dry, loss weight of 6678 !g9m: or less.AGITATOR - a de'ice for maintaining wor!ability and pre'enting segregation of mi$ed concrete by agitation.AIR VOID " a space in cement paste, mortal, or concrete filled with air.AIR-DR% &EIGHT- s the unit of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for se'en days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 6;< c to 7=< c and dried for 76 days in ;8 > = percent relati'e humidity at 7:< c > 6.6< cANCHORAGEDEVICEINPOST-TENSIONING-S A .-/C-+S-.TO A*CHO)T-*.O*STOCO*C)-T-%-%0-)?*@)-T-*SO**(, A .-/C-+S-.TO A*CHO)T-*.O*S.+)*( HA).-**( O1 T-*.O*S.ANCHORAGE -The securing of reinforcing steel in concrete either by straight embedment, hoo!s, or headed barANSI- American *ational Standards nstituteARC &ELDING A process by which the two pieces of steel to be #oined are heated by an arc formed between an electrode and the steel. As the electrode melts, it supplies weld material which fuses the pieces of steel together.ARCHITECT -A person or firm who prepares the architectural drawings that determine the design and form of buildings. The Architect is usually employed by and represents the Owner.ARCHITECTURALDRA&INGS-.rawingswhichshowthegeneraldesignandformofstructuresbymeansofele'ations,plansandsections?showthe'ariousmaterialssuchasbric!,concrete,glass, masonry, steel, stone and wood and their dimensions? show fi$tures and finishes for ceilings, floor surfaces and walls.ASTM - American Society for Testing and %aterials.A&S - American 2elding Society.AXIAL " Typically related to columnsAXLE-STEEL REIN'ORCING BARS.eformed reinforcing bars rolled from steel a$les for railroad cars.BACK UP BARSSee (),,A(- 0A)S.BACK'ILL - -arth or other material used to replace material remo'ed during e$ca'ation in preparation for the construction ofconcrete walls,slabs,BAND group of reinforcing bars distributed in a slab or wall or footing.BANDED TENDONS @re stressing tendons which are grouped into a narrow AbandB : to C feet wide o'er the columns. Tendons in the perpendicular direction are spaced uniformly.BAR - Steel bar used to reinforce concreteBAR LIST0ill of materials, where all Duantities, si&es, lengths and bending dimensions of the reinforcing bars are shown.BAR NUMBER - A number, appro$imately thebar diameter in eighths ofan inch Ewhole millimetersF,usedto designate the reinforcing barsi&e. 1or e$ampleG A H; EH6IF bar is appro$imately ;9J inch E6I millimetersF in diameterG a HK EH7KF bar is appro$imately K9J inches E7K millimetersF in diameter. 0ar numbers are rolled onto the bar for easy identification.BAR O'' unloading reinforcing bars from a truc! bed by le'ering indi'idual bundles o'er the side with pinch bars.BENTBAR PLACER r PLACER 2or!er who handles and places reinforcing steel and bar supports.BAR PLACING SUBCONTRACTOR - A contractor or subcontractor who handles and places reinforcement and bar supports often colloDuially referred to as a Abar placerB or Aplacer.BBAR SPACING.istance between parallel reinforcing bars measured from center-to-center of the bars perpendicular to their longitudinal a$es.BAR SUPPORTS.e'ices of formed wire, plastic or precast concrete, to support, hold, and space reinforcing bars.BAR-END CHECK-Chec! of the ends of reinforcing bars to determine whether they fit the de'ices intended for mechanically splicing the bars.BASE O' STRUCTURE - s that le'el at which the hori&ontal earthDua!e ground motions are assumed to be imparted to a building. this le'el does not necessarily coincide with the ground le'el.Ba(e( an) *+n)atin is the pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread the loads from columns or walls so they can be supported by the ground without e$cessi'e settlement.BASKET - 2ire assembly to support and space dowel bars along the e$pansion #oints in concrete pa'ement.BEAM - A hori&ontal structural member supporting loads from a floor or roof system to columns, girders or walls. s a structural member which spans hori&ontally between supports and carries loads which act at right angles to the length of the beam.BEAM AND SLAB 'LOOR CONSTRUCTIONA reinforced concrete floor system in which a solid slab is supported by beams or girders of reinforced concrete.BEAM BOLSTER - Continuous bar support used to support the reinforcing bars in the bottom of beams.BEAM BOLSTER UPPERContinuous bar support for the upper layer of bottom reinforcing bars in beams and top reinforcing bars in bridge dec! slabs.BEAM SCHEDULE Table on a placing drawing gi'ing the Duantity, si&e and mar! number of beams? the Duantity, si&e, length and mar! numbers of reinforcing bars and stirrups 4including stirrup spacing5, and, where specified, the stirrup support bars and beam bolsters.BELLED - Ha'ing a butt or bottom end shaped li!e a bell, often used on concrete piers or caissons.Bent - a self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the length of the structure it supports.BENT- A self-supportingreinforcedconcreteframe withoneor morecolumns, usuallyat rightangles tothe lengthof thestructure itsupports. -$ampleG The columnsand capsupporting thespans ofa bridge is called a bent.BENT-A self-supportingreinforcedconcreteframewithoneormorecolumns,usuallyatrightanglestothelengthofthestructureitsupports.-$ampleGThecolumnsandcapsupportingthespansofa bridge is called a bent.BENT A self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the length of the structure it supports. -$ampleG The columns and cap supporting the spans of a bridge is called a bent.BENT BARA reinforcing bar bent to a prescribed shape such as a truss bar, straight bar with end hoo!, stirrup, or column tie.BENT CAPA reinforced concrete beam or bloc!, e$tending across and encasing the heads of columns, comprising the top of a bent for the bridge span abo'e.BENTA self-supportingreinforced concreteframewithoneormorecolumns,usuallyat rightangles tothe lengthof thestructure itsupports. -$ampleG The columnsand capsupporting thespans ofa bridge is called a bent.BILL O' LADING-A list that gi'es each part or mar! number, Duantity, length of material, total weight, or other description of each piece of material that is shipped to a #obsite.BILLET - @iece of semi-finished steel, nearly sDuare in section, formed by hot-rolling an ingot or bloom, from which reinforcing bars are rolled.BOLT CUTTER - A tool used to cut reinforcing bars on the #ob-site. Smaller 4wire5 mesh cutters are used to cut welded wire reinforcement or bundle wires.BOND " holding or gripping force between reinforcing steel and concrete.Bn) (tre((e( - The shear-type stresses produced on the surfaces of reinforcing bars as the concrete tries to slip on those bars.BONDED TENDON " @)--ST)-SS*( T-*.O* THAT S 0O*.-. TO CO*C)-T- -TH-) .)-CT,3 O) TH)O+(H ()O+T*(.B+n)ar, ele-ent is that portion all structural wall and structural diaphragm edge strengthened by longitudinal and trans'erse reinforcement. 0oundary elements do not necessarily reDuired increase in the thic!ness of wall or diaphragm edges of openings within walls or diaphragm. -dges of openings within walls and diaphragms shall be pro'ided with boundary elements as reDuired by section C76.J.I.7 or C76.K.=.;. See section 421.BOX CULVERT -A tunnel-li!e reinforced concrete structure consisting of single or multiple openings, usually sDuare or rectangular in cross section.CHOL-)A sling hitch that is self-tightening.BOX GIRDER - A bridge is ha'ing a top and bottom slab with two or more walls forming one or more rectangular bays. The wall heights may be 'ariable in order to pro'ide an arched bottom slab.BRACKET - An o'erhanging member pro#ecting from a wall, column, girder, or beam to support the weight of a structural member.BREAK .A SPIRAL/ - Opening a spiral to the round shape and forcing it toward the opposite direction that it was folded 4collapsed5 so that it will remain circular for placing.BUG HOLES - Holes left in the surface of formed concrete or grout, which reflect the location of aggregates, snap ties, or air products.BUILDING CODE - ,aws or regulations set up by building departments of cities, states and 1ederal (o'ernment, for uniformity in design and construction practices.BULKHEAD - @artition placed in a form to hold fresh concrete, earth, or water.BUNDLE O' BARSA bundle consists of one si&e, length or mar! 4bent5 of reinforcing bars tied together, with the following e$ceptions? 465 'ery small Duantities may be bundled together for con'enience, and 475 groups of 'arying bar lengths or mar!s 4bent5 that will be placed ad#acent may be bundled together. %a$imum weight of bundles is dependent on regional practices and site conditions. See ,1T.BUNDLED BARSA group of not more than four parallel reinforcing bars in contact with each other, usually tied together.BURLAP CURING - 2ater soa!ed burlap cloth 4 +sually K o& per sD. yd. 5 which maintains moisture on the concrete surface.BURLENE - A curing blan!et consisting of ; mil opaDue polyethyleneand 68 o&.burlap. The opaDue poly reflects sunlight and the burlap retains moisture.BURNING REIN'ORCEMENTCutting reinforcing bars with an o$y-acetylene torch.BUTT-&ELDED SPLICE)einforcing bar splice made by welding the butted ends.CAGE - a rigid assembly of reinforcement ready for placing in position. CAISSONS @iers usually e$tending through water or soft soil to solid earth or roc!. Also cast-in-place, drilled-hole piles.CANTILEVER BEAM0eam which e$tends beyond the supports in an o'erhanging position with the e$tended end unsupported. Similarly such a slab is called a cantile'er slab.CANTILEVER SLAB0 S,A0 2HCH -MT-*.S 0-3O*. TH- S+@@O)TS * A* O/-)HA*(*( @OSTO* 2TH TH- -MT-*.-. -*. +*S+@@O)T-.. Ca1a!it, re)+!tin *a!tr( -1actors that ta!e into account the uncertainties of material strengths, appro$imations in analysis, and 'ariations in dimensions and wor!manship. They are multiplied by the nominal or theoretical strengths of members to obtain their permissible strengths.CARBON-STEEL REIN'ORCING BARS)einforcing bars rolled from steel billets in contrast to rail or a$le steel.CASSON - A foundation or support system whereby ca'ities are drilled in the earthen substrateand filled with concrete.CAST IN PLACE CONCRETEG Concrete, which is poured in forms erected at itNs permanent location and allowedto harden and cure in this position.CAT-HEADA light frame and a shea'e at the top of a material tower through which the lifting cable is operated.CEMENT 'ACTOR0 The number of bags or cubic feet of cementused in acubic yard of concrete. CEMENT - An ingredient in concrete, which is made by the burning of clay and crushedlimestone.CERTI'IED MILL TEST REPORT a report from the producing steel mill listing the chemical analysis, physical properties, heat or lot number, and specification used to manufacture the material.CHAM'ER - a be'eled outside corner or edge on a beam or column, or a triangular wooden strip placed in the corner of a form to create a be'eled corner.Car(e aggregate " gra'el or crushed roc! ;mm or larger in large si&e mi$ed with the cement and sand to ma!e a concrete.COLD 2OINT construction #oint in concrete occurring at a place where the continuous casting has been interrupted.Clle!tr ele-ent is an elementthat acts in a$ial tensionor compression to transmit earthDua!e " induced forces betweena structural diaphragm anda'ertical element of theseismic-force-resisting system.see section 421.Cl+-n " is a member with a ratio of height "to-least lateral dimension of : or greater used primarily to support a$ial compressi'e load. 1or tapered member, the least lateral dimension is the a'erage of the top and bottom dimensions of the smaller side.COLUMN - /ertical structural member supporting a floor beam, girder, or other member, and supporting primarily 'ertical loads. s essentially a 'ertical member designed to transmit a compressi'e loadCOLUMN CAPITAL+pper flared cone-shaped section 4mushroom head5 on circular columns? pyramid-shaped section on sDuare columns.CO*TACT S@,C-a means of splicing reinforcing bars by lap splicing in direct contact.COLUMN HORSE2ood or metal supports, used in groups of two or more, to hold longitudinal reinforcing bars in a con'enient position for placing ties while prefabricating column, beam or pile cages.COLUMN" s member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of : or greater used primarily to support a$ial compressi'e load. for a tapered member, the least lateral dimension is the a'erage of the top and bottom dimensions of the smaller side. COLUMN SCHEDULETable on a placing drawing gi'ing the mar! number and si&e for the column, number of pieces and si&e of 'ertical bars, ties or spirals and any bar mar! numbers reDuired.COLUMN TIES " reinforcing bars bent into sDuare, rectangular, +-shaped, circular or other shapes for the purpose of holding column 'ertical bars in place.C-1a!tin *a!tr te(t " achie'ed by a standard amount of wor! is measured. The apparatus consist of two conical hoppers placed o'er one another and o'er a cylinder. The upper hopper is filled with fresh concrete.COMPACTION - The density reDuired on the surface, which concrete is to be poured.Compaction insures that the slab does not crac! in areas where there is a soft under surface.C-1(ite !l+-n - A concrete column that is reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes.C-1(ite!n!rete*le3+ral-e-4er("areconcretefle$uralmembersofprecastandcast-in-placeconcreteelements,orboth,constructedinseparateplacementsbutsointerconnectedthatall elements respond to loads as a unit.COMPRESSION BARS)einforcing bars used to resist compression forces.C-1re((inrein*r!e-ent-)einforcementaddedtothecompressionsideofbeamstoincreasemomentcapacity,increaseductility,decreaselong-termdeflections,orpro'idehangarsforshear reinforcement.C-1re((in-Cntrlle) Se!tin " is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the e$treme section steel at nominal strength is less than or eDual to the compression-controlled strain limit.COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT " s the net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH - %a$imum stress a material is capable of resisting under a$ial compression loading.C-1re((i5e (trengt# is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce si&e. t can be measured by plotting applied force against deformation in a testing machine.Cn!rete - A mi$ture of sand, gra'el, crushed roc!, or other aggregates held together in a roc!-li!e mass with a paste of cement and water.CONCRETE S A %MT+)- O1 @O)T,A*. C-%-*T O) A*3 OTH-) H3.)A+,C C-%-*T, 1*- A(()-(AT-, COA)S- A(()-(AT-, A*. 2AT-) 2TH O) 2THO+T A.%MT+)-S.CONCRETE BLOCK BAR SUPPORTS@recast concrete bloc!s, with or without tie wires, used to support reinforcing bars abo'e the ground or to space bars off 'ertical forms and abo'e hori&ontal forms. Also !nown as Adobies.BCONCRETE COVERThe distance from the face of the concrete to the reinforcing steel, also referred to as A1ireproofing,B AClearance,B or AConcrete @rotection.BCONCRETE CURINGG Theprocess of hydration, whichallowsthe retention of moisturein a concrete mi$toallow the attainment ofma$imum compressi'e strength. The pre'ailingspecification for liDuid membrane curing compounds is AST% C-:8K.The following stipulations are reDuired to meet this specificationGCONCRETE 2OINTSG .esigned brea!s or separations in a concrete pour designed to allow for e$pansion and contraction of the concrete and minimi&e or control crac!ing in a concrete pour.Cn!rete -a(nr, +nit .CMU/ - A masonry unit made of @ortland cement, water, and mineral aggregates formed into a rectangular prism.CONCRETE6 NORMAL &EIGHT " S CO*C)-T- CO*TA**( O*,3 A(()-(AT- THAT CO*1O)%S TO AST% C::.CONCRETE6 SAND-LIGHT&EIGHT " S ,(HT2-(HT CO*C)-T- CO*TA**( O*,3 *O)%A, 2-(HT A(()-(AT- THAT CO*1O)%S TO AST% C:: A*. O*,3 ,(HT2-(HT A(()-(AT- THAT CO*1O)%S TO AST% C::8.CONCRETE6 SAND-LIGHT&EIGHT S ,(HT2-(HT CO*C)-T- CO*TA**( O*,3 *O)%A, 2-(HT A(()-(AT- THAT CO*1O)%S TO AST% C:: A*. O*,3 ,(HT2-(HT A(()-(AT- THAT CO*1O)%S TO AST% CJ8.Cnne!tin isaregionthat#oins two or more members. nsection C76,a connectionalso refers to aregion that#oinsmemberof whichone ormore iswprecast, forwhich thefollowing morespecific definition apply.CONSTRUCTION 2OINT - Separation between two placements of concrete? a means for !eying two sections together.CONTINUOUSBEAM-Abeamwhiche$tendso'erthreeormoresupports4includingendsupports5. A beam which e$tends o'er three or more supports, #oined together so that, for a gi'en loadon one span, the effect on the other spans can be calculated.CONTINUOUS 'OOTING - +sually runs the perimeter and below weight bearing interior walls.CONTINUOUSL% REIN'ORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT A pa'ement without trans'erse contraction or e$pansion #oints and with sufficient reinforcement to !eep trans'erse crac!s tightly closed.Cntra!t )!+-ent( are documents including the pro#ect drawings and pro#ect specifications, co'ering the reDuired wor!.CONTRACTION 2OINT- sa formed,sawed, ortooled groo'e in aconcretestructure to create awea!ened plane and regulate thelocation of crac!ing resulting from the dimensional change ofdifferent parts of the structure.CONTRACTION2OINTSaw-cut, formed, or groo'ed #oint to allow for shrin!age in a concrete slab.CONTRACTOR the person, firm, or corporation with whom the Owner enters into an agreement for construction of the 2or!.COUPLER threaded de'ice for #oining reinforcing bars for the purpose of pro'iding transfer of either a$ial compression or a$ial tension or both from one bar to the other.COUPLING SLEEVE*on-threaded de'ice fitting o'er the ends of two reinforcing bars for the e'entual purpose of pro'iding transfer of either a$ial compression or a$ial tension or both from one bar to the other.C5er - A protecti'e layer of concrete o'er reinforcing bars to protect them from fire and corrosion.C5er the reinforcing for concrete members must be protected from the surrounding en'ironment that is fire and corrosion protection need to be pro'ided. To do this, the reinforcing is located at certain minimum distances from the surface of the concrete so that a protecti'e layer of concrete called co'er.COVER6SPECI'IEDCONCRETE"sthedistancebetweentheoutermostsurfaceofembeddedreinforcementandtheclosestoutersurfaceoftheconcreteindicatedondesigndrawingsorinpro#ect specifications.Cra!"ing --ent the area of reinforcing as a percentage of the total cross " sectional area of a beam is Duite small 4 usually 7O or less5 and its effect on the beam properties is almost negligible as long as the beam is un crac!ed.Cree1 r 1la(ti! *l$ - 2hen a concrete member is sub#ected to sustained compression loads, it will continue to shorten for years. The shortening that occurs after the initial or instantaneous shortening is called creep or plasticflow and is caused by the sDuee&ing of water from the pores of the concrete. Cree1 under sustained compressi'e loads, concrete will continue to deform for long periods of time. After the initial deformation occurs, the additional deformation is called creep or plastic flow.CRIBBING .Al( "n$n a( DUNNAGE/ wooden bloc!s or boards used in a hori&ontal or 'ertical position to separate bundles of reinforcing bars.CROSSTIE-sacontinuousreinforcingbarha'ingaseismichoo!atoneendandahoo!notlessthanK8-degreehoo!withatleastsi$-diametere$tensionattheotherend.Thehoo!sshallengage peripheral longitudinal bars. The K8-degree hoo!s of two successi'e crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end.CULVERT - Any structure, not classified as a bridge, which pro'ides a waterway or other opening under a road or highway.CURVATURE 'RICTION " s friction resulting from bends or cur'es in the specified prestressing tendon profile.C,!li! la)( on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulati'e damage or failure. These loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can be due to 'ibration.Dea) la) is the dead weight supported by a member, as defined by section 78C 4without load factors5..-A. ,OA.S - are those that are constant in magnitude and fi$ed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure such asG floor fill, finish floor, and plastered ceiling for buildings and wearing surface, sidewal!s, and curbing for bridges.Dea) la)( are static forces that are relati'ely constant for an e$tended time. They can be in tension or compression. The term can refer to a laboratory test method or to the normal usage of a material or structure.De*le!tin " the deformation of the structure should not ad'ersely affect its efficiency or appearance. .eflection may be calculated, but in normal cases span " to " effecti'e depth rations can be used to chec! compliance with reDuirements.DE'LECTIONG Any mo'ement or 'ariation from the intended grade line of the slab, beam orother structure..-1O)%ATO*n continuum mechanics is the transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration.DE'ORMED BAR - a reinforcing bar manufactured with deformations 4protrusions5 to pro'ide a loc!ing anchorage with the surrounding concrete.De*r-e) Rein*r!e-ent( " are deformed reinforcing bars, bars and rod mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric conforming to Section C8:.I.:..eformed reinforcing bars rolled from steel a$les for railroad cars..O0-SSee CO*C)-T- 0,OCL 0A) S+@@O)TS..O(-,-(See O11S-T 0-*...)A1TS%A*One who prepares drawings.DESIGN DISPLACEMENT " s the total lateral displacement e$pected for the design-basis earthDua!e, as reDuired by the go'erning code for the earthDua!e-resistant design.DESIGN DRA&INGS -See ST)+CT+)A, .)A2*(S.DESIGN LOAD COMBINATION " Are the combination for factored loads and forces.DESIGN STOR% DRI'T RATIO " s the relati'e difference of design displacement in between the top and bottom of a story, di'ided by the story height.DESIGNING - @reparation of structural drawings to show general arrangement of the structure, si&e and reinforcement of members, and other information for construction and for the preparation of placing drawings.De(ing )i(1la!e-ent is the total lateral displacement e$pected for the design-based earthDua!e, as reDuired by the go'erning code for earthDua!e-resistant design.see section 421.DETAILERS draftsmen who prepare reinforcing bar placing drawings.De5el1-ent lengt# " is the length of embedded reinforcement reDuired to de'elop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.DOLL%Small, hea'y, wheeled platform used for mo'ing hea'y ob#ects. ColloDuially, any wheeled cart or carrier.D+4l, rein*r!e) 4ea- - Concrete beams that ha'e both tensile and compression reinforcing.DO&EL - A bar connecting two separately cast sections of concrete. A bar e$tending from one concrete section into another is said to be doweled into the ad#oining section. .owel bars are smooth round bars which mainly ser'e as load transfer de'ice across concrete #oints. They are placed across trans'erse #oints of concrete pa'ement to allow mo'ement to ta!e place.DO&EL A bar connecting two separately cast sections of concrete. A bar e$tending from one concrete section into another is said to be doweled into the ad#oining section. -$amplesG column dowels into a column or hori&ontal wall bars doweled into an ad#acent wall section.DO&EL SLEEVE cap of light metal or cardboard on one end of a dowel bar to allow free mo'ement of an e$pansion #oint.DO&EL TEMPLATE -1rame which outlines the dimensions for setting dowel bars into footings for columns and walls.DRILLED PIER - A drilled shaft usually e$tending through water or soft soil to solid earth or roc!. Sometimes called a AcaissonB.DROP PANEL " is a pro#ection below the slab used to reduce the amount of negati'e reinforcement o'er a column or the minimum reDuired slab thic!ness, and to increase the slab shear strength.DROP PANEL - the structural portion of a flat slab which is thic!ened 4by AdroppingB the form5 throughout an area surrounding a column, column capital or brac!et.Dr1 1anel( - A thic!ening of a reinforced concrete slab around a column.DUCT " is a conduit 4plain or corrugated5 to accommodate prestressing steal for post-tensioned installation.D+!t is a conduit 4plain or corrugated5 to accommodate prestressing steel for post-tensioned ducts are gi'en in section C6J.6J.DUCTILE CONNECTION - s a connection that e$periences yielding as a result of the earthDua!e design displacements.DUCTILIT%" Ability to stretch without brea!ing..uctility is a solid materialPs ability to deform under tensile stress? this is often characteri&ed by the materialPs ability to be stretched into a wire. DUNAGAN ANAL%SIS - 4obsolete5 a method of separating the ingredients of freshly mi$ed concrete or mortar to determine the proportions of the mi$ture.D%NAMIC LOAD - A load or resistance, which is not static or stationary, such as the mo'ing li'e load which e$ist in a earthDua!e or hurricane.EDGE REIN'ORCEMENT - tensile reinforcement sometimes used to strengthen otherwise inadeDuate edges in a slab without resorting to edge thic!ening.E**e!ti5e De1t# * Se!tin4d5 " is the distance measured from e$treme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.E**e!ti5e 1re(tre(( is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all loses has occurred, e$cluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.E**e!ti5e Pre(tre(( " is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses ha'e occurred, e$cluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.-*/)O*%-*TA, ,OA.S - consist of wind, earthDua!e, and snow loads. such as wind, earthDua!e, and snow loads.Ela(ti!-)+l+(,or -)+l+(*ela(ti!it,,isanumberthatmeasuresan ob#ectorsubstancePsresistancetobeingdeformedelastically4i.e.,non-permanently5whena force isappliedtoit.Theelastic modulus of an ob#ect is defined as the slope of its stress"strain cur'e in the elastic deformation region.E-4e)-ent Lengt# " is the length of embedded reinforcement pro'ided beyond critical section.END-BEARING SLEEVE.e'ice fitting o'er the abutting ends of two reinforcing bars for the purpose of ensuring transfer of only a$ial compression from one bar to the other.ENDO - The dimension from the end of a reinforcing bar to a point of reference along its longitudinal a$is? i.e., any bar is positioned in the forms trans'ersely by Aco'erB or AspacingB and longitudinally by Aco'erB or Aendo.BENGINEER - A licensed professional or structural engineer, responsible for the design of reinforced concrete, structural steel, and other materials which ma!e up the complete structure.ENGINEERING DRA&INGSSee ST)+CT+)A, .)A2*(S.En5irn-ental la)( "areloads causedby theen'ironment in which thestructure is located.1or buildings they are causedby rain, snow, wind, temperature change, and earthDua!e.Strictlyspea!ing these are also li'e loads.EPOX% COATING An organic, non-metallic coating applied to reinforcing steel by E(ti-ate)4ea-$eig#t-theweightofthebeamto beselectedmustbeincludedinthe calculation ofthebendingmomenttoberesistedbecause the beammustsupportitself aswellasthee$ternal loads.EXPANSION2OINT A separationbetweentwosectionsofconcretewhichispro'idedtoallowforfreemo'ementduetotemperaturechanges.Thesectionsareusuallydi'idedbyastripofmetalor bituminous material and are sometimes tied together with dowels, using slee'es or coatings at one end.EXTREME TENSION STEEL " s the reinforcement 4prestressed or nonpressed5 that is the farthest from the e$treme compression fiber.'ABRICATIONActual wor! on the reinforcing bars such as cutting, bending, bundling, and tagging.'ABRICATORA company that is capable of preparing placing drawings, bar lists, and storing, shearing, bending, bundling, tagging, and deli'ering reinforcing bars.'a!tre) la) - A load that has been multiplied by a load factor, thus pro'iding a safety factor.'AR 'ACE .O' A &ALL/ - 1ace farthest from the 'iewer, which may be the outside or inside face, depending on whether one is inside loo!ing out or outside loo!ing in.'ATIGUE 'AILURE - rupture of a material when sub#ected to repeated loadings, at a stress substantially less than the static strength.'ATIGUE STRENGTH - the greatest stress that can be sustained for a gi'en number of stress cycles without failure. 'ILLET0e'elled inside corner usually at C;< to a'oid a sharp K8< change in direction at the intersection of two reinforced concrete members. Also refers to a triangular-shaped weld.'ine) aggregate " sand less than ;mm in si&e mi$ed with cement and gra'el to ma!e a concrete.'IRE PROO'ING also refers to encasement of reinforcing steel for fire protection.'IREPROO'INGSee CO*C)-T- CO/-). Also refers to encasement of reinforcing steel for fire protection.'lat 1late - Solid concrete floor or roof slabs of uniform depths that transfer loads directly to supporting columns without the aid of beams or capitals or drop panels.'LAT PLATE SLAB - a flat slab without drop panels or column capitals.'LAT SLAB - a concrete slab reinforced in two or more directions, with drop panels and with or without column capitals.'LEXURE" 0ending %oment'le3+re te(t " a plain concrete specimen is tested to failure in bending. The theoretical ma$imum tensile stress at the bottom face at failure is calculated. This is termed the modulus of rupture. t is about 6.; times the tensile stress determined by the splitting test.'LOATING SLABG A special type of foundation made to carry the weight of a superstructure, whichis to be erected on swampy or unstable soil.'L% ASHG A substitute for cement,4 not to e$ceed 7;O of the weight of the cement5which reduces shrin!age and retards setting time, thus'OOTING - The foundation for 'ertical walls or the area of the slab designed to support the weight of the roof and wall structures and transfer weight the weight of the building to the ground.'OOTINGS - That part of the foundation of a structure which rests on earth. t is made of concrete and used under chimneys and columns as well as under foundation walls to distribute the weight of the structure o'er a greater area and thus pre'ent settling.1O+*.ATO* " loads from columns or walls so that the ground without the e$cessi'e settlement can support them.()OO/- 2-,. - Arc weld used to #oin two reinforcing bars, or a reinforcing bar to a steel plate or an angle to ma!e a lap splice.()O+TA concrete which contains no coarse aggregate.'ORMS - A temporary structures or molds usually made of wood, fiberglass, metal or plastic, for the support of concrete while it is setting and gaining sufficient strength to be self-supporting.'r-$r" - The mold in which semiliDuid concrete is placed.'OUNDATION - Substructure through which the loads are carried to the earth or roc!, the low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the ground is called foundation.'OUNDATION0 The entire substructure below the first floor frame of a building including the footings on which the structure rest.GALVANI7E to dip steel into molten &inc, which is termed Ahot-dip gal'ani&ingB? or to electroplate with &inc.GENERALCONTRACTORAnindi'idualorcompanythatbidsande$ecutesthecontractforactualconstruction,coordinatesandsuper'isesthewor!oftheSubcontractorsandisresponsibleforthe completion of the 2or! in accordance with the pro#ect drawings and pro#ect specifications.GIN POLESSingle 'ertical guyed pole for supporting lifting tac!le.GIRDER - a large beam, usually hori&ontal, that ser'es as a main structural member.GIRDER - @rincipal beam supporting other beams, it is the main beam upon which floor #oists rest, usually made of steel or wood. Gra)e 89 .:9/ rein*r!e-ent - )einforcement with a minimum yield stress of C8,888 psi 4I8,888 psi5.GRADE BEAM A low foundation wall or a beam usually at ground le'el, which pro'ides support for the walls of a structure.GRADE BEAM - a reinforced-concrete beam, usually at ground le'el, that strengthens or stiffens the foundation or supports o'erlying construction.GRADE BEAM a low foundation wall or a beam usually at ground le'el, which pro'ides support for the walls of a structure.GRADE BEAMG A hori&ontal load bearing foundation member supported on each end li!e a standard beam.*ot ground supported li!e a foundation wall or footing.GRADE MARKS%ar!ings rolled onto the surface of reinforcing bar to identify the grade of steel.GRADE O' REIN'ORCING BARSThe means by which an -ngineer specifies the strength properties of the reinforcing bar reDuired in each part of a structure.GRADE0 The slope or ground le'el of a concrete slab, building or roadbed. Slab on grade is the slab poured on the ground le'el of the structure.GRILLAGE BARS - )einforcement placed around post-tensioning anchors. Also !nown as Abac!-up barsB.Gr+t - A mi$ture of portland cement or other cement, sand, water, and often coarse aggregate and sometimes admi$tures used to fill the hollow cells in masonry units and bond reinforcing to the masonry.Gr+tlea"age"occurswhereformwor!#ointsdonotfittogetherproperly. Theresultisaporousareaofconcretethathaslittleornocementandfineaggregate. Allformwor!#ointsshouldbeproperly sealed.HAIRLINE CRACK - a concrete surface crac! with a width so small as to be barely perceptible.HAIRPIN BARS - 0ars, usually small si&es, bent to a hair pin shape and used for such purposes as short hoo!ed spacer bars in columns and walls, and for special dowels.HAUNCH @ortion of a beam that increases in depth towards the support.HAUNCHING0 The increased depth of a beam or slab near supports or footings to increase itNs strength and load bearing capability.HEADED DE'ORMED BARS " Are deformed reinforcing bars with heads attached at one or both ends. heads are attached to the bar end by means such as welding or forging on the bar, internal threads on the head mating to threads on the bar end, or separate threaded nut to secure the head of the bar. the net bearing are headed deformed bar eDuals the gross area of the head minus the larger of the area of the bar and the area of any obstruction.Hea)e) (#ear (t+) rein*r!e-ent is a reinforcementconsisting of indi'idual headed studes, or group of studs, with anchorage pro'ided by a head at each end or a common base rail consisting of a steel plate or shape.HEADERA short reinforced beam, #oist or slab edge generally used at floor openings to support other similar members terminating at the opening.HEAV% BENDING - )einforcing bar si&es HC through H6J EH6: through H;=F, which are bent at not more than si$ points in one plane 4unless classified as A,ight 0endingB or ASpecial 0endingB5 and single radius bending.HICKE% Hand tool with side opening #aw used in de'eloping le'erage for ma!ing bends on reinforcing bars at the #obsite.HIGH CHAIRSee *./.+A, H(H CHA)S and CO*T*+O+S H(H CHA)S.Hne,!-4 - Areas of concrete where there is segregation of the coarse aggregate or roc! poc!ets where the aggregate is not surrounded with mortar. t is caused by the improper handling and placing of the concrete.HONE%COMB /oids left in concrete due to loss or shortage of mortar or inadeDuate consolidation of the concrete.HOOK ON and9or HOOL O11The act of placing or remo'ing cho!ers or slings on or off a bundle of reinforcing bars and connecting or disconnecting the crane hoo!.HOOKA semi-circular 46J8ntal (tr+!t+ral -e-4er (+11rting la)(*r- a*lrr r* (,(te-t !l+-n(6 gir)er(r $all(;CANTILEVER BEAM - Bea- $#i!# e3ten)( 4e,n) t#e (+11rt( inan 5er#anging 1(itin $it#t#e e3ten)e) en) +n(+11rte); Si-ilarl, (+!#a (la4i( !alle)a !antile5er (la4;COLUMN- Verti!al (tr+!t+ral -e-4er (+11rting a*lr 4ea-6 gir)er6r t#er -e-4er6 an) (+11rting 1ri-aril, 5erti!al la)(CONTINUOUS BEAM-A 4ea- $#i!# e3ten)( 5ert#ree r-re (+11rt( .in!l+)ing en) (+11rt(/;DE'ORMEDBAR-A rein*r!ing 4ar -an+*a!t+re)$it# )e*r-atin( .1rtr+(in(/t 1r5i)ea l!"ing an!#rage $it#t#e (+rr+n)ing !n!rete;DO&EL - A 4ar !nne!tingt$ (e1aratel, !a(t (e!tin( * !n!rete; A4ar e3ten)ing *r-ne !n!rete (e!tin int ant#eri( (ai)t4e )$ele) intt#e a)?ining (e!tin'ABRICATION- A!t+al $r"n t#e rein*r!ing 4ar((+!# a(!+tting6 4en)ing6 4+n)ling6 an) tagging;'LAT SLAB-A !n!rete (la4 rein*r!e) int$r -re )ire!tin(6 $it#)r1 1anel( an) $it#r $it#+t !l+-n !a1ital(;'OUNDATION-T#e entire (+4(tr+!t+re4el$ t#e*ir(t *lr *ra-e *a 4+il)ing in!l+)ing t#e *ting( n$#i!# t#e (tr+!t+re re(t;GIRDER- Prin!i1al 4ea- (+11rting t#er 4ea-(;GROUT - A !n!rete $#i!# !ntain( n!ar(e aggregate;HAIRPIN BARS- Bar(6 +(+all, (-all (i>e(64ent ta#air 1in(#a1e an)+(e) *r(+!# 1+r1(e( a((#rt #"e) (1a!er 4ar(in !l+-n( an)$all(6 an)*r (1e!ial )$el(;HAUNCH- Prtin* a4ea- t#at in!rea(e( in)e1t# t$ar)( t#e (+11rtHICKE%- Han)tl $it#(i)e 1ening ?a$+(e) in )e5el1ing le5erage *r-a"ing 4en)(n rein*r!ing 4ar(att#e ?4(ite;HONE%COMB-Vi)( le*tin !n!rete )+et l((r (#rtage *-rtar r ina)e