50 best jobs for your personality

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50 Best Jobs 50 300 Job Descriptions for 6 Personality Types ) 140+ Best Jobs Lists, Including Jobs with the Best Pay, Fastest Growth, and Most Openings ) Make the best career fit for your personality type: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, or Conventional. ) “Best jobs” lists for each personality type, organized by earnings, growth, education level, and much more. ) Job descriptions packed with details on wages, growth, education required, tasks and responsibilities, and skills needed. Michael Farr and Laurence Shatkin, Ph.D. Personality Based on the latest government data Part of JIST’s Best Jobs™ Series Personality Best Jobs for Your

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Page 1: 50 Best Jobs For Your Personality

50

50Farr

Shatkin

$16.95 (Higher in Canada) Careers/Reference

MMaattcchh YYoouurr PPeerrssoonnaalliittyy ttoo 5500 BBeesstt JJoobbss Research has proven that matching your personality to a careerbrings work satisfaction and success. In this book, you discover yourpersonality type and the 50 best jobs that relate to it. This eye-opening approach to careers pinpoints jobs that you are likely toenjoy or be good at, that offer work environments that suit you, andthat include co-workers with your same personality type.

HHooww TThhiiss BBooookk WWoorrkkssTake a look at Part I for information about person-ality types and how they relate to your career.Complete a short assessment to find your person-ality type in Part II. Browse the 140+ best jobslists in Part III to find the jobs in your personalitytype that interest you most. Then look up theirdescriptions in Part IV for details on earnings,growth, job tasks, education and training require-ments, and much more. Simple.

WWhhoo CCaann BBeenneeffiitt ffrroomm TThhiiss BBooookk?? Want to find ajob that fits you well? Researching and planningyour future education and career options?Interested in exploring better-paying or more-interesting jobs? This book is ideal for peoplemaking important career plans and decisions, aswell as for the educators, counselors, and othersadvising them.

AAbboouutt tthhee AAuutthhoorrss.. MMiikkee FFaarrrr has written morethan 20 books on career and job search topicsand is one of the most respected and popularauthors in the field. LLaauurreennccee SShhaattkkiinn is a consult-ant with more than 20 years in the career infor-mation field and the author of several careerbooks.

HHeellppffuull FFaaccttss oonn tthhee BBeesstt JJoobbss ffoorr YYoouurr PPeerrssoonnaalliittyyThe authors used the most up-to-date facts from government sourcesthroughout this volume. Besides the best jobs lists, the book includesinformation-packed descriptions of 300 occupations that met the bestjobs criteria. Among this book’s many helpful facts:

) The best Enterprising job overall in terms of pay, growth, and annu-al openings is Sales Managers. It has annual earnings of $80,470,a growth rate of 30.5% through 2012, and 54,000 annual open-ings.

) The fastest-growing Realistic job is Heating and Air ConditioningMechanics—its growth rate through 2012 is 31.8%.

) The best Artistic job requiring a bachelor’s degree is GraphicDesigners, with average annual earnings of $36,630, a growthrate of 21.9% through 2012, and 29,000 annual openings.

8902 Otis AvenueIndianapolis, IN 46216-10331-800-648-JISTFax 1-800-JIST-FAXwww.jist.com

™ BestJobs

Part of JIST’s Best Jobs™ Series

for Your

PersonalityBest Jobs for Your 50

300 Job Descriptions for 6 Personality Types )

140+ Best Jobs Lists, Including Jobs with the Best Pay, Fastest Growth, and Most Openings

) Make the best career fit for your personality type:Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising,or Conventional.

) “Best jobs” lists for each personality type, organizedby earnings, growth, education level, and muchmore.

) Job descriptions packed with details on wages, growth, education required, tasks andresponsibilities, and skills needed.

Michael Farr and Laurence Shatkin, Ph.D.

Personality

Based on the latest government data

Part of JIST’s Best Jobs™ Series

“An excellent resource that allows people to assess their dominant personality type and identify jobs related to that type. The perfecttool for helping people make career decisions and gather occupational information.”

Dr. John J. Liptak, Career Assessment and Career Counseling, Radford University

“Written in a friendly, conversational tone.… The personality test is simple and easy to understand but thorough in finding thestrengths of the reader’s personality. The job listings and descriptions have a code to match the reader’s personality type easily.”

Ellen Tevault, Librarian, Indiana State Library

Personality

Best Jobs™

for Your

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Page 2: 50 Best Jobs For Your Personality

Michael Farr and Laurence Shatkin, Ph.D.

Also in JIST’s Best Jobs Series) Best Jobs for the 21st Century) 300 Best Jobs Without a Four-Year Degree) 200 Best Jobs for College Graduates) 250 Best Jobs Through Apprenticeships

Foreword by Kristine Dobson, Director, Career Information Delivery System, Utah Career Resource Network

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Page 3: 50 Best Jobs For Your Personality

50 Best Jobs for Your Personality© 2005 by JIST Publishing

Published by JIST Works, an imprint of JIST Publishing, Inc.8902 Otis AvenueIndianapolis, IN 46216-1033

Phone: 1-800-648-JIST Fax: 1-800-JIST-FAX E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.jist.com

Some Other Books by the AuthorsMichael Farr

The Quick Resume & Cover Letter BookGetting the Job You Really WantThe Very Quick Job Search

Laurence Shatkin

Quick Guide to College Majors and CareersQuick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less

Quantity discounts are available for JIST products. Please call 1-800-648-JIST or visit www.jist.com for a free catalogand more information.

Visit www.jist.com for information on JIST, free job search information, book excerpts, and ordering information on ourmany products. For free information on 14,000 job titles, visit www.careeroink.com.

Acquisitions Editor: Susan Pines Interior Layout: Carolyn J. NewlandDevelopment Editor: Stephanie Koutek Proofreader: Jeanne ClarkCover and Interior Designer: Aleata Howard Indexer: Kelly D. Henthorne

Printed in Canada

09 08 07 06 05 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Farr, J. Michael.50 best jobs for your personality / Michael Farr and Laurence Shatkin.

p. cm. -- (JIST's best jobs series)Includes index.ISBN 1-59357-177-1 (alk. paper)

1. Vocational guidance--Psychological aspects. 2. Career development--Psychological aspects. 3. Personality and occupation. 4. Vocational interests. 5. Occupations--Psychological aspects. I. Title: Fifty best jobs for your personality. II. Shatkin, Laurence. III. Title. IV. Series.HF5381.15.F3618 2005331.702--dc22

2005005153All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, withoutprior permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles or reviews. Making copies of any part of this bookfor any purpose other than your own personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws. For permission requests, please contact theCopyright Clearance Center at www.copyright.com or (978) 750-8400.

We have been careful to provide accurate information throughout this book, but it is possible that errors and omissions have been introduced.Please consider this in making any career plans or other important decisions. Trust your own judgment above all else and in all things.

Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks oftheir respective owners.

ISBN 1-59357-177-1

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This Is a Big Book, But ItIs Very Easy to Use

Psychologists have long understood a principle that many of us considerjust common sense: that people have an aspect called personality that

makes them feel more comfortable in some situations than in others. Peoplewho have a certain personality feel more capable of doing certain things anddealing with certain problems; they also feel more accepted when they areamong people with personalities similar to their own. This is especially truefor one place where people spend a major portion of their time: at work.People want to feel they fit in with the people and with the activities wherethey work.

If personality is the key to this feeling of fitting in, then you need to considerthis question: What kind of personality do you have? Maybe you can come upwith a few ways to describe yourself, such as “sunny,” “energetic,” “conscien-tious,” “loyal,” “outgoing,” “funny,” or “competitive.” But what do thoseterms suggest for the kind of work you might enjoy and do well? What termsmight be more useful?

This book can help you think about your personality in terms that haveproven relevance to the world of work. You’ll learn about the personalitytypes that many psychologists and guidance practitioners use to describe peo-ple and jobs. You’ll take a quick assessment to help you clarify your dominantpersonality type. Then you’ll dig into a gold mine of facts about the jobs thatare the best fit for your personality type—and that are the best for other rea-sons, such as their wages and job openings. The lists of “best jobs” will helpyou zero in on promising careers, and the descriptive profiles of the jobs willopen your eyes to career choices that previously you may not have knownmuch about.

We all want to fit in somewhere. And there are probably several differentcareers where each of us could fit in. But why not do it in a really good job?That’s what this book can help you choose.

(continued)

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CCrreeddiittss aanndd AAcckknnoowwlleeddggmmeennttss:: While the authors created this book, it is based on the work of many others. The occupational information is based on

data obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Census Bureau. These sources provide the most authoritative occupational information

available. The job titles and their related descriptions are from the O*NET database, which was developed by researchers and developers under the

direction of the U.S. Department of Labor. They, in turn, were assisted by thousands of employers who provided details on the nature of work in the

many thousands of job samplings used in the database’s development. We used the most recent version of the O*NET database, release 7. We

appreciate and thank the staff of the U.S. Department of Labor for their efforts and expertise in providing such a rich source of data.

50 Best Jobs for Your Personality © JIST Worksiv

(continued)

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Table of ContentsSummary of Major Sections

Introduction. A short overview to help you betterunderstand and use the book. Starts on page 1.

Part I: Overview of Personality and Career. Part Iis an overview of personality and of personalitytypes. This section also explores the relationshipbetween personality and career. Starts on page 11.

Part II: What’s Your Personality Type? Take anAssessment. This part helps you discover your per-sonality type with a short, easy-to-complete assess-ment. Starts on page 17.

Part III: The Best Jobs Lists: Jobs for Each of theSix Personality Types. The 140 lists in Part IIIshow you the best jobs in terms of high salaries, fastgrowth, and plentiful job openings for each of thesix personality types. You can also see which jobsare best when these factors are combined. Furtherlists classify the jobs according to education andtraining required and several other features, such asjobs with the highest percentage of women and ofmen and jobs with high rates of self-employmentand part-time workers. Although there are a lot oflists, they are easy to understand because they haveclear titles and are organized into groupings ofrelated lists. Starts on page 27.

Part IV: Descriptions of the 50 Best Jobs for Each Personality. This part provides a brief butinformation-packed description of the 50 jobsfrom each personality type that met our criteria forhigh pay, fast growth, or many openings. Eachdescription contains information on earnings, pro-jected growth, education and training required, jobduties, skills, related job titles, related knowledgeand courses, and many other details. The descrip-tions are presented in alphabetical order withineach personality type. This structure makes it easyto look up a job that you’ve identified in a list fromPart III and that you want to learn more about.Starts on page 119.

Part V: Appendixes. Appendix A contains a list ofoccupations in this book and their two-letterPersonality codes. Appendix B explains the variousskills listed in the job descriptions in Part IV.Appendix C lists the GOE interest fields and workgroups, and Appendix D defines the related knowl-edges and courses listed in the job descriptions inPart IV. Starts on page 427.

Detailed Table of Contents

Part I: Overview of Personality and Career ....11Why Use Personality to Choose a Career? ........11

Describing Personality Types ............................12The RIASEC Personality Types ........................12Other Assessments with RIASEC Output ........16

Part II: What’s Your Personality Type? Take an Assessment......................................17

Step 1: Respond to the Statements ....................18Step 2: Score Your Responses ............................25Step 3: Find Jobs That Suite Your

Personality Type ..............................................25

Part III: The Best Jobs Lists: Jobs for Each of the Six Personality Types ........................27

Best Jobs Overall for Each Personality Type: Jobs with the Highest Pay, Fastest Growth, and Most Openings......................................28

The 50 Best Realistic Jobs ............................29The 50 Best Investigative Jobs ......................30The 50 Best Artistic Jobs ..............................32The 50 Best Social Jobs................................34The 50 Best Enterprising Jobs ......................35The 50 Best Conventional Jobs ....................38The 20 Best-Paying Realistic Jobs ................40The 20 Best-Paying Investigative Jobs ..........40The 20 Best-Paying Artistic Jobs ..................41The 20 Best-Paying Social Jobs ....................42The 20 Best-Paying Enterprising Jobs ..........42The 20 Best-Paying Conventional Jobs ........43The 20 Fastest-Growing Realistic Jobs ..........44The 20 Fastest-Growing Investigative Jobs ....45The 20 Fastest-Growing Artistic Jobs ............45The 20 Fastest-Growing Social Jobs ..............46The 20 Fastest-Growing Enterprising Jobs ....47The 20 Fastest-Growing Conventional Jobs ..47The 20 Realistic Jobs with the Most

Openings ..................................................49The 20 Investigative Jobs with the Most

Openings ..................................................49The 20 Artistic Jobs with the Most

Openings ..................................................50

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The 20 Social Jobs with the Most Openings ..................................................51

The 20 Enterprising Jobs with the MostOpenings ..................................................51

The 20 Conventional Jobs with the MostOpenings ..................................................52

The Best Jobs for Each Personality TypeSorted by Education or Training Required ..53

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Short-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................55

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training ........................55

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Long-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................56

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related Occupation ..........56

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring PostsecondaryVocational Training ..................................56

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring an Associate’sDegree ......................................................57

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’sDegree ......................................................57

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring anAssociate’s Degree ......................................57

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring aBachelor’s Degree ......................................57

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring WorkExperience Plus Degree ..............................58

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Master’sDegree ......................................................58

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring aDoctoral Degree ........................................59

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a FirstProfessional Degree ....................................59

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Moderate-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................59

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Long-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................60

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring WorkExperience in a Related Occupation ..........60

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring PostsecondaryVocational Training ..................................60

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’sDegree ......................................................60

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring WorkExperience Plus Degree ..............................61

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree ......................................................61

Best Social Jobs Requiring Short-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................62

Best Social Jobs Requiring Moderate-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................62

Best Social Jobs Requiring Long-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................62

Best Social Jobs Requiring Work Experiencein a Related Occupation ............................62

Best Social Jobs Requiring PostsecondaryVocational Training ..................................63

Best Social Jobs Requiring an Associate’sDegree ......................................................63

Best Social Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’sDegree ......................................................63

Best Social Jobs Requiring Work ExperiencePlus Degree ..............................................64

Best Social Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree ......................................................64

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Short-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................64

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training ........................65

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Long-TermOn-the-Job Training..................................65

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring WorkExperience in a Related Occupation ..........65

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring anAssociate’s Degree ......................................66

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring aBachelor’s Degree ......................................66

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring WorkExperience Plus Degree ..............................67

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring a FirstProfessional Degree ....................................67

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job Training ........................67

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training ........................68

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job Training ........................69

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Best Conventional Jobs Requiring WorkExperience in a Related Occupation ..........69

Best Conventional Jobs RequiringPostsecondary Vocational Training ..............69

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring anAssociate’s Degree ......................................69

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring aBachelor’s Degree ......................................70

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring WorkExperience Plus Degree ..............................70

Best Jobs for Each Personality Type with aHigh Percentage of Women and Men ..........70

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Women ................................................71

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Women ......................71

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Men ....................................................72

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Men............................73

Investigative Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Women ................................75

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Women ......................75

Investigative Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Men ....................................75

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Men............................76

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Women ................................................76

Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Women ......................77

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Men ....................................................77

Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Men............................77

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Women ................................................77

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Women ......................78

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Men ....................................................79

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Men............................79

Enterprising Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Women ................................80

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Women ......................80

Enterprising Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Men ....................................80

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Men............................81

Conventional Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Women ................................82

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Women ......................83

Conventional Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Men ....................................83

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing70 Percent or More Men............................84

The Best Jobs for Each Personality Typewith a High Percentage of WorkersAge 16–24....................................................84

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Workers Age 16–24 ..............................85

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 ....85

Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24 ..............86

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 ....87

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Workers Age 16–24 ..............................87

Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 10Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 ..........88

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Workers Age 16–24 ..............................88

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 10Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 ..........89

Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24 ..............90

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 ....90

Conventional Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Workers Age 16–24 ..............90

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 ....91

50 Best Jobs for Your Personality © JIST Works

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The Best Jobs for Each Personality Typewith a High Percentage of WorkersAge 65 and Over ..........................................92

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Workers Age 65 and Over ......................93

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over ..................................................93

Investigative Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Workers Age 65 and Over......93

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing4 Percent or More Workers Age 65and Over ..................................................94

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Workers Age 65 and Over ......................95

Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing4 Percent or More Workers Age 65and Over ..................................................96

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Workers Age 65 and Over ......................96

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing4 Percent or More Workers Age 65and Over ..................................................97

Enterprising Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Workers Age 65 and Over......98

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing4 Percent or More Workers Age 65and Over ..................................................98

Conventional Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Workers Age 65 and Over......99

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing4 Percent or More Workers Age 65and Over ..................................................99

The Best Jobs for Each Personality Typewith a High Percentage of Part-TimeWorkers......................................................100

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Part-Time Workers ..............................100

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers ....100

Investigative Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Part-Time Workers ..............101

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers ....101

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Part-Time Workers ..............................102

Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers ....104

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Part-Time Workers ..............................105

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers ....106

Enterprising Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Part-Time Workers ..............107

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers ....108

Conventional Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Part-Time Workers ..............108

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers ....109

The Best Jobs for Each Personality Typewith a High Percentage of Self-EmployedWorkers......................................................110

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Self-Employed Workers ........................110

Best Realistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percentor More Self-Employed Workers ................111

Investigative Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Self-Employed Workers ........111

Best Investigative Jobs Overall with 15Percent or More Self-Employed Workers ....112

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Self-Employed Workers ........................113

Best Artistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percentor More Self-Employed Workers................114

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Self-Employed Workers ........................115

Best Social Jobs Overall with 15 Percentor More Self-Employed Workers ................115

Enterprising Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Self-Employed Workers ........116

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall with 15Percent or More Self-Employed Workers ....116

Conventional Jobs with the HighestPercentage of Self-Employed Workers ........117

Best Conventional Jobs Overall with 15Percent or More Self-Employed Workers ....117

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Part IV: Descriptions of the 50 Best Jobs for Each Personality ................................119

Descriptions for all the jobs in this book areincluded in this part in alphabetical order. Thetitles are presented below, along with the pagenumbers where each description begins. We suggest that you use Part III to identify job titles that interest you and then locate theirdescriptions in Part IV.

Realistic Jobs..................................................121Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight

Engineers ................................................121Automotive Master Mechanics ....................122Automotive Specialty Technicians ................123Boat Builders and Shipwrights ....................124Brattice Builders ........................................125Brazers ......................................................126Brickmasons and Blockmasons ....................127Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel

Engine Specialists ....................................129Calibration and Instrumentation

Technicians ..............................................130Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ............131Ceiling Tile Installers ..................................132Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ......133Civil Engineers ..........................................134Construction Carpenters..............................135Correctional Officers and Jailers ..................136Drywall Installers ......................................137Electrical Engineering Technicians ..............138Electricians ................................................139Electronics Engineering Technicians ............140First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Landscaping Workers............141Forest Fire Fighters ....................................142Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention

Supervisors ..............................................143Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ....144Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics....145Highway Patrol Pilots ................................146Maintenance and Repair Workers,

General....................................................147

Municipal Fire Fighters ..............................149Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention

Supervisors ..............................................150Operating Engineers....................................151Pipe Fitters ................................................151Pipelaying Fitters........................................153Plumbers....................................................153Pressure Vessel Inspectors ..............................155Radiologic Technicians ................................155Radiologic Technologists ..............................156Refractory Materials Repairers, Except

Brickmasons ............................................157Refrigeration Mechanics ..............................159Roofers ......................................................160Rough Carpenters ......................................161Sheet Metal Workers ..................................162Ship Carpenters and Joiners ........................163Solderers ....................................................164Surgical Technologists ..................................166Technical Directors/Managers ......................166Telecommunications Line Installers and

Repairers..................................................167Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ......................169Truck Drivers, Heavy..................................169Welder-Fitters ............................................170Welders and Cutters ....................................172Welders, Production ....................................173

Investigative Jobs ..........................................176Agricultural Sciences Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................176Anesthesiologists ..........................................177Biochemists ................................................178Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ....179Biophysicists ..............................................181Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ..............181Chiropractors..............................................183Clinical Psychologists ..................................184Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis

Specialists ................................................185Computer Hardware Engineers....................186Computer Programmers ..............................187Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ....188

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Computer Security Specialists ......................189Computer Software Engineers,

Applications ............................................190Computer Software Engineers, Systems

Software ..................................................191Computer Support Specialists ......................192Computer Systems Analysts ..........................193Database Administrators ............................194Dentists, General ........................................195Economists ................................................196Educational Psychologists ............................197Electrical Engineers ....................................198Electronics Engineers, Except Computer ......199Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ............200Environmental Scientists and Specialists,

Including Health......................................202Family and General Practitioners ................203Financial Analysts ......................................204Forestry and Conservation Science

Teachers, Postsecondary ............................205Geologists ..................................................206Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ....207Internists, General ......................................209Market Research Analysts ............................210Mathematical Science Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................211Medical and Clinical Laboratory

Technologists ............................................213Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists ....214Natural Sciences Managers..........................215Network Systems and Data Communications

Analysts ..................................................216Obstetricians and Gynecologists ..................217Optometrists ..............................................218Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ................218Orthodontists..............................................219Pediatricians, General ................................220Pharmacists ................................................220Physician Assistants ....................................222Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ....................222Prosthodontists............................................224Psychiatrists ................................................224

Respiratory Therapists ................................225Surgeons ....................................................226Veterinarians ..............................................227

Artistic Jobs ..................................................229Actors ........................................................229Advertising and Promotions Managers ........230Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ......231Art Directors ..............................................231Art, Drama, and Music Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................232Broadcast News Analysts ............................234Camera Operators, Television, Video, and

Motion Picture ........................................235Caption Writers ..........................................236Cartoonists ................................................236Choreographers ..........................................237Commercial and Industrial Designers ..........237Composers ..................................................238Copy Writers ..............................................239Costume Attendants....................................240Creative Writers..........................................241Curators ....................................................241Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures,

Television, and Radio ..............................243Editors ......................................................244English Language and Literature Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................245Exhibit Designers........................................246Fashion Designers ......................................247Film and Video Editors ..............................248Floral Designers ..........................................249Foreign Language and Literature Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................249Graphic Designers ......................................251Interior Designers ......................................252Interpreters and Translators ........................253Landscape Architects ..................................254Librarians ..................................................255Makeup Artists, Theatrical and

Performance ............................................256Merchandise Displayers and Window

Trimmers ................................................257

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Models ......................................................258Musuem Technicians and Conservators ........259Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ..............260Music Directors ..........................................261Musicians, Instrumental..............................262Painters and Illustrators ..............................262Photographers, Scientific ............................263Photographic Retouchers and Restorers ........264Poets and Lyricists ......................................266Producers ..................................................266Professional Photographers ..........................267Radio and Television Announcers ................268Reporters and Correspondents ......................269Sculptors ....................................................270Set Designers ..............................................270Singers ......................................................271Sketch Artsits ..............................................272Talent Directors ..........................................272Technical Writers ........................................273

Social Jobs ....................................................275Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................275Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies

Teachers, Postsecondary ............................276Child, Family, and School Social Workers ....278Counseling Psychologists ..............................279Dental Assistants ........................................280Dental Hygienists ......................................280Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ..............281Education Administrators, Elementary

and Secondary School ..............................282Educational, Vocational, and School

Counselors................................................283Elementary School Teachers, Except

Special Education ....................................285Emergency Medical Technicians and

Paramedics ..............................................286Employment Interviewers, Private or

Public Employment Service ......................287Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ......289Graduate Teaching Assistants ......................290History Teachers, Postsecondary....................291

Home Health Aides ....................................293Instructional Coordinators ..........................293Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special

Education ................................................294Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational

Nurses......................................................296Medical and Public Health Social Workers ..297Medical Assistants ......................................298Mental Health and Substance Abuse

Social Workers ..........................................299Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ....299Nursing Instructors and Teachers,

Postsecondary ..........................................300Occupational Therapist Assistants ................302Occupational Therapists ..............................303Personal and Home Care Aides ..................304Personal Financial Advisors ........................304Physical Therapist Assistants ........................306Physical Therapists......................................307Police Patrol Officers ..................................308Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ......309Preschool Teachers, Except Special

Education ................................................310Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ..............312Radiation Therapists ..................................313Registered Nurses ........................................314Secondary School Teachers, Except Special

and Vocational Education ........................315Security Guards ..........................................317Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ............318Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs ........................320Social and Community Service Managers ....320Social and Human Service Assistants ..........321Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ................322Special Education Teachers, Middle School ..324Special Education Teachers, Preschool,

Kindergarten, and Elementary School........325Special Education Teachers, Secondary

School ......................................................327Speech-Language Pathologists ......................329Teacher Assistants ......................................330Training and Development Specialists ..........331

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Vocational Education Teachers,Postsecondary ..........................................332

Enterprising Jobs ..........................................335Administrative Services Managers................335Agents and Business Managers of Artists,

Performers, and Athletes ..........................335Child Support, Missing Persons, and

Unemployment Insurance FraudInvestigators ............................................336

Compensation and Benefits Managers..........337Computer and Information Systems

Managers ................................................338Construction Managers ..............................339Criminal Investigators and Special Agents ....340Education Administrators, Postsecondary......341Engineering Managers ................................342Financial Managers, Branch or

Department ............................................343First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Construction TradesWorkers ..................................................344

First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers................345

First-Line Supervisors, AdministrativeSupport....................................................346

First-Line Supervisors/Managers of FoodPreparation and Serving Workers ..............347

First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofMechanics, Installers, and Repairers ..........348

First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofNon-Retail Sales Workers ..........................349

First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Policeand Detectives ..........................................350

First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofProduction and Operating Workers............351

Government Service Executives ....................352Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge

and Coffee Shop ......................................353Human Resources Managers ........................354Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and

Investigators ............................................355Lawn Service Managers ..............................356Lawyers......................................................357

Loan Officers..............................................358Management Analysts ................................359Marketing Managers ..................................360Medical and Health Services Managers........361Paralegals and Legal Assistants ....................362Personnel Recruiters ....................................363Police Detectives ........................................364Private Sector Executives ............................365Program Directors ......................................366Public Relations Specialists ..........................367Retail Salespersons ......................................368Sales Agents, Financial Services ..................368Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities ....369Sales Engineers ..........................................370Sales Managers ..........................................371Sales Representatives, Agricultural................372Sales Representatives, Chemical and

Pharmaceutical ........................................373Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic ....373Sales Representatives, Instruments ................374Sales Representatives, Mechanical

Equipment and Supplies ..........................375Sales Representatives, Medical......................375Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Except Technical andScientific Products ....................................376

Storage and Distribution Managers ............377Training and Development Managers ..........378Transportation Managers ............................379Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief

Financial Officers ....................................380Conventional Jobs ........................................382

Accountants................................................382Actuaries ....................................................383Adjustment Clerks ......................................383Air Traffic Controllers ................................384Assessors ....................................................385Audio and Video Equipment Technicians ....386Audio-Visual Collections Specialists ............387Auditors ....................................................388Bill and Account Collectors ........................389Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ....................390

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Billing, Posting, and Calculating MachineOpeators ..................................................391

Bookkeeping, Accounting, and AuditingClerks ......................................................392

Budget Analysts ..........................................393Cargo and Freight Agents............................394Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ..........395Cashiers ....................................................396Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty

Insurance ................................................397Construction and Building Inspectors ..........398Cost Estimators ..........................................399Counter and Rental Clerks..........................400Court Clerks ..............................................401Credit Analysts ..........................................401Customer Service Representatives, Utilities ..402Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and

Ambulance ..............................................403Executive Secretaries and Administrative

Assistants ................................................404Freight Inspectors ........................................405Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ..........405Human Resources Assistants, Except

Payroll and Timekeeping ..........................406Immigration and Customs Inspectors............407Insurance Claims Clerks..............................408Insurance Policy Processing Clerks................408Insurance Underwriters ..............................409Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ....410Legal Secretaries ........................................411

Library Assistants, Clerical ..........................412Licensing Examiners and Inspectors ............413Mapping Technicians ..................................414Marine Cargo Inspectors ............................415Medical Records and Health Information

Technicians ..............................................416Medical Secretaries ....................................417Office Clerks, General ................................418Pharmacy Technicials..................................419Police Identification and Records Officers ....419Postal Service Mail Carriers ........................420Production, Planning, and Expediting

Clerks ......................................................421Receptionists and Information Clerks ..........422Reservation and Transportation Ticket

Agents......................................................423Statement Clerks ........................................423Tax Preparers ............................................424Travel Clerks ..............................................425

Part V: Appendixes ........................................427

Appendix A: Occupations Ordered by Two-Letter Personality Codes ......................429

Appendix B: Definitions of Skills ..................435Appendix C: GOE Interest Fields and

Groups ........................................................437Appendix D: Definitions of Related

Knowledge/Courses ....................................451

Index ..............................................................455

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ForewordWhether you’re a counselor or a career explorer, this book is a must-have resource!

For more than 20 years, I have used assessment tools based on career guidance researcherJohn Holland’s work when assisting students and adults. I have found that helping individu-als identify their personality types according to six primary codes, also called the Hollandcodes, is a valuable first step that establishes the counselor as an ally in the career explorationprocess yet empowers individuals to move forward on their own with new informationabout themselves.

If you are making decisions about your career, this book will not only guide you in identify-ing your personality type; it will also help you to take that important next step. That is, youwill discover some key occupations that are likely to fit your individual personality type,and—at the same time—you will learn about the education, outlook, and salary for occupa-tions of interest. This book is uniquely organized to encourage you to consider a range ofinformation as you explore potential occupations.

The O*NET (Occupational Information Network, a database of career information createdby the U.S. Department of Labor) structure, from which the job descriptions in this bookwere derived, and the in-depth descriptions of occupations that have grown out of it, are ofhuge significance. The O*NET has provided career professionals and others with more easilyunderstood information about the world of work. It was thrilling to see Holland’s six per-sonality types reflected in the O*NET occupational descriptions, as this validated the promi-nence of the Holland codes in career counseling.

This book takes advantage of the vast amount of information in the O*NET database andorganizes it in a number of ways to advance the career exploration process. Though the focusis on personality type, other important occupational information is presented in a clear anduser-friendly manner.

As a career counseling professional, I have experienced firsthand the gratification that comeswith helping individuals understand how their personal characteristics relate to occupationalchoice. I have witnessed the effects, both in terms of job satisfaction and of productivity,when there is a good match between an individual’s personality and an environment thatsupports his/her personality traits. It’s an exciting process, one that will be furthered throughthe use of this book.

Kristine DobsonDirectorCareer Information Delivery SystemUtah Career Resource Network

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IntroductionBefore we get started finding the best jobs for your personality type, here are a few things

to know about the information in this book and how it is organized.

Where the Information Came FromThe information we used in creating this book came mostly from databases created by theU.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Census Bureau:

) We started with the jobs included in the Department of Labor’s O*NET (OccupationalInformation Network) database, which is now the primary source of detailed informa-tion on occupations. The Labor Department updates the O*NET on a regular basis,and we used the most recent one available—O*NET release 7.

) Because we wanted to include earnings, growth, number of openings, and other datanot in the O*NET, we cross-referenced information on earnings developed by the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the U.S. Census Bureau. This information onearnings is the most reliable data we could obtain. For data on earnings, projectedgrowth, and number of openings, the BLS uses a slightly different set of job titles thanthe O*NET uses. Data about part-time workers, age of workers, and the male-femalebreakdown of workers was derived from the Census Bureau, which also uses a slightlydifferent set of job titles. By linking the BLS and Census data to the O*NET job titlesin this book, we tied information about growth, earnings, and characteristics of workersto all the job titles in this book.

Of course, information in a database format can be boring and even confusing, so we didmany things to help make the data useful and present it to you in a form that is easy tounderstand.

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How the Jobs in This Book WereSelected

Here is the procedure we followed to select the 300 jobs (50 for each personality type) weincluded in this book:

1. We began by creating our own database from the O*NET, the Census Bureau, andother sources to include the information that we wanted. This database covered about1,000 job titles, 900 of which were rated in terms of the six RIASEC personality types.(“RIASEC” stands for “Realistic,” “Investigative,” “Artistic,” “Social,” “Enterprising,”and “Conventional”—the six personality types developed by the researcher JohnHolland. For more information about the RIASEC personality types, see “The RIASECPersonality Types” in Part I.)

2. From these 900 occupations, we were able to create comprehensive lists of occupationsthat primarily fit into one of the six personality types. The six lists ranged in size from51 jobs for the Artistic type to 455 for the Realistic type.

3. Next, for each of the six comprehensive lists, we created three sub-lists that ranked thejobs by annual earnings, projected growth, and number of job openings projected peryear. Each of these sub-lists was then sorted from highest to lowest, and the jobs wereassigned a number score. For example, the highest-paying job on the list of 455 Realisticjobs received an earnings score of 455, and the lowest-paying Realistic job received anearnings score of 1.

4. We then added the number scores from all three sub-lists—the earnings score, thegrowth score, and the job-openings score—for each job and created a new list that pre-sented all the jobs for that personality type in order from highest to lowest total scorefor all three measures.

5. To emphasize jobs that tend to pay more, are likely to grow more rapidly, and havemore job openings, we selected the 50 job titles with the highest total scores from eachof the six final lists. These 300 jobs are the focus of this book.

For example, Accountants is the Conventional job with the highest combined score for earn-ings, growth, and number of job openings, so Accountants is listed first in our “50 BestConventional Jobs” list even though it is not the best-paying Conventional job (which is AirTraffic Controllers), the fastest-growing Conventional job (which is Medical Records andHealth Information Technicians), or the Conventional job with the most openings (which isCashiers).

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Understand the Limits of the Data inThis Book

In this book we use the most reliable and up-to-date information available on earnings, projected growth, number of openings, and other topics. The data came from the U.S.Department of Labor source known as Occupation and Employment Statistics. As you lookat the data, keep in mind that the figures are estimates. They give you a general idea aboutthe number of workers employed, annual earnings, rate of job growth, and annual job openings.

Understand that a problem with such data is that it describes an average. Just as there is noprecisely average person, there is no such thing as a statistically average example of a particu-lar job. We say this because data, while helpful, can also be misleading.

Take, for example, the yearly earnings information in this book. This is highly reliable data obtained from a very large U.S. working population sample by the Bureau of LaborStatistics. It tells us the average annual pay received as of May 2003 by people in various job titles (actually, it is the median annual pay, which means that half earned more and half less).

This sounds great, except that half of all people in that occupation earned less than thatamount. For example, people who are new to the occupation or with only a few years ofwork experience often earn much less than the average amount. People who live in ruralareas or who work for smaller employers typically earn less than those who do similar workin cities (where the cost of living is higher) or for bigger employers. People in certain areas of the country earn less than those in others. Other factors also influence how much you are likely to earn in a given job in your area. For example, Lawn Service Managers (anEnterprising job) have median earnings of $33,770, but those in cold climate areas wouldwork only part of the year.

Also keep in mind that the figures for job growth and number of openings are projectionsby labor economists—their best guesses about what we can expect between now and 2012.They are not guarantees. A major economic downturn, war, or technological breakthroughcould change the actual outcome.

Finally, because different government agencies classify jobs in slightly different ways, some-times we had to treat two jobs as if they were identical in terms of earnings, growth, open-ings, or some other topic. For example, in this book we treat Accountants and Auditors astwo different jobs because the O*NET database provides separate descriptions for them.However, information about their earnings is available only for the combined occupationcalled “Accountants and Auditors.” As a result, when you look at the list called “The 20Best-Paying Conventional Jobs,” you will find them listed side by side with the exact sameearnings.

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So, in reviewing the information in this book, please understand the limitations of data. Youneed to use common sense in career decision making as in most other things in life. Wehope that, using that approach, you find the information helpful and interesting.

How This Book Is OrganizedThe information in this book moves from the general to the highly specific. It starts byexplaining how personality relates to career choice and presents a widely used model formaking that connection. An assessment helps you focus on your dominant personality type(or types), and then you can consult a wealth of lists that itemize the best jobs for your per-sonality type. These lists let you look at the jobs from several different perspectives—forexample, which pay the best, which employ the most young people, and which require anassociate’s degree for entry. Finally, you can get highly detailed information about any ofthese career choices in the fact-packed job descriptions that make up the last part of thebook.

Part I: Overview of Personality and CareerPart I is an overview of how personality relates to careers—the basic theory, plus the six per-sonality types that were originally described by John Holland and have since become thebasis of many guidance resources. This section may clear up some misunderstandings youhave about what personality means in the context of career choice, and it will help youunderstand a useful way of looking at yourself and the world of work.

Part II: What’s Your Personality Type? Take an Assessment

You probably are not reading this book simply to educate yourself about career developmenttheory. Rather, the odds are that you have a more practical goal: making a career choice. Tohelp you, we’ve included a paper-and-pencil assessment that can help you clarify your domi-nant personality type or types. The Personality Type Inventory usually takes about 20 to 30minutes to complete, but there is no time limit, nor are there any right or wrong answers.

After taking the Personality Type Inventory, you can use what you’ve learned about your per-sonality type to identify a job that suits you well. This book makes that task easy because allof the information about jobs is grouped by the dominant personality type of the jobs. Thatmeans you don’t have to waste time exploring jobs that are unlikely to be a good match foryour personality. Also, because this book focuses on the 50 most rewarding jobs for eachpersonality type, you don’t have to complicate your search by considering jobs with lowearnings or highly limited odds of being employed.

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Part III: The Best Jobs Lists: Jobs for Each ofthe Six Personality Types

For many people, the 141 lists in Part III are the most interesting section of the book. Hereyou can see which jobs for each personality type are best in terms of high salaries, fastgrowth, and plentiful job openings and best when these three factors are combined. Otherlists break out the best of each type according to the level of education or training requiredand several other features of the jobs and the people who hold them. Look in the Table ofContents for a complete list of lists. Although there are a lot of lists, they are not difficult tounderstand because they have clear titles and are organized into groupings of related lists.

People who prefer to think about careers in terms of economic rewards will want to browsethe lists that show the best jobs in terms of earnings, growth, and openings. On the otherhand, some people think first in terms of opportunities for young people or representationof women, and these people will find other useful lists that reflect these interests.

We suggest that you use the lists that make the most sense for you. Following are the namesof each group of lists along with short comments on each group. You will find additionalinformation in a brief introduction provided at the beginning of each group of lists in Part III.

Best Jobs Overall for Each Personality Type: Jobs with theHighest Pay, Fastest Growth, and Most Openings

This group has four sets of six lists, and they are the ones that most people want to see first.The first set of lists presents, for each personality type, all 50 jobs that are included in thisbook in order of their total scores for earnings, growth, and number of job openings. Thesejobs are used in the more specialized lists that follow and in the descriptions in Part IV.Three more sets of lists in this group present, for each personality type, specialized lists ofjobs extracted from the best 50 overall: the 20 best-paying, the 20 fastest-growing, and the20 with the most openings.

Best Jobs for Each Personality Type Sorted by Education orTraining Required

When considering a career choice, many people put a lot of emphasis on how long it takesto prepare for the job and what kind of preparation is appropriate—education, training, orwork experience. Just as it’s important to choose a job that suits your personality, it can behelpful to choose a learning style that suits your preferences and abilities. Your financial cir-cumstances also may shape your plans for career preparation because higher education canbe expensive (even with financial aid) and the years you spend in college will postpone theyears in which you will earn a salary. This set of lists sorts the jobs linked to each personalitytype into groups according to what preparation method is the fastest route to career entry.Within each group, the jobs are sorted by their overall ranking for earnings, growth, andopenings.

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Best Jobs for Each Personality Type with a High Percentage ofWomen and Men

This group includes 24 lists in all: For each personality type, you can see the jobs that havethe highest percentage of workers who are women and men. That would make up 12 lists,but each of these lists is also re-sorted to show these predominantly male or predominantlyfemale jobs ordered by their overall ranking for earnings, growth, and openings.

Best Jobs for Each Personality Type with a High Percentage ofWorkers Age 16–24

This section provides lists of the jobs for each personality type that have the highest percent-age of workers age 16–24. Like the lists in the previous section, each list is then re-sorted topresent these youthful jobs in order of their total combined scores for earnings, growth, andnumber of openings. Thus there is a total of 12 lists in this section.

Best Jobs for Each Personality Type with a High Percentage ofWorkers Age 65 and Over

The 12 lists in this section were assembled in the same manner as the lists in the previoussection, except that these jobs have a high percentage of workers age 65 and over.

Best Jobs for Each Personality Type with a High Percentage ofPart-Time Workers

There are 12 lists in this group, and they extract the jobs from our 50 best jobs that have ahigh percentage of part-time workers. Again, they are ordered first in terms of percentage ofpart-time workers, so you can easily find the jobs with the most opportunities for part-timers, and then they are re-sorted in order of their total combined score for earnings,growth, and number of openings.

Best Jobs for Each Personality Type with a High Percentage ofSelf-Employed Workers

The 12 lists in this section show you the jobs that have the highest percentage of self-employed workers. Once again, the lists for the six personality types are re-sorted in order oftheir total combined score for earnings, growth, and number of openings.

Part IV: Descriptions of the 50 Best Jobs forEach Personality

This part of the book provides a brief but information-packed description of each of the 300best jobs that met our criteria for this book. The descriptions are divided into six groups,one for each personality type, and are presented in alphabetical order within each group.This structure makes it easy to look up a job that you’ve identified in a list from Part III andthat you want to learn more about.

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We used the most current information from a variety of government sources to create thedescriptions. Although we’ve tried to make the descriptions easy to understand, the samplejob description that follows—and the explanation of each of its parts—may help you betterunderstand and use the descriptions.

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Artistic Jobs

Actors) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 17.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,460

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 17.4%

) Part-Time: 28.2%

Play parts in stage, television, radio, video, ormotion picture productions for entertainment,information, or instruction. Interpret serious orcomic role by speech, gesture, and body movementto entertain or inform audience. May dance andsing. Attend auditions and casting calls in order toaudition for roles. Collaborate with other actors aspart of an ensemble. Learn about characters inscripts and their relationships to each other in orderto develop role interpretations. Perform humorousand serious interpretations of emotions, actions, andsituations, using body movements, facial expres-sions, and gestures. Portray and interpret roles,using speech, gestures, and body movements inorder to entertain, inform, or instruct radio, film,television, or live audiences. Sing and/or dance dur-ing dramatic or comedic performances. Study andrehearse roles from scripts in order to interpret,learn, and memorize lines, stunts, and cues as direct-ed. Work closely with directors, other actors, andplaywrights to find the interpretation most suited tothe role. Manipulate strings, wires, rods, or fingersto animate puppets or dummies in synchronizationwith talking, singing, or recorded programs. Per-form original and stock tricks of illusion to entertainand mystify audiences, occasionally including audi-

ence members as participants. Promote productionsusing means such as interviews about plays ormovies. Read from scripts or books to narrate actionor to inform or entertain audiences, utilizing few orno stage props. Tell jokes; perform comic dances,songs and skits; impersonate mannerisms and voic-es of others; contort face; and use other devices toamuse audiences. Work with other crewmembersresponsible for lighting, costumes, makeup, andprops. Write original or adapted material for dra-mas, comedies, puppet shows, narration, or otherperformances. Construct puppets and ventriloquistdummies and sew accessory clothing, using handtools and machines. Dress in comical clown cos-tumes and makeup and perform comedy routines toentertain audiences. Introduce performances andperformers in order to stimulate excitement andcoordinate smooth transition of acts during events.Prepare and perform action stunts for motion pic-ture, television, or stage productions. SKILLS—Speaking; Monitoring; Social Perceptiveness;Repairing; Coordination; Active Learning; ReadingComprehension; Equipment Maintenance.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Choreographers;Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage, MotionPictures, Television, and Radio; Entertainers andPerformers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other;Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; Music Direc-tors; Music Directors and Composers; Musiciansand Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Singers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Acting; Directing and Theatrical Production;Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dra-matic/Theatre Arts and Stagecraft, Other. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts;Communications and Media; English Language.

Job Title

Data

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Desc

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Skills

RelatedKnowledge/Courses

GOE

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Here are some details on each of the major parts of the job descriptions you will find in Part IV:

) Job Title—This is the job title for the job as defined by the U.S. Department of Laborand used in its O*NET database.

) Data Elements—This information comes from various U.S. Department of Labor andCensus databases for this occupation, as explained elsewhere in this introduction.

) Summary Description and Tasks—The bold sentences provide a summary descriptionof the occupation. This is followed by a listing of tasks that are generally performed bypeople who work in this job. We followed the listing of tasks in the O*NET database,except that where necessary we edited the tasks to keep them from exceeding 2200 char-acters.

) Skills—The government provides data on many skills; we decided to list only those thatwere most important for each job rather than list pages of unhelpful details. For eachjob, we identified any skill with a rating that was higher than the average rating for thatskill for all jobs. If there were more than eight, we included only those eight with thehighest ratings, and we present them from highest to lowest score (that is, in terms of byhow much its score exceeds the average score). We include up to 10 skills if scores weretied for eighth place. You can find definitions of the skills in Appendix B.

) GOE—This information cross-references the Guide for Occupational Information(or the GOE), a system that organizes jobs based on interests and is used in a variety of career information systems. We use the third edition of the Guide for OccupationalInformation, as published by JIST. The description includes the major Interest Area thejob fits into, its more specific Work Group, and a list of related job titles that are in thissame GOE Work Group. This will help you identify other jobs that relate to similarinterests or require similar skills. You can find more information on the GOE InterestAreas in Appendix C.

) Education/Training Program(s)—This part gives the names of one or more programsfor preparing for the job. The titles are based on the U.S. Department of EducationClassification of Instructional Programs. A particular college major or training programmay not have the identical title—for example, there probably is no college that offers amajor called “Political Science and Government, General,” but you are likely to find amajor called “Political Science” or “Government.” In a few cases we edited the list ofprograms to keep it from exceeding 2000 characters.

) Related Knowledge/Courses—This entry can help you understand the most importantknowledge areas that are required for a job and the types of subjects you will likelystudy in the training or curriculum that prepares you for the job. We used informationin the O*NET database for this entry. We went through a process similar to the one weused for skills (earlier in this list) to determine which entries were most important foreach job. In this case, however, we listed at least two knowledge areas for each job, evenif the ratings for those knowledge areas were lower than the average for all jobs. You canfind definitions of related knowledge/courses in Appendix D.

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How to Use This BookThis is a book that you can dive right into:

) If you don’t know much about what personality types are, you’ll want to read Part I,which is an overview of the theory behind using personality types as a way of makingcareer choices. You’ll also see definitions of the six personality types that are used in thisbook.

) If you want to understand your own personality type, you’ll want to do the assessmentin Part II. It takes only 20 to 30 minutes to complete and can guide you to jobs thatsuit you.

) If you like lists and want an easy way to compare jobs, you should turn to Part III.Here you can browse lists showing the 50 jobs for each personality type with the bestpay, the fastest growth, and the most job openings. You can see these “best jobs” brokendown in various ways, such as by amount of education or training required.

) For detailed information about jobs, turn to Part IV and read the profiles of the jobs.We include 300 jobs and itemize their major tasks, their top skills, their educational ortraining programs, and other facts you won’t learn from the lists in Part III.

On the other hand, if you like to do things in a methodical way, you may want to read thesections in order:

) Part I will give you useful background on how personality type can be a guide in choos-ing a career.

) The assessment in Part II will help you identify your dominant personality type.

) With a clearer understanding of your personality type, you can browse the appropriatelists of “best jobs” in Part III and take notes on the jobs that have the greatest appeal foryou.

) Then you can look up the descriptions of these jobs in Part IV and narrow down yourlist. Ask yourself, Do the work tasks interest me? Does the required education or train-ing discourage me?

____________________________________________________________________________Introduction

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PART I

Overview of Personality and CareerWhy Use Personality to Choose aCareer?

Many psychological theorists and practicing career counselors believe that you will bemost satisfied and productive in a career if it suits your personality. There are two

main aspects of a job that determine whether it is a good fit:

) The nature of the work tasks and the skills and knowledge you use on the job must be agood match for the things you like to do and the subjects that interest you. For exam-ple, if you like to help other people and promote learning and personal developmentand if you like communication more than working with things or ideas, then a career insocial work might be one that you would enjoy and do well in.

) The people you work with must share your personality traits so that you feel comfort-able and can accomplish good work in their company. For an example of the opposite,think of how a person who enjoys following set procedures and working with data anddetail might feel if forced to work with a group of conceptual artists who constantlyseek self-expression and the inspiration for unconventional new artistic ideas.

Personality theorists believe that people with similar personality types naturally tend to asso-ciate with one another in the workplace (among other places). As they do so, they create aworking environment that is hospitable to their personality type. For example, a workplacewith a lot of Artistic types tends to reward creative thinking and behavior. Therefore, yourpersonality type not only predicts how well your skills will match the demands of the worktasks in a particular job; it also predicts how well you will fit in with the culture of the worksite as shaped by the people who will surround you and interact with you. Your personalitytype thus affects your satisfaction with the job, your productivity in it, and the likelihoodthat you will persist in this type of work.

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One of the advantages of using personality as a key to career choice is that it is economical—it provides a tidy summary of many aspects of people and of careers. Consider how knotty acareer decision could get if you were to break down the components of the work environ-ment into highly specific aspects and reflect on how well you fit them. For example, youcould focus on the skills required and your ability to meet them. Next you could analyze thekinds of knowledge that are used on the job and decide how much you enjoy working withthose topics. Then you could consider a broad array of satisfactions, such as variety, creativ-ity, and independence; for each one, you would evaluate its importance to you and thendetermine the potential of various career options to satisfy this need. You can see that, whenlooked at under a microscope like this, career choice gets extremely complex.

But the personality-based approach allows you to view the career alternatives from 40,000feet. When you compare yourself or a job to certain basic personality types, you encountermuch less complexity. With fewer ideas and facts to sort through and consider, the task ofdeciding becomes much easier.

Describing Personality TypesYou probably have heard many labels that describe people’s personalities: “He’s a perfec-tionist.” “She’s a control freak.” “He’s a go-getter.” “She’s very self-confident.” “He’s pushy.”“She’s wishy-washy.” “He has a short fuse.” “She’s a drama queen.” The list could go on and on.

These everyday terms for personality types have some bearing on work, but they are not very useful for several reasons: They don’t differentiate well between jobs (for example, self-confidence is useful in just about every job); some of them are too specific (for example,“control freak” focuses on one small aspect of how a person functions at work); and worst of all, most of them are too negative for people to want to apply to themselves.

Now that it’s clear what kinds of personality labels we don’t want to use, let’s consider whatwould characterize a useful set of personality types:

) They should differentiate well between kinds of work.

) They should differentiate well between people.

) They should be broad enough that a small number of these categories can cover thewhole universe of jobs and people.

) They should have neutral connotations, neither negative nor positive.

The RIASEC Personality TypesDuring the 1950s, the career guidance researcher John Holland was trying to find a mean-ingful new way to arrange the output of an interest inventory and relate it to occupations.He devised a set of six personality types that would meet the criteria listed in the previoussection, and he called them Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, andConventional. (The acronym RIASEC is a convenient way to remember them.)

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The following table shows how these labels apply to both people and work:

Personality Type How It Applies to People How It Applies to Work

Realistic Realistic personalities like work activities Realistic occupations frequently involvethat include practical, hands-on problems work activities that include practical, and solutions. They enjoy dealing with hands-on problems and solutions. Theyplants, animals, and real-world materials often deal with plants, animals, and real-like wood, tools, and machinery. They enjoy world materials like wood, tools, and outside work. Often they do not like occu- machinery. Many of the occupations pations that mainly involve doing paperwork require working outside and do not involve or working closely with others. a lot of paperwork or working closely with

others.

Investigative Investigative personalities like work activities Investigative occupations frequently involve that have to do with ideas and thinking more working with ideas and require an extensive than with physical activity. They like to search amount of thinking. These occupations can for facts and figure out problems mentally rather involve searching for facts and figuring out than to persuade or lead people. problems mentally.

Artistic Artistic personalities like work activities that deal Artistic occupations frequently involve working with the artistic side of things, such as forms, with forms, designs, and patterns. They often designs, and patterns. They like self-expression require self-expression and the work can be in their work. They prefer settings where work done without following a clear set of rules.can be done without following a clear set of rules.

Social Social personalities like work activities that assist Social occupations frequently involve work- others and promote learning and personal ing with, communicating with, and teaching development. They prefer to communicate more people. These occupations often involve help-than to work with objects, machines, or data. ing or providing service to others.They like to teach, to give advice, to help, or otherwise to be of service to people.

Enterprising Enterprising personalities like work activities Enterprising occupations frequently involve having to do with starting up and carrying out starting up and carrying out projects. These projects, especially business ventures. They like occupations can involve leading people and persuading and leading people and making making many decisions. They sometimes decisions. They like taking risks for profit. These require risk taking and often deal with busi-personalities prefer action rather than thought. ness.

Conventional Conventional personalities like work activities Conventional occupations frequently involve that follow set procedures and routines. They following set procedures and routines. These prefer working with data and details rather than occupations can include working with data with ideas. They prefer work in which there are and details more than with ideas. Usually thereprecise standards rather than work in which you is a clear line of authority to follow.have to judge things by yourself. These person-alities like working where the lines of authority are clear.

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Holland went further by arranging these six personality types on a hexagon:

Figure 1: Holland’s hexagon of personality types.

(After Holland, A Theory of Vocational Choice, 1959.)

He used this diagram to explain that people tend to resemble one type primarily but theymay also have aspects of one or more adjacent types. Each personality type tends to have little in common with the types on the opposite side of the hexagon. Therefore, for example,a person might be primarily Realistic, with an additional but smaller resemblance to theConventional type. Such a person would be described by the two-letter code RC and mightbe well suited to work as a Radiologic Technician or a Rough Carpenter (both coded RC).This person would have little in common with a Social personality type and likely wouldnot be very happy or productive as a Special Education Teacher (coded SA). But this personcould get along well with both Realistic and Conventional personalities and, to a lesserextent, with Investigative personalities.

Although Holland originally applied this model to academic advising, he soon extended it tothe larger question of career choice, and since then hundreds of researchers and practitionershave investigated the RIASEC framework and have applied it to real-life decisions and situa-tions. Researchers have even found it useful for predicting who will have the most trafficaccidents or what kinds of drug abuse people are likely to engage in. More relevant to thetheme of this book, however, is the fact that a number of career decision-making assessmentshave been developed to help people determine what personality type best describes them

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Realistic Investigative

Conventional Artistic

Enterprising Social

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(and perhaps an additional adjacent type or types that are also important). You can find onesuch assessment in Part II of this book.

Although the RIASEC scheme does a good job of covering the whole world of work, thesymmetrical hexagon shape used to illustrate it may be a little misleading because when youcount the different jobs in our economy and the number of people working in those jobs,you’ll find that some sectors of the hexagon are much more heavily populated than others.Here is a breakdown of the 900 RIASEC-coded occupations in the Department of Labor’sO*NET database:

Personality Type Number of Occupations Number of Workers 2002

Realistic 455 79,183,000Investigative 99 5,654,000Artistic 51 8,218,000Social 93 40,311,000Enterprising 111 33,680,000Conventional 91 36,336,000

As the United States shifts from a manufacturing economy to an information economy,employment in the Realistic sector is declining and employment in the Investigative sector is growing, but a large imbalance is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.

The six sectors are asymmetrical in other ways, too. As you’ll see when you look at the listsin Part III, Social jobs employ a lot more women than Realistic jobs. Enterprising jobsemploy a lot more men than Conventional jobs. Likewise, there are differences when youconsider where large numbers of young people and older people work.

The differences get really significant when you look at the amounts of education or trainingrequired by jobs linked to the various personality types. For example, for Realistic andConventional jobs the most common entry route is on-the-job training, whereas forInvestigative jobs a college degree is usually needed. John Holland and other researchers have explained that these differences reflect the different levels of cognitive complexity to befound in the jobs. Realistic jobs deal mainly with manipulating things physically—movingthem, cleaning them, repairing them, and so forth. Conventional jobs deal mainly with dataat the level of organizing it according to pre-determined patterns—filing it, keying it in, andso forth. Investigative jobs, on the other hand, deal mainly with ideas and solving problemsmentally, so the level of cognitive complexity is high and a college education becomes anecessity.

You should not be troubled by this lack of symmetry in the RIASEC model (even if you arean Artistic type). It does not indicate a weakness in the theory. But it does create some prob-lems for a book like this. Although we have attempted to give equal coverage to each of thesix personality types, you will notice that some of the sets of lists in Part III are not of equal

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size. Also, since there are only 51 O*NET occupations coded as Artistic, the “Best 50Artistic Jobs” actually include all the Artistic jobs except one, which means that when youscan that list you may want to concentrate on the higher-ranked choices. On the otherhand, the list of the “Best 50 Realistic Jobs” truly represents the upper crust of that largegroup of 455 jobs. These differences simply reflect the nature of the United States work-force.

No theory can perfectly describe the infinite variety of personalities to be found in our cul-ture and the messy distribution of jobs that a free economy produces. You should note thatthe RIASEC scheme for describing personality types is not the only one that is used incareer decision-making. However, it is the most popular and most thoroughly researchedone, so it is the best one to use in this book.

Other Assessments with RIASECOutput

Apart from the assessment in Part II of this book, you may want to use any of these freeassessments to explore your personality type in RIASEC terms:

) The O*NET Computerized Interest Profiler (for Windows), which you can downloadat www.onetcenter.org/CIP.html (the assessment in Part II is based on it)

) The University of Missouri’s Career Center Career Interests Game atcareer.missouri.edu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=146

) The Work Interest Quiz at www.myfuture.com/toolbox/workinterest.html

) The Keirsey Temperament Sorter at www.advisorteam.com/default.html (registrationrequired)

You also have a number of options if you are willing to pay a fee. For example, you canaccess John Holland’s own Self-Directed Search at www.self-directed-search.com/.

Keep in mind that although all of these assessments produce outputs with RIASEC codesand some of them also link these codes to occupations, they will not necessarily produce theexact same output. Assessment of personality is not as exact a science as, say, chemistry.Neither is the task of linking personalities to occupations.

You should not regard the output of any personality assessment as the final word on whatcareer will suit you best. Use a variety of approaches to decide what kind of person you areand narrow down the kinds of work you enjoy. Actual work experience is probably the bestway to test a tentative choice.

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PART II

What’s Your Personality Type? Take an Assessment

In this section, you can take a Personality Type Inventory that will help you determineyour primary RIASEC personality type and perhaps one or two secondary RIASEC per-

sonality types. It asks if you like or dislike various activities and then lets you score yourresponses. You can use your scores in the following sections of the book to identify specifichighly rewarding jobs to explore.

It’s easy to use the Personality Type Inventory—just turn the page and follow the directionsbeginning with Step 1. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers. There isalso no time limit for completing this inventory.

If someone else will be using this book, you should photocopy the inventory pages and mark your responses on the photocopy.

Note: This inventory is based on the O*NET Interest Profiler, Version 3.0, developed by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). The DOL’s edition consists of several components,including the Interest Profiler Instrument, Interest Profiler Score Report, and InterestProfiler O*NET Occupations Master List. The DOL provides a separate Interest ProfilerUser’s Guide with information on the Profiler’s development and validity as well as tips forprofessionals using it in career counseling. Additional information on these items is availableat www.onetcenter.org, which is maintained by the DOL. This Personality Type Inventory isa version of the DOL’s O*NET Interest Profiler that uses its work activity items and scoringsystem but has shorter directions, format changes, and additional content.

Restrictions for use: This and any other form of the O*NET Interest Profiler should be usedfor career exploration, career planning, and vocational counseling purposes only, and noother use has been authorized or is valid. Results should not be used for employment or hir-ing decisions or for applicant screening for jobs or training programs. Please see the DOL’s

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separate “O*NET User’s Agreement” at www.onetcenter.org/agree/tools for additional detailson restrictions and use. The word “O*NET” is a trademark of the U.S. Department ofLabor, Employment and Training Administration.

JIST Publishing offers a color foldout version of this assessment. It is called the O*NETCareer Interests Inventory and is sold in packages of 25.

Step 1: Respond to the StatementsCarefully read each work activity (items 1 through 180). For each item, fill in just one of thethree circles as follows:

If you think you would LIKE the activity, fill in the circle containing the L, like this:

L ? D

If you think you would DISLIKE the activity, fill in the circle containing the D, like this:

L ? D

If you are UNSURE whether you would like the activity, fill in the circle with the ?, likethis:

L ? D

As you respond to each activity, don’t consider whether you have the education or trainingneeded for it or how much money you might earn if it were part of your job. Simply fill inthe circle based on whether you would like, would dislike, or aren’t sure about the activity.

After you respond to all 180 activities, you’ll score your responses in Step 2.

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Would you LIKE the activity or DISLIKE the activity, or are you UNSURE?

1. Build kitchen cabinets L ? D2. Guard money in an armored car L ? D3. Operate a dairy farm L ? D4. Lay brick or tile L ? D5. Monitor a machine on an assembly line L ? D6. Repair household appliances L ? D7. Drive a taxicab L ? D8. Install flooring in houses L ? D9. Raise fish in a fish hatchery L ? D

10. Build a brick walkway L ? D11. Assemble electronic parts L ? D12. Drive a truck to deliver packages to offices and homes L ? D13. Paint houses L ? D14. Enforce fish and game laws L ? D15. Operate a grinding machine in a factory L ? D16. Work on an offshore oil-drilling rig L ? D17. Perform lawn care services L ? D18. Assemble products in a factory L ? D19. Catch fish as a member of a fishing crew L ? D20. Refinish furniture L ? D21. Fix a broken faucet L ? D22. Do cleaning or maintenance work L ? D23. Maintain the grounds of a park L ? D24. Operate a machine on a production line L ? D25. Spray trees to prevent the spread of harmful insects L ? D26. Test the quality of parts before shipment L ? D27. Operate a motorboat to carry passengers L ? D28. Repair and install locks L ? D29. Set up and operate machines to make products L ? D30. Put out forest fires L ? D

___ Page Score for R

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Would you LIKE the activity or DISLIKE the activity, or are you UNSURE?

31. Study space travel L ? D32. Make a map of the bottom of an ocean L ? D33. Study the history of past civilizations L ? D34. Study animal behavior L ? D35. Develop a new medicine L ? D36. Plan a research study L ? D37. Study ways to reduce water pollution L ? D38. Develop a new medical treatment or procedure L ? D39. Determine the infection rate of a new disease L ? D40. Study rocks and minerals L ? D41. Diagnose and treat sick animals L ? D42. Study the personalities of world leaders L ? D43. Conduct chemical experiments L ? D44. Conduct biological research L ? D45. Study the population growth of a city L ? D46. Study whales and other types of marine life L ? D47. Investigate crimes L ? D48. Study the movement of planets L ? D49. Examine blood samples using a microscope L ? D50. Investigate the cause of a fire L ? D51. Study the structure of the human body L ? D52. Develop psychological profiles of criminals L ? D53. Develop a new way to better predict the weather L ? D54. Work in a biology lab L ? D55. Invent a replacement for sugar L ? D56. Study genetics L ? D57. Study the governments of different countries L ? D58. Do research on plants or animals L ? D59. Do laboratory tests to identify diseases L ? D60. Study weather conditions L ? D

___ Page Score for I

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61. Conduct a symphony orchestra L ? D62. Write stories or articles for magazines L ? D63. Direct a play L ? D64. Create dance routines for a show L ? D65. Write books or plays L ? D66. Play a musical instrument L ? D67. Perform comedy routines in front of an audience L ? D68. Perform as an extra in movies, plays, or television shows L ? D69. Write reviews of books or plays L ? D70. Compose or arrange music L ? D71. Act in a movie L ? D72. Dance in a Broadway show L ? D73. Draw pictures L ? D74. Sing professionally L ? D75. Perform stunts for a movie or television show L ? D76. Create special effects for movies L ? D77. Conduct a musical choir L ? D78. Act in a play L ? D79. Paint sets for plays L ? D80. Audition singers and musicians for a musical show L ? D81. Design sets for plays L ? D82. Announce a radio show L ? D83. Write scripts for movies or television shows L ? D84. Write a song L ? D85. Perform jazz or tap dance L ? D86. Direct a movie L ? D87. Sing in a band L ? D88. Design artwork for magazines L ? D89. Edit movies L ? D90. Pose for a photographer L ? D

___ Page Score for A

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Would you LIKE the activity or DISLIKE the activity, or are you UNSURE?

91. Teach an individual an exercise routine L ? D92. Perform nursing duties in a hospital L ? D93. Give CPR to someone who has stopped breathing L ? D94. Help people with personal or emotional problems L ? D95. Teach children how to read L ? D96. Work with mentally disabled children L ? D97. Teach an elementary school class L ? D98. Give career guidance to people L ? D99. Supervise the activities of children at a camp L ? D

100. Help people with family-related problems L ? D101. Perform rehabilitation therapy L ? D102. Do volunteer work at a nonprofit organization L ? D103. Help elderly people with their daily activities L ? D104. Teach children how to play sports L ? D105. Help disabled people improve their daily living skills L ? D106. Teach sign language to people with hearing disabilities L ? D107. Help people who have problems with drugs or alcohol L ? D108. Help conduct a group therapy session L ? D109. Help families care for ill relatives L ? D110. Provide massage therapy to people L ? D111. Plan exercises for disabled students L ? D112. Counsel people who have a life-threatening illness L ? D113. Teach disabled people work and living skills L ? D114. Organize activities at a recreational facility L ? D115. Take care of children at a day-care center L ? D116. Organize field trips for disabled people L ? D117. Assist doctors in treating patients L ? D118. Work with juveniles on probation L ? D119. Provide physical therapy to people recovering

from an injury L ? D120. Teach a high school class L ? D

___ Page Score for S

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121. Buy and sell stocks and bonds L ? D122. Manage a retail store L ? D123. Sell telephone and other communication equipment L ? D124. Operate a beauty salon or barbershop L ? D125. Sell merchandise over the telephone L ? D126. Run a stand that sells newspapers and magazines L ? D127. Give a presentation about a product you are selling L ? D128. Buy and sell land L ? D129. Sell compact discs at a music store L ? D130. Run a toy store L ? D131. Manage the operations of a hotel L ? D132. Sell houses L ? D133. Sell candy and popcorn at sports events L ? D134. Manage a supermarket L ? D135. Manage a department within a large company L ? D136. Sell a soft drink product line to stores and restaurants L ? D137. Sell refreshments at a movie theater L ? D138. Sell hair-care products to stores and salons L ? D139. Start your own business L ? D140. Negotiate business contracts L ? D141. Represent a client in a lawsuit L ? D142. Negotiate contracts for professional athletes L ? D143. Be responsible for the operation of a company L ? D144. Market a new line of clothing L ? D145. Sell newspaper advertisements L ? D146. Sell merchandise at a department store L ? D147. Sell automobiles L ? D148. Manage a clothing store L ? D149. Sell restaurant franchises to individuals L ? D150. Sell computer equipment in a store L ? D

___ Page Score for E

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Would you LIKE the activity or DISLIKE the activity, or are you UNSURE?

151. Develop a spreadsheet using computer software L ? D152. Proofread records or forms L ? D153. Use a computer program to generate customer bills L ? D154. Schedule conferences for an organization L ? D155. Keep accounts payable/receivable for an office L ? D156. Load computer software into a large computer network L ? D157. Transfer funds between banks using a computer L ? D158. Organize and schedule office meetings L ? D159. Use a word processor to edit and format documents L ? D160. Operate a calculator L ? D161. Direct or transfer phone calls for a large organization L ? D162. Perform office filing tasks L ? D163. Compute and record statistical and other numerical data L ? D164. Generate the monthly payroll checks for an office L ? D165. Take notes during a meeting L ? D166. Keep shipping and receiving records L ? D167. Calculate the wages of employees L ? D168. Assist senior-level accountants in performing

bookkeeping tasks L ? D169. Type labels for envelopes and packages L ? D170. Inventory supplies using a hand-held computer L ? D171. Develop an office filing system L ? D172. Keep records of financial transactions for an organization L ? D173. Record information from customers applying for

charge accounts L ? D174. Photocopy letters and reports L ? D175. Record rent payments L ? D176. Enter information into a database L ? D177. Keep inventory records L ? D178. Maintain employee records L ? D179. Stamp, sort, and distribute mail for an organization L ? D180. Handle customers’ bank transactions L ? D

___ Page Score for C

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Step 2: Score Your ResponsesDo the following to score your responses:

1. Score the responses on each page. On each page of responses, go from top to bottomand add the number of “L”s you filled in. Then write that number in the “Page Score”box at the bottom of the page. Go on to the next page and do the same there.

2. Determine your primary interest area. Which Page Score has your highest score: R, I,A, S, E, or C? Enter the letter for that personality type on the following line.

My Primary Personality Type: ___

You will use your Primary Personality Type first to explore careers. (If two Page Scores aretied for the highest scores or are within 5 points of each other, use both of them for yourPrimary Personality Type. You are equally divided between two types.)

) R = Realistic) I = Investigative) A = Artistic) S = Social) E = Enterprising) C = Conventional

3. Determine your secondary interest areas. Which Page Score has your next highestscore? Which has your third highest score? Enter the letters for those areas on the following lines.

My Secondary Personality Types: ___ ___

(If you do not find many occupations that you like using your Primary Personality Type,you can use your Secondary Personality Types to look at more career options.)

Step 3: Find Jobs That Suit YourPersonality Type

Start with your Primary Personality Type. Turn to Part III and look at the Best Jobs lists foryour type. Find lists that suit your particular priorities and see what job titles appear there.Don’t rule out a job just because the title is not familiar to you.

When you find job titles that interest you or that you want to learn more about, turn to PartIV. The job descriptions there are grouped by Primary Personality Types and are listed alpha-betically within each type. Of course, you can also look at jobs that are linked to one of yourSecondary Personality Types.

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If you want to find jobs that combine your Primary Personality Type and a SecondaryPersonality Type, turn to Appendix A. All 300 jobs in this book are listed there by their one-or two-letter personality codes. For example, if your Primary Personality Type is Social andyour Secondary Personality Type is Enterprising, you would look in Appendix A for the let-ter S and then for jobs coded SE, such as Personal Financial Advisors and Training andDevelopment Specialists.

You may discover that you can’t find an appealing job in your Primary Personality Type thatalso is coded for one of your Secondary Personality Types. That is not necessarily a problem.John Holland himself has remarked, “You cannot expect a single job to satisfy all aspects ofyour personality.” This is why we have hobbies. Use recreational time for activities related toyour Secondary Personality Types. Volunteer work can be another outlet for these interestsand abilities.

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PART III

The Best Jobs Lists: Jobs for Each of the Six Personality Types

This part contains a lot of interesting lists, and it’s a good place for you to start using thebook. Here are some suggestions for using the lists to explore career options:

) The Table of Contents at the beginning of this book presents a complete listing of thelist titles in this section. You can browse the lists or use the Table of Contents to findthose that interest you most.

) We gave the lists clear titles, so most require little explanation. We provide commentsfor each group of lists.

) As you review the lists, one or more of the jobs may appeal to you enough that youwant to seek additional information. As this happens, mark that job (or, if someone elsewill be using this book, write it on a separate sheet of paper) so that you can look upthe description of the job in Part IV.

) Keep in mind that all jobs in these lists meet our basic criteria for being included in thisbook. All lists, therefore, are organized by personality type and emphasize occupationswith high pay, high growth, or large numbers of openings. These measures are easilyquantified and are often presented in lists of best jobs in the newspapers and othermedia. While earnings, growth, and openings are important, there are other factors toconsider in your career planning. For example, location, having an opportunity to serveothers, and enjoying your work are a few of many factors that may define the ideal jobfor you. These measures are difficult or impossible to quantify and thus are not used inthis book, so you will need to consider the importance of these issues yourself.

) All data used to create these lists comes from the U.S. Department of Labor. The earn-ings figures are based on the average annual pay received by full-time workers. Becausethe earnings represent the national averages, actual pay rates can vary greatly by loca-tion, amount of previous work experience, and other factors.

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Best Jobs Overall for Each PersonalityType: Jobs with the Highest Pay,Fastest Growth, and Most Openings

The four sets of lists that follow are the most important lists in this book. The first set oflists presents, for each personality type, the jobs with the highest combined scores for pay,growth, and number of openings. These are very appealing lists because they represent jobswith the very highest quantifiable measures from our labor market. The 300 jobs in these six lists are the ones that are described in detail in Part IV.

The three additional sets of lists present, for each personality type, jobs with the highestscores in each of three measures: annual earnings, projected percentage growth, and largestnumber of openings.

The 50 Best Jobs for Each Personality TypeThese are the lists that most people want to see first. For each personality type, you can seethe jobs that have the highest overall combined ratings for earnings, projected growth, andnumber of openings. (The section in the Introduction on “How the Jobs in This Book WereSelected” explains in detail how we rated jobs to assemble this list.)

Although each list covers one personality type, you’ll notice a wide variety of jobs on the list.For example, among the top 10 Investigative jobs are some in the fields of high technology,higher education, and medicine. Among the top 10 Conventional jobs are some in thefinancial, legal, law enforcement, and manufacturing industries. We included each job’s per-sonality code, which indicates its Primary and Secondary (if any) Personality Types.

A look at one list will clarify how we ordered the jobs—take the Realistic list as an example.Highway Patrol Pilots was the occupation with the best total score, and it is on the top ofthe list. The other occupations follow in descending order based on their total scores. Manyjobs had tied scores and were simply listed one after another, so there are often only verysmall or even no differences between the scores of jobs that are near each other on the list.All other jobs lists in this book use these jobs as their source list. You can find descriptionsfor each of these jobs in Part IV, beginning on page 119.

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The 50 Best Realistic JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

1. Highway Patrol Pilots ..................................................RE ............$44,020 ..........24.7% ..........67,0002. Electricians ..................................................................RI..............$41,680 ..........23.4% ..........65,0003. Pipe Fitters ..................................................................R ..............$40,950 ..........18.7% ..........56,0004. Pipelaying Fitters..........................................................R ..............$40,950 ..........18.7% ..........56,0005. Plumbers ......................................................................R ..............$40,950 ..........18.7% ..........56,0006. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics ..................RC ............$35,160 ..........31.8% ..........35,0007. Refrigeration Mechanics ............................................RC ............$35,160 ..........31.8% ..........35,0008. Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ........................................RC ............$33,310 ..........19.0% ........299,0009. Truck Drivers, Heavy ....................................................R ..............$33,310 ..........19.0% ........299,000

10. Radiologic Technicians................................................RC ............$40,620 ..........22.9% ..........21,00011. Radiologic Technologists ............................................RI..............$40,620 ..........22.9% ..........21,00012. Refractory Materials Repairers, Except

Brickmasons ................................................................R ..............$36,910 ..........16.3% ........155,00013. Correctional Officers and Jailers ................................RS ............$33,160 ..........24.2% ..........49,00014. Forest Fire Fighters ....................................................RS ............$37,060 ..........20.7% ..........29,00015. Municipal Fire Fighters................................................RS ............$37,060 ..........20.7% ..........29,00016. Sheet Metal Workers....................................................R ..............$35,000 ..........19.8% ..........30,00017. Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ......RE ............$57,000 ..........18.7% ............8,00018. Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention

Supervisors ................................................................RE ............$57,000 ..........18.7% ............8,00019. Technical Directors/Managers ....................................RA ............$48,200 ..........18.3% ..........10,00020. Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers..............RE ..........$125,030 ..........18.5% ............6,00021. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ..................................R ..............$41,550 ..........14.2% ..........21,00022. Telecommunications Line Installers and

Repairers ......................................................................R ..............$39,540 ..........18.8% ..........13,00023. Boat Builders and Shipwrights....................................RC ............$34,250 ..........10.1% ........193,00024. Brattice Builders ..........................................................R ..............$34,250 ..........10.1% ........193,00025. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ........................RC ............$34,250 ..........10.1% ........193,00026. Construction Carpenters ..............................................R ..............$34,250 ..........10.1% ........193,00027. Rough Carpenters ......................................................RC ............$34,250 ..........10.1% ........193,00028. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ......................................R ..............$34,250 ..........10.1% ........193,00029. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Landscaping Workers ..........................RE ............$33,770 ..........21.6% ..........18,00030. Calibration and Instrumentation Technicians..............RC ............$43,650 ..........10.0% ..........24,00031. Electrical Engineering Technicians ..............................RI..............$43,650 ..........10.0% ..........24,000

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The 50 Best Realistic JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

32. Electronics Engineering Technicians ..........................RI..............$43,650 ..........10.0% ..........24,00033. Ceiling Tile Installers ....................................................R ..............$33,670 ..........21.4% ..........17,00034. Drywall Installers ..........................................................R ..............$33,670 ..........21.4% ..........17,00035. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ....................R ..............$30,780 ..........26.1% ..........24,00036. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ..............RC ............$29,800 ..........16.3% ........155,00037. Pressure Vessel Inspectors ........................................RC ............$46,780 ............9.8% ..........20,00038. Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine

Specialists ..................................................................RC ............$34,970 ..........14.2% ..........28,00039. Brazers ........................................................................RC ............$29,640 ..........17.0% ..........71,00040. Solderers ....................................................................RC ............$29,640 ..........17.0% ..........71,00041. Welder-Fitters ..............................................................RI..............$29,640 ..........17.0% ..........71,00042. Welders and Cutters ..................................................RC ............$29,640 ..........17.0% ..........71,00043. Welders, Production ....................................................R ..............$29,640 ..........17.0% ..........71,00044. Roofers ........................................................................R ..............$30,020 ..........18.6% ..........38,00045. Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ................RC ............$35,030 ..........10.4% ..........45,00046. Operating Engineers....................................................RI..............$35,030 ..........10.4% ..........45,00047. Civil Engineers ............................................................RI..............$61,850 ............8.0% ..........17,00048. Surgical Technologists ................................................RS ............$32,130 ..........27.9% ..........13,00049. Automotive Master Mechanics....................................RC ............$31,130 ..........12.4% ........100,00050. Automotive Specialty Technicians ..............................RC ............$31,130 ..........12.4% ........100,000

The 50 Best Investigative JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

1. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ........................IR..............$69,700 ..........38.1% ........216,0002. Computer Software Engineers, Systems

Software ......................................................................IR..............$76,240 ..........45.5% ..........39,0003. Computer Software Engineers, Applications ..............IR..............$72,530 ..........45.5% ..........55,0004. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary..........IS..............$65,470 ..........38.1% ........216,0005. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers,

Postsecondary ............................................................IS..............$64,500 ..........38.1% ........216,0006. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................IS..............$62,880 ..........38.1% ........216,000

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The 50 Best Investigative JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

7. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ..............IS..............$61,790 ..........38.1% ........216,0008. Anesthesiologists ........................................................IR ......over $145,000 ..........19.5% ..........38,0009. Internists, General ........................................................I........over $145,000 ..........19.5% ..........38,000

10. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ..................................I........over $145,000 ..........19.5% ..........38,00011. Surgeons......................................................................IR ......over $145,000 ..........19.5% ..........38,00012. Pediatricians, General ..................................................I ............$134,170 ..........19.5% ..........38,00013. Computer Systems Analysts ......................................IC..............$64,160 ..........39.4% ..........68,00014. Psychiatrists ................................................................IA............$133,970 ..........19.5% ..........38,00015. Family and General Practitioners..................................I ............$133,340 ..........19.5% ..........38,00016. Pharmacists ................................................................IC..............$80,530 ..........30.1% ..........23,00017. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..............IS..............$55,840 ..........38.1% ........216,00018. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................IS..............$55,420 ..........38.1% ........216,00019. Physician Assistants ....................................................IS..............$65,670 ..........48.9% ............7,00020. Network Systems and Data Communications

Analysts ......................................................................IR..............$59,120 ..........57.0% ..........29,00021. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary..............IC..............$51,030 ..........38.1% ........216,00022. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........IS..............$50,910 ..........38.1% ........216,00023. Database Administrators ............................................IC..............$58,200 ..........44.2% ..........16,00024. Computer Security Specialists ....................................IR..............$56,050 ..........37.4% ..........35,00025. Computer Programmers ..............................................IR..............$61,340 ..........14.6% ..........45,00026. Veterinarians ................................................................IR..............$64,750 ..........25.1% ............4,00027. Financial Analysts........................................................IC..............$60,050 ..........18.7% ..........22,00028. Market Research Analysts ..........................................IE..............$54,670 ..........23.4% ..........18,00029. Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists ................IR..............$59,210 ..........26.9% ............6,00030. Chiropractors ..............................................................IR..............$65,990 ..........23.3% ............3,00031. Clinical Psychologists ..................................................IA..............$52,220 ..........24.4% ..........17,00032. Educational Psychologists ..........................................IS..............$52,220 ..........24.4% ..........17,00033. Electronics Engineers, Except Computer....................IR..............$71,370 ............9.4% ..........11,00034. Natural Sciences Managers ........................................IE..............$85,860 ..........11.3% ............5,00035. Optometrists ................................................................IR..............$85,430 ..........17.1% ............2,00036. Computer Support Specialists ....................................IC..............$39,440 ..........30.3% ..........71,00037. Dentists, General ........................................................IR............$120,330 ............4.1% ............7,00038. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons..................................IR............$120,330 ............4.1% ............7,00039. Orthodontists ..............................................................IR............$120,330 ............4.1% ............7,00040. Prosthodontists ............................................................IR............$120,330 ............4.1% ............7,000

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The 50 Best Investigative JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

41. Biochemists..................................................................IR..............$62,300 ..........22.9% ............2,00042. Biophysicists ................................................................IR..............$62,300 ..........22.9% ............2,00043. Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis

Specialists....................................................................IC..............$46,860 ..........28.0% ..........15,00044. Economists ..................................................................IE..............$70,250 ..........13.4% ............2,00045. Respiratory Therapists ................................................IR..............$41,150 ..........34.8% ..........10,00046. Computer Hardware Engineers ..................................IR..............$75,980 ............6.1% ............6,00047. Geologists ....................................................................IR..............$68,460 ..........11.5% ............2,00048. Environmental Scientists and Specialists,

Including Health ..........................................................IR..............$48,790 ..........23.7% ............6,00049. Electrical Engineers ....................................................IR..............$69,640 ............2.5% ..........11,00050. Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists ..........IR..............$43,640 ..........19.3% ..........21,000

The 50 Best Artistic JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

1. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................................AS ............$47,980 ..........38.1% ........216,000

2. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................................AS ............$47,120 ..........38.1% ........216,000

3. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................................AS ............$46,780 ..........38.1% ........216,000

4. Advertising and Promotions Managers ......................AE ............$60,350 ..........25.0% ..........13,0005. Graphic Designers ......................................................AE ............$36,630 ..........21.9% ..........29,0006. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures, Television,

and Radio....................................................................AE ............$48,200 ..........18.3% ..........10,0007. Producers ....................................................................AE ............$48,200 ..........18.3% ..........10,0008. Talent Directors ..........................................................AE ............$48,200 ..........18.3% ..........10,0009. Technical Writers..........................................................AI..............$51,590 ..........27.1% ............6,000

10. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ..................AR ............$57,950 ..........17.3% ............8,00011. Musicians, Instrumental................................................A ..............$37,380 ..........17.1% ..........25,00012. Singers ........................................................................AE ............$37,380 ..........17.1% ..........25,00013. Caption Writers............................................................AS ............$42,330 ..........16.1% ..........23,00014. Copy Writers................................................................AE ............$42,330 ..........16.1% ..........23,00015. Costume Attendants ..................................................AR ............$25,410 ..........27.8% ..........66,000

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The 50 Best Artistic JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

16. Creative Writers............................................................A ..............$42,330 ..........16.1% ..........23,00017. Poets and Lyricists ......................................................AI..............$42,330 ..........16.1% ..........23,00018. Interior Designers........................................................AE ............$40,120 ..........21.7% ............8,00019. Landscape Architects..................................................AR ............$50,480 ..........22.2% ............2,00020. Art Directors ................................................................AE ............$62,260 ..........11.4% ............8,00021. Film and Video Editors ................................................A ..............$40,600 ..........26.4% ............3,00022. Commercial and Industrial Designers ........................AR ............$52,320 ..........14.7% ............7,00023. Librarians ....................................................................AC ............$44,140 ..........10.1% ..........15,00024. Editors ........................................................................AS ............$41,460 ..........11.8% ..........14,00025. Interpreters and Translators ........................................AS ............$33,490 ..........22.1% ............4,00026. Actors ..........................................................................AE ............$26,460 ..........17.7% ............8,00027. Cartoonists ..................................................................AE ............$35,420 ..........16.5% ............4,00028. Painters and Illustrators ..............................................AR ............$35,420 ..........16.5% ............4,00029. Sculptors ....................................................................AR ............$35,420 ..........16.5% ............4,00030. Sketch Artists ..............................................................AR ............$35,420 ..........16.5% ............4,00031. Exhibit Designers ........................................................AR ............$35,150 ..........20.9% ............2,00032. Set Designers..............................................................AR ............$35,150 ..........20.9% ............2,00033. Curators ......................................................................AI..............$35,660 ..........17.0% ............2,00034. Museum Technicians and Conservators ....................AR ............$35,660 ..........17.0% ............2,00035. Photographers, Scientific ............................................AR ............$25,050 ..........13.6% ..........18,00036. Professional Photographers........................................AR ............$25,050 ..........13.6% ..........18,00037. Composers ..................................................................A ..............$32,530 ..........13.5% ............8,00038. Fashion Designers ......................................................AE ............$52,860 ..........10.6% ............2,00039. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ............................A ..............$32,530 ..........13.5% ............8,00040. Music Directors ..........................................................AS ............$32,530 ..........13.5% ............8,00041. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and

Motion Picture ............................................................AR ............$34,330 ..........13.4% ............4,00042. Floral Designers ..........................................................AR ............$19,660 ..........12.4% ..........13,00043. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance..............AR ............$29,320 ..........18.2%..fewer than 50044. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ........AR ............$22,030 ..........11.3% ..........10,00045. Choreographers ..........................................................AS ............$31,030 ..........15.8% ............3,00046. Broadcast News Analysts ..........................................AS ............$31,240 ............6.2% ............6,00047. Reporters and Correspondents ..................................AI..............$31,240 ............6.2% ............6,00048. Radio and Television Announcers ..............................AS ............$20,940 ........–10.1% ............8,00049. Models ........................................................................AE ............$24,270 ..........14.5% ............1,00050. Photographic Retouchers and Restorers ..................AR ............$20,370 ............5.4% ............4,000

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The 50 Best Social JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

1. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary..........................SI..............$64,950 ..........38.1% ........216,0002. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary ............................................................SI..............$59,710 ..........38.1% ........216,0003. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ................SI..............$57,340 ..........38.1% ........216,0004. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers,

Postsecondary ............................................................SI..............$55,060 ..........38.1% ........216,0005. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ........................SI..............$54,170 ..........38.1% ........216,0006. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary............................SI..............$52,770 ..........38.1% ........216,0007. History Teachers, Postsecondary ................................SI..............$52,180 ..........38.1% ........216,0008. Nursing Instructors and Teachers,

Postsecondary ............................................................SI..............$50,920 ..........38.1% ........216,0009. Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary ........SR ............$39,740 ..........38.1% ........216,000

10. Registered Nurses ......................................................SI..............$49,550 ..........27.3% ........215,00011. Personal Financial Advisors........................................SE ............$58,700 ..........34.6% ..........18,00012. Graduate Teaching Assistants ....................................SI..............$24,570 ..........38.1% ........216,00013. Dental Hygienists ........................................................SC ............$56,360 ..........43.1% ............9,00014. Physical Therapists ....................................................SR ............$57,710 ..........35.3% ..........16,00015. Special Education Teachers, Secondary School ........SA ............$44,240 ..........30.0% ..........59,00016. Medical Assistants ......................................................SC ............$24,170 ..........58.9% ..........78,00017. Special Education Teachers, Preschool,

Kindergarten, and Elementary School........................SA ............$42,920 ..........30.0% ..........59,00018. Social and Human Service Assistants........................SC ............$23,860 ..........48.7% ..........63,00019. Special Education Teachers, Middle School ..............SA ............$42,010 ..........30.0% ..........59,00020. Occupational Therapists ............................................SR ............$52,550 ..........35.2% ..........10,00021. Education Administrators, Elementary and

Secondary School ......................................................SE ............$73,490 ..........20.7% ..........31,00022. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers..........................SA ............$29,820 ..........40.1% ..........39,00023. Police Patrol Officers ..................................................SR ............$44,020 ..........24.7% ..........67,00024. Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs ......................................SE ............$44,020 ..........24.7% ..........67,00025. Training and Development Specialists ........................SE ............$44,160 ..........27.9% ..........35,00026. Dental Assistants ........................................................SR ............$27,700 ..........42.5% ..........35,00027. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ..................SR ............$24,510 ..........44.5% ..........38,00028. Home Health Aides ....................................................SR ............$18,240 ..........48.1% ........141,00029. Secondary School Teachers, Except Special

and Vocational Education............................................SA ............$44,580 ..........18.2% ........118,00030. Social and Community Service Managers ................SE ............$45,450 ..........27.7% ..........19,00031. Security Guards ..........................................................SE ............$19,660 ..........31.9% ........228,000

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Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

32. Personal and Home Care Aides ................................SR ............$16,450 ..........40.5% ........154,00033. Physical Therapist Assistants ....................................SR ............$36,610 ..........44.6% ..........10,00034. Counseling Psychologists............................................SI..............$52,220 ..........24.4% ..........17,00035. Instructional Coordinators............................................SI..............$47,470 ..........25.4% ..........18,00036. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special

Education ....................................................................SA ............$40,160 ..........27.2% ..........34,00037. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ........SA ............$19,820 ..........36.2% ..........88,00038. Elementary School Teachers, Except Special

Education ....................................................................SA ............$42,160 ..........15.2% ........183,00039. Employment Interviewers, Private or Public

Employment Service ..................................................SE ............$40,770 ..........27.3% ..........29,00040. Speech-Language Pathologists ..................................SI..............$50,050 ..........27.2% ..........10,00041. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ..................SR ............$20,490 ..........24.9% ........302,00042. Radiation Therapists ..................................................SR ............$54,190 ..........31.6% ............1,00043. Medical and Public Health Social Workers..................SI..............$38,430 ..........28.6% ..........18,00044. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social

Workers........................................................................SI..............$33,020 ..........34.5% ..........17,00045. Emergency Medical Technicians and

Paramedics ................................................................SR ............$24,440 ..........33.1% ..........32,00046. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational

Nurses ........................................................................SR ............$32,390 ..........20.2% ........105,000

47. Occupational Therapist Assistants..............................SR ............$37,400 ..........39.2% ............3,000

48. Child, Family, and School Social Workers....................S ..............$33,810 ..........23.2% ..........45,00049. Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors ......SA ............$44,640 ..........15.0% ..........32,00050. Teacher Assistants ......................................................SC ............$19,000 ..........23.0% ........259,000

The 50 Best Enterprising JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

1. Sales Managers ..........................................................EC ............$80,470 ..........30.5% ..........54,0002. Management Analysts ................................................EC ............$62,580 ..........30.4% ..........78,000

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The 50 Best Enterprising JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

3. Computer and Information Systems Managers..........EC ............$89,740 ..........36.1% ..........39,0004. Financial Managers, Branch or Department ..............EC ............$77,300 ..........18.3% ..........71,0005. Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief Financial

Officers ........................................................................EC ............$77,300 ..........18.3% ..........71,0006. Government Service Executives ................................EC ..........$134,740 ..........16.7% ..........63,0007. Medical and Health Services Managers ....................ES ............$64,550 ..........29.3% ..........33,0008. Private Sector Executives ..........................................EC ..........$134,740 ..........16.7% ..........63,0009. Marketing Managers ..................................................EC ............$83,210 ..........21.3% ..........30,000

10. Lawyers ......................................................................EC ............$91,490 ..........17.0% ..........53,00011. Sales Representatives, Agricultural ............................ER ............$57,120 ..........19.3% ..........44,00012. Sales Representatives, Chemical and

Pharmaceutical ..........................................................ES ............$57,120 ..........19.3% ..........44,00013. Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic ..............ER ............$57,120 ..........19.3% ..........44,00014. Sales Representatives, Instruments ..........................ER ............$57,120 ..........19.3% ..........44,00015. Sales Representatives, Mechanical Equipment

and Supplies ..............................................................ER ............$57,120 ..........19.3% ..........44,00016. Sales Representatives, Medical..................................ES ............$57,120 ..........19.3% ..........44,00017. Administrative Services Managers ............................EC ............$56,940 ..........19.8% ..........40,00018. Education Administrators, Postsecondary ..................ES ............$66,640 ..........25.9% ..........19,00019. Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products ......................................................................ES ............$43,860 ..........19.1% ........160,000

20. Compensation and Benefits Managers ......................ES ............$68,800 ..........19.4% ..........21,00021. Human Resources Managers ....................................ES ............$68,800 ..........19.4% ..........21,00022. Training and Development Managers ........................ES ............$68,800 ..........19.4% ..........21,00023. Construction Managers ..............................................ER ............$66,470 ..........12.0% ..........47,00024. Public Relations Specialists ........................................EA ............$42,590 ..........32.9% ..........28,00025. Storage and Distribution Managers ............................EC ............$63,590 ..........19.7% ..........13,00026. Transportation Managers ............................................EC ............$63,590 ..........19.7% ..........13,00027. Personnel Recruiters ..................................................ES ............$40,770 ..........27.3% ..........29,00028. Sales Engineers ..........................................................ER ............$67,790 ..........19.9% ............7,00029. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers ..............ER ............$48,730 ..........14.1% ..........67,00030. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Extractive Workers ..............................ER ............$48,730 ..........14.1% ..........67,000

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The 50 Best Enterprising JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

31. Sales Agents, Financial Services ..............................EC ............$60,530 ..........13.0% ..........39,00032. Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities ..............EC ............$60,530 ..........13.0% ..........39,00033. Paralegals and Legal Assistants ................................EC ............$37,930 ..........28.7% ..........29,00034. Child Support, Missing Persons, and

Unemployment Insurance Fraud Investigators ..........ES ............$52,390 ..........22.4% ..........11,00035. Criminal Investigators and Special Agents..................EI..............$52,390 ..........22.4% ..........11,00036. Police Detectives ........................................................ES ............$52,390 ..........22.4% ..........11,00037. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics,

Installers, and Repairers ............................................ER ............$48,620 ..........15.4% ..........42,00038. Loan Officers ..............................................................ES ............$46,640 ..........18.8% ..........30,00039. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail

Sales Workers ............................................................EC ............$55,690 ............6.8% ..........72,00040. Agents and Business Managers of Artists,

Performers, and Athletes ............................................ES ............$54,640 ..........27.8% ............2,000

41. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers ..............................ER ............$24,700 ..........15.5% ........154,000

42. Engineering Managers................................................ER ............$94,470 ............9.2% ..........16,00043. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and

Detectives....................................................................ES ............$62,350 ..........15.3% ..........14,00044. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production

and Operating Workers ..............................................ER ............$43,720 ............9.5% ..........66,00045. Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and

Investigators ................................................................EI..............$44,040 ..........14.2% ..........31,00046. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and

Coffee Shop ................................................................ES ............$15,380 ..........16.4% ..........95,00047. Lawn Service Managers ............................................ER ............$33,770 ..........21.6% ..........18,00048. Program Directors ......................................................EA ............$48,200 ..........18.3% ..........10,00049. Retail Salespersons ....................................................ES ............$18,090 ..........14.6%......1,014,00050. First-Line Supervisors, Administrative Support ..........EC ............$39,490 ............6.6% ........140,000

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The 50 Best Conventional JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

1. Accountants ................................................................CE ............$49,060 ..........19.5% ........119,0002. Auditors ......................................................................CE ............$49,060 ..........19.5% ........119,0003. Adjustment Clerks ......................................................CE ............$26,500 ..........24.3% ........419,0004. Customer Service Representatives, Utilities ..............CE ............$26,500 ..........24.3% ........419,0005. Cost Estimators ..........................................................CE ............$48,290 ..........18.6% ..........25,0006. Legal Secretaries ........................................................CE ............$35,660 ..........18.8% ..........39,0007. Immigration and Customs Inspectors ........................CE ............$52,390 ..........22.4% ..........11,0008. Police Identification and Records Officers..................CR ............$52,390 ..........22.4% ..........11,0009. Bill and Account Collectors ........................................CE ............$27,000 ..........24.5% ..........76,000

10. Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks ............CE ............$34,820 ..........14.1% ..........51,00011. Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty

Insurance ....................................................................CE ............$44,040 ..........14.2% ..........31,00012. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll

and Timekeeping ........................................................CE ............$31,060 ..........19.3% ..........36,00013. Executive Secretaries and Administrative

Assistants ....................................................................CE ............$34,080 ............8.7% ........210,00014. Receptionists and Information Clerks ........................CE ............$21,320 ..........29.5% ........296,00015. Assessors....................................................................CE ............$43,610 ..........17.6% ..........11,00016. Credit Analysts ............................................................CE ............$45,020 ..........18.7% ............9,00017. Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and

Ambulance ..................................................................CR ............$30,390 ..........14.4% ..........28,00018. Counter and Rental Clerks ........................................CE ............$17,640 ..........26.3% ........144,00019. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ....................CS ............$22,590 ..........28.0% ..........46,00020. Budget Analysts ..........................................................CE ............$54,520 ..........14.0% ............8,00021. Licensing Examiners and Inspectors..........................CE ............$46,780 ............9.8% ..........20,00022. Pharmacy Technicians ................................................CR ............$22,760 ..........28.8% ..........39,00023. Medical Secretaries ....................................................CE ............$26,000 ..........17.2% ..........50,00024. Actuaries ......................................................................CI..............$72,520 ..........14.9% ............2,00025. Medical Records and Health Information

Technicians ..................................................................C ..............$24,520 ..........46.8% ..........24,00026. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians....................CS ............$30,810 ..........26.7% ............5,00027. Mapping Technicians ..................................................CR ............$29,520 ..........23.1% ..........10,00028. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks..........CE ............$27,760 ............3.0% ........274,00029. Insurance Underwriters ..............................................CE ............$47,330 ..........10.0% ..........12,00030. Construction and Building Inspectors ........................CR ............$42,650 ..........13.8% ..........10,00031. Air Traffic Controllers ..................................................CR ............$96,260 ..........12.6% ............2,00032. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ........................CE ............$17,450 ..........23.9% ..........46,000

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The 50 Best Conventional JobsPersonality Annual Percent Annual

Job Code Earnings Growth Openings

33. Office Clerks, General..................................................C ..............$22,450 ..........10.4% ........550,00034. Cashiers ......................................................................CE ............$15,760 ..........13.2%......1,221,00035. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ....................................CE ............$26,290 ............7.9% ..........78,00036. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine

Operators ....................................................................CR ............$26,290 ............7.9% ..........78,00037. Statement Clerks ........................................................CE ............$26,290 ............7.9% ..........78,00038. Tax Preparers..............................................................CE ............$26,530 ..........23.2% ..........11,00039. Cargo and Freight Agents ..........................................CR ............$31,990 ..........15.5% ............8,00040. Insurance Claims Clerks ............................................CE ............$28,520 ............3.6% ..........41,00041. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks ..........................CE ............$28,520 ............3.6% ..........41,00042. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ......................CR ............$44,170 ..........15.1% ............1,00043. Postal Service Mail Carriers ......................................CR ............$39,620 ..........–0.5% ..........20,00044. Freight Inspectors ......................................................CR ............$49,590 ............7.7% ............5,00045. Marine Cargo Inspectors ............................................CR ............$49,590 ............7.7% ............5,00046. Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents ..........CE ............$26,220 ..........12.2% ..........35,00047. Travel Clerks................................................................CS ............$26,220 ..........12.2% ..........35,00048. Library Assistants, Clerical ........................................CR ............$19,930 ..........21.5% ..........27,00049. Audio-Visual Collections Specialists ..........................CS ............$32,590 ..........16.3% ............2,00050. Court Clerks ................................................................CE ............$27,450 ..........12.3% ..........14,000

The 20 Best-Paying Jobs for Each Personality Type

In the following six lists you’ll find the 20 best-paying jobs for each personality type thatmet our criteria for this book. These are popular lists, for obvious reasons.

If you compare these six lists, you may notice that some personality types have betterincome possibilities than others. For example, the best-paying Investigative and Enterprisingjobs command much higher incomes than the best-paying Artistic and Conventional jobs.Keep in mind that these figures are only averages; there are a few artists (for example, thinkof movie stars) who are earning more than obstetricians. Also remember what we said earlierabout how earnings can vary by region of the country and amount of experience andbecause of many other factors.

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The 20 Best-Paying Realistic JobsJob Annual Earnings

1. Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers ....................................................................$125,0302. Civil Engineers ....................................................................................................................$61,8503. Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors................................................................$57,0004. Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ..........................................................$57,0005. Technical Directors/Managers ............................................................................................$48,2006. Pressure Vessel Inspectors ................................................................................................$46,7807. Highway Patrol Pilots ..........................................................................................................$44,0208. Calibration and Instrumentation Technicians ......................................................................$43,6509. Electrical Engineering Technicians......................................................................................$43,650

10. Electronics Engineering Technicians ..................................................................................$43,65011. Electricians ..........................................................................................................................$41,68012. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ..........................................................................................$41,55013. Pipe Fitters ..........................................................................................................................$40,95014. Pipelaying Fitters ................................................................................................................$40,95015. Plumbers..............................................................................................................................$40,95016. Radiologic Technicians ........................................................................................................$40,62017. Radiologic Technologists ....................................................................................................$40,62018. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers ............................................................$39,54019. Forest Fire Fighters ............................................................................................................$37,06020. Municipal Fire Fighters ........................................................................................................$37,060

The 20 Best-Paying Investigative JobsJob Annual Earnings

1. Anesthesiologists ........................................................................................................over $145,0002. Internists, General ......................................................................................................over $145,0003. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ................................................................................over $145,0004. Surgeons ....................................................................................................................over $145,0005. Pediatricians, General ......................................................................................................$134,1706. Psychiatrists ......................................................................................................................$133,9707. Family and General Practitioners ......................................................................................$133,3408. Dentists, General ..............................................................................................................$120,3309. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons........................................................................................$120,330

10. Orthodontists ....................................................................................................................$120,33011. Prosthodontists ..................................................................................................................$120,33012. Natural Sciences Managers ................................................................................................$85,860

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The 20 Best-Paying Investigative JobsJob Annual Earnings

13. Optometrists ........................................................................................................................$85,43014. Pharmacists ........................................................................................................................$80,53015. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software ............................................................$76,24016. Computer Hardware Engineers ..........................................................................................$75,98017. Computer Software Engineers, Applications ......................................................................$72,53018. Electronics Engineers, Except Computer............................................................................$71,37019. Economists ..........................................................................................................................$70,25020. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary................................................................................$69,700

The 20 Best-Paying Artistic JobsJob Annual Earnings

1. Art Directors ........................................................................................................................$62,2602. Advertising and Promotions Managers ..............................................................................$60,3503. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval............................................................................$57,9504. Fashion Designers ..............................................................................................................$52,8605. Commercial and Industrial Designers ................................................................................$52,3206. Technical Writers ................................................................................................................$51,5907. Landscape Architects ..........................................................................................................$50,4808. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio..................................................$48,2009. Producers ............................................................................................................................$48,200

10. Talent Directors....................................................................................................................$48,20011. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................................$47,98012. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................$47,12013. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................$46,78014. Librarians ............................................................................................................................$44,14015. Caption Writers ....................................................................................................................$42,33016. Copy Writers ........................................................................................................................$42,33017. Creative Writers ..................................................................................................................$42,33018. Poets and Lyricists ..............................................................................................................$42,33019. Editors..................................................................................................................................$41,46020. Film and Video Editors ........................................................................................................$40,600

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The 20 Best-Paying Social JobsJob Annual Earnings

1. Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School ..........................................$73,4902. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary..................................................................................$64,9503. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................$59,7104. Personal Financial Advisors ................................................................................................$58,7005. Physical Therapists..............................................................................................................$57,7106. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................$57,3407. Dental Hygienists ................................................................................................................$56,3608. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................$55,0609. Radiation Therapists............................................................................................................$54,190

10. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................................$54,17011. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary....................................................................................$52,77012. Occupational Therapists ......................................................................................................$52,55013. Counseling Psychologists ..................................................................................................$52,22014. History Teachers, Postsecondary........................................................................................$52,18015. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary..............................................................$50,92016. Speech-Language Pathologists ..........................................................................................$50,05017. Registered Nurses ..............................................................................................................$49,55018. Instructional Coordinators ..................................................................................................$47,47019. Social and Community Service Managers..........................................................................$45,45020. Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors................................................................$44,640

The 20 Best-Paying Enterprising JobsJob Annual Earnings

1. Government Service Executives ......................................................................................$134,7402. Private Sector Executives..................................................................................................$134,7403. Engineering Managers ........................................................................................................$94,4704. Lawyers................................................................................................................................$91,4905. Computer and Information Systems Managers ..................................................................$89,7406. Marketing Managers............................................................................................................$83,2107. Sales Managers ..................................................................................................................$80,4708. Financial Managers, Branch or Department ......................................................................$77,3009. Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief Financial Officers ........................................................$77,300

10. Compensation and Benefits Managers ..............................................................................$68,80011. Human Resources Managers ............................................................................................$68,80012. Training and Development Managers..................................................................................$68,800

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The 20 Best-Paying Enterprising JobsJob Annual Earnings

13. Sales Engineers ..................................................................................................................$67,79014. Education Administrators, Postsecondary ..........................................................................$66,64015. Construction Managers ......................................................................................................$66,47016. Medical and Health Services Managers ............................................................................$64,55017. Storage and Distribution Managers ....................................................................................$63,59018. Transportation Managers ....................................................................................................$63,59019. Management Analysts ........................................................................................................$62,58020. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives ................................................$62,350

The 20 Best-Paying Conventional JobsJob Annual Earnings

1. Air Traffic Controllers ..........................................................................................................$96,2602. Actuaries..............................................................................................................................$72,5203. Budget Analysts ..................................................................................................................$54,5204. Immigration and Customs Inspectors..................................................................................$52,3905. Police Identification and Records Officers ..........................................................................$52,3906. Freight Inspectors ................................................................................................................$49,5907. Marine Cargo Inspectors ....................................................................................................$49,5908. Accountants ........................................................................................................................$49,0609. Auditors................................................................................................................................$49,060

10. Cost Estimators ..................................................................................................................$48,29011. Insurance Underwriters ......................................................................................................$47,33012. Licensing Examiners and Inspectors ..................................................................................$46,78013. Credit Analysts ....................................................................................................................$45,02014. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ..............................................................................$44,17015. Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty Insurance ........................................................$44,04016. Assessors ............................................................................................................................$43,61017. Construction and Building Inspectors ................................................................................$42,65018. Postal Service Mail Carriers ................................................................................................$39,62019. Legal Secretaries ................................................................................................................$35,66020. Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks......................................................................$34,820

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The 20 Fastest-Growing Jobs for EachPersonality Type

From the six lists of 50 jobs that met our criteria for this book, these six lists show the 20 for each personality type that are projected to have the highest percentage increase in thenumbers of people employed through 2012.

You will notice that just as income opportunities vary among the lists of the best-payingjobs, job opportunities vary among the personality types. The top Investigative and Socialjobs have better opportunities (an average of about 40 percent growth) than do the top jobsin the other groups (an average of about 24 percent growth). This is partly because the kindof work done by Investigative and Social workers typically cannot be done by computers orby overseas workers. An aging population with greater need for medical and personal carealso will demand more Investigative and Social workers.

The 20 Fastest-Growing Realistic JobsJob Percent Growth

1. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics ..............................................................................31.8%2. Refrigeration Mechanics ........................................................................................................31.8%3. Surgical Technologists............................................................................................................27.9%4. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ..............................................................................26.1%5. Highway Patrol Pilots..............................................................................................................24.7%6. Correctional Officers and Jailers ............................................................................................24.2%7. Electricians ............................................................................................................................23.4%8. Radiologic Technicians ..........................................................................................................22.9%9. Radiologic Technologists ........................................................................................................22.9%

10. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Landscaping Workers ..........................21.6%11. Ceiling Tile Installers ..............................................................................................................21.4%12. Drywall Installers ....................................................................................................................21.4%13. Forest Fire Fighters ................................................................................................................20.7%14. Municipal Fire Fighters ..........................................................................................................20.7%15. Sheet Metal Workers ..............................................................................................................19.8%16. Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers....................................................................................................19.0%17. Truck Drivers, Heavy ..............................................................................................................19.0%18. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers ..............................................................18.8%19. Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ..................................................................18.7%20. Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ............................................................18.7%

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The 20 Fastest-Growing Investigative JobsJob Percent Growth

1. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts ........................................................57.0%2. Physician Assistants ..............................................................................................................48.9%3. Computer Software Engineers, Applications ........................................................................45.5%4. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software................................................................45.5%5. Database Administrators ........................................................................................................44.2%6. Computer Systems Analysts ..................................................................................................39.4%7. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................38.1%8. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................38.1%9. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary......................................................................................38.1%

10. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................38.1%11. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................................38.1%12. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................38.1%13. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................38.1%14. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................38.1%15. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary..........................................................................................38.1%16. Computer Security Specialists ..............................................................................................37.4%17. Respiratory Therapists ..........................................................................................................34.8%18. Computer Support Specialists ..............................................................................................30.3%19. Pharmacists............................................................................................................................30.1%20. Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists ........................................................28.0%

The 20 Fastest-Growing Artistic JobsJob Percent Growth

1. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary..................................................................38.1%2. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................38.1%3. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................38.1%4. Costume Attendants ..............................................................................................................27.8%5. Technical Writers ....................................................................................................................27.1%6. Film and Video Editors ..........................................................................................................26.4%7. Advertising and Promotions Managers..................................................................................25.0%8. Landscape Architects ............................................................................................................22.2%9. Interpreters and Translators ..................................................................................................22.1%

10. Graphic Designers..................................................................................................................21.9%11. Interior Designers ..................................................................................................................21.7%12. Exhibit Designers ..................................................................................................................20.9%

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The 20 Fastest-Growing Artistic JobsJob Percent Growth

13. Set Designers ........................................................................................................................20.9%14. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio ....................................................18.3%15. Producers ..............................................................................................................................18.3%16. Talent Directors ......................................................................................................................18.3%17. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ........................................................................18.2%18. Actors......................................................................................................................................17.7%19. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ..............................................................................17.3%20. Musicians, Instrumental..........................................................................................................17.1%

The 20 Fastest-Growing Social JobsJob Percent Growth

1. Medical Assistants..................................................................................................................58.9%2. Social and Human Service Assistants ..................................................................................48.7%3. Home Health Aides ................................................................................................................48.1%4. Physical Therapist Assistants ................................................................................................44.6%5. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors..............................................................................44.5%6. Dental Hygienists ..................................................................................................................43.1%7. Dental Assistants....................................................................................................................42.5%8. Personal and Home Care Aides ............................................................................................40.5%9. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ....................................................................................40.1%

10. Occupational Therapist Assistants ........................................................................................39.2%11. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................38.1%12. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................38.1%13. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................................38.1%14. Graduate Teaching Assistants................................................................................................38.1%15. History Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................................................................38.1%16. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................38.1%17. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary............................................................................38.1%18. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary....................................................................................38.1%19. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................................................38.1%20. Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................................................38.1%

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The 20 Fastest-Growing Enterprising JobsJob Percent Growth

1. Computer and Information Systems Managers ....................................................................36.1%2. Public Relations Specialists ..................................................................................................32.9%3. Sales Managers ....................................................................................................................30.5%4. Management Analysts............................................................................................................30.4%5. Medical and Health Services Managers ................................................................................29.3%6. Paralegals and Legal Assistants ............................................................................................28.7%7. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes ..................................27.8%8. Personnel Recruiters ..............................................................................................................27.3%9. Education Administrators, Postsecondary ............................................................................25.9%

10. Child Support, Missing Persons, and Unemployment Insurance Fraud Investigators ..........22.4%11. Criminal Investigators and Special Agents ............................................................................22.4%12. Police Detectives ....................................................................................................................22.4%13. Lawn Service Managers ........................................................................................................21.6%14. Marketing Managers ..............................................................................................................21.3%15. Sales Engineers ....................................................................................................................19.9%16. Administrative Services Managers ........................................................................................19.8%17. Storage and Distribution Managers ......................................................................................19.7%18. Transportation Managers ......................................................................................................19.7%19. Compensation and Benefits Managers..................................................................................19.4%20. Human Resources Managers ................................................................................................19.4%

The 20 Fastest-Growing Conventional JobsJob Percent Growth

1. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians ..........................................................46.8%2. Receptionists and Information Clerks ....................................................................................29.5%3. Pharmacy Technicians ..........................................................................................................28.8%4. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan................................................................................28.0%5. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians ..............................................................................26.7%6. Counter and Rental Clerks ....................................................................................................26.3%7. Bill and Account Collectors ....................................................................................................24.5%8. Adjustment Clerks ..................................................................................................................24.3%9. Customer Service Representatives, Utilities..........................................................................24.3%

10. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ..................................................................................23.9%11. Tax Preparers ........................................................................................................................23.2%12. Mapping Technicians ..............................................................................................................23.1%

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The 20 Fastest-Growing Conventional JobsJob Percent Growth

13. Immigration and Customs Inspectors ....................................................................................22.4%14. Police Identification and Records Officers ............................................................................22.4%15. Library Assistants, Clerical ....................................................................................................21.5%16. Accountants............................................................................................................................19.5%17. Auditors ..................................................................................................................................19.5%18. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping ..........................................19.3%19. Legal Secretaries ..................................................................................................................18.8%20. Credit Analysts ......................................................................................................................18.7%

The 20 Jobs with the Most Openings for EachPersonality Type

From the six lists of 50 jobs that met our criteria for this book, this list shows the 20 jobs foreach personality type that are projected to have the largest number of job openings per yearthrough 2012.

Jobs with many openings present several advantages that may be attractive to you. Becausethere are many openings, these jobs can be easier to obtain, particularly for those just enter-ing the job market. These jobs may also offer more opportunities to move from one employ-er to another with relative ease. Though some of these jobs have average or below-averagepay, some also pay quite well and can provide good long-term career opportunities or theability to move up to more responsible roles.

It is interesting but not surprising that job openings are dramatically more scarce in theArtistic list than in the other five lists; this is a category where keen competition for non-teaching jobs is the rule. If sales jobs were set aside, comparatively few openings also wouldbe found among the Enterprising jobs; this also tends to be a competitive arena. The twopersonality types with outstanding figures for job openings are Conventional and Social.

On all the lists, the jobs that are expected to have the greatest number of openings tend to be those that require hands-on or in-person work—for example, truck drivers, teachers,salespeople, or cashiers. These workers are less likely to be replaced by technology or by overseas workers.

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The 20 Realistic Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

1. Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ................................................................................................299,0002. Truck Drivers, Heavy............................................................................................................299,0003. Boat Builders and Shipwrights ............................................................................................193,0004. Brattice Builders ..................................................................................................................193,0005. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ................................................................................193,0006. Construction Carpenters ....................................................................................................193,0007. Rough Carpenters ..............................................................................................................193,0008. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ..............................................................................................193,0009. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General........................................................................155,000

10. Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons ........................................................155,00011. Automotive Master Mechanics ............................................................................................100,00012. Automotive Specialty Technicians ......................................................................................100,00013. Brazers ..................................................................................................................................71,00014. Solderers ..............................................................................................................................71,00015. Welder-Fitters ........................................................................................................................71,00016. Welders and Cutters..............................................................................................................71,00017. Welders, Production ..............................................................................................................71,00018. Highway Patrol Pilots ............................................................................................................67,00019. Electricians ............................................................................................................................65,00020. Pipe Fitters ............................................................................................................................56,000

The 20 Investigative Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

1. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................216,0002. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary......................................................................216,0003. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................................216,0004. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................216,0005. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary................................................................................216,0006. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................216,0007. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................................216,0008. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary................................................................216,0009. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................................................216,000

10. Computer Support Specialists ..............................................................................................71,00011. Computer Systems Analysts ................................................................................................68,00012. Computer Software Engineers, Applications ........................................................................55,000

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The 20 Investigative Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

13. Computer Programmers ........................................................................................................45,00014. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software ..............................................................39,00015. Anesthesiologists ..................................................................................................................38,00016. Family and General Practitioners ..........................................................................................38,00017. Internists, General ................................................................................................................38,00018. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ..........................................................................................38,00019. Pediatricians, General ..........................................................................................................38,00020. Psychiatrists ..........................................................................................................................38,000

The 20 Artistic Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

1. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................................216,0002. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................216,0003. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................216,0004. Costume Attendants ..............................................................................................................66,0005. Graphic Designers ................................................................................................................29,0006. Musicians, Instrumental ........................................................................................................25,0007. Singers ..................................................................................................................................25,0008. Caption Writers ......................................................................................................................23,0009. Copy Writers ..........................................................................................................................23,000

10. Creative Writers ....................................................................................................................23,00011. Poets and Lyricists ................................................................................................................23,00012. Photographers, Scientific ......................................................................................................18,00013. Professional Photographers ..................................................................................................18,00014. Librarians ..............................................................................................................................15,00015. Editors....................................................................................................................................14,00016. Advertising and Promotions Managers ................................................................................13,00017. Floral Designers ....................................................................................................................13,00018. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio....................................................10,00019. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ..................................................................10,00020. Producers ..............................................................................................................................10,000

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The 20 Social Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

1. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ..........................................................................302,0002. Teacher Assistants ..............................................................................................................259,0003. Security Guards ..................................................................................................................228,0004. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................216,0005. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................216,0006. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary..................................................................................216,0007. Graduate Teaching Assistants ............................................................................................216,0008. History Teachers, Postsecondary........................................................................................216,0009. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary..............................................................216,000

10. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................216,00011. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................................216,00012. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary....................................................................................216,00013. Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................216,00014. Registered Nurses ..............................................................................................................215,00015. Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education ..................................................183,00016. Personal and Home Care Aides..........................................................................................154,00017. Home Health Aides ............................................................................................................141,00018. Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education ..........................118,00019. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses ..........................................................105,00020. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education....................................................................88,000

The 20 Enterprising Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

1. Retail Salespersons..........................................................................................................1,014,0002. Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical

and Scientific Products........................................................................................................160,0003. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers ....................154,0004. First-Line Supervisors, Administrative Support ..................................................................140,0005. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ............................................95,0006. Management Analysts ..........................................................................................................78,0007. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers ..........................................72,0008. Financial Managers, Branch or Department ........................................................................71,0009. Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief Financial Officers ..........................................................71,000

10. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers ..............67,00011. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers ..............................67,000

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The 20 Enterprising Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

12. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers ............................66,00013. Government Service Executives ..........................................................................................63,00014. Private Sector Executives......................................................................................................63,00015. Sales Managers ....................................................................................................................54,00016. Lawyers..................................................................................................................................53,00017. Construction Managers ........................................................................................................47,00018. Sales Representatives, Agricultural ......................................................................................44,00019. Sales Representatives, Chemical and Pharmaceutical ........................................................44,00020. Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic ........................................................................44,000

The 20 Conventional Jobs with the Most OpeningsJob Annual Openings

1. Cashiers............................................................................................................................1,221,0002. Office Clerks, General ........................................................................................................550,0003. Adjustment Clerks ..............................................................................................................419,0004. Customer Service Representatives, Utilities ......................................................................419,0005. Receptionists and Information Clerks ................................................................................296,0006. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ..................................................................274,0007. Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ........................................................210,0008. Counter and Rental Clerks..................................................................................................144,0009. Accountants ........................................................................................................................119,000

10. Auditors................................................................................................................................119,00011. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ..............................................................................................78,00012. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine Operators ............................................................78,00013. Statement Clerks ..................................................................................................................78,00014. Bill and Account Collectors....................................................................................................76,00015. Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks........................................................................51,00016. Medical Secretaries ..............................................................................................................50,00017. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ..................................................................................46,00018. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ..............................................................................46,00019. Insurance Claims Clerks ......................................................................................................41,00020. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks ......................................................................................41,000

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The Best Jobs for Each PersonalityType Sorted by Education or TrainingRequired

The lists that follow cover each personality type and separate the top 50 jobs that met thecriteria for this book into lists based on the education or training typically required for entry.Next to each job title you’ll find the job’s annual earnings, percent growth, and annual jobopenings, and these measures are used to order the jobs within each grouping. Thus you caneasily find the best overall jobs for a given level of education or training within a given per-sonality type.

You can use these lists in a variety of ways. For example, they can help you identify a jobthat has higher potential than a job you now hold that requires a similar level of education.

You can also use these lists to figure out additional job possibilities that would open up ifyou were to get additional training, education, or work experience. For example, maybe youare a high school graduate working in a job associated with the Social personality type.There are many jobs in this field at all levels of education, but especially at higher levels. Youcan identify the job you’re interested in and the related training you need (you’ll find moredetails in Part IV) so you can move ahead in the Social personality type.

The lists of jobs by education should also help you when you’re planning your education.For example, you might be thinking about a job within the Realistic personality type, butyou aren’t sure what kind of work you want to do. The lists show that a job as a PipelayingFitter requires moderate-term on-the-job training and pays $40,950, while various weldingjobs require long-term on-the-job training but pay an average of $29,640. If you want high-er earnings without lengthy training, this information might make a difference in yourchoice.

If you compare the different personality types, you’ll note something that was discussed inthe Introduction: some personality types (especially Investigative) offer most of their oppor-tunities to people who are willing to get college degrees, whereas for other types (especiallyRealistic and Conventional) the most common entry route is on-the-job training.

The Education Levels) Short-term on-the-job training. It is possible to work in these occupations and achieve an

average level of performance within a few days or weeks through on-the-job training.

) Moderate-term on-the-job training. Occupations that require this type of training can beperformed adequately after a 1- to 12-month period of combined on-the-job and infor-mal training. Typically, untrained workers observe experienced workers performing tasksand are gradually moved into progressively more difficult assignments.

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) Long-term on-the-job training. This training requires more than 12 months of on-the-jobtraining or combined work experience and formal classroom instruction. This includesoccupations that use formal apprenticeships for training workers that may take up tofour years. It also includes intensive occupation-specific, employer-sponsored trainingsuch as police academies. Furthermore, it includes occupations that require natural tal-ent that must be developed over many years.

) Work experience in a related occupation. This type of job requires experience in a relatedoccupation. For example, Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors are selectedbased on their experience as Forest Fire Fighters.

) Postsecondary vocational training. This requirement involves an amount of training thatcan vary from a few months to about one year. In a few instances, there may be as manyas four years of training.

) Associate’s degree. This degree usually requires two years of full-time academic workbeyond high school.

) Bachelor’s degree. This degree requires approximately four to five years of full-time academic work beyond high school.

) Work experience plus degree. Jobs in this category are often management-related andrequire some experience in a related nonmanagerial position.

) Master’s degree. Completion of a master’s degree usually requires one to two years of full-time study beyond the bachelor’s degree.

) Doctoral degree. This degree normally requires two or more years of full-time academicwork beyond the bachelor’s degree.

) First professional degree. This type of degree normally requires a minimum of two yearsof education beyond the bachelor’s degree and frequently requires three years.

Another Warning About the DataWe warned you in the Introduction to use caution in interpreting the data we use, and wewant to do it again here. The occupational data we use is the most accurate available any-where, but it has its limitations. For example, the education or training requirements forentry into a job are those typically required as a minimum—but some people working inthose jobs may have considerably more or different credentials. For example, mostRegistered Nurses now have a four-year bachelor’s degree, although the two-year associate’sdegree is the minimum level of training the job requires.

In a similar way, people with jobs that require long-term on-the-job training typically earnmore than people with jobs that require short-term on-the-job training. However, some people with short-term on-the-job training do earn more than the average for the highest-paying occupations listed in this book. On the other hand, some people with long-term on-the-job training earn much less than the average shown in this book—this is particularlytrue early in a person’s career.

So as you browse the lists that follow, please use them as a way to be encouraged rather thandiscouraged. Education and training are very important for success in the labor market ofthe future, but so are ability, drive, initiative, and, yes, luck.

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Having said this, we encourage you to get as much education and training as you can. Itused to be that you got your schooling and never went back, but this is not a good attitudeto have now. You will probably need to continue learning new things throughout your work-ing life. You can do so by going to school, and this is a good thing for many people to do.But there are also many other ways to learn, such as workshops, certification programs,employer training, professional conferences, Internet training, reading related books andmagazines, and many others. Upgrading your computer and other technical skills is particu-larly important in our rapidly changing workplace, and you avoid doing so at your peril.

An old saying goes, “The harder you work, the luckier you get.” It is just as true now as itever was.

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Truck Drivers, Heavy ....................................................................$33,310..........19.0% ........299,0002. Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons ................$36,910..........16.3% ........155,0003. Brazers..........................................................................................$29,640..........17.0% ..........71,0004. Solderers ......................................................................................$29,640..........17.0% ..........71,0005. Welders, Production ....................................................................$29,640..........17.0% ..........71,000

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Pipelaying Fitters ..........................................................................$40,950..........18.7% ..........56,0002. Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ..........................................................$33,310..........19.0% ........299,0003. Correctional Officers and Jailers ..................................................$33,160..........24.2% ..........49,0004. Sheet Metal Workers ....................................................................$35,000..........19.8% ..........30,0005. Brattice Builders............................................................................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0006. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers..........................................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0007. Rough Carpenters ........................................................................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0008. Ship Carpenters and Joiners........................................................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0009. Ceiling Tile Installers ....................................................................$33,670..........21.4% ..........17,000

10. Drywall Installers ..........................................................................$33,670..........21.4% ..........17,00011. Roofers ........................................................................................$30,020..........18.6% ..........38,000

12. Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ..................................$35,030..........10.4% ..........45,000

13. Operating Engineers ....................................................................$35,030..........10.4% ..........45,000

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Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Highway Patrol Pilots ....................................................................$44,020..........24.7% ..........67,0002. Electricians....................................................................................$41,680..........23.4% ..........65,0003. Pipe Fitters....................................................................................$40,950..........18.7% ..........56,0004. Plumbers ......................................................................................$40,950..........18.7% ..........56,0005. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics ....................................$35,160..........31.8% ..........35,0006. Refrigeration Mechanics ..............................................................$35,160..........31.8% ..........35,0007. Forest Fire Fighters ......................................................................$37,060..........20.7% ..........29,0008. Municipal Fire Fighters ................................................................$37,060..........20.7% ..........29,0009. Technical Directors/Managers ......................................................$48,200..........18.3% ..........10,000

10. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ..................................................$41,550..........14.2% ..........21,00011. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers......................$39,540..........18.8% ..........13,00012. Boat Builders and Shipwrights ....................................................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,00013. Construction Carpenters ..............................................................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,00014. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ....................................$30,780..........26.1% ..........24,00015. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ................................$29,800..........16.3% ........155,00016. Pressure Vessel Inspectors ..........................................................$46,780............9.8% ..........20,00017. Welder-Fitters ..............................................................................$29,640..........17.0% ..........71,00018. Welders and Cutters ....................................................................$29,640..........17.0% ..........71,000

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related OccupationAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ........................$57,000..........18.7% ............8,0002. Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors....................$57,000..........18.7% ............8,0003. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Landscaping Workers ............................................$33,770..........21.6% ..........18,000

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Postsecondary Vocational TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists ........$34,970 ............14.2% ..........28,0002. Surgical Technologists ..............................................................$32,130 ............27.9% ..........13,0003. Automotive Master Mechanics ..................................................$31,130 ............12.4% ........100,0004. Automotive Specialty Technicians..............................................$31,130 ............12.4% ........100,000

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Best Realistic Jobs Requiring an Associate’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Radiologic Technicians ................................................................$40,620..........22.9% ..........21,0002. Radiologic Technologists ..............................................................$40,620..........22.9% ..........21,0003. Calibration and Instrumentation Technicians................................$43,650..........10.0% ..........24,0004. Electrical Engineering Technicians ..............................................$43,650..........10.0% ..........24,0005. Electronics Engineering Technicians............................................$43,650..........10.0% ..........24,000

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers ............................$125,030..........18.5% ............6,0002. Civil Engineers..............................................................................$61,850............8.0% ..........17,000

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring an Associate’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Computer Support Specialists......................................................$39,440..........30.3% ..........71,0002. Respiratory Therapists..................................................................$41,150..........34.8% ..........10,000

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software......................$76,240..........45.5% ..........39,0002. Computer Software Engineers, Applications................................$72,530..........45.5% ..........55,0003. Computer Systems Analysts ........................................................$64,160..........39.4% ..........68,0004. Physician Assistants ....................................................................$65,670..........48.9% ............7,0005. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts ..............$59,120..........57.0% ..........29,0006. Database Administrators ..............................................................$58,200..........44.2% ..........16,0007. Computer Security Specialists ....................................................$56,050..........37.4% ..........35,0008. Computer Programmers ..............................................................$61,340..........14.6% ..........45,0009. Financial Analysts ........................................................................$60,050..........18.7% ..........22,000

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Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

10. Market Research Analysts............................................................$54,670..........23.4% ..........18,00011. Electronics Engineers, Except Computer ....................................$71,370............9.4% ..........11,00012. Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists ..............$46,860..........28.0% ..........15,00013. Economists ..................................................................................$70,250..........13.4% ............2,00014. Computer Hardware Engineers....................................................$75,980............6.1% ............6,00015. Geologists ....................................................................................$68,460..........11.5% ............2,00016. Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health ........$48,790..........23.7% ............6,00017. Electrical Engineers......................................................................$69,640............2.5% ..........11,00018. Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists ............................$43,640..........19.3% ..........21,000

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Natural Sciences Managers ........................................................$85,860..........11.3% ............5,000

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Master’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................$69,700..........38.1% ........216,0002. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................$65,470..........38.1% ........216,0003. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary ....$64,500..........38.1% ........216,0004. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................$62,880..........38.1% ........216,0005. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................$61,790..........38.1% ........216,0006. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................$55,840..........38.1% ........216,0007. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................$55,420..........38.1% ........216,0008. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................$51,030..........38.1% ........216,0009. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................$50,910..........38.1% ........216,000

10. Clinical Psychologists ..................................................................$52,220..........24.4% ..........17,00011. Educational Psychologists............................................................$52,220..........24.4% ..........17,000

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Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Doctoral DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists ................................$59,210..........26.9% ............6,0002. Biochemists ..................................................................................$62,300..........22.9% ............2,0003. Biophysicists ................................................................................$62,300..........22.9% ............2,000

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a First Professional DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Anesthesiologists ..................................................................over $145,000..........19.5% ..........38,0002. Internists, General ................................................................over $145,000..........19.5% ..........38,0003. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ..........................................over $145,000..........19.5% ..........38,0004. Surgeons ..............................................................................over $145,000..........19.5% ..........38,0005. Pediatricians, General ................................................................$134,170..........19.5% ..........38,0006. Psychiatrists................................................................................$133,970..........19.5% ..........38,0007. Family and General Practitioners ..............................................$133,340..........19.5% ..........38,0008. Pharmacists ..................................................................................$80,530..........30.1% ..........23,0009. Veterinarians ................................................................................$64,750..........25.1% ............4,000

10. Chiropractors ................................................................................$65,990..........23.3% ............3,00011. Optometrists ................................................................................$85,430..........17.1% ............2,00012. Dentists, General ........................................................................$120,330............4.1% ............7,00013. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ................................................$120,330............4.1% ............7,00014. Orthodontists ..............................................................................$120,330............4.1% ............7,00015. Prosthodontists ..........................................................................$120,330............4.1% ............7,000

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Caption Writers ............................................................................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0002. Costume Attendants ....................................................................$25,410 ........27.8% ..........66,0003. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture ..........$34,330 ........13.4% ............4,0004. Floral Designers............................................................................$19,660 ........12.4% ..........13,0005. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ..........................$22,030 ........11.3% ..........10,0006. Radio and Television Announcers ................................................$20,940 ......–10.1% ............8,0007. Models ..........................................................................................$24,270 ........14.5% ............1,0008. Photographic Retouchers and Restorers ....................................$20,370 ..........5.4% ............4,000

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Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Talent Directors ............................................................................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,0002. Musicians, Instrumental ................................................................$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0003. Singers..........................................................................................$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0004. Interpreters and Translators..........................................................$33,490 ........22.1% ............4,0005. Actors............................................................................................$26,460 ........17.7% ............8,0006. Cartoonists....................................................................................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,0007. Painters and Illustrators ................................................................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,0008. Sculptors ......................................................................................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,0009. Sketch Artists................................................................................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,000

10. Photographers, Scientific..............................................................$25,050 ........13.6% ..........18,00011. Professional Photographers ........................................................$25,050 ........13.6% ..........18,000

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related OccupationAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Choreographers............................................................................$31,030 ........15.8% ............3,000

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Postsecondary Vocational TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ..............................$29,320 ........18.2%......fewer than 500

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Graphic Designers ........................................................................$36,630 ........21.9% ..........29,0002. Technical Writers ..........................................................................$51,590 ........27.1% ............6,0003. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ....................................$57,950 ........17.3% ............8,0004. Copy Writers ................................................................................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0005. Creative Writers ............................................................................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0006. Poets and Lyricists........................................................................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,000

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Job Earnings Growth Openings

7. Interior Designers ........................................................................$40,120 ........21.7% ............8,0008. Landscape Architects ..................................................................$50,480 ........22.2% ............2,0009. Film and Video Editors ................................................................$40,600 ........26.4% ............3,000

10. Commercial and Industrial Designers ..........................................$52,320 ........14.7% ............7,00011. Editors ..........................................................................................$41,460 ........11.8% ..........14,00012. Exhibit Designers..........................................................................$35,150 ........20.9% ............2,00013. Set Designers ..............................................................................$35,150 ........20.9% ............2,00014. Fashion Designers........................................................................$52,860 ........10.6% ............2,00015. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ............................................$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00016. Broadcast News Analysts ............................................................$31,240 ..........6.2% ............6,00017. Reporters and Correspondents....................................................$31,240 ..........6.2% ............6,000

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Advertising and Promotions Managers ........................................$60,350 ........25.0% ..........13,0002. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio ..........$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,0003. Producers......................................................................................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,0004. Art Directors..................................................................................$62,260 ........11.4% ............8,000

Best Artistic Jobs Requiring a Master’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary........................$47,980 ........38.1% ........216,0002. English Language and Literature Teachers,

Postsecondary ..............................................................................$47,120 ........38.1% ........216,0003. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers,

Postsecondary ..............................................................................$46,780 ........38.1% ........216,0004. Librarians ......................................................................................$44,140 ........10.1% ..........15,0005. Curators ........................................................................................$35,660 ........17.0% ............2,0006. Museum Technicians and Conservators ......................................$35,660 ........17.0% ............2,0007. Composers....................................................................................$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,0008. Music Directors ............................................................................$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,000

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Best Social Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Home Health Aides ......................................................................$18,240..........48.1% ........141,0002. Security Guards............................................................................$19,660..........31.9% ........228,0003. Personal and Home Care Aides ..................................................$16,450..........40.5% ........154,0004. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ....................................$20,490..........24.9% ........302,0005. Teacher Assistants........................................................................$19,000..........23.0% ........259,000

Best Social Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Medical Assistants ........................................................................$24,170..........58.9% ..........78,0002. Social and Human Service Assistants ........................................$23,860..........48.7% ..........63,0003. Dental Assistants ..........................................................................$27,700..........42.5% ..........35,000

Best Social Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Police Patrol Officers ....................................................................$44,020..........24.7% ..........67,0002. Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs ........................................................$44,020..........24.7% ..........67,000

Best Social Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related OccupationAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................$39,740..........38.1% ........216,0002. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ..........................................$29,820..........40.1% ..........39,000

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Best Social Jobs Requiring Postsecondary Vocational TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ....................................$24,510..........44.5% ..........38,0002. Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics ......................$24,440..........33.1% ..........32,0003. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses....................$32,390..........20.2% ........105,000

Best Social Jobs Requiring an Associate’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Registered Nurses........................................................................$49,550..........27.3% ........215,0002. Dental Hygienists..........................................................................$56,360..........43.1% ............9,0003. Physical Therapist Assistants ......................................................$36,610..........44.6% ..........10,0004. Radiation Therapists ....................................................................$54,190..........31.6% ............1,0005. Occupational Therapist Assistants ..............................................$37,400..........39.2% ............3,000

Best Social Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Personal Financial Advisors ........................................................$58,700..........34.6% ..........18,0002. Special Education Teachers, Secondary School..........................$44,240..........30.0% ..........59,0003. Special Education Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten,

and Elementary School ................................................................$42,920..........30.0% ..........59,0004. Special Education Teachers, Middle School ................................$42,010..........30.0% ..........59,0005. Occupational Therapists ..............................................................$52,550..........35.2% ..........10,0006. Training and Development Specialists..........................................$44,160..........27.9% ..........35,0007. Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and

Vocational Education ....................................................................$44,580..........18.2% ........118,0008. Social and Community Service Managers ..................................$45,450..........27.7% ..........19,0009. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education ......................$40,160..........27.2% ..........34,000

10. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ..........................$19,820..........36.2% ..........88,00011. Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education ............$42,160..........15.2% ........183,00012. Employment Interviewers, Private or Public Employment

Service..........................................................................................$40,770..........27.3% ..........29,00013. Medical and Public Health Social Workers ..................................$38,430..........28.6% ..........18,00014. Child, Family, and School Social Workers....................................$33,810..........23.2% ..........45,000

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Best Social Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School ..........................................................................................$73,490..........20.7% ..........31,000

Best Social Jobs Requiring a Master’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................$64,950..........38.1% ........216,0002. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary ............$59,710..........38.1% ........216,0003. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................$57,340..........38.1% ........216,0004. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers,

Postsecondary ..............................................................................$55,060..........38.1% ........216,0005. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary..........................................$54,170..........38.1% ........216,0006. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................$52,770..........38.1% ........216,0007. History Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................$52,180..........38.1% ........216,0008. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary ......................$50,920..........38.1% ........216,0009. Graduate Teaching Assistants......................................................$24,570..........38.1% ........216,000

10. Physical Therapists ......................................................................$57,710..........35.3% ..........16,00011. Counseling Psychologists ............................................................$52,220..........24.4% ..........17,00012. Instructional Coordinators ............................................................$47,470..........25.4% ..........18,00013. Speech-Language Pathologists....................................................$50,050..........27.2% ..........10,00014. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers ................$33,020..........34.5% ..........17,00015. Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors ........................$44,640..........15.0% ..........32,000

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop..............................................................................................$15,380 ........16.4% ..........95,000

2. Retail Salespersons......................................................................$18,090 ........14.6% ......1,014,000

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Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Sales Representatives, Agricultural..............................................$57,120 ........19.3% ..........44,0002. Sales Representatives, Chemical and Pharmaceutical ..............$57,120 ........19.3% ..........44,0003. Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic ................................$57,120 ........19.3% ..........44,0004. Sales Representatives, Instruments ............................................$57,120 ........19.3% ..........44,0005. Sales Representatives, Mechanical Equipment and

Supplies ........................................................................................$57,120 ........19.3% ..........44,0006. Sales Representatives, Medical ..................................................$57,120 ........19.3% ..........44,0007. Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing,

Except Technical and Scientific Products ....................................$43,860 ........19.1% ........160,000

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators ....................$44,040 ........14.2% ..........31,000

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related Occupation

Annual Percent AnnualJob Earnings Growth Openings

1. Storage and Distribution Managers..............................................$63,590 ........19.7% ..........13,0002. Transportation Managers..............................................................$63,590 ........19.7% ..........13,0003. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers ................................$48,730 ........14.1% ..........67,0004. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Extractive Workers ................................................$48,730 ........14.1% ..........67,0005. Child Support, Missing Persons, and Unemployment

Insurance Fraud Investigators ......................................................$52,390 ........22.4% ..........11,0006. Criminal Investigators and Special Agents ..................................$52,390 ........22.4% ..........11,0007. Police Detectives ..........................................................................$52,390 ........22.4% ..........11,0008. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics,

Installers, and Repairers ..............................................................$48,620 ........15.4% ..........42,0009. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales

Workers ........................................................................................$55,690 ..........6.8% ..........72,000

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Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related Occupation

Annual Percent AnnualJob Earnings Growth Openings

10. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers ....................................................................$24,700 ........15.5% ........154,000

11. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives ........$62,350 ........15.3% ..........14,00012. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and

Operating Workers........................................................................$43,720 ..........9.5% ..........66,00013. Lawn Service Managers ..............................................................$33,770 ........21.6% ..........18,00014. First-Line Supervisors, Administrative Support ............................$39,490 ..........6.6% ........140,000

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring an Associate’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Paralegals and Legal Assistants ..................................................$37,930 ........28.7% ..........29,000

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Construction Managers ................................................................$66,470 ........12.0% ..........47,0002. Public Relations Specialists..........................................................$42,590 ........32.9% ..........28,0003. Personnel Recruiters ....................................................................$40,770 ........27.3% ..........29,0004. Sales Engineers............................................................................$67,790 ........19.9% ............7,0005. Sales Agents, Financial Services ................................................$60,530 ........13.0% ..........39,0006. Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities ................................$60,530 ........13.0% ..........39,0007. Loan Officers ................................................................................$46,640 ........18.8% ..........30,000

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Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Sales Managers............................................................................$80,470 ........30.5% ..........54,0002. Management Analysts ..................................................................$62,580 ........30.4% ..........78,0003. Computer and Information Systems Managers ..........................$89,740 ........36.1% ..........39,0004. Financial Managers, Branch or Department ................................$77,300 ........18.3% ..........71,0005. Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief Financial Officers ..................$77,300 ........18.3% ..........71,0006. Government Service Executives ................................................$134,740 ........16.7% ..........63,0007. Medical and Health Services Managers ......................................$64,550 ........29.3% ..........33,0008. Private Sector Executives ..........................................................$134,740 ........16.7% ..........63,0009. Marketing Managers ....................................................................$83,210 ........21.3% ..........30,000

10. Administrative Services Managers ..............................................$56,940 ........19.8% ..........40,00011. Education Administrators, Postsecondary....................................$66,640 ........25.9% ..........19,00012. Compensation and Benefits Managers ........................................$68,800 ........19.4% ..........21,00013. Human Resources Managers ......................................................$68,800 ........19.4% ..........21,00014. Training and Development Managers ..........................................$68,800 ........19.4% ..........21,00015. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers,

and Athletes..................................................................................$54,640 ........27.8% ............2,00016. Engineering Managers ................................................................$94,470 ..........9.2% ..........16,00017. Program Directors ........................................................................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,000

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring a First Professional DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Lawyers ........................................................................................$91,490 ........17.0%............53,000

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Bill and Account Collectors ..........................................................$27,000 ........24.5%............76,0002. Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks ..............................$34,820 ........14.1%............51,0003. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll

and Timekeeping ..........................................................................$31,060 ........19.3%............36,0004. Receptionists and Information Clerks ..........................................$21,320 ........29.5%..........296,0005. Counter and Rental Clerks ..........................................................$17,640 ........26.3%..........144,000

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Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

6. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan......................................$22,590 ........28.0%............46,0007. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks..........................................$17,450 ........23.9%............46,0008. Office Clerks, General ..................................................................$22,450 ........10.4%..........550,0009. Cashiers........................................................................................$15,760 ........13.2% ......1,221,000

10. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ......................................................$26,290 ..........7.9%............78,00011. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine Operators ..................$26,290 ..........7.9%............78,00012. Statement Clerks ..........................................................................$26,290 ..........7.9%............78,00013. Postal Service Mail Carriers ........................................................$39,620 ........–0.5%............20,00014. Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents ............................$26,220 ........12.2%............35,00015. Travel Clerks ................................................................................$26,220 ........12.2%............35,00016. Library Assistants, Clerical ..........................................................$19,930 ........21.5%............27,00017. Court Clerks..................................................................................$27,450 ........12.3%............14,000

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Adjustment Clerks ........................................................................$26,500 ........24.3%..........419,0002. Customer Service Representatives, Utilities ................................$26,500 ........24.3%..........419,0003. Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ..................$34,080 ..........8.7%..........210,0004. Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance ......................$30,390 ........14.4%............28,0005. Pharmacy Technicians..................................................................$22,760 ........28.8%............39,0006. Mapping Technicians ....................................................................$29,520 ........23.1%............10,0007. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ..........................$27,760 ..........3.0%..........274,0008. Tax Preparers ..............................................................................$26,530 ........23.2%............11,0009. Cargo and Freight Agents ............................................................$31,990 ........15.5%..............8,000

10. Insurance Claims Clerks ..............................................................$28,520 ..........3.6%............41,00011. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks ............................................$28,520 ..........3.6%............41,00012. Audio-Visual Collections Specialists ............................................$32,590 ........16.3%..............2,000

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Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty Insurance ................$44,040 ........14.2%............31,0002. Licensing Examiners and Inspectors ..........................................$46,780 ..........9.8%............20,0003. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians ....................................$30,810 ........26.7%..............5,0004. Air Traffic Controllers ....................................................................$96,260 ........12.6%..............2,000

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related Occupation

Annual Percent AnnualJob Earnings Growth Openingss

1. Immigration and Customs Inspectors ..........................................$52,390 ........22.4%............11,0002. Police Identification and Records Officers....................................$52,390 ........22.4%............11,0003. Construction and Building Inspectors ..........................................$42,650 ........13.8%............10,0004. Freight Inspectors ........................................................................$49,590 ..........7.7%..............5,0005. Marine Cargo Inspectors ..............................................................$49,590 ..........7.7%..............5,000

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Postsecondary Vocational TrainingAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Legal Secretaries..........................................................................$35,660 ........18.8%............39,0002. Assessors ....................................................................................$43,610 ........17.6%............11,0003. Medical Secretaries ......................................................................$26,000 ........17.2%............50,000

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring an Associate’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians ................$24,520 ........46.8%............24,000

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Best Conventional Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Accountants ..................................................................................$49,060 ........19.5%..........119,0002. Auditors ........................................................................................$49,060 ........19.5%..........119,0003. Cost Estimators ............................................................................$48,290 ........18.6%............25,0004. Credit Analysts..............................................................................$45,020 ........18.7%..............9,0005. Budget Analysts............................................................................$54,520 ........14.0%..............8,0006. Insurance Underwriters ................................................................$47,330 ........10.0%............12,0007. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ........................................$44,170 ........15.1%..............1,000

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus DegreeAnnual Percent Annual

Job Earnings Growth Openings

1. Actuaries ......................................................................................$72,520 ........14.9%..............2,000

Best Jobs for Each Personality Typewith a High Percentage of Women and Men

We knew we would create some controversy when we first included the best jobs lists withhigh percentages of men and women. But these lists are not meant to restrict women or menfrom considering job options—one reason for including these lists is exactly the opposite.We hope the lists will help people see possibilities that they might not otherwise have con-sidered. For example, we suggest that women browse the lists of jobs that employ high per-centages of men. Many of these occupations pay quite well, and women who want to dothem and are willing to undertake the education or training should consider them.

To create the lists, we sorted the jobs of each personality type that met the criteria for thisbook and included only those employing 70 percent or more of women or men. For theRealistic, Investigative, and Enterprising personality types, the list of predominantly male jobsis much longer than the list of predominantly female jobs. For the Social and Conventionalpersonality types, we found the opposite to be true. For the Artistic personality type, the listswere roughly equal.

We also produced “best overall” lists in which these predominantly male jobs and predomi-nantly female jobs are sorted by their combined ranking in terms of annual earnings, percentgrowth, and annual job openings. In these lists, we list these facts for each job so you cancompare their potential rewards.

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In the following lists, if you compare the occupations employing a high percentage ofwomen with those employing a high percentage of men, you may notice some distinct dif-ferences beyond the obvious. For example, you may notice that the jobs with a high percent-age of women are growing somewhat faster than those with a high percentage of men. We’vedone the math and discovered that the different is an average growth rate of 24 percent forthe jobs that employ mostly women versus an average rate of 18 percent for the jobs thatemploy mostly men. The number of annual job openings shows a similar pattern.Occupations with a high percentage of men average 49,719 openings per year, while morethan double that number of openings, 102,808, are projected on average for occupationswith a high percentage of women.

This discrepancy reflects the trend that men have had more problems than women in adapt-ing to an economy dominated by service and information-based jobs. Many women maysimply be better prepared for these jobs, possessing more appropriate skills for the jobs thatare now growing rapidly and have more job openings.

On the other hand, you may notice that on average the jobs with a high percentage of menhave higher wages (an average of $51,075) than do the jobs with a high percentage ofwomen ($32,088). This indicates that women interested in improving their earnings maywant to consider jobs traditionally dominated by men. Remember that a time-honored gen-der imbalance is not always a barrier to women. Some employers are seeking female recruitsto counterbalance a traditional male dominance.

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

1. Surgical Technologists ..........................................................................................................80.7%2. Radiologic Technicians..........................................................................................................71.7%3. Radiologic Technologists ......................................................................................................71.7%

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

1. Radiologic Technicians ..........................................71.7% ..........$40,620 ........22.9% ............21,0002. Radiologic Technologists ........................................71.7% ..........$40,620 ........22.9% ............21,0003. Surgical Technologists ............................................80.7% ..........$32,130 ........27.9% ............13,000

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Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of MenJob Percent Men

1. Brickmasons and Blockmasons............................................................................................98.9%2. Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists....................................................98.8%3. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ............................................................................98.6%4. Roofers ..................................................................................................................................98.4%5. Pipe Fitters ............................................................................................................................98.3%

6. Pipelaying Fitters ..................................................................................................................98.3%

7. Plumbers ..............................................................................................................................98.3%

8. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics..............................................................................98.2%

9. Refrigeration Mechanics ......................................................................................................98.2%

10. Boat Builders and Shipwrights..............................................................................................98.1%

11. Brattice Builders ....................................................................................................................98.1%

12. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ..................................................................................98.1%

13. Construction Carpenters ......................................................................................................98.1%

14. Rough Carpenters ................................................................................................................98.1%

15. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ................................................................................................98.1%

16. Automotive Master Mechanics..............................................................................................98.1%

17. Automotive Specialty Technicians ........................................................................................98.1%

18. Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ..........................................................................97.8%

19. Operating Engineers ............................................................................................................97.8%

20. Electricians ............................................................................................................................97.4%

21. Ceiling Tile Installers ............................................................................................................97.3%

22. Drywall Installers ..................................................................................................................97.3%

23. Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ................................................................97.1%

24. Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors ............................................................97.1%

25. Forest Fire Fighters ..............................................................................................................96.4%

26. Municipal Fire Fighters..........................................................................................................96.4%

27. Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons..........................................................96.2%

28. Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers........................................................................96.0%

29. Sheet Metal Workers ............................................................................................................95.9%

30. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ........................................................................95.9%

31. Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ..................................................................................................94.1%

32. Truck Drivers, Heavy ............................................................................................................94.1%

33. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers ..............................................................93.5%

34. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Landscaping Workers ........................93.3%

35. Brazers ..................................................................................................................................92.6%

36. Solderers ..............................................................................................................................92.6%

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37. Welder-Fitters........................................................................................................................92.6%

38. Welders and Cutters ............................................................................................................92.6%

39. Welders, Production..............................................................................................................92.6%

40. Civil Engineers ......................................................................................................................89.9%

41. Highway Patrol Pilots ............................................................................................................86.9%

42. Calibration and Instrumentation Technicians ........................................................................80.9%

43. Electrical Engineering Technicians ......................................................................................80.9%

44. Electronics Engineering Technicians ....................................................................................80.9%45. Correctional Officers and Jailers ..........................................................................................74.0%

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

1. Highway Patrol Pilots..............................................86.9% ..........$44,020 ........24.7% ............67,0002. Electricians ............................................................97.4% ..........$41,680 ........23.4% ............65,0003. Pipe Fitters..............................................................98.3% ..........$40,950 ........18.7% ............56,0004. Pipelaying Fitters ....................................................98.3% ..........$40,950 ........18.7% ............56,0005. Plumbers ................................................................98.3% ..........$40,950 ........18.7% ............56,0006. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics ..............98.2% ..........$35,160 ........31.8% ............35,0007. Refrigeration Mechanics ........................................98.2% ..........$35,160 ........31.8% ............35,0008. Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers....................................94.1% ..........$33,310 ........19.0% ..........299,0009. Truck Drivers, Heavy ..............................................94.1% ..........$33,310 ........19.0% ..........299,000

10. Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons ..........................................................96.2% ..........$36,910 ........16.3% ..........155,000

11. Correctional Officers and Jailers ............................74.0% ..........$33,160 ........24.2% ............49,00012. Forest Fire Fighters ................................................96.4% ..........$37,060 ........20.7% ............29,00013. Municipal Fire Fighters ..........................................96.4% ..........$37,060 ........20.7% ............29,00014. Sheet Metal Workers ..............................................95.9% ..........$35,000 ........19.8% ............30,00015. Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention

Supervisors ............................................................97.1% ..........$57,000 ........18.7% ..............8,00016. Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention

Supervisors ............................................................97.1% ..........$57,000 ........18.7% ..............8,00017. Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers ........96.0% ........$125,030 ........18.5% ..............6,00018. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ............................98.9% ..........$41,550 ........14.2% ............21,000

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Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

19. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers ........................................................93.5% ..........$39,540 ........18.8% ............13,000

20. Boat Builders and Shipwrights ..............................98.1% ..........$34,250 ........10.1% ..........193,00021. Brattice Builders......................................................98.1% ..........$34,250 ........10.1% ..........193,00022. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers....................98.1% ..........$34,250 ........10.1% ..........193,00023. Construction Carpenters ........................................98.1% ..........$34,250 ........10.1% ..........193,00024. Rough Carpenters ..................................................98.1% ..........$34,250 ........10.1% ..........193,00025. Ship Carpenters and Joiners..................................98.1% ..........$34,250 ........10.1% ..........193,00026. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Landscaping Workers ......................93.3% ..........$33,770 ........21.6% ............18,00027. Calibration and Instrumentation Technicians ........80.9% ..........$43,650 ........10.0% ............24,00028. Electrical Engineering Technicians ........................80.9% ..........$43,650 ........10.0% ............24,00029. Electronics Engineering Technicians......................80.9% ..........$43,650 ........10.0% ............24,00030. Ceiling Tile Installers ..............................................97.3% ..........$33,670 ........21.4% ............17,00031. Drywall Installers ....................................................97.3% ..........$33,670 ........21.4% ............17,00032. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ..............98.6% ..........$30,780 ........26.1% ............24,00033. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ..........95.9% ..........$29,800 ........16.3% ..........155,00034. Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine

Specialists ..............................................................98.8% ..........$34,970 ........14.2% ............28,00035. Brazers....................................................................92.6% ..........$29,640 ........17.0% ............71,00036. Solderers ................................................................92.6% ..........$29,640 ........17.0% ............71,00037. Welder-Fitters ........................................................92.6% ..........$29,640 ........17.0% ............71,00038. Welders and Cutters ..............................................92.6% ..........$29,640 ........17.0% ............71,00039. Welders, Production ..............................................92.6% ..........$29,640 ........17.0% ............71,00040. Roofers ..................................................................98.4% ..........$30,020 ........18.6% ............38,00041. Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ............97.8% ..........$35,030 ........10.4% ............45,00042. Operating Engineers ..............................................97.8% ..........$35,030 ........10.4% ............45,00043. Civil Engineers........................................................89.9% ..........$61,850 ..........8.0% ............17,00044. Automotive Master Mechanics ..............................98.1% ..........$31,130 ........12.4% ..........100,00045. Automotive Specialty Technicians ..........................98.1% ..........$31,130 ........12.4% ..........100,000

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Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

1. Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists ....................................................................73.9%

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

1. Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists ......73.9% ..........$43,640 ........19.3% ............21,000

Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of MenJob Percent Men

1. Electronics Engineers, Except Computer ............................................................................91.3%2. Electrical Engineers ..............................................................................................................91.3%3. Computer Hardware Engineers ............................................................................................83.7%4. Dentists, General ..................................................................................................................82.1%5. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ..........................................................................................82.1%6. Orthodontists ........................................................................................................................82.1%7. Prosthodontists......................................................................................................................82.1%8. Chiropractors ........................................................................................................................77.8%9. Computer Security Specialists..............................................................................................76.7%

10. Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health ................................................75.9%11. Geologists ............................................................................................................................75.9%12. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software ..............................................................75.3%13. Computer Software Engineers, Applications ........................................................................75.3%14. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts ......................................................73.5%15. Anesthesiologists ..................................................................................................................73.2%16. Internists, General ................................................................................................................73.2%17. Family and General Practitioners..........................................................................................73.2%18. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ..........................................................................................73.2%19. Pediatricians, General ..........................................................................................................73.2%20. Psychiatrists ..........................................................................................................................73.2%21. Surgeons ..............................................................................................................................73.2%22. Computer Programmers........................................................................................................72.5%23. Optometrists ..........................................................................................................................72.4%

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Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

1. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software..................................................................75.3% ..........$76,240 ........45.5% ............39,000

2. Computer Software Engineers, Applications..........75.3% ..........$72,530 ........45.5% ............55,0003. Anesthesiologists....................................................73.2%....over $145,000 ........19.5% ............38,0004. Internists, General ..................................................73.2%....over $145,000 ........19.5% ............38,0005. Obstetricians and Gynecologists............................73.2%....over $145,000 ........19.5% ............38,0006. Surgeons ................................................................73.2%....over $145,000 ........19.5% ............38,0007. Pediatricians, General ............................................73.2% ........$134,170 ........19.5% ............38,0008. Psychiatrists............................................................73.2% ........$133,970 ........19.5% ............38,0009. Family and General Practitioners ..........................73.2% ........$133,340 ........19.5% ............38,000

10. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts ..................................................................73.5% ..........$59,120 ........57.0% ............29,000

11. Computer Security Specialists ..............................76.7% ..........$56,050 ........37.4% ............35,00012. Computer Programmers ........................................72.5% ..........$61,340 ........14.6% ............45,00013. Chiropractors ..........................................................77.8% ..........$65,990 ........23.3% ..............3,00014. Electronics Engineers, Except Computer ..............91.3% ..........$71,370 ..........9.4% ............11,00015. Optometrists ..........................................................72.4% ..........$85,430 ........17.1% ..............2,00016. Dentists, General ....................................................82.1% ........$120,330 ..........4.1% ..............7,00017. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ............................82.1% ........$120,330 ..........4.1% ..............7,00018. Orthodontists ..........................................................82.1% ........$120,330 ..........4.1% ..............7,00019. Prosthodontists ......................................................82.1% ........$120,330 ..........4.1% ..............7,00020. Computer Hardware Engineers..............................83.7% ..........$75,980 ..........6.1% ..............6,00021. Geologists ..............................................................75.9% ..........$68,460 ........11.5% ..............2,00022. Environmental Scientists and Specialists,

Including Health......................................................75.9% ..........$48,790 ........23.7% ..............6,00023. Electrical Engineers................................................91.3% ..........$69,640 ..........2.5% ............11,000

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

1. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance........................................................................88.8%2. Choreographers ....................................................................................................................84.2%3. Librarians ..............................................................................................................................82.6%4. Models ..................................................................................................................................77.4%

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

1. Librarians ................................................................82.6% ..........$44,140 ........10.1% ............15,0002. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ........88.8% ..........$29,320 ........18.2%......fewer than 5003. Choreographers......................................................84.2% ..........$31,030 ........15.8% ..............3,0004. Models ....................................................................77.4% ..........$24,270 ........14.5% ..............1,000

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of MenJob Percent Men

1. Film and Video Editors ..........................................................................................................81.1%2. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture ..................................................81.1%3. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ............................................................................79.7%4. Landscape Architects............................................................................................................79.7%5. Radio and Television Announcers ........................................................................................78.1%

Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

1. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ..............79.7% ..........$57,950 ........17.3% ..............8,0002. Landscape Architects ............................................79.7% ..........$50,480 ........22.2% ..............2,0003. Film and Video Editors ..........................................81.1% ..........$40,600 ........26.4% ..............3,0004. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and

Motion Picture ........................................................81.1% ..........$34,330 ........13.4% ..............4,0005. Radio and Television Announcers ..........................78.1% ..........$20,940 ......–10.1% ..............8,000

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

1. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education................................................................97.8%2. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ....................................................................97.8%3. Dental Hygienists ..................................................................................................................97.7%4. Dental Assistants....................................................................................................................97.1%5. Speech-Language Pathologists ............................................................................................95.1%

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Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

6. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses ............................................................93.0%7. Registered Nurses..................................................................................................................92.4%8. Teacher Assistants ................................................................................................................91.6%9. Occupational Therapists ........................................................................................................90.0%

10. Medical Assistants..................................................................................................................88.0%11. Home Health Aides ................................................................................................................87.8%12. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants..............................................................................87.8%13. Personal and Home Care Aides ............................................................................................87.3%14. Occupational Therapist Assistants ........................................................................................87.2%15. Special Education Teachers, Secondary School ..................................................................86.6%16. Special Education Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School..................86.6%17. Special Education Teachers, Middle School ..........................................................................86.6%18. Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education ......................................................79.0%19. Medical and Public Health Social Workers ............................................................................78.5%20. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers ..........................................................78.5%21. Child, Family, and School Social Workers..............................................................................78.5%22. Physical Therapist Assistants ................................................................................................76.0%23. Physical Therapists ................................................................................................................70.4%

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

1. Registered Nurses..................................................92.4% ..........$49,550 ........27.3% ..........215,0002. Dental Hygienists....................................................97.7% ..........$56,360 ........43.1% ..............9,0003. Physical Therapists ................................................70.4% ..........$57,710 ........35.3% ............16,0004. Special Education Teachers, Secondary

School ....................................................................86.6% ..........$44,240 ........30.0% ............59,0005. Medical Assistants..................................................88.0% ..........$24,170 ........58.9% ............78,0006. Special Education Teachers, Preschool,

Kindergarten, and Elementary School ..................86.6% ..........$42,920 ........30.0% ............59,0007. Special Education Teachers, Middle School ..........86.6% ..........$42,010 ........30.0% ............59,0008. Occupational Therapists ........................................90.0% ..........$52,550 ........35.2% ............10,0009. Dental Assistants....................................................97.1% ..........$27,700 ........42.5% ............35,000

10. Home Health Aides ................................................87.8% ..........$18,240 ........48.1% ..........141,00011. Personal and Home Care Aides ............................87.3% ..........$16,450 ........40.5% ..........154,00012. Physical Therapist Assistants ................................76.0% ..........$36,610 ........44.6% ............10,000

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Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

13. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education................................................................97.8% ..........$40,160 ........27.2% ............34,000

14. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ....97.8% ..........$19,820 ........36.2% ............88,00015. Elementary School Teachers, Except Special

Education................................................................79.0% ..........$42,160 ........15.2% ..........183,00016. Speech-Language Pathologists..............................95.1% ..........$50,050 ........27.2% ............10,00017. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants..............87.8% ..........$20,490 ........24.9% ..........302,00018. Medical and Public Health Social Workers ............78.5% ..........$38,430 ........28.6% ............18,00019. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social

Workers ..................................................................78.5% ..........$33,020 ........34.5% ............17,00020. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational

Nurses ....................................................................93.0% ..........$32,390 ........20.2% ..........105,00021. Occupational Therapist Assistants ........................87.2% ..........$37,400 ........39.2% ..............3,00022. Child, Family, and School Social Workers..............78.5% ..........$33,810 ........23.2% ............45,00023. Teacher Assistants ................................................91.6% ..........$19,000 ........23.0% ..........259,000

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of MenJob Percent Men

1. Police Patrol Officers ............................................................................................................86.9%2. Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs ................................................................................................86.9%3. Security Guards ....................................................................................................................79.0%

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

1. Police Patrol Officers ..............................................86.9% ..........$44,020 ........24.7% ............67,0002. Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs ..................................86.9% ..........$44,020 ........24.7% ............67,0003. Security Guards......................................................79.0% ..........$19,660 ........31.9% ..........228,000

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Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

1. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ............................................87.3%2. Paralegals and Legal Assistants ..........................................................................................86.1%

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

1. Paralegals and Legal Assistants ............................86.1% ..........$37,930 ........28.7% ............29,000

2. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ....................................................87.3% ..........$15,380 ........16.4% ............95,000

Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentage of MenJob Percent Men

1. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers..............97.2%2. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers ..............................97.2%3. Sales Engineers ....................................................................................................................94.0%4. Engineering Managers..........................................................................................................93.4%5. Lawn Service Managers ......................................................................................................93.3%6. Construction Managers ........................................................................................................93.2%7. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers..........................91.8%8. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives..................................................87.2%9. Storage and Distribution Managers ......................................................................................82.9%

10. Transportation Managers ......................................................................................................82.9%11. Government Service Executives ..........................................................................................81.2%12. Private Sector Executives ....................................................................................................81.2%13. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers ............................79.1%14. Child Support, Missing Persons, and Unemployment Insurance Fraud Investigators ........79.0%15. Criminal Investigators and Special Agents ..........................................................................79.0%16. Police Detectives ..................................................................................................................79.0%17. Sales Representatives, Agricultural ......................................................................................73.9%18. Sales Representatives, Chemical and Pharmaceutical........................................................73.9%19. Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic ........................................................................73.9%20. Sales Representatives, Instruments ....................................................................................73.9%21. Sales Representatives, Mechanical Equipment and Supplies ............................................73.9%22. Sales Representatives, Medical............................................................................................73.9%

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23. Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products ................................................................................................................73.9%

24. Lawyers ................................................................................................................................71.3%25. Computer and Information Systems Managers....................................................................70.3%

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

1. Computer and Information Systems Managers ....70.3% ..........$89,740 ........36.1% ............39,0002. Government Service Executives ............................81.2% ........$134,740 ........16.7% ............63,0003. Private Sector Executives ......................................81.2% ........$134,740 ........16.7% ............63,0004. Lawyers ..................................................................71.3% ..........$91,490 ........17.0% ............53,0005. Sales Representatives, Agricultural ......................73.9% ..........$57,120 ........19.3% ............44,0006. Sales Representatives, Chemical and

Pharmaceutical ......................................................73.9% ..........$57,120 ........19.3% ............44,0007. Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic..........73.9% ..........$57,120 ........19.3% ............44,0008. Sales Representatives, Instruments ......................73.9% ..........$57,120 ........19.3% ............44,0009. Sales Representatives, Mechanical Equipment

and Supplies ..........................................................73.9% ..........$57,120 ........19.3% ............44,00010. Sales Representatives, Medical ............................73.9% ..........$57,120 ........19.3% ............44,00011. Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products..................................................................73.9% ..........$43,860 ........19.1% ..........160,000

12. Construction Managers ..........................................93.2% ..........$66,470 ........12.0% ............47,00013. Storage and Distribution Managers........................82.9% ..........$63,590 ........19.7% ............13,00014. Transportation Managers........................................82.9% ..........$63,590 ........19.7% ............13,00015. Sales Engineers ....................................................94.0% ..........$67,790 ........19.9% ..............7,00016. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers ..........97.2% ..........$48,730 ........14.1% ............67,00017. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Extractive Workers ..........................97.2% ..........$48,730 ........14.1% ............67,00018. Child Support, Missing Persons, and

Unemployment Insurance Fraud Investigators ......79.0% ..........$52,390 ........22.4% ............11,00019. Criminal Investigators and Special Agents ............79.0% ..........$52,390 ........22.4% ............11,00020. Police Detectives ....................................................79.0% ..........$52,390 ........22.4% ............11,000

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Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

21. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers ........................................91.8% ..........$48,620 ........15.4% ............42,000

22. Engineering Managers ..........................................93.4% ..........$94,470 ..........9.2% ............16,00023. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police

and Detectives........................................................87.2% ..........$62,350 ........15.3% ............14,00024. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production

and Operating Workers ..........................................79.1% ..........$43,720 ..........9.5% ............66,00025. Lawn Service Managers ........................................93.3% ..........$33,770 ........21.6% ............18,000

Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WomenJob Percent Women

1. Legal Secretaries ..................................................................................................................96.5%2. Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ..........................................................96.5%3. Medical Secretaries ..............................................................................................................96.5%4. Receptionists and Information Clerks ..................................................................................92.7%5. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians..........................................................91.0%6. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks....................................................................89.4%7. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ..............................................................................................88.5%8. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine Operators............................................................88.5%9. Statement Clerks ..................................................................................................................88.5%

10. Insurance Claims Clerks ......................................................................................................85.9%11. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks......................................................................................85.9%12. Office Clerks, General ..........................................................................................................83.9%13. Library Assistants, Clerical....................................................................................................81.9%14. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping ........................................81.1%15. Pharmacy Technicians ..........................................................................................................80.7%16. Court Clerks ..........................................................................................................................78.2%17. Cashiers ................................................................................................................................76.0%18. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ..............................................................................71.4%19. Bill and Account Collectors ..................................................................................................71.0%

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Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More WomenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Women Earnings Growth Openings

1. Legal Secretaries....................................................96.5% ..........$35,660 ........18.8% ............39,0002. Bill and Account Collectors ....................................71.0% ..........$27,000 ........24.5% ............76,0003. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll

and Timekeeping ....................................................81.1% ..........$31,060 ........19.3% ............36,0004. Executive Secretaries and Administrative

Assistants ..............................................................96.5% ..........$34,080 ..........8.7% ..........210,0005. Receptionists and Information Clerks ....................92.7% ..........$21,320 ........29.5% ..........296,0006. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan................71.4% ..........$22,590 ........28.0% ............46,0007. Pharmacy Technicians............................................80.7% ..........$22,760 ........28.8% ............39,0008. Medical Secretaries ................................................96.5% ..........$26,000 ........17.2% ............50,0009. Medical Records and Health Information

Technicians ............................................................91.0% ..........$24,520 ........46.8% ............24,00010. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ....89.4% ..........$27,760 ..........3.0% ..........274,00011. Office Clerks, General ............................................83.9% ..........$22,450 ........10.4% ..........550,00012. Cashiers..................................................................76.0% ..........$15,760 ........13.2% ......1,221,00013. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ................................88.5% ..........$26,290 ..........7.9% ............78,00014. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine

Operators................................................................88.5% ..........$26,290 ..........7.9% ............78,00015. Statement Clerks ....................................................88.5% ..........$26,290 ..........7.9% ............78,00016. Insurance Claims Clerks ........................................85.9% ..........$28,520 ..........3.6% ............41,00017. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks ......................85.9% ..........$28,520 ..........3.6% ............41,00018. Library Assistants, Clerical ....................................81.9% ..........$19,930 ........21.5% ............27,00019. Court Clerks............................................................78.2% ..........$27,450 ........12.3% ............14,000

Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of MenJob Percent Men

1. Mapping Technicians ............................................................................................................91.1%2. Construction and Building Inspectors ..................................................................................90.2%3. Cost Estimators ....................................................................................................................88.0%4. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians..............................................................................85.8%5. Freight Inspectors..................................................................................................................83.8%6. Marine Cargo Inspectors ......................................................................................................83.8%7. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ................................................................................82.0%8. Air Traffic Controllers ............................................................................................................81.6%9. Immigration and Customs Inspectors ..................................................................................79.0%

10. Police Identification and Records Officers ............................................................................79.0%11. Cargo and Freight Agents ....................................................................................................73.1%

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Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More MenPercent Annual Percent Annual

Job Men Earnings Growth Openings

1. Cost Estimators ......................................................88.0% ..........$48,290 ........18.6% ............25,0002. Immigration and Customs Inspectors ....................79.0% ..........$52,390 ........22.4% ............11,0003. Police Identification and Records Officers ............79.0% ..........$52,390 ........22.4% ............11,0004. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians ..............85.8% ..........$30,810 ........26.7% ..............5,0005. Mapping Technicians ..............................................91.1% ..........$29,520 ........23.1% ............10,0006. Construction and Building Inspectors ....................90.2% ..........$42,650 ........13.8% ............10,0007. Air Traffic Controllers ..............................................81.6% ..........$96,260 ........12.6% ..............2,0008. Cargo and Freight Agents ......................................73.1% ..........$31,990 ........15.5% ..............8,0009. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ..................82.0% ..........$44,170 ........15.1% ..............1,000

10. Freight Inspectors ..................................................83.8% ..........$49,590 ..........7.7% ..............5,00011. Marine Cargo Inspectors ........................................83.8% ..........$49,590 ..........7.7% ..............5,000

The Best Jobs for Each PersonalityType with a High Percentage ofWorkers Age 16–24

In the following lists, we sorted the best 50 jobs for each personality type and included onlythose that employ the highest percentage of workers age 16–24. Workers in this age bracketmake up 14.1 percent of the workforce, and jobs in the lists that follow include at least 10percent of these workers.

Though young workers are employed in virtually all major occupations, and therefore in set-tings associated with all six personality types, you may notice that the jobs for the Realistic,Conventional, and Artistic personality types are considerably “younger” than those for theInvestigative and Enterprising personality types. This largely reflects the fact that careers inthe Investigative and Enterprising categories often require a lot of prior education or timespent rising through the ranks to a supervisory role, whereas on-the-job training requiring lesscommitment of time may be sufficient preparation for many jobs for the other personalitytypes. In the Artistic category, for some of the jobs—such as Actors, Models, and Singers—youth may actually be an advantage, although it is also possible to have a lifelong career inthese occupations.

Keep in mind that the young people who hold the jobs listed in this section may not stay inthose jobs, or even in jobs related to the same personality type, for a whole career. Some peopleare “late bloomers” who do not recognize at an early age what their personality type is and howto find a job appropriate to that type. Others may take a job related to an inappropriate person-ality type because it offers the opportunity to enter the labor market, earn some money, gainbasic job skills, and acquire the experience necessary for moving up to a job that is a better fit.

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Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

1. Surgical Technologists ..........................................................................................................24.7%2. Roofers ..................................................................................................................................22.7%3. Drywall Installers ..................................................................................................................19.5%4. Ceiling Tile Installers ............................................................................................................19.5%5. Automotive Specialty Technicians ........................................................................................18.6%6. Automotive Master Mechanics..............................................................................................18.6%7. Brattice Builders ....................................................................................................................15.7%8. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ................................................................................................15.7%9. Boat Builders and Shipwrights..............................................................................................15.7%

10. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ..................................................................................15.7%11. Construction Carpenters ......................................................................................................15.7%12. Rough Carpenters ................................................................................................................15.7%13. Plumbers ..............................................................................................................................13.9%14. Pipe Fitters ............................................................................................................................13.9%15. Pipelaying Fitters ..................................................................................................................13.9%16. Refrigeration Mechanics ......................................................................................................13.4%17. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics..............................................................................13.4%18. Brickmasons and Blockmasons............................................................................................12.4%19. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ............................................................................11.7%20. Sheet Metal Workers ............................................................................................................11.6%21. Electricians ............................................................................................................................10.9%22. Operating Engineers ............................................................................................................10.1%23. Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ..........................................................................10.1%

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

1. Electricians ..................................................................10.9%............$41,680 ........23.4% ......65,0002. Pipe Fitters ..................................................................13.9%............$40,950 ........18.7% ......56,0003. Pipelaying Fitters ........................................................13.9%............$40,950 ........18.7% ......56,0004. Plumbers......................................................................13.9%............$40,950 ........18.7% ......56,0005. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics ....................13.4%............$35,160 ........31.8% ......35,0006. Refrigeration Mechanics ..............................................13.4%............$35,160 ........31.8% ......35,000

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Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

7. Sheet Metal Workers ..................................................11.6%............$35,000 ........19.8% ......30,0008. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ..................................12.4%............$41,550 ........14.2% ......21,0009. Boat Builders and Shipwrights ....................................15.7%............$34,250 ........10.1% ....193,000

10. Brattice Builders ..........................................................15.7%............$34,250 ........10.1% ....193,00011. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ........................15.7%............$34,250 ........10.1% ....193,00012. Construction Carpenters..............................................15.7%............$34,250 ........10.1% ....193,00013. Rough Carpenters ......................................................15.7%............$34,250 ........10.1% ....193,00014. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ......................................15.7%............$34,250 ........10.1% ....193,00015. Ceiling Tile Installers....................................................19.5%............$33,670 ........21.4% ......17,00016. Drywall Installers..........................................................19.5%............$33,670 ........21.4% ......17,00017. Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers....................11.7%............$30,780 ........26.1% ......24,00018. Roofers ........................................................................22.7%............$30,020 ........18.6% ......38,00019. Operating Engineers....................................................10.1%............$35,030 ........10.4% ......45,00020. Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators ..................10.1%............$35,030 ........10.4% ......45,00021. Surgical Technologists ................................................24.7%............$32,130 ........27.9% ......13,00022. Automotive Master Mechanics ....................................18.6%............$31,130 ........12.4% ....100,00023. Automotive Specialty Technicians................................18.6%............$31,130 ........12.4% ....100,000

Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

1. Computer Support Specialists ..............................................................................................11.8%2. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts........................................................11.7%3. Market Research Analysts ....................................................................................................11.3%4. Financial Analysts..................................................................................................................10.4%5. Natural Sciences Managers ..................................................................................................10.0%

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Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

1. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts ......................................................................11.7% ............$59,120 ........57.0% ......29,000

2. Financial Analysts........................................................10.4% ............$60,050 ........18.7% ......22,0003. Market Research Analysts ..........................................11.3% ............$54,670 ........23.4% ......18,0004. Natural Sciences Managers ........................................10.0% ............$85,860 ........11.3% ........5,0005. Computer Support Specialists ....................................11.8% ............$39,440 ........30.3% ......71,000

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

1. Costume Attendants ..............................................................................................................52.4%2. Photographic Retouchers and Restorers..............................................................................48.7%3. Choreographers ....................................................................................................................46.9%4. Radio and Television Announcers ........................................................................................23.0%5. Actors ....................................................................................................................................20.0%6. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture....................................................17.9%7. Film and Video Editors ..........................................................................................................17.9%8. Professional Photographers ..................................................................................................17.8%9. Photographers, Scientific ......................................................................................................17.8%

10. Models ..................................................................................................................................15.1%11. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ......................................................................................14.5%12. Composers ............................................................................................................................14.5%13. Singers ..................................................................................................................................14.5%14. Music Directors......................................................................................................................14.5%15. Musicians, Instrumental ........................................................................................................14.5%16. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ........................................................................13.8%17. Editors....................................................................................................................................10.4%18. Advertising and Promotions Managers ................................................................................10.1%19. Broadcast News Analysts......................................................................................................10.0%20. Reporters and Correspondents ............................................................................................10.0%

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

1. Advertising and Promotions Managers ..................10.1% ............$60,350 ........25.0% ............13,0002. Musicians, Instrumental..........................................14.5% ............$37,380 ........17.1% ............25,0003. Singers....................................................................14.5% ............$37,380 ........17.1% ............25,0004. Costume Attendants ..............................................52.4% ............$25,410 ........27.8% ............66,0005. Film and Video Editors ..........................................17.9% ............$40,600 ........26.4% ..............3,0006. Editors ....................................................................10.4% ............$41,460 ........11.8% ............14,0007. Actors......................................................................20.0% ............$26,460 ........17.7% ..............8,0008. Photographers, Scientific........................................17.8% ............$25,050 ........13.6% ............18,0009. Professional Photographers ..................................17.8% ............$25,050 ........13.6% ............18,000

10. Composers ............................................................14.5% ............$32,530 ........13.5% ..............8,00011. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ......................14.5% ............$32,530 ........13.5% ..............8,00012. Music Directors ......................................................14.5% ............$32,530 ........13.5% ..............8,00013. Camera Operators, Television, Video,

and Motion Picture..................................................17.9% ............$34,330 ........13.4% ..............4,00014. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ........13.8% ............$29,320 ........18.2%......fewer than 1,00015. Choreographers......................................................46.9% ............$31,030 ........15.8% ..............3,00016. Broadcast News Analysts ......................................10.0% ............$31,240 ..........6.2% ..............6,00017. Reporters and Correspondents..............................10.0% ............$31,240 ..........6.2% ..............6,00018. Radio and Television Announcers ..........................23.0% ............$20,940 ......–10.1% ..............8,00019. Models ....................................................................15.1% ............$24,270 ........14.5% ..............1,00020. Photographic Retouchers and Restorers ..............48.7% ............$20,370 ..........5.4% ..............4,000

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

1. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ............................................................................29.1%2. Medical Assistants ................................................................................................................21.5%3. Security Guards ....................................................................................................................20.6%4. Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics ................................................................19.0%5. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ....................................................................................18.4%6. Dental Assistants ..................................................................................................................17.9%7. Home Health Aides................................................................................................................16.6%8. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ............................................................................16.6%

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Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

9. Physical Therapist Assistants ................................................................................................15.5%10. Occupational Therapist Assistants ........................................................................................14.3%11. Teacher Assistants ................................................................................................................14.1%12. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education ..............................................................13.4%13. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ....................................................................13.4%14. Personal and Home Care Aides ............................................................................................12.7%15. Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors ..................................................................11.1%

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

1. Medical Assistants ......................................................21.5% ............$24,170 ........58.9% ......78,0002. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ..........................18.4% ............$29,820 ........40.1% ......39,0003. Dental Assistants ........................................................17.9% ............$27,700 ........42.5% ......35,0004. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ..................29.1% ............$24,510 ........44.5% ......38,0005. Home Health Aides ....................................................16.6% ............$18,240 ........48.1% ....141,0006. Security Guards ..........................................................20.6% ............$19,660 ........31.9% ....228,0007. Personal and Home Care Aides..................................12.7% ............$16,450 ........40.5% ....154,0008. Physical Therapist Assistants......................................15.5% ............$36,610 ........44.6% ......10,0009. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special

....................................................................................13.4% ............$40,160 ........27.2% ......34,00010. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education..........13.4% ............$19,820 ........36.2% ......88,00011. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ..................16.6% ............$20,490 ........24.9% ....302,00012. Emergency Medical Technicians and

Paramedics..................................................................19.0% ............$24,440 ........33.1% ......32,00013. Occupational Therapist Assistants ..............................14.3% ............$37,400 ........39.2% ........3,00014. Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors ......11.1% ............$44,640 ........15.0% ......32,00015. Teacher Assistants ......................................................14.1% ............$19,000 ........23.0% ....259,000

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Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

1. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ............................................77.8%2. Retail Salespersons ..............................................................................................................30.5%3. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers ......................24.3%4. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes ..................................17.5%5. Public Relations Specialists ..................................................................................................10.9%

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

1. Public Relations Specialists ........................................10.9% ............$42,590 ........32.9% ........28,0002. Agents and Business Managers of Artists,

Performers, and Athletes ............................................17.5% ............$54,640 ........27.8% ..........2,0003. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food

Preparation and Serving Workers ..............................24.3% ............$24,700 ........15.5% ......154,0004. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge,

and Coffee Shop..........................................................77.8% ............$15,380 ........16.4% ........95,0005. Retail Salespersons ....................................................30.5% ............$18,090 ........14.6% ..1,014,000

Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

1. Cashiers ................................................................................................................................49.1%2. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ..................................................................................46.0%3. Counter and Rental Clerks ....................................................................................................42.2%4. Receptionists and Information Clerks....................................................................................27.6%5. Library Assistants, Clerical ....................................................................................................26.7%6. Pharmacy Technicians ..........................................................................................................24.7%7. Office Clerks, General............................................................................................................23.3%8. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ..............................................................................20.6%9. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians ..........................................................20.6%

10. Adjustment Clerks..................................................................................................................20.5%11. Customer Service Representatives, Utilities ........................................................................20.5%

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Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 16–24Percent Workers

Job Age 16–24

12. Credit Analysts ......................................................................................................................20.0%13. Bill and Account Collectors ....................................................................................................19.6%14. Mapping Technicians..............................................................................................................16.0%15. Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents ......................................................................14.0%16. Travel Clerks ..........................................................................................................................14.0%17. Cost Estimators......................................................................................................................12.0%18. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping..........................................11.3%19. Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance ................................................................11.2%20. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians ..............................................................................10.6%21. Insurance Claims Clerks........................................................................................................10.6%22. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks ......................................................................................10.6%

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

1. Adjustment Clerks ......................................................20.5% ............$26,500 ........24.3% ....419,0002. Customer Service Representatives, Utilities ..............20.5% ............$26,500 ........24.3% ....419,0003. Cost Estimators ..........................................................12.0% ............$48,290 ........18.6% ......25,0004. Bill and Account Collectors ........................................19.6% ............$27,000 ........24.5% ......76,0005. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll

and Timekeeping ........................................................11.3% ............$31,060 ........19.3% ......36,0006. Receptionists and Information Clerks ........................27.6% ............$21,320 ........29.5% ....296,0007. Credit Analysts ............................................................20.0% ............$45,020 ........18.7% ........9,0008. Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance ......11.2% ............$30,390 ........14.4% ......28,0009. Counter and Rental Clerks..........................................42.2% ............$17,640 ........26.3% ....144,000

10. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ....................20.6% ............$22,590 ........28.0% ......46,00011. Pharmacy Technicians ................................................24.7% ............$22,760 ........28.8% ......39,00012. Medical Records and Health Information

Technicians..................................................................20.6% ............$24,520 ........46.8% ......24,00013. Audio and Video Equipment Technicians....................10.6% ............$30,810 ........26.7% ........5,00014. Mapping Technicians ..................................................16.0% ............$29,520 ........23.1% ......10,00015. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ........................46.0% ............$17,450 ........23.9% ......46,00016. Office Clerks, General ................................................23.3% ............$22,450 ........10.4% ....550,000

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Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 16–24 Earnings Growth Openings

17. Cashiers ......................................................................49.1% ............$15,760 ........13.2% 1,221,00018. Insurance Claims Clerks ............................................10.6% ............$28,520 ..........3.6% ......41,00019. Insurance Policy Processing Clerks............................10.6% ............$28,520 ..........3.6% ......41,00020. Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents ..........14.0% ............$26,220 ........12.2% ......35,00021. Travel Clerks ................................................................14.0% ............$26,220 ........12.2% ......35,00022. Library Assistants, Clerical ..........................................26.7% ............$19,930 ........21.5% ......27,000

The Best Jobs for Each PersonalityType with a High Percentage ofWorkers Age 65 and Over

In the following lists, we sorted the best 50 jobs for each personality type and included onlythose that employ the highest percentage of workers age 65 and over. Workers in this agebracket make up about 3.3 percent of the labor market. We included occupations in the listsif the percentage of workers 65 and over was 4 percent or higher.

One use for these lists is to help you identify jobs that might be interesting to you as youdecide to change careers or approach retirement. Some jobs are on the lists because they areattractive to older workers wanting part-time work to supplement their retirement income—for example, Tax Preparers. Other occupations on the lists, such as several jobs in music(Artistic), medicine and science (Investigative), psychology (Social), and college teaching(several personality types), take many years of training and experience. People who are estab-lished in such careers often have many incentives to continue working at ages when workersin other fields are ready to retire. These jobs also may not be as physically demanding assome other jobs, especially compared to those linked to the Realistic personality type, andtherefore may be easier for older workers to perform.

You may be surprised to find Models topping the list of Artistic jobs with the most workersage 65 and older, but you should know that the employment information about workers inthis job applies to the somewhat broader category of “Models, Demonstrators, and ProductPromoters”; many of these workers never strut down a runway. Likewise, the informationabout Singers is based on the larger category of “Musicians, Singers, and Related Workers.”

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Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and OverPercent Workers

Job Age 65 and Over

1. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ............................................................................5.5%2. Civil Engineers ........................................................................................................................4.3%3. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ..............................................................................................4.1%

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

1. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ....................................4.1%..........$41,550 ........14.2%..........21,0002. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General..................5.5%..........$29,800 ........16.3%........155,0003. Civil Engineers ..............................................................4.3%..........$61,850 ..........8.0%..........17,000

Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent WorkersJob Age 65 and Over

1. Optometrists ............................................................................................................................8.1%2. Clinical Psychologists ..............................................................................................................7.6%3. Educational Psychologists ......................................................................................................7.6%4. Veterinarians ............................................................................................................................6.8%5. Pharmacists ............................................................................................................................6.5%6. Dentists, General ....................................................................................................................6.4%7. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ..............................................................................................6.4%8. Orthodontists............................................................................................................................6.4%9. Prosthodontists ........................................................................................................................6.4%

10. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary......................................................................5.5%11. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................................................5.5%12. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................................................5.5%13. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary..........................................................................5.5%14. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................................5.5%15. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................5.5%16. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................................................5.5%

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Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent WorkersJob Age 65 and Over

17. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................5.5%18. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................................................................5.5%19. Anesthesiologists ....................................................................................................................5.4%20. Family and General Practitioners ............................................................................................5.4%21. Internists, General....................................................................................................................5.4%22. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ............................................................................................5.4%23. Pediatricians, General..............................................................................................................5.4%24. Psychiatrists ............................................................................................................................5.4%25. Surgeons..................................................................................................................................5.4%26. Financial Analysts ....................................................................................................................4.2%

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

1. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary..........................5.5%..........$69,700 ........38.1% ........216,0002. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary ..........5.5%..........$65,470 ........38.1% ........216,0003. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers,

Postsecondary ..............................................................5.5%..........$64,500 ........38.1% ........216,0004. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ................................5.5%..........$62,880 ........38.1% ........216,0005. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ................5.5%..........$61,790 ........38.1% ........216,0006. Anesthesiologists ..........................................................5.4% ..over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0007. Internists, General ........................................................5.4% ..over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0008. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ..................................5.4% ..over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0009. Surgeons ......................................................................5.4% ..over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,000

10. Pediatricians, General ..................................................5.4%........$134,170 ........19.5% ..........38,00011. Psychiatrists ..................................................................5.4%........$133,970 ........19.5% ..........38,00012. Family and General Practitioners ..................................5.4%........$133,340 ........19.5% ..........38,00013. Pharmacists ..................................................................6.5%..........$80,530 ........30.1% ..........23,00014. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary................5.5%..........$55,840 ........38.1% ........216,00015. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ............................5.5%..........$55,420 ........38.1% ........216,00016. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..............5.5%..........$51,030 ........38.1% ........216,00017. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary..........5.5%..........$50,910 ........38.1% ........216,00018. Veterinarians..................................................................6.8%..........$64,750 ........25.1% ............4,000

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Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

19. Financial Analysts..........................................................4.2%..........$60,050 ........18.7% ..........22,00020. Clinical Psychologists ....................................................7.6%..........$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00021. Educational Psychologists ............................................7.6%..........$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00022. Optometrists ..................................................................8.1%..........$85,430 ........17.1% ............2,00023. Dentists, General ..........................................................6.4%........$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00024. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons....................................6.4%........$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00025. Orthodontists ................................................................6.4%........$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00026. Prosthodontists..............................................................6.4%........$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,000

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and OverPercent Workers

Job Age 65 and Over

1. Models....................................................................................................................................20.5%2. Composers ............................................................................................................................10.6%3. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ......................................................................................10.6%4. Music Directors ......................................................................................................................10.6%5. Musicians, Instrumental ........................................................................................................10.6%6. Singers ..................................................................................................................................10.6%7. Caption Writers ........................................................................................................................7.4%8. Copy Writers ............................................................................................................................7.4%9. Creative Writers ......................................................................................................................7.4%

10. Poets and Lyricists ..................................................................................................................7.4%11. Costume Attendants ................................................................................................................7.1%12. Art Directors ............................................................................................................................5.7%13. Cartoonists ..............................................................................................................................5.7%14. Painters and Illustrators ..........................................................................................................5.7%15. Sketch Artists ..........................................................................................................................5.7%16. Sculptors ..................................................................................................................................5.7%17. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................5.5%18. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................5.5%19. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................5.5%

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

1. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................................5.5%..........$47,980 ........38.1% ........216,000

2. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................................5.5%..........$47,120 ........38.1% ........216,000

3. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................................5.5%..........$46,780 ........38.1% ........216,000

4. Musicians, Instrumental ..............................................10.6%..........$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0005. Singers ........................................................................10.6%..........$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0006. Caption Writers..............................................................7.4%..........$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0007. Copy Writers ..................................................................7.4%..........$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0008. Costume Attendants......................................................7.1%..........$25,410 ........27.8% ..........66,0009. Creative Writers ............................................................7.4%..........$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,000

10. Poets and Lyricists ........................................................7.4%..........$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,00011. Art Directors ..................................................................5.7%..........$62,260 ........11.4% ............8,00012. Cartoonists ....................................................................5.7%..........$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00013. Painters and Illustrators ................................................5.7%..........$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00014. Sculptors........................................................................5.7%..........$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00015. Sketch Artists ................................................................5.7%..........$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00016. Composers ..................................................................10.6%..........$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00017. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ............................10.6%..........$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00018. Music Directors............................................................10.6%..........$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00019. Models ........................................................................20.5%..........$24,270 ........14.5% ............1,000

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent WorkersJob Age 65 and Over

1. Security Guards ......................................................................................................................8.5%2. Personal and Home Care Aides ..............................................................................................8.4%3. Counseling Psychologists ........................................................................................................7.6%4. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary........................................................5.5%5. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................5.5%6. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................................................5.5%

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Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent WorkersJob Age 65 and Over

7. Graduate Teaching Assistants ................................................................................................5.5%8. History Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................................................................5.5%9. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................5.5%

10. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................................................5.5%11. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................................5.5%12. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................................5.5%13. Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary......................................................................5.5%14. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ......................................................................................5.1%

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

1. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................5.5%..........$64,950 ........38.1% ........216,0002. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary ..............................................................5.5%..........$59,710 ........38.1% ........216,0003. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..................5.5%..........$57,340 ........38.1% ........216,0004. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers,

Postsecondary ..............................................................5.5%..........$55,060 ........38.1% ........216,0005. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................5.5%..........$54,170 ........38.1% ........216,0006. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ............................5.5%..........$52,770 ........38.1% ........216,0007. History Teachers, Postsecondary..................................5.5%..........$52,180 ........38.1% ........216,0008. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary ......5.5%..........$50,920 ........38.1% ........216,0009. Vocational Education Teachers Postsecondary ............5.5%..........$39,740 ........38.1% ........216,000

10. Graduate Teaching Assistants ......................................5.5%..........$24,570 ........38.1% ........216,00011. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ............................5.1%..........$29,820 ........40.1% ..........39,00012. Security Guards ............................................................8.5%..........$19,660 ........31.9% ........228,00013. Personal and Home Care Aides....................................8.4%..........$16,450 ........40.5% ........154,00014. Counseling Psychologists ............................................7.6%..........$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,000

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Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent WorkersJob Age 65 and Over

1. Management Analysts ............................................................................................................6.8%2. Retail Salespersons ................................................................................................................5.5%3. Government Service Executives..............................................................................................5.3%4. Private Sector Executives ........................................................................................................5.3%5. Lawyers ....................................................................................................................................5.0%6. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes ....................................5.0%7. Administrative Services Managers ..........................................................................................4.9%8. Sales Agents, Financial Services ............................................................................................4.1%9. Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities ............................................................................4.1%

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

1. Management Analysts ..................................................6.8%..........$62,580 ........30.4% ..........78,0002. Government Service Executives ..................................5.3%........$134,740 ........16.7% ..........63,0003. Private Sector Executives..............................................5.3%........$134,740 ........16.7% ..........63,0004. Lawyers..........................................................................5.0%..........$91,490 ........17.0% ..........53,0005. Administrative Services Managers................................4.9%..........$56,940 ........19.8% ..........40,0006. Sales Agents, Financial Services..................................4.1%..........$60,530 ........13.0% ..........39,0007. Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities..................4.1%..........$60,530 ........13.0% ..........39,0008. Agents and Business Managers of Artists,

Performers, and Athletes ..............................................5.0%..........$54,640 ........27.8% ............2,0009. Retail Salespersons ......................................................5.5%..........$18,090 ........14.6% ....1,014,000

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Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent WorkersJob Age 65 and Over

1. Tax Preparers ........................................................................................................................13.2%2. Assessors ................................................................................................................................9.2%3. Cost Estimators........................................................................................................................7.0%4. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ......................................................................6.6%5. Construction and Building Inspectors ......................................................................................6.3%6. Receptionists and Information Clerks......................................................................................5.6%7. Air Traffic Controllers................................................................................................................5.3%8. Library Assistants, Clerical ......................................................................................................5.2%9. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ................................................................................5.0%

10. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ..................................................................................4.9%11. Counter and Rental Clerks ......................................................................................................4.4%

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over

Percent Workers Annual Percent AnnualJob Age 65 and Over Earnings Growth Openings

1. Cost Estimators ............................................................7.0%..........$48,290 ........18.6% ..........25,0002. Receptionists and Information Clerks ..........................5.6%..........$21,320 ........29.5% ........296,0003. Assessors ......................................................................9.2%..........$43,610 ........17.6% ..........11,0004. Counter and Rental Clerks............................................4.4%..........$17,640 ........26.3% ........144,0005. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ......................5.0%..........$22,590 ........28.0% ..........46,0006. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ............6.6%..........$27,760 ..........3.0% ........274,0007. Construction and Building Inspectors ..........................6.3%..........$42,650 ........13.8% ..........10,0008. Air Traffic Controllers ....................................................5.3%..........$96,260 ........12.6% ............2,0009. Tax Preparers ..............................................................13.2%..........$26,530 ........23.2% ..........11,000

10. Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ........................4.9%..........$44,170 ........15.1% ............1,00011. Library Assistants, Clerical ............................................5.2%..........$19,930 ........21.5% ..........27,000

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The Best Jobs for Each PersonalityType with a High Percentage of Part-Time Workers

Starting with the 50 jobs that met our criteria for each personality type in this book, we created lists that include those jobs with 15 percent or more part-time workers.

If you want to work part time, these lists will be helpful in identifying where most others arefinding opportunities for this kind of work in the personality type most compatible withyou. Many people prefer to work less than full time. For example, people who are attendingschool or who have young children may prefer the flexibility of part-time work. People alsowork part time for money-related reasons, such as supplementing income from a full-timejob or working two or more part-time jobs because one desirable full-time job is not avail-able.

If you are the Enterprising type of personality, you will note that few occupations suited toyou have a lot of part-timers. Keep in mind that even in occupations where few people workpart-time it may be possible for you to carve out a position for yourself that does not requirea 40-hour work week.

Many of these jobs can be learned quickly, offer flexible work schedules, are easy to obtain,and offer other desirable advantages. Although many people think of part-time jobs asrequiring few skills and providing low pay, this is not always the case. Some of these jobs payquite well, require substantial training or experience, or are growing rapidly.

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

1. Surgical Technologists ..........................................................................................................23.0%2. Radiologic Technicians..........................................................................................................17.5%3. Radiologic Technologists ......................................................................................................17.5%

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Radiologic Technicians ..........................................17.5% ..............$40,620 ........22.9% ..........21,0002. Radiologic Technologists ........................................17.5% ..............$40,620 ........22.9% ..........21,0003. Surgical Technologists ............................................23.0% ..............$32,130 ........27.9% ..........13,000

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Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

1. Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary....................................................................27.7%2. Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................27.7%3. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................................27.7%4. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary........................................................................27.7%5. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................................27.7%6. Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary ............................................27.7%7. Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................27.7%8. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................27.7%9. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................................................27.7%

10. Clinical Psychologists ............................................................................................................27.2%11. Educational Psychologists ....................................................................................................27.2%12. Optometrists ..........................................................................................................................25.1%13. Dentists, General ..................................................................................................................22.3%14. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ............................................................................................22.3%15. Orthodontists..........................................................................................................................22.3%16. Prosthodontists ......................................................................................................................22.3%17. Chiropractors..........................................................................................................................22.2%18. Pharmacists ..........................................................................................................................17.3%19. Physician Assistants ..............................................................................................................16.3%20. Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists ....................................................................16.0%21. Respiratory Therapists ..........................................................................................................15.5%

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ..................27.7% ..............$69,700 ........38.1% ........216,0002. Agricultural Sciences Teachers,

Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$65,470 ........38.1% ........216,0003. Forestry and Conservation Science

Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................27.7% ..............$64,500 ........38.1% ........216,0004. Physics Teachers, Postsecondary..........................27.7% ..............$62,880 ........38.1% ........216,0005. Health Specialties Teachers,

Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$61,790 ........38.1% ........216,000

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Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

6. Pharmacists............................................................17.3% ..............$80,530 ........30.1% ..........23,0007. Biological Science Teachers,

Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$55,840 ........38.1% ........216,0008. Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary......................27.7% ..............$55,420 ........38.1% ........216,0009. Physician Assistants ..............................................16.3% ..............$65,670 ........48.9% ............7,000

10. Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$51,030 ........38.1% ........216,000

11. Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$50,910 ........38.1% ........216,000

12. Chiropractors ..........................................................22.2% ..............$65,990 ........23.3% ............3,00013. Clinical Psychologists ............................................27.2% ..............$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00014. Educational Psychologists......................................27.2% ..............$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00015. Optometrists ..........................................................25.1% ..............$85,430 ........17.1% ............2,00016. Dentists, General ....................................................22.3% ............$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00017. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ............................22.3% ............$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00018. Orthodontists ..........................................................22.3% ............$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00019. Prosthodontists ......................................................22.3% ............$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00020. Respiratory Therapists............................................15.5% ..............$41,150 ........34.8% ..........10,00021. Medical and Clinical Laboratory

Technologists ..........................................................16.0% ..............$43,640 ........19.3% ..........21,000

Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

1. Models....................................................................................................................................52.5%2. Costume Attendants ..............................................................................................................51.9%3. Composers ............................................................................................................................39.5%4. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ......................................................................................39.5%5. Music Directors ......................................................................................................................39.5%6. Musicians, Instrumental ........................................................................................................39.5%7. Singers ..................................................................................................................................39.5%8. Radio and Television Announcers ........................................................................................34.2%9. Choreographers ....................................................................................................................33.8%

10. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ........................................................................29.5%

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Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

11. Actors ....................................................................................................................................28.2%12. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................27.7%13. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................27.7%14. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................27.7%15. Interpreters and Translators ..................................................................................................26.3%16. Photographic Retouchers and Restorers ..............................................................................24.3%17. Caption Writers ......................................................................................................................24.2%18. Copy Writers ..........................................................................................................................24.2%19. Creative Writers ....................................................................................................................24.2%20. Poets and Lyricists ................................................................................................................24.2%21. Photographers, Scientific ......................................................................................................24.0%22. Professional Photographers ..................................................................................................24.0%23. Art Directors ..........................................................................................................................23.1%24. Cartoonists ............................................................................................................................23.1%25. Painters and Illustrators ........................................................................................................23.1%26. Sculptors ................................................................................................................................23.1%27. Sketch Artists ........................................................................................................................23.1%28. Librarians ..............................................................................................................................23.1%29. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture ....................................................20.4%30. Film and Video Editors ..........................................................................................................20.4%31. Commercial and Industrial Designers ..................................................................................16.5%32. Exhibit Designers ..................................................................................................................16.5%33. Fashion Designers ................................................................................................................16.5%34. Floral Designers ....................................................................................................................16.5%35. Graphic Designers ................................................................................................................16.5%36. Interior Designers ..................................................................................................................16.5%37. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers....................................................................16.5%38. Set Designers ........................................................................................................................16.5%

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$47,980 ........38.1% ........216,000

2. English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$47,120 ........38.1% ........216,000

3. Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$46,780 ........38.1% ........216,000

4. Graphic Designers..................................................16.5% ..............$36,630 ........21.9% ..........29,0005. Musicians, Instrumental..........................................39.5% ..............$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0006. Singers....................................................................39.5% ..............$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0007. Caption Writers ......................................................24.2% ..............$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0008. Copy Writers ..........................................................24.2% ..............$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0009. Costume Attendants ..............................................51.9% ..............$25,410 ........27.8% ..........66,000

10. Creative Writers ......................................................24.2% ..............$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,00011. Poets and Lyricists..................................................24.2% ..............$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,00012. Interior Designers ..................................................16.5% ..............$40,120 ........21.7% ............8,00013. Art Directors............................................................23.1% ..............$62,260 ........11.4% ............8,00014. Film and Video Editors ..........................................20.4% ..............$40,600 ........26.4% ............3,00015. Commercial and Industrial Designers ....................16.5% ..............$52,320 ........14.7% ............7,00016. Librarians ................................................................23.1% ..............$44,140 ........10.1% ..........15,00017. Interpreters and Translators....................................26.3% ..............$33,490 ........22.1% ............4,00018. Actors......................................................................28.2% ..............$26,460 ........17.7% ............8,00019. Cartoonists ............................................................23.1% ..............$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00020. Painters and Illustrators..........................................23.1% ..............$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00021. Sculptors ................................................................23.1% ..............$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00022. Sketch Artists..........................................................23.1% ..............$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00023. Exhibit Designers....................................................16.5% ..............$35,150 ........20.9% ............2,00024. Set Designers ........................................................16.5% ..............$35,150 ........20.9% ............2,00025. Photographers, Scientific........................................24.0% ..............$25,050 ........13.6% ..........18,00026. Professional Photographers ..................................24.0% ..............$25,050 ........13.6% ..........18,00027. Composers ............................................................39.5% ..............$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00028. Fashion Designers..................................................16.5% ..............$52,860 ........10.6% ............2,00029. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ......................39.5% ..............$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00030. Music Directors ......................................................39.5% ..............$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00031. Camera Operators, Television, Video,

and Motion Picture..................................................20.4% ..............$34,330 ........13.4% ............4,00032. Floral Designers ....................................................16.5% ..............$19,660 ........12.4% ..........13,000

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

33. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ..........................................................29.5% ..............$29,320 ........18.2% ..fewer than 500

34. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ................................................................16.5% ..............$22,030 ........11.3% ..........10,000

35. Choreographers......................................................33.8% ..............$31,030 ........15.8% ............3,00036. Radio and Television Announcers ..........................34.2% ..............$20,940 ......–10.1% ............8,00037. Models ....................................................................52.5% ..............$24,270 ........14.5% ............1,00038. Photographic Retouchers and Restorers ..............24.3% ..............$20,370 ..........5.4% ............4,000

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

1. Dental Hygienists ..................................................................................................................57.8%2. Teacher Assistants ................................................................................................................41.1%3. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ....................................................................................41.0%4. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ............................................................................35.6%5. Dental Assistants ..................................................................................................................35.6%6. Personal and Home Care Aides ............................................................................................34.0%7. Occupational Therapists ........................................................................................................31.1%8. Speech-Language Pathologists ............................................................................................28.1%9. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary......................................................27.7%

10. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary ..............................................27.7%11. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ....................................................................................27.7%12. Graduate Teaching Assistants ..............................................................................................27.7%13. History Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................................................................27.7%14. Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary ................................................................27.7%15. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................................................................27.7%16. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ..................................................................................27.7%17. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................................................................27.7%18. Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary....................................................................27.7%19. Counseling Psychologists......................................................................................................27.2%20. Occupational Therapist Assistants ........................................................................................25.5%21. Medical Assistants ................................................................................................................25.3%

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Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

22. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education ..............................................................24.9%23. Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ....................................................................24.9%24. Physical Therapists ................................................................................................................23.8%25. Physical Therapist Assistants ................................................................................................22.8%26. Registered Nurses ................................................................................................................22.0%27. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ............................................................................21.9%28. Home Health Aides................................................................................................................21.9%29. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses ............................................................19.1%30. Instructional Coordinators......................................................................................................16.5%31. Security Guards ....................................................................................................................15.1%

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ....................27.7% ..............$64,950 ........38.1% ........216,0002. Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$59,710 ........38.1% ........216,0003. Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ............27.7% ..............$57,340 ........38.1% ........216,0004. Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies

Teachers, Postsecondary ......................................27.7% ..............$55,060 ........38.1% ........216,0005. Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary....................27.7% ..............$54,170 ........38.1% ........216,0006. Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ......................27.7% ..............$52,770 ........38.1% ........216,0007. History Teachers, Postsecondary ..........................27.7% ..............$52,180 ........38.1% ........216,0008. Nursing Instructors and Teachers,

Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$50,920 ........38.1% ........216,0009. Vocational Education Teachers,

Postsecondary ........................................................27.7% ..............$39,740 ........38.1% ........216,00010. Registered Nurses..................................................22.0% ..............$49,550 ........27.3% ........215,00011. Graduate Teaching Assistants................................27.7% ..............$24,570 ........38.1% ........216,00012. Dental Hygienists....................................................57.8% ..............$56,360 ........43.1% ............9,00013. Physical Therapists ................................................23.8% ..............$57,710 ........35.3% ..........16,00014. Medical Assistants..................................................25.3% ..............$24,170 ........58.9% ..........78,00015. Occupational Therapists ........................................31.1% ..............$52,550 ........35.2% ..........10,00016. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ....................41.0% ..............$29,820 ........40.1% ..........39,000

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Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

17. Dental Assistants....................................................35.6% ..............$27,700 ........42.5% ..........35,00018. Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors ..............35.6% ..............$24,510 ........44.5% ..........38,00019. Home Health Aides ................................................21.9% ..............$18,240 ........48.1% ........141,00020. Security Guards......................................................15.1% ..............$19,660 ........31.9% ........228,00021. Personal and Home Care Aides ............................34.0% ..............$16,450 ........40.5% ........154,00022. Physical Therapist Assistants ................................22.8% ..............$36,610 ........44.6% ..........10,00023. Counseling Psychologists ......................................27.2% ..............$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00024. Instructional Coordinators ......................................16.5% ..............$47,470 ........25.4% ..........18,00025. Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special

Education................................................................24.9% ..............$40,160 ........27.2% ..........34,00026. Preschool Teachers, Except Special

Education................................................................24.9% ..............$19,820 ........36.2% ..........88,00027. Speech-Language Pathologists..............................28.1% ..............$50,050 ........27.2% ..........10,00028. Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants..............21.9% ..............$20,490 ........24.9% ........302,00029. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational

Nurses ....................................................................19.1% ..............$32,390 ........20.2% ........105,00030. Occupational Therapist Assistants ........................25.5% ..............$37,400 ........39.2% ............3,00031. Teacher Assistants ................................................41.1% ..............$19,000 ........23.0% ........259,000

Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

1. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ............................................66.9%2. Retail Salespersons ..............................................................................................................32.6%3. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes ..................................15.2%

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Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes........................................15.2% ..............$54,640 ........27.8% ............2,000

2. Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ....................................................66.9% ..............$15,380 ........16.4% ..........95,000

3. Retail Salespersons................................................32.6% ................$18,090 ........14.6% ....1,014,000

Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time WorkersPercent

Job Part-Time Workers

1. Library Assistants, Clerical ....................................................................................................50.4%2. Cashiers ................................................................................................................................44.8%3. Counter and Rental Clerks ....................................................................................................35.9%4. Receptionists and Information Clerks....................................................................................31.5%5. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ..............................................................................30.4%6. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ..................................................................................27.2%7. Office Clerks, General............................................................................................................25.7%8. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ....................................................................25.0%9. Pharmacy Technicians ..........................................................................................................23.0%

10. Tax Preparers ........................................................................................................................20.3%11. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians ..........................................................17.6%12. Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants............................................................17.5%13. Legal Secretaries ..................................................................................................................17.5%14. Medical Secretaries ..............................................................................................................17.5%15. Audio-Visual Collections Specialists......................................................................................16.5%16. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks................................................................................................16.1%17. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine Operators ............................................................16.1%18. Statement Clerks ..................................................................................................................16.1%19. Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents ......................................................................15.7%20. Travel Clerks ..........................................................................................................................15.7%21. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping..........................................15.1%

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Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Part-Time Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Legal Secretaries....................................................17.5% ..............$35,660 ........18.8% ..........39,0002. Human Resources Assistants, Except

Payroll and Timekeeping ........................................15.1% ..............$31,060 ........19.3% ..........36,0003. Executive Secretaries and Administrative

Assistants ..............................................................17.5% ..............$34,080 ..........8.7% ........210,0004. Receptionists and Information Clerks ....................31.5% ..............$21,320 ........29.5% ........296,0005. Counter and Rental Clerks ....................................35.9% ..............$17,640 ........26.3% ........144,0006. Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan................30.4% ..............$22,590 ........28.0% ..........46,0007. Pharmacy Technicians............................................23.0% ..............$22,760 ........28.8% ..........39,0008. Medical Secretaries ................................................17.5% ..............$26,000 ........17.2% ..........50,0009. Medical Records and Health Information

Technicians ............................................................17.6% ..............$24,520 ........46.8% ..........24,00010. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing

Clerks......................................................................25.0% ..............$27,760 ..........3.0% ........274,00011. Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks....................27.2% ..............$17,450 ........23.9% ..........46,00012. Office Clerks, General ............................................25.7% ..............$22,450 ........10.4% ........550,00013. Cashiers..................................................................44.8% ..............$15,760 ........13.2% ....1,221,00014. Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks ................................16.1% ..............$26,290 ..........7.9% ..........78,00015. Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine

Operators................................................................16.1% ..............$26,290 ..........7.9% ..........78,00016. Statement Clerks ....................................................16.1% ..............$26,290 ..........7.9% ..........78,00017. Tax Preparers ........................................................20.3% ..............$26,530 ........23.2% ..........11,00018. Reservation and Transportation Ticket

Agents ....................................................................15.7% ..............$26,220 ........12.2% ..........35,00019. Travel Clerks ..........................................................15.7% ..............$26,220 ........12.2% ..........35,00020. Library Assistants, Clerical ....................................50.4% ..............$19,930 ........21.5% ..........27,00021. Audio-Visual Collections Specialists ......................16.5% ..............$32,590 ........16.3% ............2,000

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The Best Jobs for Each PersonalityType with a High Percentage of Self-Employed Workers

About 8 percent of all working people are self-employed or own their own business. Thissubstantial part of our workforce gets little mention in most career books.

The jobs in the lists in this section are selected from the 50 best jobs for each personalitytype, and all have 15 percent or more self-employed workers. Many jobs in these lists, suchas the various types of artists, are held by people who operate one- or two-person businessesand who may also do this work part time. Those in other occupations, such as RoughCarpenters, often work on a per-job basis under the supervision of others.

As you will see from these lists, self-employed people hold a wide range of jobs at all levels ofpay and skill. Many are in the arts (Artistic), construction (Realistic), or health (Investiga-tive) professions, but many other fields are also represented. Also, while the lists do notinclude data on age and gender, older workers and women make up a rapidly growing partof the self-employed population. For example, some highly experienced older workers set upconsulting and other small businesses following a layoff or as an alternative to full retire-ment. Large numbers of women are forming small businesses or creating self-employmentopportunities as an alternative to traditional employment.

Realistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed WorkersPercent

Job Self-Employed Workers

1. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Landscaping Workers......................34.7%2. Technical Directors/Managers ..........................................................................................32.8%3. Roofers ..............................................................................................................................31.9%4. Boat Builders and Shipwrights ..........................................................................................29.7%5. Brattice Builders ................................................................................................................29.7%6. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ..............................................................................29.7%7. Construction Carpenters ..................................................................................................29.7%8. Rough Carpenters ............................................................................................................29.7%9. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ............................................................................................29.7%

10. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ........................................................................................27.9%11. Ceiling Tile Installers ........................................................................................................18.4%12. Drywall Installers ..............................................................................................................18.4%13. Automotive Master Mechanics ..........................................................................................15.5%14. Automotive Specialty Technicians ....................................................................................15.5%15. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics..........................................................................15.4%16. Refrigeration Mechanics....................................................................................................15.4%

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Best Realistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics..........................................................15.4% ..................$35,160..........31.8% ..........35,000

2. Refrigeration Mechanics....................................15.4% ..................$35,160..........31.8% ..........35,0003. Technical Directors/Managers ..........................32.8% ..................$48,200..........18.3% ..........10,0004. Brickmasons and Blockmasons ........................27.9% ..................$41,550..........14.2% ..........21,0005. Boat Builders and Shipwrights ..........................29.7% ..................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0006. Brattice Builders ................................................29.7% ..................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0007. Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers ..............29.7% ..................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0008. Construction Carpenters ..................................29.7% ..................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,0009. Rough Carpenters ............................................29.7% ..................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,000

10. Ship Carpenters and Joiners ............................29.7% ..................$34,250..........10.1% ........193,00011. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Landscaping Workers ................34.7% ..................$33,770..........21.6% ..........18,00012. Ceiling Tile Installers..........................................18.4% ..................$33,670..........21.4% ..........17,00013. Drywall Installers................................................18.4% ..................$33,670..........21.4% ..........17,00014. Roofers ..............................................................31.9% ..................$30,020..........18.6% ..........38,00015. Automotive Master Mechanics ..........................15.5% ..................$31,130..........12.4% ........100,00016. Automotive Specialty Technicians ....................15.5% ..................$31,130..........12.4% ........100,000

Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed Workers

PercentJob Self-Employed Workers

1. Chiropractors ....................................................................................................................58.5%2. Dentists, General ..............................................................................................................39.9%3. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ......................................................................................39.9%4. Orthodontists ....................................................................................................................39.9%5. Prosthodontists..................................................................................................................39.9%6. Optometrists ......................................................................................................................29.2%7. Veterinarians......................................................................................................................27.7%8. Clinical Psychologists........................................................................................................25.4%9. Educational Psychologists ................................................................................................25.4%

10. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts....................................................23.6%

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Investigative Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed Workers

PercentJob Self-Employed Workers

11. Anesthesiologists ..............................................................................................................16.9%12. Family and General Practitioners ......................................................................................16.9%13. Internists, General ............................................................................................................16.9%14. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ......................................................................................16.9%15. Pediatricians, General ......................................................................................................16.9%16. Psychiatrists ......................................................................................................................16.9%17. Surgeons ..........................................................................................................................16.9%

Best Investigative Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Anesthesiologists ..............................................16.9% ..........over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0002. Internists, General ............................................16.9% ..........over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0003. Obstetricians and Gynecologists ......................16.9% ..........over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0004. Surgeons ..........................................................16.9% ..........over $145,000 ........19.5% ..........38,0005. Pediatricians, General ......................................16.9% ................$134,170 ........19.5% ..........38,0006. Psychiatrists ......................................................16.9% ................$133,970 ........19.5% ..........38,0007. Family and General Practitioners ......................16.9% ................$133,340 ........19.5% ..........38,0008. Network Systems and Data

Communications Analysts ................................23.6% ..................$59,120 ........57.0% ..........29,0009. Veterinarians......................................................27.7% ..................$64,750 ........25.1% ............4,000

10. Chiropractors ....................................................58.5% ..................$65,990 ........23.3% ............3,00011. Clinical Psychologists ........................................25.4% ..................$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00012. Educational Psychologists ................................25.4% ..................$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,00013. Optometrists ......................................................29.2% ..................$85,430 ........17.1% ............2,00014. Dentists, General ..............................................39.9% ................$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00015. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons........................39.9% ................$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00016. Orthodontists ....................................................39.9% ................$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,00017. Prosthodontists ..................................................39.9% ................$120,330 ..........4.1% ............7,000

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Artistic Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed WorkersPercent

Job Self-Employed Workers

1. Caption Writers ................................................................................................................67.9%2. Copy Writers......................................................................................................................67.9%3. Creative Writers ................................................................................................................67.9%4. Poets and Lyricists ............................................................................................................67.9%5. Cartoonists ........................................................................................................................55.5%6. Painters and Illustrators ....................................................................................................55.5%7. Sculptors ..........................................................................................................................55.5%8. Sketch Artists ....................................................................................................................55.5%9. Art Directors ......................................................................................................................53.6%

10. Photographers, Scientific ..................................................................................................52.5%11. Professional Photographers..............................................................................................52.5%12. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance....................................................................50.6%13. Models ..............................................................................................................................49.1%14. Composers........................................................................................................................39.3%15. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators..................................................................................39.3%16. Music Directors ................................................................................................................39.3%17. Musicians, Instrumental ....................................................................................................38.3%18. Singers ..............................................................................................................................38.3%19. Radio and Television Announcers ....................................................................................34.4%20. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio ..............................................32.8%21. Producers..........................................................................................................................32.8%22. Talent Directors ................................................................................................................32.8%23. Floral Designers ................................................................................................................32.5%24. Exhibit Designers ..............................................................................................................32.2%25. Interior Designers..............................................................................................................32.2%26. Set Designers....................................................................................................................32.2%27. Graphic Designers ............................................................................................................31.8%28. Commercial and Industrial Designers ..............................................................................31.0%29. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ..............................................................30.9%30. Fashion Designers ............................................................................................................29.3%31. Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture ..............................................23.8%32. Landscape Architects........................................................................................................23.4%33. Film and Video Editors......................................................................................................21.9%34. Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ........................................................................21.4%35. Interpreters and Translators ..............................................................................................19.6%36. Actors ................................................................................................................................17.4%37. Choreographers ................................................................................................................16.7%

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Graphic Designers ............................................31.8%....................$36,630 ........21.9% ..........29,0002. Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures,

Television, and Radio ........................................32.8%....................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,0003. Producers ..........................................................32.8%....................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,0004. Talent Directors..................................................32.8%....................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,0005. Architects, Except Landscape

and Naval ..........................................................21.4%....................$57,950 ........17.3% ............8,0006. Musicians, Instrumental ....................................38.3%....................$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0007. Singers ..............................................................38.3%....................$37,380 ........17.1% ..........25,0008. Caption Writers ..................................................67.9%....................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,0009. Copy Writers ......................................................67.9%....................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,000

10. Creative Writers ................................................67.9%....................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,00011. Poets and Lyricists ............................................67.9%....................$42,330 ........16.1% ..........23,00012. Interior Designers ..............................................32.2%....................$40,120 ........21.7% ............8,00013. Landscape Architects ........................................23.4%....................$50,480 ........22.2% ............2,00014. Art Directors ......................................................53.6%....................$62,260 ........11.4% ............8,00015. Film and Video Editors ......................................21.9%....................$40,600 ........26.4% ............3,00016. Commercial and Industrial Designers ..............31.0%....................$52,320 ........14.7% ............7,00017. Interpreters and Translators ..............................19.6%....................$33,490 ........22.1% ............4,00018. Actors ................................................................17.4%....................$26,460 ........17.7% ............8,00019. Cartoonists ........................................................55.5%....................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00020. Painters and Illustrators ....................................55.5%....................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00021. Sculptors ............................................................55.5%....................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00022. Sketch Artists ....................................................55.5%....................$35,420 ........16.5% ............4,00023. Exhibit Designers ..............................................32.2%....................$35,150 ........20.9% ............2,00024. Set Designers ....................................................32.2%....................$35,150 ........20.9% ............2,00025. Photographers, Scientific ..................................52.5%....................$25,050 ........13.6% ..........18,00026. Professional Photographers ..............................52.5%....................$25,050 ........13.6% ..........18,00027. Composers ........................................................39.3%....................$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00028. Fashion Designers ............................................29.3%....................$52,860 ........10.6% ............2,00029. Music Arrangers and Orchestrators ..................39.3%....................$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00030. Music Directors ..................................................39.3%....................$32,530 ........13.5% ............8,00031. Camera Operators, Television, Video,

and Motion Picture ............................................23.8%....................$34,330 ........13.4% ............4,00032. Floral Designers ................................................32.5%....................$19,660 ........12.4% ..........13,000

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Best Artistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

33. Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance ......................................................50.6%....................$29,320 ........18.2% ..fewer than 500

34. Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ............................................................30.9%....................$22,030 ........11.3% ..........10,000

35. Choreographers ................................................16.7%....................$31,030 ........15.8% ............3,00036. Radio and Television Announcers ....................34.4%....................$20,940 ......–10.1% ............8,00037. Models ..............................................................49.1%....................$24,270 ........14.5% ............1,000

Social Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed WorkersPercent

Job Self-Employed Workers

1. Personal Financial Advisors ..............................................................................................37.7%2. Counseling Psychologists ................................................................................................25.4%3. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ................................................................................19.9%

Best Social Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Personal Financial Advisors ..............................37.7% ..................$58,700 ........34.6% ..........18,0002. Self-Enrichment Education Teachers ................19.9% ..................$29,820 ........40.1% ..........39,0003. Counseling Psychologists..................................25.4% ..................$52,220 ........24.4% ..........17,000

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Enterprising Jobs with the Highest Percentageof Self-Employed Workers

PercentJob Self-Employed Workers

1. Construction Managers ....................................................................................................46.9%2. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers ......................................44.7%3. Lawn Service Managers....................................................................................................34.7%4. Program Directors ............................................................................................................32.8%5. Management Analysts ......................................................................................................29.8%6. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes..............................27.0%7. Lawyers ............................................................................................................................26.8%8. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers ..........20.1%9. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers ..........................20.1%

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Management Analysts ......................................29.8% ..................$62,580 ........30.4% ..........78,0002. Lawyers..............................................................26.8% ..................$91,490 ........17.0% ..........53,0003. Construction Managers ....................................46.9% ..................$66,470 ........12.0% ..........47,0004. First-Line Supervisors and

Manager/Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers..................................................20.1% ..................$48,730 ........14.1% ..........67,000

5. First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers..............................................................20.1% ..................$48,730 ........14.1% ..........67,000

6. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers ................................44.7% ..................$55,690 ..........6.8% ..........72,000

7. Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes ......................27.0% ..................$54,640 ........27.8% ............2,000

8. Lawn Service Managers....................................34.7% ..................$33,770 ........21.6% ..........18,0009. Program Directors..............................................32.8% ..................$48,200 ........18.3% ..........10,000

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Conventional Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed Workers

PercentJob Self-Employed Workers

1. Assessors ..........................................................................................................................34.8%2. Tax Preparers ....................................................................................................................26.2%

Best Conventional Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More Self-Employed Workers

Percent Annual Percent AnnualJob Self-Employed Workers Earnings Growth Openings

1. Assessors ..........................................................34.8% ..................$43,610 ........17.6% ..........11,0002. Tax Preparers ....................................................26.2% ..................$26,530 ........23.2% ..........11,000

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PART IV

Descriptions of the50 Best Jobs forEach Personality

This part provides descriptions for all the jobs included in one or more of the lists in Part III.The book’s introduction gives more details on how to use and interpret the job descriptions,

but here are the highlights, along with some additional information.

) The job descriptions that follow met our criteria for inclusion in this book, as wedescribe in the Introduction. The jobs in this book scored among the 50 highest in eachpersonality type for earnings, projected growth, and number of job openings. Manygood jobs do not meet one or more of these criteria, but we think the jobs that do arethe best ones to consider in your career planning.

) The job descriptions are arranged by personality type and in alphabetical order by jobtitle within each personality type. This approach allows you to find a description quick-ly if you know its title from one of the lists in Part III. If you have not browsed the listsin Part III, consider spending some time there. The lists are interesting and will helpyou identify job titles that you can look up in the descriptions that follow.

) Refer to the Introduction, beginning on page 1, for details on interpreting the jobdescriptions’ content.

) The GOE job description section includes a subsection titled Other Jobs in This WorkGroup to help you identify similar jobs. Not all of the jobs listed here are among thetop 50 for each personality type.

) When reviewing the descriptions, keep in mind that the jobs meet our criteria for beingamong the top 50 jobs for each personality type based on their total scores for earnings,growth, and number of openings—but one or more of these measures may not beamong the highest. For example, an occupation that has high pay may be included,even though growth rate and number of job openings are below average.

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“Well,” you might ask, “doesn’t this mean that at least some ‘bad’ jobs are described in this part?”Our answer is yes and no. Some jobs with high scores for all measures, such as Sales Managers—the Enterprising job with the highest total for pay, growth, and number of openings—would bea very bad job for people who dislike or are not good at that sort of work. On the other hand,many people love working as Lawn Service Managers even though that job has lower earnings, a lower projected growth rate, and fewer openings. Descriptions for both jobs are included in this book.

Possibly somewhere a former sales manager works as a lawn service manager and loves it. Thisperson may even have figured out how to make more money (say, by specializing in golf cours-es), have a more flexible schedule, have more fun, or have other advantages not available to asales manager.

The point is that each job is right for somebody, perhaps at a certain time in their lives. We areall likely to change careers and jobs several times, and it’s not always money that motivates us.So browse the job descriptions that follow and know that somewhere there is a good place foryou. We hope you find it.

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Realistic Jobs

Airline Pilots, Copilots,and Flight Engineers) Personality Code: RE

) Growth: 18.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $125,030

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 12.9%

Pilot and navigate the flight of multi-engine air-craft in regularly scheduled service for the trans-port of passengers and cargo. Requires Federal AirTransport rating and certification in specific air-craft type used. File instrument flight plans with airtraffic control to ensure that flights are coordinatedwith other air traffic. Inspect aircraft for defects andmalfunctions according to pre-flight checklists.Make announcements regarding flights, using pub-lic address systems. Monitor engine operation, fuelconsumption, and functioning of aircraft systemsduring flights. Monitor gauges, warning devices,and control panels to verify aircraft performanceand to regulate engine speed. Order changes in fuelsupplies, loads, routes, or schedules to ensure safetyof flights. Plan and formulate flight activities andtest schedules and prepare flight evaluation reports.Respond to and report in-flight emergencies andmalfunctions. Start engines, operate controls, andpilot airplanes to transport passengers, mail, orfreight while adhering to flight plans, regulations,and procedures. Steer aircraft along planned routeswith the assistance of autopilot and flight manage-ment computers. Work as part of a flight team with

other crew members, especially during takeoffs andlandings. Brief crews about flight details such as des-tinations, duties, and responsibilities. Check passen-ger and cargo distributions and fuel amounts toensure that weight and balance specifications aremet. Choose routes, altitudes, and speeds that willprovide the fastest, safest, and smoothest flights.Confer with flight dispatchers and weather forecast-ers to keep abreast of flight conditions. Contact con-trol towers for takeoff clearances, arrivalinstructions, and other information, using radioequipment. Coordinate flight activities with groundcrews and air-traffic control and inform crew mem-bers of flight and test procedures. Direct activities ofaircraft crews during flights. Conduct in-flight testsand evaluations at specified altitudes and in all typesof weather in order to determine the receptivity andother characteristics of equipment and systems.Evaluate other pilots or pilot-license applicants forproficiency. Instruct other pilots and student pilotsin aircraft operations and the principles of flight.Load smaller aircraft, handling passenger luggageand supervising refueling. SKILLS—Operation andControl; Operation Monitoring; Instructing; Sci-ence; Coordination; Systems Evaluation; Judgmentand Decision Making; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 07. Transportation. WorkGroup: 07.03. Air Vehicle Operation. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Commercial Pilots.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot and FlightCrew; Flight Instructor. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Geography;Public Safety and Security; Education and Training;Mechanical Devices; Physics.

________________________________________Realistic Jobs: Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers

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Automotive MasterMechanics) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 12.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 100,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,130

) Education/Training Required: Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 15.5%

) Part-Time: 4.3%

Repair automobiles, trucks, buses, and other vehi-cles. Master mechanics repair virtually any part onthe vehicle or specialize in the transmission system.Examine vehicles to determine extent of damage ormalfunctions. Test drive vehicles and test compo-nents and systems, using equipment such as infraredengine analyzers, compression gauges, and comput-erized diagnostic devices. Repair, reline, replace, andadjust brakes. Review work orders and discuss workwith supervisors. Follow checklists to ensure allimportant parts are examined, including belts,hoses, steering systems, spark plugs, brake and fuelsystems, wheel bearings, and other potentially trou-blesome areas. Plan work procedures, using charts,technical manuals, and experience. Test and adjustrepaired systems to meet manufacturers’ perform-ance specifications. Confer with customers to obtaindescriptions of vehicle problems and to discuss workto be performed and future repair requirements.Perform routine and scheduled maintenance servic-es such as oil changes, lubrications, and tune-ups.Disassemble units and inspect parts for wear, usingmicrometers, calipers, and gauges. Overhaul orreplace carburetors, blowers, generators, distribu-tors, starters, and pumps. Repair and service air con-ditioning, heating, engine-cooling, and electricalsystems. Repair or replace parts such as pistons,rods, gears, valves, and bearings. Tear down, repair,and rebuild faulty assemblies such as power systems,steering systems, and linkages. Rewire ignition sys-

tems, lights, and instrument panels. Repair radiatorleaks. Install and repair accessories such as radios,heaters, mirrors, and windshield wipers. Repairmanual and automatic transmissions. Repair orreplace shock absorbers. Align vehicles’ front ends.Rebuild parts such as crankshafts and cylinderblocks. SKILLS—Troubleshooting; Repairing;Installation; Equipment Maintenance; ActiveLearning; Complex Problem Solving; Instructing;Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.03. Mechanical Work.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Aircraft Body andBonded Structure Repairers; Aircraft Engine Spe-cialists; Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians;Airframe-and-Power-Plant Mechanics; AutomotiveBody and Related Repairers; Automotive GlassInstallers and Repairers; Automotive Service Techni-cians and Mechanics; Automotive Specialty Techni-cians; Bicycle Repairers; Bridge and Lock Tenders;Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Spe-cialists; Camera and Photographic EquipmentRepairers; Coin, Vending, and AmusementMachine Servicers and Repairers; Control and ValveInstallers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door;Farm Equipment Mechanics; Gas ApplianceRepairers; Hand and Portable Power Tool Repairers;Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics; Heating,Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics andInstallers; Helpers—Electricians; Helpers—Installa-tion, Maintenance, and Repair Workers; IndustrialMachinery Mechanics; Installation, Maintenance,and Repair Workers, All Other; Keyboard Instru-ment Repairers and Tuners; Locksmiths and SafeRepairers; Maintenance and Repair Workers, Gen-eral; Maintenance Workers, Machinery; MechanicalDoor Repairers; Medical Appliance Technicians;Medical Equipment Repairers; Meter Mechanics;Millwrights; Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics,Except Engines; Motorboat Mechanics; Motor-cycle Mechanics; Musical Instrument Repairers andTuners; Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians; Opti-cal Instrument Assemblers; Outdoor Power Equip-ment and Other Small Engine Mechanics; Painters,Transportation Equipment; Percussion Instrument

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Repairers and Tuners; Precision Instrument andEquipment Repairers, All Other; Rail Car Repairers;Railroad Inspectors; Recreational Vehicle ServiceTechnicians; Reed or Wind Instrument Repairersand Tuners; Refrigeration Mechanics; StringedInstrument Repairers and Tuners; Tire Repairersand Changers; Valve and Regulator Repairers;Watch Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technology/Technician;Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician; Automotive Engineering Technolo-gy/Technician; Medium/Heavy Vehicle and TruckTechnology/Technician; Vehicle Emissions Inspec-tion and Maintenance Technology/Technician.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Me-chanical Devices; Computers and Electronics;Physics; Engineering and Technology; Educationand Training; Customer and Personal Service.

Automotive SpecialtyTechnicians) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 12.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 100,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,130

) Education/Training Required: Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 15.5%

) Part-Time: 4.3%

Repair only one system or component on a vehicle,such as brakes, suspension, or radiator. Align andrepair wheels, axles, frames, torsion bars, and steer-ing mechanisms of automobiles, using special align-ment equipment and wheel-balancing machines.Examine vehicles, compile estimates of repair costs,and secure customers’ approval to perform repairs.Install and repair air conditioners and service com-

ponents such as compressors, condensers, and con-trols. Rebuild, repair, and test automotive fuel injec-tion units. Remove and replace defective mufflersand tailpipes. Repair and rebuild clutch systems.Repair and replace automobile leaf springs. Repairand replace defective ball joint suspensions, brakeshoes, and wheel bearings. Repair, overhaul, andadjust automobile brake systems. Repair, replace,and adjust defective carburetor parts and gasolinefilters. Test electronic computer components inautomobiles to ensure that they are working proper-ly. Tune automobile engines to ensure proper andefficient functioning. Use electronic test equipmentto locate and correct malfunctions in fuel, ignition,and emissions control systems. Convert vehicle fuelsystems from gasoline to butane gas operations andrepair and service operating butane fuel units.Inspect and test new vehicles for damage; thenrecord findings so that necessary repairs can bemade. Repair, install, and adjust hydraulic and elec-tromagnetic automatic lift mechanisms used to raiseand lower automobile windows, seats, and tops.SKILLS—Installation; Repairing; Troubleshooting;Equipment Maintenance; Quality Control Analysis;Technology Design; Operation Monitoring; Man-agement of Material Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.03. Mechanical Work.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Aircraft Body andBonded Structure Repairers; Aircraft Engine Spe-cialists; Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians;Airframe-and-Power-Plant Mechanics; AutomotiveBody and Related Repairers; Automotive GlassInstallers and Repairers; Automotive MasterMechanics; Automotive Service Technicians andMechanics; Bicycle Repairers; Bridge and Lock Ten-ders; Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel EngineSpecialists; Camera and Photographic EquipmentRepairers; Coin, Vending, and AmusementMachine Servicers and Repairers; Control and ValveInstallers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door;Farm Equipment Mechanics; Gas ApplianceRepairers; Hand and Portable Power Tool Repairers;Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics; Heating,

________________________________________________Realistic Jobs: Automotive Specialty Technicians

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Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics andInstallers; Helpers—Electricians; Helpers—Installa-tion, Maintenance, and Repair Workers; IndustrialMachinery Mechanics; Installation, Maintenance,and Repair Workers, All Other; Keyboard Instru-ment Repairers and Tuners; Locksmiths and SafeRepairers; Maintenance and Repair Workers, Gen-eral; Maintenance Workers, Machinery; MechanicalDoor Repairers; Medical Appliance Technicians;Medical Equipment Repairers; Meter Mechanics;Millwrights; Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics,Except Engines; Motorboat Mechanics; MotorcycleMechanics; Musical Instrument Repairers andTuners; Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians; Opti-cal Instrument Assemblers; Outdoor Power Equip-ment and Other Small Engine Mechanics; Painters,Transportation Equipment; Percussion InstrumentRepairers and Tuners; Precision Instrument andEquipment Repairers, All Other; Rail Car Repairers;Railroad Inspectors; Recreational Vehicle ServiceTechnicians; Reed or Wind Instrument Repairersand Tuners; Refrigeration Mechanics; StringedInstrument Repairers and Tuners; Tire Repairersand Changers; Valve and Regulator Repairers;Watch Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technology/Technician;Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/Technician; Automotive Engineering Technolo-gy/Technician; Medium/Heavy Vehicle and TruckTechnology/Technician; Vehicle Emissions Inspec-tion and Maintenance Technology/Technician.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Me-chanical Devices; Computers and Electronics;Design; Physics; Engineering and Technology;Chemistry.

Boat Builders andShipwrights) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 193,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,250

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 29.7%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Construct and repair ships or boats according toblueprints. Cuts and forms parts, such as keel, ribs,sidings, and support structures and blocks, usingwoodworking hand tools and power tools. Con-structs and shapes wooden frames, structures, andother parts according to blueprint specifications,using hand tools, power tools, and measuringinstruments. Attaches metal parts such as fittings,plates, and bulkheads to ship, using brace and bits,augers, and wrenches. Establishes dimensional refer-ence points on layout and hull to make template ofparts and locate machinery and equipment.Smoothes and finishes ship surfaces, using powersander, broadax, adz, and paint, and waxes and buffssurface to specified finish. Cuts out defect, usingpower tools and hand tools, and fits and securesreplacement part, using caulking gun, adhesive, orhand tools. Assembles and installs hull timbers andother structures in ship, using adhesive, measuringinstruments, and hand tools or power tools. Mea-sures and marks dimensional lines on lumber, fol-lowing template and using scriber. Consults withcustomer or supervisor and reads blueprint to deter-mine necessary repairs. Attaches hoist to sections ofhull and directs hoist operator to align parts overblocks according to layout of boat. Marks outline ofboat on building dock, shipway, or mold loftaccording to blueprint specifications, using measur-ing instruments and crayon. Inspects boat to deter-mine location and extent of defect. Positions and

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secures support structures on construction area.SKILLS—Installation; Repairing; OperationsAnalysis; Technology Design; Equipment Selection;Equipment Maintenance; Mathematics; QualityControl Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boilermakers;Brattice Builders; Brickmasons and Blockmasons;Carpenters; Carpet Installers; Ceiling Tile Installers;Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers; Commer-cial Divers; Construction and Related Workers, AllOther; Construction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceil-ing Tile Installers; Drywall Installers; Electricians;Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts,and Blasters; Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, ExceptCarpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders andFinishers; Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and ScraperOperators; Hazardous Materials Removal Workers;Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insu-lation Workers, Mechanical; Manufactured Build-ing and Mobile Home Installers; OperatingEngineers; Operating Engineers and Other Con-struction Equipment Operators; Painters, Con-struction and Maintenance; Paperhangers; Paving,Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators;Pile-Driver Operators; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers;Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers and Stucco Masons;Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters;Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance EquipmentOperators; Refractory Materials Repairers, ExceptBrickmasons; Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers;Riggers; Roofers; Rough Carpenters; Security andFire Alarm Systems Installers; Segmental Pavers;Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Carpenters and Joiners;Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons; StructuralIron and Steel Workers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workersand Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Carpentry/Carpenter. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction;Design; Mechanical Devices; Engineering and Tech-nology; Production and Processing; Physics.

Brattice Builders) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 193,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,250

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 29.7%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Build doors or brattices (ventilation walls or parti-tions) in underground passageways to control theproper circulation of air through the passagewaysand to the working places. Installs rigid and flexibleair ducts to transport air to work areas. Drills andblasts obstructing boulders to reopen ventilationshafts. Erects partitions to support roof in areasunsuited to timbering or bolting. SKILLS—Instal-lation; Technology Design; Operations Analysis;Equipment Selection; Quality Control Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brickmasons and Block-masons; Carpenters; Carpet Installers; Ceiling TileInstallers; Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers;Commercial Divers; Construction and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Construction Carpenters; Dry-wall and Ceiling Tile Installers; Drywall Installers;Electricians; Explosives Workers, Ordnance Han-dling Experts, and Blasters; Fence Erectors; FloorLayers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles; FloorSanders and Finishers; Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer,and Scraper Operators; Hazardous MaterialsRemoval Workers; Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceil-ing, and Wall; Insulation Workers, Mechanical;Manufactured Building and Mobile HomeInstallers; Operating Engineers; Operating Engi-neers and Other Construction Equipment Opera-tors; Painters, Construction and Maintenance;Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, and TampingEquipment Operators; Pile-Driver Operators; Pipe

______________________________________________________________Realistic Jobs: Brattice Builders

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Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers andStucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters,and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and Mainte-nance Equipment Operators; Refractory MaterialsRepairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Ironand Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Carpentry/Carpenter. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction; Physics;Engineering and Technology; Mechanical Devices.

Brazers) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,640

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.6%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Braze together components to assemble fabricatedmetal parts, using torch or welding machine andflux. Connects hoses from torch to regulator valvesand cylinders of oxygen and specified fuel gas, acety-lene or natural. Turns valves to start flow of gases,lights flame, and adjusts valves to obtain desiredcolor and size of flame. Brushes flux onto joint ofworkpiece or dips braze rod into flux to prevent oxi-dation of metal. Aligns and secures workpieces infixtures, jigs, or vise, using rule, square, or template.Melts and separates brazed joints to remove andstraighten damaged or misaligned components,using hand torch or furnace. Selects torch tip, flux,

and brazing alloy from data charts or work order.Adjusts electric current and timing cycle of resist-ance welding machine to heat metal to bondingtemperature. Guides torch and rod along joint ofworkpieces to heat to brazing temperature, meltbraze alloy, and bond workpieces together. Cuts car-bon electrodes to specified size and shape, using cut-off saw. Removes workpiece from fixture, usingtongs, and cools workpiece, using air or water.Cleans joints of workpieces, using wire brush or bydipping them into cleaning solution. Examinesseam and rebrazes defective joints or broken parts.SKILLS—Operation and Control; OperationMonitoring; Installation; Equipment Selection; Sci-ence; Quality Control Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.03. Production Work. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Assemblers and Fabricators,All Other; Bakers, Manufacturing; BinderyMachine Operators and Tenders; Cementing andGluing Machine Operators and Tenders; ChemicalEquipment Controllers and Operators; ChemicalEquipment Operators and Tenders; ChemicalEquipment Tenders; Cleaning, Washing, and MetalPickling Equipment Operators and Tenders; Coat-ing, Painting, and Spraying Machine Operators andTenders; Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers; Com-bination Machine Tool Operators and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Computer-Controlled MachineTool Operators, Metal and Plastic; Cooling andFreezing Equipment Operators and Tenders; Crush-ing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders; Cutters and Trimmers,Hand; Cutting and Slicing Machine Operators andTenders; Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders; Design Printing MachineSetters and Set-Up Operators; Electrolytic Platingand Coating Machine Operators and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Electrolytic Plating and CoatingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators, Metal andPlastic; Electrotypers and Stereotypers; EmbossingMachine Set-Up Operators; Engraver Set-Up Oper-ators; Extruding and Forming Machine Operatorsand Tenders, Synthetic or Glass Fibers; Extrudingand Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Ten-

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ders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers; Extruding, Form-ing, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Operatorsand Tenders; Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers;Fiber Product Cutting Machine Setters and Set-UpOperators; Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators;Film Laboratory Technicians; Fitters, StructuralMetal—Precision; Food and Tobacco Roasting,Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Ten-ders; Food Batchmakers; Food Cooking MachineOperators and Tenders; Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier,and Kettle Operators and Tenders; Glass CuttingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators; Graders andSorters, Agricultural Products; Grinding and Polish-ing Workers, Hand; Hand Compositors and Type-setters; Heaters, Metal and Plastic; Helpers—Production Workers; Job Printers; LetterpressSetters and Set-Up Operators; Marking and Identi-fication Printing Machine Setters and Set-Up Oper-ators; Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters andTrimmers; Metal Fabricators, Structural MetalProducts; Metal-Refining Furnace Operators andTenders; Mixing and Blending Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders; Mold Makers, Hand;Molding and Casting Workers; NonelectrolyticPlating and Coating Machine Operators and Ten-ders, Metal and Plastic; Nonelectrolytic Plating andCoating Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators,Metal and Plastic; Numerical Control Machine ToolOperators and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; OffsetLithographic Press Setters and Set-Up Operators;Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Ten-ders; Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers;Photoengraving and Lithographing Machine Oper-ators and Tenders; Photographic Hand Developers;Photographic Process Workers; Photographic Pro-cessing Machine Operators; Photographic Repro-duction Technicians; Photographic Retouchers andRestorers; Plate Finishers; Platemakers; Plating andCoating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Pourers and Casters, Metal; Pre-cision Printing Workers; Prepress Technicians andWorkers; Pressing Machine Operators and Ten-ders—Textile, Garment, and Related Materials;Printing Machine Operators; Printing PressMachine Operators and Tenders; Production

Helpers; Production Laborers; Production Workers,All Other; Sawing Machine Operators and Tenders;Sawing Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators;Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders,Wood; Scanner Operators; Semiconductor Proces-sors; Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating,and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders;Sewers, Hand; Sewing Machine Operators; SewingMachine Operators, Garment; Sewing MachineOperators, Non-Garment; Shoe Machine Opera-tors and Tenders; Slaughterers and Meat Packers;Solderers; Soldering and Brazing Machine Opera-tors and Tenders; Stone Sawyers; Strippers; Struc-tural Metal Fabricators and Fitters; TeamAssemblers; Textile Bleaching and Dyeing MachineOperators and Tenders; Tire Builders; Welder-Fit-ters; Welders and Cutters; Welders, Cutters, Solder-ers, and Brazers; Welders, Production; WeldingMachine Operators and Tenders; WoodworkingMachine Operators and Tenders, Except Sawing.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Welding Technology/Welder. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Engineering andTechnology; Building and Construction; Mechani-cal Devices; Chemistry.

Brickmasons andBlockmasons) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 14.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $41,550

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 27.9%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Lay and bind building materials, such as brick,structural tile, concrete block, cinder block, glass

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block, and terra-cotta block, with mortar andother substances to construct or repair walls, parti-tions, arches, sewers, and other structures. Con-struct corners by fastening in plumb position acorner pole or building a corner pyramid of bricksand then filling in between the corners, using a linefrom corner to corner to guide each course, or layer,of brick. Measure distance from reference pointsand mark guidelines to lay out work, using plumbbobs and levels. Calculate angles and courses anddetermine vertical and horizontal alignment ofcourses. Fasten or fuse brick or other building mate-rial to structure with wire clamps, anchor holes,torch, or cement. Break or cut bricks, tiles, or blocksto size, using trowel edge, hammer, or power saw.Remove excess mortar with trowels and hand toolsand finish mortar joints with jointing tools for asealed, uniform appearance. Interpret blueprintsand drawings to determine specifications and to cal-culate the materials required. Apply and smoothmortar or other mixture over work surface. Mixspecified amounts of sand, clay, dirt, or mortar pow-der with water to form refractory mixtures. Examinebrickwork or structure to determine need for repair.Clean working surface to remove scale, dust, soot,or chips of brick and mortar, using broom, wirebrush, or scraper. Lay and align bricks, blocks, ortiles to build or repair structures or high tempera-ture equipment, such as cupola, kilns, ovens, or fur-naces. Remove burned or damaged brick or mortar,using sledgehammer, crowbar, chipping gun, orchisel. SKILLS—Equipment Maintenance; Mathe-matics; Instructing; Installation; Coordination;Social Perceptiveness; Management of FinancialResources; Technology Design.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Car-penters; Carpet Installers; Ceiling Tile Installers;Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers; Commer-cial Divers; Construction and Related Workers, AllOther; Construction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceil-

ing Tile Installers; Drywall Installers; Electricians;Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts,and Blasters; Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, ExceptCarpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders andFinishers; Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and ScraperOperators; Hazardous Materials Removal Workers;Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insu-lation Workers, Mechanical; Manufactured Build-ing and Mobile Home Installers; OperatingEngineers; Operating Engineers and Other Con-struction Equipment Operators; Painters, Con-struction and Maintenance; Paperhangers; Paving,Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators;Pile-Driver Operators; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers;Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers and Stucco Masons;Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters;Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance EquipmentOperators; Refractory Materials Repairers, ExceptBrickmasons; Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers;Riggers; Roofers; Rough Carpenters; Security andFire Alarm Systems Installers; Segmental Pavers;Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Carpenters and Joiners;Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons; StructuralIron and Steel Workers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workersand Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Mason/Masonry. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction; Design;Public Safety and Security; Mathematics; Produc-tion and Processing; Mechanical Devices.

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Bus and TruckMechanics and DieselEngine Specialists) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 14.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 28,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,970

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 3.9%

) Part-Time: 2.5%

Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul trucks, buses,and all types of diesel engines. Includes mechanicsworking primarily with automobile diesel engines.Use handtools such as screwdrivers, pliers, wrench-es, pressure gauges, and precision instruments, aswell as power tools such as pneumatic wrenches,lathes, welding equipment, and jacks and hoists.Inspect brake systems, steering mechanisms, wheelbearings, and other important parts to ensure thatthey are in proper operating condition. Performroutine maintenance such as changing oil, checkingbatteries, and lubricating equipment and machin-ery. Adjust and reline brakes, align wheels, tightenbolts and screws, and reassemble equipment. Raisetrucks, buses, and heavy parts or equipment, usinghydraulic jacks or hoists. Test-drive trucks and busesto diagnose malfunctions or to ensure that they areworking properly. Inspect, test, and listen to defec-tive equipment to diagnose malfunctions, using testinstruments such as handheld computers, motoranalyzers, chassis charts, and pressure gauges. Exam-ine and adjust protective guards, loose bolts, andspecified safety devices. Inspect and verify dimen-sions and clearances of parts to ensure conformanceto factory specifications. Specialize in repairing andmaintaining parts of the engine, such as fuel injec-tion systems. Attach test instruments to equipmentand read dials and gauges in order to diagnose mal-

functions. Rewire ignition systems, lights, andinstrument panels. Recondition and replace parts,pistons, bearings, gears, and valves. Repair andadjust seats, doors, and windows and install andrepair accessories. Inspect, repair, and maintainautomotive and mechanical equipment andmachinery such as pumps and compressors. Disas-semble and overhaul internal combustion engines,pumps, generators, transmissions, clutches, and dif-ferential units. Rebuild gas and/or diesel engines.Align front ends and suspension systems.SKILLS—Equipment Maintenance; Repairing;Troubleshooting; Installation; Learning Strategies;Coordination; Instructing; Technology Design.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.03. Mechanical Work.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Aircraft Body andBonded Structure Repairers; Aircraft Engine Spe-cialists; Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians;Airframe-and-Power-Plant Mechanics; AutomotiveBody and Related Repairers; Automotive GlassInstallers and Repairers; Automotive MasterMechanics; Automotive Service Technicians andMechanics; Automotive Specialty Technicians; Bicy-cle Repairers; Bridge and Lock Tenders; Camera andPhotographic Equipment Repairers; Coin, Vending,and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers;Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, ExceptMechanical Door; Farm Equipment Mechanics;Gas Appliance Repairers; Hand and Portable PowerTool Repairers; Heating and Air ConditioningMechanics; Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrig-eration Mechanics and Installers; Helpers—Electri-cians; Helpers—Installation, Maintenance, andRepair Workers; Industrial Machinery Mechanics;Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, AllOther; Keyboard Instrument Repairers and Tuners;Locksmiths and Safe Repairers; Maintenance andRepair Workers, General; Maintenance Workers,Machinery; Mechanical Door Repairers; MedicalAppliance Technicians; Medical Equipment Repair-ers; Meter Mechanics; Millwrights; Mobile HeavyEquipment Mechanics, Except Engines; MotorboatMechanics; Motorcycle Mechanics; Musical Instru-

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ment Repairers and Tuners; Ophthalmic Laborato-ry Technicians; Optical Instrument Assemblers;Outdoor Power Equipment and Other SmallEngine Mechanics; Painters, Transportation Equip-ment; Percussion Instrument Repairers and Tuners;Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, AllOther; Rail Car Repairers; Railroad Inspectors;Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians; Reed orWind Instrument Repairers and Tuners; Refrigera-tion Mechanics; Stringed Instrument Repairers andTuners; Tire Repairers and Changers; Valve andRegulator Repairers; Watch Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Diesel Mechanics Technology/Technician; Medi-um/Heavy Vehicle and Truck Technology/Technician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Mechanical Devices; Transportation; PublicSafety and Security; Engineering and Technology;Law and Government; Physics; Chemistry.

Calibration andInstrumentationTechnicians) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 10.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 24,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,650

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 5.0%

Develop, test, calibrate, operate, and repair electri-cal, mechanical, electromechanical, electrohy-draulic, or electronic measuring and recordinginstruments, apparatus, and equipment. Planssequence of testing and calibration program forinstruments and equipment according to blue-

prints, schematics, technical manuals, and otherspecifications. Performs preventative and correctivemaintenance of test apparatus and peripheral equip-ment. Confers with engineers, supervisor, and othertechnical workers to assist with equipment installa-tion, maintenance, and repair techniques. Analyzesand converts test data, using mathematical formu-las, and reports results and proposed modifications.Sets up test equipment and conducts tests on per-formance and reliability of mechanical, structural,or electromechanical equipment. Selects sensing,telemetering, and recording instrumentation andcircuitry. Disassembles and reassembles instrumentsand equipment, using hand tools, and inspectsinstruments and equipment for defects. Sketchesplans for developing jigs, fixtures, instruments, andrelated nonstandard apparatus. Modifies perform-ance and operation of component parts and circuit-ry to specifications, using test equipment andprecision instruments. SKILLS—TechnologyDesign; Equipment Maintenance; Quality ControlAnalysis; Science; Equipment Selection; Trou-bleshooting; Installation; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Car-tographers and Photogrammetrists; Civil Drafters;Civil Engineering Technicians; Construction andBuilding Inspectors; Drafters, All Other; Electricaland Electronic Engineering Technicians; Electricaland Electronics Drafters; Electrical Drafters; Electri-cal Engineering Technicians; Electro-MechanicalTechnicians; Electronic Drafters; Electronics Engi-neering Technicians; Engineering Technicians,Except Drafters, All Other; Environmental Engi-neering Technicians; Industrial Engineering Techni-cians; Mapping Technicians; Mechanical Drafters;Mechanical Engineering Technicians; NumericalTool and Process Control Programmers; PressureVessel Inspectors; Surveying and Mapping Techni-cians; Surveying Technicians; Surveyors.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer Engineering Technology/Technician;Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technol-ogy; Electrical and Electronic Engineering Tech-nologies/Technicians, Other; Electrical, Electronicand Communications Engineering Technology/Technician; Telecommunications Technology/Tech-nician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design; Mathematics; Computers and Electronics;Engineering and Technology; Mechanical Devices;Physics.

Carpenter Assemblersand Repairers) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 193,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,250

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 29.7%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Perform a variety of tasks requiring a limitedknowledge of carpentry, such as applying sidingand weatherboard to building exteriors or assem-bling and erecting prefabricated buildings. Mea-sures and marks location of studs, leaders, andreceptacle openings, using tape measure, template,and marker. Cuts sidings and moldings, sections ofweatherboard, openings in sheetrock, and lumber,using hand tools and power tools. Lays out andaligns materials on worktable or in assembly jigaccording to specified instructions. Removes surfacedefects, using knife, scraper, wet sponge, electriciron, and sanding tools. Trims overlapping edges ofwood or weatherboard, using portable router orpower saw and hand tools. Installs prefabricatedwindows and doors; insulation; wall, ceiling, and

floor panels; or siding, using adhesives, hoists, handtools, and power tools. Aligns and fastens materialstogether, using hand tools and power tools, to formbuilding or bracing. Repairs or replaces defectivelocks, hinges, cranks, and pieces of wood, usingglue, hand tools, and power tools. Applies stain,paint, or crayons to defects and filter to touch upthe repaired area. Directs crane operator in posi-tioning floor, wall, ceiling, and roof panel on housefoundation. Moves panel or roof section to otherwork stations or to storage or shipping area, usingelectric hoist. Studies blueprints, specificationsheets, and drawings to determine style and type ofwindow or wall panel required. Fills cracks, seams,depressions, and nail holes with filler. Examineswood surfaces for defects, such as nicks, cracks, orblisters. Measures cut materials to determine con-formance to specifications, using tape measure.Realigns windows and screens to fit casements andoils moving parts. SKILLS—Repairing; Installa-tion; Management of Material Resources; Equip-ment Maintenance; Operation and Control.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.04. Hands-on Workin Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance.Other Jobs in This Work Group: ConstructionLaborers; Extraction Workers, All Other; Grips andSet-Up Workers, Motion Picture Sets, Studios, andStages; Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other;Helpers—Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stone-masons, and Tile and Marble Setters; Helpers—Carpenters; Helpers—Extraction Workers; Helpers—Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, andStucco Masons; Helpers—Pipelayers, Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Helpers—Roofers;Highway Maintenance Workers; Septic Tank Ser-vicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Carpentry/Carpenter. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction;Design; Engineering and Technology.

______________________________________________Realistic Jobs: Carpenter Assemblers and Repairers

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Ceiling Tile Installers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 21.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,670

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 18.4%

) Part-Time: 5.9%

Apply or mount acoustical tiles or blocks, strips, orsheets of shock-absorbing materials to ceilings andwalls of buildings to reduce or reflect sound. Mate-rials may be of decorative quality. Includes latherswho fasten wooden, metal, or rockboard lath towalls, ceilings, or partitions of buildings to providesupport base for plaster, fire-proofing, or acousticalmaterial. Applies cement to back of tile and pressestile into place, aligning with layout marks and jointsof previously laid tile. Applies acoustical tiles orshock-absorbing materials to ceilings and walls ofbuildings to reduce or reflect sound and to decoraterooms. Washes concrete surfaces with washing sodaand zinc sulfate solution before mounting tile toincrease adhesive qualities of surfaces. Inspects fur-rings, mechanical mountings, and masonry surfacefor plumbness and level, using spirit or water level.Hangs dry lines (stretched string) to wall molding toguide positioning of main runners. Nails or screwsmolding to wall to support and seals joint betweenceiling tile and wall. Scribes and cuts edges of tile tofit wall where wall molding is not specified. Nailschannels or wood furring strips to surfaces to pro-vide mounting for tile. Measures and marks surfaceto lay out work according to blueprints and draw-ings. Cuts tiles for fixture and borders, using key-hole saw, and inserts tiles into supportingframework. SKILLS—None met the criteria.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders and

Shipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers;Commercial Divers; Construction and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Construction Carpenters; Dry-wall and Ceiling Tile Installers; Drywall Installers;Electricians; Explosives Workers, Ordnance Han-dling Experts, and Blasters; Fence Erectors; FloorLayers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles; FloorSanders and Finishers; Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer,and Scraper Operators; Hazardous MaterialsRemoval Workers; Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceil-ing, and Wall; Insulation Workers, Mechanical;Manufactured Building and Mobile HomeInstallers; Operating Engineers; Operating Engi-neers and Other Construction Equipment Opera-tors; Painters, Construction and Maintenance;Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, and TampingEquipment Operators; Pile-Driver Operators; PipeFitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers andStucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters,and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and Mainte-nance Equipment Operators; Refractory MaterialsRepairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Ironand Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Drywall Installation/Drywaller. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Design; Mathematics; Physics.

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Cement Masons andConcrete Finishers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 26.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 24,000

) Annual Earnings: $30,780

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.2%

) Part-Time: 5.0%

Smooth and finish surfaces of poured concrete,such as floors, walks, sidewalks, roads, or curbs,using a variety of hand and power tools. Alignforms for sidewalks, curbs, or gutters; patch voids;use saws to cut expansion joints. Wet surface toprepare for bonding, fill holes and cracks with groutor slurry, and smooth, using trowel. Build woodenmolds and clamp molds around area to be repaired,using hand tools. Cut out damaged areas, drill holesfor reinforcing rods, and position reinforcing rods torepair concrete, using power saw and drill. Directthe casting of the concrete and supervise laborerswho use shovels or special tools to spread it. Installanchor bolts, steel plates, door sills, and other fix-tures in freshly poured concrete and/or pattern orstamp the surface to provide a decorative finish. Pol-ish surface, using polishing or surfacing machine.Produce rough concrete surface, using broom. Pushroller over surface to embed chips in surface. Signaltruck driver to position truck to facilitate pouringconcrete and move chute to direct concrete onforms. Sprinkle colored marble or stone chips, pow-dered steel, or coloring powder over surface to pro-duce prescribed finish. Cut metal division strips andpress them into terrazzo base so that top edges formdesired design or pattern. Fabricate concrete beams,columns, and panels. Operate power vibrator tocompact concrete. Spread roofing paper on surfaceof foundation and spread concrete onto roofingpaper with trowel to form terrazzo base. Apply hard-

ening and sealing compounds to cure surface ofconcrete and waterproof or restore surface. Applymuriatic acid to clean surface and rinse with water.Check the forms that hold the concrete to see thatthey are properly constructed. Chip, scrape, andgrind high spots, ridges, and rough projections tofinish concrete, using pneumatic chisels, powergrinders, or hand tools. Clean chipped area, usingwire brush, and feel and observe surface to deter-mine if it is rough or uneven. Mix cement, sand,and water to produce concrete, grout, or slurry,using hoe, trowel, tamper, scraper, or concrete-mix-ing machine. Mold expansion joints and edges,using edging tools, jointers, and straightedge. Mon-itor how the wind, heat, or cold affects the curing ofthe concrete throughout the entire process. Set andalign the forms that hold concrete to the desiredpitch and depth. SKILLS—Technology Design;Repairing; Operations Analysis; Installation; Sci-ence.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; CommercialDivers; Construction and Related Workers, AllOther; Construction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceil-ing Tile Installers; Drywall Installers; Electricians;Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts,and Blasters; Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, ExceptCarpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders andFinishers; Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and ScraperOperators; Hazardous Materials Removal Workers;Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insu-lation Workers, Mechanical; Manufactured Build-ing and Mobile Home Installers; OperatingEngineers; Operating Engineers and Other Con-struction Equipment Operators; Painters, Con-struction and Maintenance; Paperhangers; Paving,Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators;Pile-Driver Operators; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers;Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers and Stucco Masons;Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters;

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Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance EquipmentOperators; Refractory Materials Repairers, ExceptBrickmasons; Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers;Riggers; Roofers; Rough Carpenters; Security andFire Alarm Systems Installers; Segmental Pavers;Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Carpenters and Joiners;Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons; StructuralIron and Steel Workers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workersand Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Concrete Finishing/Concrete Finisher. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Engineering and Technology; Fine Arts;Design; Geography.

Civil Engineers) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 8.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $61,850

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 6.7%

) Part-Time: 3.3%

Perform engineering duties in planning, designing,and overseeing construction and maintenance ofbuilding structures, and facilities, such as roads,railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels,dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants,water and sewage systems, and waste disposalunits. Includes architectural, structural, traffic,ocean, and geo-technical engineers. Analyze surveyreports, maps, drawings, blueprints, aerial photogra-phy, and other topographical or geologic data toplan projects. Plan and design transportation orhydraulic systems and structures, following con-struction and government standards and usingdesign software and drawing tools. Compute loadand grade requirements, water flow rates, and mate-

rial stress factors to determine design specifications.Inspect project sites to monitor progress and ensureconformance to design specifications and safety orsanitation standards. Direct construction, opera-tions, and maintenance activities at project site.Direct or participate in surveying to lay out installa-tions and establish reference points, grades, and ele-vations to guide construction. Estimate quantitiesand cost of materials, equipment, or labor to deter-mine project feasibility. Prepare or present publicreports, such as bid proposals, deeds, environmentalimpact statements, and property and right-of-waydescriptions. Test soils and materials to determinethe adequacy and strength of foundations, concrete,asphalt, or steel. Provide technical advice regardingdesign, construction, or program modifications andstructural repairs to industrial and managerial per-sonnel. SKILLS—Coordination; Science; Persua-sion; Negotiation; Mathematics; Instructing;Operations Analysis; Monitoring; Service Orienta-tion; Technology Design.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Computer Hardware Engineers; Com-puter Software Engineers, Applications; ComputerSoftware Engineers, Systems Software; ElectricalEngineers; Electronics Engineers, Except Comput-er; Engineers, All Other; Environmental Engineers;Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers; Healthand Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engi-neers and Inspectors; Industrial Engineers; Industri-al Safety and Health Engineers; LandscapeArchitects; Marine Architects; Marine Engineers;Marine Engineers and Naval Architects; MaterialsEngineers; Mechanical Engineers; Mining and Geo-logical Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engi-neers; Nuclear Engineers; Petroleum Engineers;Product Safety Engineers; Sales Engineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Civil Engineering, General; Civil Engineering,Other; Transportation and Highway Engineering;

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Water Resources Engineering. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Engineering andTechnology; Design; Building and Construction;Mathematics; Customer and Personal Service;Transportation; Physics.

ConstructionCarpenters) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 193,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,250

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 29.7%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Construct, erect, install, and repair structures andfixtures of wood, plywood, and wallboard, usingcarpenter’s hand tools and power tools. Measureand mark cutting lines on materials, using ruler,pencil, chalk, and marking gauge. Follow estab-lished safety rules and regulations and maintain asafe and clean environment. Verify trueness of struc-ture, using plumb bob and level. Shape or cut mate-rials to specified measurements, using hand tools,machines, or power saw. Study specifications inblueprints, sketches, or building plans to prepareproject layout and determine dimensions and mate-rials required. Assemble and fasten materials tomake framework or props, using hand tools andwood screws, nails, dowel pins, or glue. Build orrepair cabinets, doors, frameworks, floors, and otherwooden fixtures used in buildings, using wood-working machines, carpenter’s hand tools, andpower tools. Erect scaffolding and ladders for assem-bling structures above ground level. Remove dam-aged or defective parts or sections of structures andrepair or replace, using hand tools. Install structures

and fixtures, such as windows, frames, floorings,and trim, or hardware, using carpenter’s hand andpower tools. Select and order lumber and otherrequired materials. Maintain records, documentactions, and present written progress reports. Finishsurfaces of woodwork or wallboard in houses andbuildings, using paint, hand tools, and paneling.Prepare cost estimates for clients or employers.Arrange for subcontractors to deal with special areassuch as heating and electrical wiring work.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Management of Financial Resources; Managementof Material Resources; Equipment Maintenance;Repairing; Quality Control Analysis; Service Orien-tation; Speaking; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Drywalland Ceiling Tile Installers; Drywall Installers; Elec-tricians; Explosives Workers, Ordnance HandlingExperts, and Blasters; Fence Erectors; Floor Layers,Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles; FloorSanders and Finishers; Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer,and Scraper Operators; Hazardous MaterialsRemoval Workers; Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceil-ing, and Wall; Insulation Workers, Mechanical;Manufactured Building and Mobile HomeInstallers; Operating Engineers; Operating Engi-neers and Other Construction Equipment Opera-tors; Painters, Construction and Maintenance;Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, and TampingEquipment Operators; Pile-Driver Operators; PipeFitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers andStucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters,and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and Mainte-nance Equipment Operators; Refractory MaterialsRepairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Ironand Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;

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Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Carpentry/Carpenter. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction;Production and Processing; Engineering and Tech-nology; Design; Public Safety and Security;Mechanical Devices.

Correctional Officersand Jailers) Personality Code: RS

) Growth: 24.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 49,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,160

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.3%

Guard inmates in penal or rehabilitative institu-tion in accordance with established regulations andprocedures. May guard prisoners in transitbetween jail, courtroom, prison, or other point.Includes deputy sheriffs and police who spend themajority of their time guarding prisoners in cor-rectional institutions. Monitor conduct of prison-ers, according to established policies, regulations,and procedures, in order to prevent escape or vio-lence. Inspect conditions of locks, window bars,grills, doors, and gates at correctional facilities inorder to ensure that they will prevent escapes. Searchprisoners, cells, and vehicles for weapons, valuables,or drugs. Guard facility entrances in order to screenvisitors. Search for and recapture escapees. Inspectmail for the presence of contraband. Take prisoners

into custody and escort to locations within and out-side of facility, such as visiting room, courtroom, orairport. Record information such as prisoner identi-fication, charges, and incidences of inmate distur-bance. Use weapons, handcuffs, and physical forceto maintain discipline and order among prisoners.Conduct fire, safety, and sanitation inspections. Pro-vide to supervisors oral and written reports of thequality and quantity of work performed by inmates,inmate disturbances and rule violations, and unusu-al occurrences. Settle disputes between inmates.Drive passenger vehicles and trucks used to trans-port inmates to other institutions, courtrooms, hos-pitals, and work sites. Arrange daily schedules forprisoners, including library visits, work assignments,family visits, and counseling appointments. Assignduties to inmates, providing instructions as needed.Issue clothing, tools, and other authorized items toinmates. Serve meals and distribute commissaryitems to prisoners. Investigate crimes that haveoccurred within an institution or assist police intheir investigations of crimes and inmates. Maintainrecords of prisoners’ identification and charges.Supervise and coordinate work of other correction-al service officers. Sponsor inmate recreational activ-ities such as newspapers and self-help groups.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Persuasion; Nego-tiation; Instructing; Monitoring; Speaking; Writing;Critical Thinking; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Criminal Investigators and Spe-cial Agents; Crossing Guards; Detectives and Crim-inal Investigators; Fire Investigators; Fish and GameWardens; Forensic Science Technicians; GamingSurveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators;Highway Patrol Pilots; Immigration and CustomsInspectors; Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recre-ational Protective Service Workers; Parking Enforce-ment Workers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers;Police Detectives; Police Identification and RecordsOfficers; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectives

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and Investigators; Protective Service Workers, AllOther; Security Guards; Sheriffs and Deputy Sher-iffs; Transit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Corrections; Corrections and Criminal Justice,Other; Juvenile Corrections. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Public Safety andSecurity; Law and Government; Philosophy andTheology; Sociology and Anthropology; Trans-portation; Education and Training.

Drywall Installers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 21.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,670

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 18.4%

) Part-Time: 5.9%

Apply plasterboard or other wallboard to ceilingsand interior walls of buildings. Trims rough edgesfrom wallboard to maintain even joints, using knife.Fits and fastens wallboard or sheetrock into speci-fied position, using hand tools, portable powertools, or adhesive. Measures and marks cutting lineson framing, drywall, and trim, using tape measure,straightedge or square, and marking devices. Installsblanket insulation between studs and tacks plasticmoisture barrier over insulation. Removes plaster,drywall, or paneling, using crowbar and hammer.Assembles and installs metal framing and decorativetrim for windows, doorways, and bents. Reads blue-prints and other specifications to determine methodof installation, work procedures, and material andtool requirements. Lays out reference lines andpoints, computes position of framing and furringchannels, and marks position, using chalkline. Sus-pends angle iron grid and channel iron from ceiling,

using wire. Installs horizontal and vertical metal orwooden studs for attachment of wallboard on inte-rior walls, using hand tools. Cuts metal or woodframing, angle and channel iron, and trim to size,using cutting tools. Cuts openings into board forelectrical outlets, windows, vents, or fixtures, usingkeyhole saw or other cutting tools. SKILLS—Instal-lation; Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Electricians; Explosives Workers, Ord-nance Handling Experts, and Blasters; Fence Erec-tors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and HardTiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers; Glaziers; Grader,Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators; Hazardous Mate-rials Removal Workers; Insulation Workers, Floor,Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Workers, Mechanical;Manufactured Building and Mobile HomeInstallers; Operating Engineers; Operating Engi-neers and Other Construction Equipment Opera-tors; Painters, Construction and Maintenance;Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, and TampingEquipment Operators; Pile-Driver Operators; PipeFitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers andStucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters,and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and Mainte-nance Equipment Operators; Refractory MaterialsRepairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Ironand Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Drywall Installation/Drywaller. RELATED

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KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Design; Engineering and Technology;Mechanical Devices.

Electrical EngineeringTechnicians) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 10.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 24,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,650

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 5.0%

Apply electrical theory and related knowledge totest and modify developmental or operational elec-trical machinery and electrical control equipmentand circuitry in industrial or commercial plantsand laboratories. Usually work under direction ofengineering staff. Provide technical assistance andresolution when electrical or engineering problemsare encountered before, during, and after construc-tion. Assemble electrical and electronic systems andprototypes according to engineering data andknowledge of electrical principles, using hand toolsand measuring instruments. Install and maintainelectrical control systems and solid state equipment.Modify electrical prototypes, parts, assemblies, andsystems to correct functional deviations. Set up andoperate test equipment to evaluate performance ofdevelopmental parts, assemblies, or systems undersimulated operating conditions and record results.Collaborate with electrical engineers and other per-sonnel to identify, define, and solve developmentalproblems. Build, calibrate, maintain, troubleshoot,and repair electrical instruments or testing equip-ment. Analyze and interpret test information toresolve design-related problems. Write commission-

ing procedures for electrical installations. Prepareproject cost and work-time estimates. Evaluate engi-neering proposals, shop drawings, and design com-ments for sound electrical engineering practice andconformance with established safety and design cri-teria and recommend approval or disapproval. Drawor modify diagrams and write engineering specifica-tions to clarify design details and functional criteriaof experimental electronics units. Conduct inspec-tions for quality control and assurance programs,reporting findings and recommendations. Preparecontracts and initiate, review, and coordinate modi-fications to contract specifications and plansthroughout the construction process. Plan, sched-ule, and monitor work of support personnel to assistsupervisor. Review existing electrical engineeringcriteria to identify necessary revisions, deletions, oramendments to outdated material. Perform supervi-sory duties such as recommending work assign-ments, approving leaves, and completingperformance evaluations. Plan method andsequence of operations for developing and testingexperimental electronic and electrical equipment.SKILLS—Troubleshooting; Repairing; Installation;Technology Design; Operations Analysis; Equip-ment Maintenance; Mathematics; Science.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Cal-ibration and Instrumentation Technicians;Cartographers and Photogrammetrists; CivilDrafters; Civil Engineering Technicians; Construc-tion and Building Inspectors; Drafters, All Other;Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians;Electrical and Electronics Drafters; ElectricalDrafters; Electro-Mechanical Technicians; Electron-ic Drafters; Electronics Engineering Technicians;Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, AllOther; Environmental Engineering Technicians;Industrial Engineering Technicians; Mapping Tech-nicians; Mechanical Drafters; Mechanical Engineer-ing Technicians; Numerical Tool and Process

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Control Programmers; Pressure Vessel Inspectors;Surveying and Mapping Technicians; SurveyingTechnicians; Surveyors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer Engineering Technology/Technician;Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technol-ogy; Electrical and Electronic Engineering Tech-nologies/Technicians, Other; Electrical, Electronicand Communications Engineering Technology/Technician; Telecommunications Technology/Tech-nician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Engineering and Technology; Design; Computersand Electronics; Physics; Mechanical Devices;Telecommunications.

Electricians) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 23.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 65,000

) Annual Earnings: $41,680

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 9.1%

) Part-Time: 2.2%

Install, maintain, and repair electrical wiring,equipment, and fixtures. Ensure that work is inaccordance with relevant codes. May install orservice street lights, intercom systems, or electricalcontrol systems. Assemble, install, test, and main-tain electrical or electronic wiring, equipment,appliances, apparatus, and fixtures, using hand toolsand power tools. Diagnose malfunctioning systems,apparatus, and components, using test equipmentand hand tools, to locate the cause of a breakdownand correct the problem. Connect wires to circuitbreakers, transformers, or other components.Inspect electrical systems, equipment, and compo-nents to identify hazards, defects, and the need foradjustment or repair and to ensure compliance with

codes. Advise management on whether continuedoperation of equipment could be hazardous. Testelectrical systems and continuity of circuits in elec-trical wiring, equipment, and fixtures, using testingdevices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters, and oscillo-scopes, to ensure compatibility and safety of system.Maintain current electrician’s license or identifica-tion card to meet governmental regulations. Planlayout and installation of electrical wiring, equip-ment, and fixtures based on job specifications andlocal codes. Direct and train workers to install,maintain, or repair electrical wiring, equipment,and fixtures. Prepare sketches or follow blueprints todetermine the location of wiring and equipmentand to ensure conformance to building and safetycodes. Use a variety of tools and equipment, such aspower construction equipment; measuring devices;power tools; and testing equipment, including oscil-loscopes, ammeters, and test lamps. Install groundleads and connect power cables to equipment suchas motors. Perform business management dutiessuch as maintaining records and files, preparingreports, and ordering supplies and equipment.Repair or replace wiring, equipment, and fixtures,using hand tools and power tools. Work from lad-ders, scaffolds, and roofs to install, maintain, orrepair electrical wiring, equipment, and fixtures.Place conduit (pipes or tubing) inside designatedpartitions, walls, or other concealed areas and pullinsulated wires or cables through the conduit tocomplete circuits between boxes. Construct and fab-ricate parts, using hand tools and specifications.SKILLS—Installation; Troubleshooting; Repairing;Equipment Maintenance; Technology Design;Management of Financial Resources; EquipmentSelection; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-

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struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Explosives Workers,Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters; FenceErectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, andHard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers; Glaziers;Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators; Haz-ardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying andMaintenance Equipment Operators; RefractoryMaterials Repairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforc-ing Iron and Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers;Rough Carpenters; Security and Fire Alarm SystemsInstallers; Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers;Ship Carpenters and Joiners; Stone Cutters andCarvers; Stonemasons; Structural Iron and SteelWorkers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers;Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Electrician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction; Mechan-ical Devices; Design; Production and Processing;Customer and Personal Service; Physics.

Electronics EngineeringTechnicians) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 10.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 24,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,650

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 5.0%

Lay out, build, test, troubleshoot, repair, and mod-ify developmental and production electronic com-ponents, parts, equipment, and systems, such ascomputer equipment, missile control instrumenta-tion, electron tubes, test equipment, and machinetool numerical controls, applying principles andtheories of electronics, electrical circuitry, engi-neering mathematics, electronic and electrical test-ing, and physics. Usually work under direction ofengineering staff. Test electronics units, using stan-dard test equipment, and analyze results to evaluateperformance and determine need for adjustment.Perform preventative maintenance and calibrationof equipment and systems. Read blueprints, wiringdiagrams, schematic drawings, and engineeringinstructions for assembling electronics units, apply-ing knowledge of electronic theory and compo-nents. Identify and resolve equipment malfunctions,working with manufacturers and field representa-tives as necessary to procure replacement parts.Maintain system logs and manuals to documenttesting and operation of equipment. Assemble, test,and maintain circuitry or electronic componentsaccording to engineering instructions, technicalmanuals, and knowledge of electronics, using handand power tools. Adjust and replace defective orimproperly functioning circuitry and electronicscomponents, using hand tools and soldering iron.Procure parts and maintain inventory and relateddocumentation. Maintain working knowledge of

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state-of-the-art tools, software, etc., through readingand/or attending conferences, workshops, or othertraining. Provide user applications and engineeringsupport and recommendations for new and existingequipment with regard to installation, upgrades,and enhancement. Write reports and record data ontesting techniques, laboratory equipment, and spec-ifications to assist engineers. Provide customer sup-port and education, working with users to identifyneeds, determine sources of problems, and provideinformation on product use. Design basic circuitryand draft sketches for clarification of details anddesign documentation under engineers’ direction,using drafting instruments and computer-aideddesign equipment. Build prototypes from roughsketches or plans. Develop and upgrade preventativemaintenance procedures for components, equip-ment, parts, and systems. Fabricate parts, such ascoils, terminal boards, and chassis, using benchlathes, drills, or other machine tools. Researchequipment and component needs, sources, compet-itive prices, delivery times, and ongoing operationalcosts. SKILLS—Repairing; Troubleshooting;Equipment Maintenance; Installation; TechnologyDesign; Operation Monitoring; Service Orienta-tion; Systems Evaluation.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Cal-ibration and Instrumentation Technicians;Cartographers and Photogrammetrists; CivilDrafters; Civil Engineering Technicians; Construc-tion and Building Inspectors; Drafters, All Other;Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians;Electrical and Electronics Drafters; ElectricalDrafters; Electrical Engineering Technicians; Elec-tro-Mechanical Technicians; Electronic Drafters;Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, AllOther; Environmental Engineering Technicians;Industrial Engineering Technicians; Mapping Tech-nicians; Mechanical Drafters; Mechanical Engineer-ing Technicians; Numerical Tool and Process

Control Programmers; Pressure Vessel Inspectors;Surveying and Mapping Technicians; SurveyingTechnicians; Surveyors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer Engineering Technology/Technician;Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technol-ogy; Electrical and Electronic Engineering Tech-nologies/Technicians, Other; Electrical, Electronicand Communications Engineering Technology/Technician; Telecommunications Technology/Technician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Engineering and Technology; Com-puters and Electronics; Mechanical Devices; Math-ematics; Design; Telecommunications.

First-Line Supervisors andManager/Supervisors—Landscaping Workers) Personality Code: RE

) Growth: 21.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,770

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 34.7%

) Part-Time: 5.9%

Directly supervise and coordinate activities oflandscaping workers. Manager/Supervisors aregenerally found in smaller establishments, wherethey perform both supervisory and managementfunctions, such as accounting, marketing, and per-sonnel work, and may also engage in the samelandscaping work as the workers they supervise.Directs workers in maintenance and repair of drive-ways, walkways, benches, graves, and mausoleums.

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Observes ongoing work to ascertain if work is beingperformed according to instructions and will becompleted on time. Determines work priority andcrew and equipment requirements and assignsworkers tasks such as planting, fertilizing, irrigating,and mowing. Directs and assists workers engaged inmaintenance and repair of equipment such as powermower and backhoe, using hand tools and powertools. Confers with manager to develop plans andschedules for maintenance and improvement ofgrounds. Keeps employee time records and recordsdaily work performed. Interviews, hires, and dis-charges workers. Assists workers in performing workwhen completion is critical. Tours grounds, such aspark, botanical garden, cemetery, or golf course, toinspect conditions. Trains workers in tasks such astransplanting and pruning trees and shrubs, finish-ing cement, using equipment, and caring for turf.Mixes and prepares spray and dust solutions anddirects application of fertilizer, insecticide, and fun-gicide. SKILLS—Management of PersonnelResources; Coordination; Management of MaterialResources; Instructing; Systems Evaluation; TimeManagement; Systems Analysis; Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 03. Plants and Animals.Work Group: 03.01. Managerial Work in Plantsand Animals. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Agricultural Crop Farm Managers; Farm LaborContractors; Farmers and Ranchers; First-LineSupervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Agricultur-al Crop Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Man-ager/Supervisors—Animal Care Workers, ExceptLivestock; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Animal Husbandry Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Fishery Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Manag-er/Supervisors—Horticultural Workers; First-LineSupervisors and Manager/Supervisors—LoggingWorkers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Farm-ing, Fishing, and Forestry Workers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Landscaping, Lawn Ser-vice, and Groundskeeping Workers; Fish HatcheryManagers; Lawn Service Managers; Nursery andGreenhouse Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Landscaping and Groundskeeping; OrnamentalHorticulture; Turf and Turfgrass Management.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Person-nel and Human Resources; Administration andManagement; Chemistry; Mechanical Devices;Biology; Building and Construction.

Forest Fire Fighters) Personality Code: RS

) Growth: 20.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $37,060

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.1%

Control and suppress fires in forests or vacant pub-lic land. Maintain contact with fire dispatchers at alltimes in order to notify them of the need for addi-tional firefighters and supplies or to detail any diffi-culties encountered. Rescue fire victims andadminister emergency medical aid. Collaborate withother firefighters as a member of a firefighting crew.Patrol burned areas after fires to locate and eliminatehot spots that may restart fires. Extinguish flamesand embers to suppress fires, using shovels orengine- or hand-driven water or chemical pumps.Fell trees, cut and clear brush, and dig trenches inorder to create firelines, using axes, chainsaws, orshovels. Maintain knowledge of current firefightingpractices by participating in drills and by attendingseminars, conventions, and conferences. Operatepumps connected to high-pressure hoses. Participatein physical training in order to maintain high levelsof physical fitness. Establish water supplies, connecthoses, and direct water onto fires. Maintain fireequipment and firehouse living quarters. Informand educate the public about fire prevention. Take

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action to contain any hazardous chemicals thatcould catch fire, leak, or spill. Organize fire caches,positioning equipment for the most effectiveresponse. Transport personnel and cargo to andfrom fire areas. Participate in fire prevention andinspection programs. Perform forest maintenanceand improvement tasks such as cutting brush, plant-ing trees, building trails, and marking timber. Testand maintain tools, equipment, jump gear, andparachutes in order to ensure readiness for fire sup-pression activities. Observe forest areas from firelookout towers in order to spot potential problems.Orient self in relation to fire, using compass andmap, and collect supplies and equipment droppedby parachute. Serve as fully trained lead helicoptercrewmember and as helispot manager. Drop weight-ed paper streamers from aircraft to determine thespeed and direction of the wind at fire sites.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Service Orientation; Equipment Maintenance;Coordination; Repairing; Instructing; EquipmentSelection; Operation Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.04. Public Safe-ty. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AgriculturalInspectors; Aviation Inspectors; Compliance Offi-cers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health andSafety, and Transportation; Emergency MedicalTechnicians and Paramedics; Environmental Com-pliance Inspectors; Equal Opportunity Representa-tives and Officers; Financial Examiners; FireFighters; Fire Inspectors; Fire Inspectors and Inves-tigators; Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Spe-cialists; Government Property Inspectors andInvestigators; Licensing Examiners and Inspectors;Marine Cargo Inspectors; Municipal Fire Fighters;Nuclear Monitoring Technicians; OccupationalHealth and Safety Specialists; Occupational Healthand Safety Technicians; Protective Service Workers,All Other; Public Transportation Inspectors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Fire Protection, Other; Fire Science/Firefighting.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Geography; Education

and Training; Public Safety and Security; Mechani-cal Devices; Personnel and Human Resources.

Forest Fire Fighting andPrevention Supervisors) Personality Code: RE

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,000

) Education/Training Required: Work expe-rience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.1%

Supervise firefighters who control and suppressfires in forests or vacant public land. Inspect all sta-tions, uniforms, equipment, and recreation areas inorder to ensure compliance with safety standards,taking corrective action as necessary. Monitor firesuppression expenditures in order to ensure thatthey are necessary and reasonable. Parachute tomajor fire locations in order to direct fire contain-ment and suppression activities. Recommendequipment modifications or new equipment pur-chases. Regulate open burning by issuing burningpermits, inspecting problem sites, issuing citationsfor violations of laws and ordinances, and educatingthe public in proper burning practices. Lead workcrews in the maintenance of structures and accessroads in forest areas. Investigate special fire issuessuch as railroad fire problems, right-of-way burning,and slash disposal problems. Communicate firedetails to superiors, subordinates, and interagencydispatch centers, using two-way radios. Directinvestigations of suspected arsons in wildfires, work-ing closely with other investigating agencies. Directthe loading of fire suppression equipment into air-craft and the parachuting of equipment to crews onthe ground. Evaluate size, location, and condition of

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forest fires in order to request and dispatch crewsand position equipment so fires can be containedsafely and effectively. Identify staff training anddevelopment needs in order to ensure that appro-priate training can be arranged. Maintain fire sup-pression equipment in good condition, checkingequipment periodically in order to ensure that it isready for use. Maintain knowledge of forest fire lawsand fire prevention techniques and tactics. Monitorprescribed burns to ensure that they are conductedsafely and effectively. Observe fires and crews fromair to determine fire-fighting force requirements andto note changing conditions that will affect fire-fighting efforts. Operate wildland fire engines andhoselays. Perform administrative duties such ascompiling and maintaining records, completingforms, preparing reports, and composing correspon-dence. Recruit and hire forest fire–fighting person-nel. Review and evaluate employee performance.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Management of Material Resources; Service Orien-tation; Systems Evaluation; Coordination; SystemsAnalysis; Instructing; Judgment and Decision Mak-ing; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.01. ManagerialWork in Law, Law Enforcement, and Public Safety.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Emergency Man-agement Specialists; First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Correctional Officers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Fire Fighting and Preven-tion Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofPolice and Detectives; First-Line Supervisors/Managers, Protective Service Workers, All Other;Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervi-sors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Fire Protection and Safety Technology/Technician;Fire Services Administration. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety andSecurity; Transportation; Education and Training;Geography; Administration and Management;Chemistry.

Grader, Bulldozer, andScraper Operators) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 10.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 45,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,030

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 3.7%

) Part-Time: 2.6%

Operate machines or vehicles equipped withblades to remove, distribute, level, or grade earth.Starts engine; moves throttle, switches, and levers;and depresses pedals to operate machines, equip-ment, and attachments. Drives equipment in suc-cessive passes over working area to achieve specifiedresult, such as grade terrain or remove, dump, orspread earth and rock. Aligns machine, cutterhead,or depth gauge marker with reference stakes andguidelines on ground or positions equipment, fol-lowing hand signals of assistant. Fastens bulldozerblade or other attachment to tractor, using hitches.Greases, oils, and performs minor repairs on tractor,using grease gun, oilcans, and hand tools. Signalsoperator to guide movement of tractor-drawnmachine. Connects hydraulic hoses, belts, mechan-ical linkage, or power takeoff shaft to tractor.SKILLS—Operation and Control; Repairing;Operation Monitoring; Equipment Maintenance;Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; Explosives

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Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Hazardous Materials Removal Workers;Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insu-lation Workers, Mechanical; Manufactured Build-ing and Mobile Home Installers; OperatingEngineers; Operating Engineers and Other Con-struction Equipment Operators; Painters, Con-struction and Maintenance; Paperhangers; Paving,Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators;Pile-Driver Operators; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers;Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers and Stucco Masons;Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters;Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance EquipmentOperators; Refractory Materials Repairers, ExceptBrickmasons; Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers;Riggers; Roofers; Rough Carpenters; Security andFire Alarm Systems Installers; Segmental Pavers;Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Carpenters and Joiners;Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons; StructuralIron and Steel Workers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workersand Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Construction/Heavy Equipment/EarthmovingEquipment Operation; Mobil Crane Operation/Operator. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Mechanical Devices; Transportation; Physics.

Heating and AirConditioning Mechanics) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 31.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,160

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 15.4%

) Part-Time: 3.1%

Install, service, and repair heating and air condi-tioning systems in residences and commercialestablishments. Obtain and maintain required cer-tification(s). Comply with all applicable standards,policies, and procedures, including safety proce-dures and the maintenance of a clean work area.Repair or replace defective equipment, components,or wiring. Test electrical circuits and componentsfor continuity, using electrical test equipment.Reassemble and test equipment following repairs.Inspect and test system to verify system compliancewith plans and specifications and to detect andlocate malfunctions. Discuss heating-cooling systemmalfunctions with users to isolate problems or toverify that malfunctions have been corrected.Record and report all faults, deficiencies, and otherunusual occurrences, as well as the time and materi-als expended on work orders. Test pipe or tubingjoints and connections for leaks, using pressuregauge or soap-and-water solution. Adjust systemcontrols to setting recommended by manufacturerto balance system, using hand tools. Recommend,develop, and perform preventive and general main-tenance procedures such as cleaning, power-wash-ing, and vacuuming equipment; oiling parts; andchanging filters. Lay out and connect electricalwiring between controls and equipment accordingto wiring diagram, using electrician’s hand tools.Install auxiliary components to heating-coolingequipment, such as expansion and discharge valves,air ducts, pipes, blowers, dampers, flues, and stok-ers, following blueprints. Assist with other work incoordination with repair and maintenance teams.Install, connect, and adjust thermostats, humidis-tats, and timers, using hand tools. Generate workorders that address deficiencies in need of correc-tion. Join pipes or tubing to equipment and to fuel,water, or refrigerant source to form complete circuit.Assemble, position, and mount heating or coolingequipment, following blueprints. Study blueprints,design specifications, and manufacturers’ recom-mendations to ascertain the configuration of heat-ing or cooling equipment components and toensure the proper installation of components. Cutand drill holes in floors, walls, and roof to install

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equipment, using power saws and drills. SKILLS—Installation; Repairing; Equipment Maintenance;Troubleshooting; Coordination; Systems Evalua-tion; Negotiation; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.03. Mechanical Work.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Aircraft Body andBonded Structure Repairers; Aircraft Engine Spe-cialists; Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians;Airframe-and-Power-Plant Mechanics; AutomotiveBody and Related Repairers; Automotive GlassInstallers and Repairers; Automotive MasterMechanics; Automotive Service Technicians andMechanics; Automotive Specialty Technicians; Bicy-cle Repairers; Bridge and Lock Tenders; Bus andTruck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists;Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers;Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicersand Repairers; Control and Valve Installers andRepairers, Except Mechanical Door; Farm Equip-ment Mechanics; Gas Appliance Repairers; Handand Portable Power Tool Repairers; Heating, AirConditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics andInstallers; Helpers—Electricians; Helpers—Installa-tion, Maintenance, and Repair Workers; IndustrialMachinery Mechanics; Installation, Maintenance,and Repair Workers, All Other; Keyboard Instru-ment Repairers and Tuners; Locksmiths and SafeRepairers; Maintenance and Repair Workers, Gen-eral; Maintenance Workers, Machinery; MechanicalDoor Repairers; Medical Appliance Technicians;Medical Equipment Repairers; Meter Mechanics;Millwrights; Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics,Except Engines; Motorboat Mechanics; MotorcycleMechanics; Musical Instrument Repairers andTuners; Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians; Opti-cal Instrument Assemblers; Outdoor Power Equip-ment and Other Small Engine Mechanics; Painters,Transportation Equipment; Percussion InstrumentRepairers and Tuners; Precision Instrument andEquipment Repairers, All Other; Rail Car Repairers;Railroad Inspectors; Recreational Vehicle ServiceTechnicians; Reed or Wind Instrument Repairersand Tuners; Refrigeration Mechanics; Stringed

Instrument Repairers and Tuners; Tire Repairersand Changers; Valve and Regulator Repairers;Watch Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician (ACH/ACR/ACHR/HRAC/HVAC/AC Technology); Heating, AirConditioning, Ventilation, and Refrigeration Main-tenance Technology/Technician (HAC, HACR,HVAC, HVACR); Solar Energy Technology/Tech-nician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Mechanical Devices; Building and Construction;Design; Customer and Personal Service; Engineer-ing and Technology; Physics.

Highway Patrol Pilots) Personality Code: RE

) Growth: 24.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 67,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,020

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.4%

Pilot aircraft to patrol highway and enforce trafficlaws. Pilots airplane to maintain order, respond toemergencies, enforce traffic and criminal laws, andapprehend criminals. Investigates traffic accidentsand other accidents to determine causes and todetermine if crimes were committed. Arrests perpe-trator of criminal act or submits citation or warningto violator of motor vehicle ordinance. Informsground personnel where to re-route traffic in case ofemergencies. Informs ground personnel of trafficcongestion or unsafe driving conditions to ensuretraffic flow and reduce incidence of accidents.Reviews facts to determine if criminal act or statuteviolation are involved. Expedites processing of pris-oners, prepares and maintains records of prisoner

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bookings, and maintains record of prisoner statusduring booking and pre-trial process. Preparesreports to document activities. Relays complaintand emergency request information to appropriateagency dispatcher. Evaluates complaint and emer-gency request information to determine responserequirements. Renders aid to accident victims andother persons requiring first aid for physical injuries.Testifies in court to present evidence or act as wit-ness in traffic and criminal cases. Records facts, pho-tographs and diagrams crime or accident scene, andinterviews witnesses to gather information for possi-ble use in legal action or safety programs. SKILLS—Operation and Control; Social Perceptiveness;Service Orientation; Operation Monitoring; Judg-ment and Decision Making; Active Listening; Crit-ical Thinking; Reading Comprehension.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Immigrationand Customs Inspectors; Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, andOther Recreational Protective Service Workers;Parking Enforcement Workers; Police and Sheriff ’sPatrol Officers; Police Detectives; Police Identifica-tion and Records Officers; Police Patrol Officers;Private Detectives and Investigators; Protective Ser-vice Workers, All Other; Security Guards; Sheriffsand Deputy Sheriffs; Transit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety and Security; Trans-portation; Law and Government; Customer andPersonal Service; Medicine and Dentistry; Psychol-ogy; Geography.

Maintenance andRepair Workers, General) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 16.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 155,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,800

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.9%

) Part-Time: 4.5%

Perform work involving the skills of two or moremaintenance or craft occupations to keepmachines, mechanical equipment, or the structureof an establishment in repair. Duties may involvepipe fitting; boiler making; insulating; welding;machining; carpentry; repairing electrical ormechanical equipment; installing, aligning, andbalancing new equipment; and repairing build-ings, floors, or stairs. Repair or replace defectiveequipment parts, using hand tools and power tools,and reassemble equipment. Perform routine preven-tive maintenance to ensure that machines continueto run smoothly, building systems operate efficient-ly, and the physical condition of buildings does notdeteriorate. Inspect drives, motors, and belts; checkfluid levels; replace filters; and perform other main-tenance actions, following checklists. Use toolsranging from common hand and power tools, suchas hammers, hoists, saws, drills, and wrenches, toprecision measuring instruments and electrical andelectronic testing devices. Assemble, install, and/orrepair wiring, electrical and electronic components,pipe systems and plumbing, machinery, and equip-ment. Diagnose mechanical problems and deter-mine how to correct them, checking blueprints,repair manuals, and parts catalogs as necessary.Inspect, operate, and test machinery and equipmentin order to diagnose machine malfunctions. Recordmaintenance and repair work performed and the

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costs of the work. Clean and lubricate shafts, bear-ings, gears, and other parts of machinery. Dismantledevices to gain access to and remove defective parts,using hoists, cranes, hand tools, and power tools.Plan and lay out repair work, using diagrams, draw-ings, blueprints, maintenance manuals, andschematic diagrams. Order parts, supplies, andequipment from catalogs and suppliers or obtainthem from storerooms. Adjust functional parts ofdevices and control instruments, using hand tools,levels, plumb bobs, and straightedges. Paint andrepair roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork,plaster, drywall, and other parts of building struc-tures. Operate cutting torches or welding equip-ment to cut or join metal parts. Align and balancenew equipment after installation. Inspect used partsto determine changes in dimensional requirements,using rules, calipers, micrometers, and other meas-uring instruments. Set up and operate machinetools to repair or fabricate machine parts, jigs andfixtures, and tools. Maintain and repair specializedequipment and machinery found in cafeterias, laun-dries, hospitals, stores, offices, and factories.SKILLS—Equipment Maintenance; Installation;Repairing; Troubleshooting; Operation Monitoring;Equipment Selection; Operation and Control; Crit-ical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.03. Mechanical Work.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Aircraft Body andBonded Structure Repairers; Aircraft Engine Spe-cialists; Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians;Airframe-and-Power-Plant Mechanics; AutomotiveBody and Related Repairers; Automotive GlassInstallers and Repairers; Automotive MasterMechanics; Automotive Service Technicians andMechanics; Automotive Specialty Technicians; Bicy-cle Repairers; Bridge and Lock Tenders; Bus andTruck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists;Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers;Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicersand Repairers; Control and Valve Installers and

Repairers, Except Mechanical Door; Farm Equip-ment Mechanics; Gas Appliance Repairers; Handand Portable Power Tool Repairers; Heating and AirConditioning Mechanics; Heating, Air Condition-ing, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers;Helpers—Electricians; Helpers—Installation,Maintenance, and Repair Workers; IndustrialMachinery Mechanics; Installation, Maintenance,and Repair Workers, All Other; Keyboard Instru-ment Repairers and Tuners; Locksmiths and SafeRepairers; Maintenance Workers, Machinery;Mechanical Door Repairers; Medical ApplianceTechnicians; Medical Equipment Repairers; MeterMechanics; Millwrights; Mobile Heavy EquipmentMechanics, Except Engines; Motorboat Mechanics;Motorcycle Mechanics; Musical Instrument Repair-ers and Tuners; Ophthalmic Laboratory Techni-cians; Optical Instrument Assemblers; OutdoorPower Equipment and Other Small EngineMechanics; Painters, Transportation Equipment;Percussion Instrument Repairers and Tuners; Preci-sion Instrument and Equipment Repairers, AllOther; Rail Car Repairers; Railroad Inspectors;Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians; Reed orWind Instrument Repairers and Tuners; Refrigera-tion Mechanics; Stringed Instrument Repairers andTuners; Tire Repairers and Changers; Valve andRegulator Repairers; Watch Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Building/Construction Site Management/Manager.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Me-chanical Devices; Building and Construction;Design; Public Safety and Security; Engineering andTechnology; Physics.

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Municipal Fire Fighters) Personality Code: RS

) Growth: 20.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $37,060

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.1%

Control and extinguish municipal fires, protect lifeand property, and conduct rescue efforts. Adminis-ter first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation toinjured persons. Rescue victims from burning build-ings and accident sites. Search burning buildings tolocate fire victims. Drive and operate firefightingvehicles and equipment. Dress with equipment suchas fire-resistant clothing and breathing apparatus.Move toward the source of a fire, using knowledgeof types of fires, construction design, building mate-rials, and physical layout of properties. Position andclimb ladders in order to gain access to upper levelsof buildings or to rescue individuals from burningstructures. Take action to contain hazardous chemi-cals that might catch fire, leak, or spill. Assess firesand situations and report conditions to superiors inorder to receive instructions, using two-way radios.Respond to fire alarms and other calls for assistance,such as automobile and industrial accidents. Oper-ate pumps connected to high-pressure hoses. Selectand attach hose nozzles, depending on fire type, anddirect streams of water or chemicals onto fires. Cre-ate openings in buildings for ventilation orentrance, using axes, chisels, crowbars, electric saws,or core cutters. Inspect fire sites after flames havebeen extinguished in order to ensure that there is nofurther danger. Lay hose lines and connect them towater supplies. Protect property from water andsmoke, using waterproof salvage covers, smoke ejec-tors, and deodorants. Participate in physical trainingactivities in order to maintain a high level of physi-cal fitness. Salvage property by removing broken

glass, pumping out water, and ventilating buildingsto remove smoke. Participate in fire drills anddemonstrations of firefighting techniques. Cleanand maintain fire stations and firefighting equip-ment and apparatus. Collaborate with police torespond to accidents, disasters, and arson investiga-tion calls. Establish firelines to prevent unauthorizedpersons from entering areas near fires. Inform andeducate the public on fire prevention. Inspect build-ings for fire hazards and compliance with fire pre-vention ordinances, testing and checking smokealarms, and fire suppression equipment as necessary.SKILLS—Service Orientation; Equipment Mainte-nance; Social Perceptiveness; Equipment Selection;Coordination; Learning Strategies; Critical Think-ing; Complex Problem Solving; Operation Moni-toring.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.04. Public Safe-ty. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AgriculturalInspectors; Aviation Inspectors; Compliance Offi-cers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health andSafety, and Transportation; Emergency MedicalTechnicians and Paramedics; Environmental Com-pliance Inspectors; Equal Opportunity Representa-tives and Officers; Financial Examiners; FireFighters; Fire Inspectors; Fire Inspectors and Inves-tigators; Forest Fire Fighters; Forest Fire Inspectorsand Prevention Specialists; Government PropertyInspectors and Investigators; Licensing Examinersand Inspectors; Marine Cargo Inspectors; NuclearMonitoring Technicians; Occupational Health andSafety Specialists; Occupational Health and SafetyTechnicians; Protective Service Workers, All Other;Public Transportation Inspectors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Fire Protection, Other; Fire Science/Firefighting.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Medicine and Den-tistry; Physics; Public Safety and Security;Psychology; Building and Construction.

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Municipal Fire Fightingand PreventionSupervisors) Personality Code: RE

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,000

) Education/Training Required: Work expe-rience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.1%

Supervise firefighters who control and extinguishmunicipal fires, protect life and property, and con-duct rescue efforts. Assign firefighters to jobs atstrategic locations in order to facilitate rescue of per-sons and maximize application of extinguishingagents. Provide emergency medical services asrequired and perform light to heavy rescue func-tions at emergencies. Assess nature and extent offire, condition of building, danger to adjacent build-ings, and water supply status in order to determinecrew or company requirements. Instruct and drillfire department personnel in assigned duties,including firefighting, medical care, hazardousmaterials response, fire prevention, and related sub-jects. Evaluate the performance of assigned firefight-ing personnel. Direct the training of firefighters,assigning of instructors to training classes, and pro-viding of supervisors with reports on trainingprogress and status. Prepare activity reports listingfire call locations, actions taken, fire types and prob-able causes, damage estimates, and situation dispo-sitions. Maintain required maps and records. Attendin-service training classes to remain current inknowledge of codes, laws, ordinances, and regula-tions. Evaluate fire station procedures in order toensure efficiency and enforcement of departmentalregulations. Direct firefighters in station mainte-nance duties and participate in these duties. Com-

pile and maintain equipment and personnel records,including accident reports. Direct investigation ofcases of suspected arson, hazards, and false alarmsand submit reports outlining findings. Recommendpersonnel actions related to disciplinary procedures,performance, leaves of absence, and grievances.Supervise and participate in the inspection of prop-erties in order to ensure that they are in compliancewith applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regula-tions, and standards. Write and submit proposals forrepair, modification, or replacement of firefightingequipment. Coordinate the distribution of fire pre-vention promotional materials. Identify correctiveactions needed to bring properties into compliancewith applicable fire codes and ordinances and con-duct follow-up inspections to see if correctiveactions have been taken. SKILLS—Service Orienta-tion; Management of Personnel Resources; Equip-ment Maintenance; Coordination; Instructing;Judgment and Decision Making; Management ofMaterial Resources; Social Perceptiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.01. ManagerialWork in Law, Law Enforcement, and Public Safety.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Emergency Man-agement Specialists; First-Line Supervisors/Man-agers of Correctional Officers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Fire Fighting and Preven-tion Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofPolice and Detectives; First-Line Supervisors/Man-agers, Protective Service Workers, All Other; ForestFire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Fire Protection and Safety Technology/Technician;Fire Services Administration. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety andSecurity; Customer and Personal Service; Educationand Training; Building and Construction; Medicineand Dentistry; Psychology.

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Operating Engineers) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 10.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 45,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,030

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 3.7%

) Part-Time: 2.6%

Operate several types of power construction equip-ment, such as compressors, pumps, hoists, der-ricks, cranes, shovels, tractors, scrapers, or motorgraders, to excavate, move and grade earth, erectstructures, or pour concrete or other hard-surfacepavement. May repair and maintain equipment inaddition to other duties. Adjusts handwheels anddepresses pedals to drive machines and controlattachments, such as blades, buckets, scrapers, andswing booms. Turns valves to control air and wateroutput of compressors and pumps. Repairs andmaintains equipment. SKILLS—Repairing; Opera-tion and Control; Equipment Maintenance; Opera-tion Monitoring; Troubleshooting.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-

ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers andOther Construction Equipment Operators;Painters, Construction and Maintenance; Paper-hangers; Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equip-ment Operators; Pile-Driver Operators; Pipe Fitters;Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers and StuccoMasons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters, andSteamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and MaintenanceEquipment Operators; Refractory Materials Repair-ers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Iron andRebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Carpen-ters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers; Seg-mental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; ShipCarpenters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Construction/Heavy Equipment/EarthmovingEquipment Operation; Mobil Crane Operation/Operator. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Mechanical Devices; Building and Construc-tion; Sales and Marketing; Physics; Engineering andTechnology; Public Safety and Security.

Pipe Fitters) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 56,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,950

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 10.3%

) Part-Time: 3.4%

Lay out, assemble, install, and maintain pipe sys-tems, pipe supports, and related hydraulic andpneumatic equipment for steam, hot water, heat-

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ing, cooling, lubricating, sprinkling, and industrialproduction and processing systems. Cut, thread,and hammer pipe to specifications, using tools suchas saws, cutting torches, and pipe threaders and ben-ders. Assemble and secure pipes, tubes, fittings, andrelated equipment according to specifications bywelding, brazing, cementing, soldering, and thread-ing joints. Attach pipes to walls, structures, and fix-tures, such as radiators or tanks, using brackets,clamps, tools, or welding equipment. Inspect, exam-ine, and test installed systems and pipelines, usingpressure gauge, hydrostatic testing, observation, orother methods. Measure and mark pipes for cuttingand threading. Lay out full-scale drawings of pipesystems, supports, and related equipment, followingblueprints. Plan pipe system layout, installation, orrepair according to specifications. Select pipe sizesand types and related materials, such as supports,hangers, and hydraulic cylinders, according to spec-ifications. Cut and bore holes in structures, such asbulkheads, decks, walls, and mains, prior to pipeinstallation, using hand and power tools. Modify,clean, and maintain pipe systems, units, fittings, andrelated machines and equipment, following specifi-cations and using hand and power tools. Installautomatic controls used to regulate pipe systems.Turn valves to shut off steam, water, or other gasesor liquids from pipe sections, using valve keys orwrenches. Remove and replace worn components.Prepare cost estimates for clients. Inspect work sitesfor obstructions and to ensure that holes will notcause structural weakness. Operate motorizedpumps to remove water from flooded manholes,basements, or facility floors. SKILLS—Installation;Repairing; Management of Personnel Resources;Coordination; Persuasion; Service Orientation;Time Management; Equipment Maintenance; Sys-tems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masons

and Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plasterers andStucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters,and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and Mainte-nance Equipment Operators; Refractory MaterialsRepairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Ironand Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Pipefitting/Pipefitter and Sprinkler Fitter; Plumb-ing and Related Water Supply Services, Other;Plumbing Technology/Plumber. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Design; Engineering and Technology;Mechanical Devices; Economics and Accounting;Transportation.

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Pipelaying Fitters) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 56,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,950

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 10.3%

) Part-Time: 3.4%

Align pipeline section in preparation for welding.Signal tractor driver for placement of pipeline sec-tions in proper alignment. Insert steel spacer.Insert spacers between pipe ends. Inspect joints toensure uniform spacing and proper alignment ofpipe surfaces. Correct misalignments of pipe, usinga sledgehammer. Guide pipe into trench and signalhoist operator to move pipe until alignment isachieved so that pipes can be welded together.SKILLS—Installation; Equipment Maintenance;Repairing.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction and

Maintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Plasterers and StuccoMasons; Plumbers; Plumbers, Pipefitters, andSteamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and MaintenanceEquipment Operators; Refractory Materials Repair-ers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Iron andRebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Carpen-ters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers; Seg-mental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; ShipCarpenters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Pipefitting/Pipefitter and Sprinkler Fitter; Plumb-ing and Related Water Supply Services, Other;Plumbing Technology/Plumber. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Mechanica lDevices; Building and Construction.

Plumbers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 56,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,950

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 10.3%

) Part-Time: 3.4%

Assemble, install, and repair pipes, fittings, andfixtures of heating, water, and drainage systemsaccording to specifications and plumbing codes.Assemble pipe sections, tubing, and fittings, usingcouplings; clamps; screws; bolts; cement; plastic sol-vent; caulking; or soldering, brazing, and weldingequipment. Fill pipes or plumbing fixtures withwater or air and observe pressure gauges to detect

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and locate leaks. Review blueprints and buildingcodes and specifications to determine work detailsand procedures. Prepare written work cost estimatesand negotiate contracts. Study building plans andinspect structures to assess material and equipmentneeds, to establish the sequence of pipe installations,and to plan installation around obstructions such aselectrical wiring. Keep records of assignments andproduce detailed work reports. Perform complexcalculations and planning for special or very largejobs. Locate and mark the position of pipe installa-tions, connections, passage holes, and fixtures instructures, using measuring instruments such asrulers and levels. Measure, cut, thread, and bendpipe to required angle, using hand and power toolsor machines such as pipe cutters, pipe-threadingmachines, and pipe-bending machines. Install pipeassemblies, fittings, valves, appliances such as dish-washers and water heaters, and fixtures such as sinksand toilets, using hand and power tools. Cut open-ings in structures to accommodate pipes and pipefittings, using hand and power tools. Hang steelsupports from ceiling joists to hold pipes in place.Repair and maintain plumbing, replacing defectivewashers, replacing or mending broken pipes, andopening clogged drains. Direct workers engaged inpipe cutting and preassembly and installation ofplumbing systems and components. Install under-ground storm, sanitary, and water piping systemsand extend piping to connect fixtures and plumbingto these systems. Clear away debris in a renovation.Install oxygen and medical gas in hospitals. Use spe-cialized techniques, equipment, or materials, such asperforming computer-assisted welding of smallpipes or working with the special piping used inmicrochip fabrication. SKILLS—Installation;Repairing; Troubleshooting; Management of Finan-cial Resources; Management of Material Resources;Coordination; Equipment Selection; Managementof Personnel Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders and

Shipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers, Pipefitters,and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying and Mainte-nance Equipment Operators; Refractory MaterialsRepairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforcing Ironand Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Pipefitting/Pipefitter and Sprinkler Fitter; Plumb-ing and Related Water Supply Services, Other;Plumbing Technology/Plumber. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Physics; Buildingand Construction; Mechanical Devices; Chemistry;Sales and Marketing; Design.

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________________________________________________________Realistic Jobs: Radiologic Technicians

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Pressure VesselInspectors) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 9.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 20,000

) Annual Earnings: $46,780

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.9%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Inspect pressure vessel equipment for conformancewith safety laws and standards regulating theirdesign, fabrication, installation, repair, and opera-tion. Inspects drawings, designs, and specificationsfor piping, boilers, and other vessels. Performs stan-dard tests to verify condition of equipment and cal-ibration of meters and gauges, using test equipmentand hand tools. Inspects gas mains to determinethat rate of flow, pressure, location, construction, orinstallation conform to standards. Evaluates factorssuch as materials used, safety devices, regulators,construction quality, riveting, welding, pitting, cor-rosion, cracking, and safety valve operation. Calcu-lates allowable limits of pressure, strength, andstresses. Examines permits and inspection records todetermine that inspection schedule and remedialactions conform to procedures and regulations.Keeps records and prepares reports of inspectionsand investigations for administrative or legal author-ities. Investigates accidents to determine causes andto develop methods of preventing recurrences. Con-fers with engineers, manufacturers, contractors,owners, and operators concerning problems in con-struction, operation, and repair. Witnesses accept-ance and installation tests. Recommends or ordersactions to correct violations of legal requirements orto eliminate unsafe conditions. SKILLS—QualityControl Analysis; Operation Monitoring; Mathe-matics; Science; Operations Analysis; Systems Eval-uation; Writing; Troubleshooting; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Cal-ibration and Instrumentation Technicians;Cartographers and Photogrammetrists; CivilDrafters; Civil Engineering Technicians; Construc-tion and Building Inspectors; Drafters, All Other;Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians;Electrical and Electronics Drafters; ElectricalDrafters; Electrical Engineering Technicians; Elec-tro-Mechanical Technicians; Electronic Drafters;Electronics Engineering Technicians; EngineeringTechnicians, Except Drafters, All Other; Environ-mental Engineering Technicians; Industrial Engi-neering Technicians; Mapping Technicians;Mechanical Drafters; Mechanical Engineering Tech-nicians; Numerical Tool and Process Control Pro-grammers; Surveying and Mapping Technicians;Surveying Technicians; Surveyors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Physics; Public Safety and Security;Mechanical Devices; Engineering and Technology;Law and Government; Design; Mathematics.

Radiologic Technicians) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 22.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,620

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.2%

) Part-Time: 17.5%

Maintain and use equipment and supplies neces-sary to demonstrate portions of the human bodyon X-ray film or fluoroscopic screen for diagnostic

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purposes. Use beam-restrictive devices and patient-shielding techniques to minimize radiation exposureto patient and staff. Position X-ray equipment andadjust controls to set exposure factors, such as timeand distance. Position patient on examining tableand set up and adjust equipment to obtain opti-mum view of specific body area as requested byphysician. Determine patients’ X-ray needs by read-ing requests or instructions from physicians. Makeexposures necessary for the requested procedures,rejecting and repeating work that does not meetestablished standards. Process exposed radiographs,using film processors or computer generated meth-ods. Explain procedures to patients to reduce anxi-eties and obtain cooperation. Perform proceduressuch as linear tomography; mammography; sono-grams; joint and cyst aspirations; routine contraststudies; routine fluoroscopy; and examinations ofthe head, trunk, and extremities under supervisionof physician. Prepare and set up X-ray room forpatient. Assure that sterile supplies, contrast materi-als, catheters, and other required equipment arepresent and in working order, requisitioning materi-als as necessary. Maintain records of patients exam-ined, examinations performed, views taken, andtechnical factors used. Provide assistance to physi-cians or other technologists in the performance ofmore-complex procedures. Monitor equipmentoperation and report malfunctioning equipment tosupervisor. Provide students and other technologistswith suggestions of additional views, alternate posi-tioning, or improved techniques to ensure theimages produced are of the highest quality. Coordi-nate work of other technicians or technologistswhen procedures require more than one person.Assist with on-the-job training of new employeesand students and provide input to supervisorsregarding training performance. Maintain a currentfile of examination protocols. Operate mobile X-rayequipment in operating room, in emergency room,or at patient’s bedside. Provide assistance in radio-pharmaceutical administration, monitoringpatients’ vital signs and notifying the radiologist ofany relevant changes. SKILLS—Service Orienta-tion; Science; Instructing; Negotiation; Social Per-

ceptiveness; Active Listening; Equipment Selection;Speaking; Learning Strategies; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.05. Medical Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: CardiovascularTechnologists and Technicians; Diagnostic MedicalSonographers; Health Technologists and Techni-cians, All Other; Medical and Clinical LaboratoryTechnicians; Medical and Clinical Laboratory Tech-nologists; Medical Equipment Preparers; NuclearMedicine Technologists; Orthotists and Prosthetists;Radiologic Technologists; Radiologic Technologistsand Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Allied Health Diagnostic, Intervention, and Treatment Professions, Other; Medical Radio-logic Technology/Science—Radiation Therapist;Radiologic Technology/Science—Radiographer.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cleri-cal Studies; Psychology; Medicine and Dentistry;Customer and Personal Service; Physics; EnglishLanguage.

RadiologicTechnologists) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 22.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,620

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.2%

) Part-Time: 17.5%

Take X rays and CAT scans or administer nonra-dioactive materials into patient’s bloodstream fordiagnostic purposes. Includes technologists whospecialize in other modalities, such as computed

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tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance.Review and evaluate developed X rays, videotape, orcomputer-generated information to determine ifimages are satisfactory for diagnostic purposes. Useradiation safety measures and protection devices tocomply with government regulations and to ensuresafety of patients and staff. Explain procedures andobserve patients to ensure safety and comfort duringscan. Operate or oversee operation of radiologic andmagnetic imaging equipment to produce images ofthe body for diagnostic purposes. Position andimmobilize patient on examining table. Positionimaging equipment and adjust controls to set expo-sure time and distance according to specification ofexamination. Key commands and data into com-puter to document and specify scan sequences,adjust transmitters and receivers, or photograph cer-tain images. Monitor video display of area beingscanned and adjust density or contrast to improvepicture quality. Monitor patients’ conditions andreactions, reporting abnormal signs to physician. Setup examination rooms, ensuring that all necessaryequipment is ready. Prepare and administer oral orinjected contrast media to patients. Take thoroughand accurate patient medical histories. Remove andprocess film. Record, process, and maintain patientdata and treatment records and prepare reports.Coordinate work with clerical personnel and othertechnologists. Demonstrate new equipment, proce-dures, and techniques to staff and provide technicalassistance. Provide assistance with such tasks asdressing and changing to seriously ill, injured, ordisabled patients. Move ultrasound scanner overpatient’s body and watch pattern produced on videoscreen. Measure thickness of section to be radi-ographed, using instruments similar to measuringtapes. Operate fluoroscope to aid physician to viewand guide wire or catheter through blood vessels toarea of interest. Assign duties to radiologic staff tomaintain patient flows and achieve productiongoals. Collaborate with other medical team mem-bers, such as physicians and nurses, to conductangiography or special vascular procedures. Performadministrative duties such as developing depart-mental operating budget, coordinating purchases of

supplies and equipment, and preparing work sched-ules. SKILLS—Instructing; Social Perceptiveness;Service Orientation; Reading Comprehension;Active Listening; Operation Monitoring; Speaking;Critical Thinking; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.05. Medical Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: CardiovascularTechnologists and Technicians; Diagnostic MedicalSonographers; Health Technologists and Techni-cians, All Other; Medical and Clinical LaboratoryTechnicians; Medical and Clinical Laboratory Tech-nologists; Medical Equipment Preparers; NuclearMedicine Technologists; Orthotists and Prosthetists;Radiologic Technicians; Radiologic Technologistsand Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Allied Health Diagnostic, Intervention, and Treat-ment Professions, Other; Medical RadiologicTechnology/Science—Radiation Therapist; Radio-logic Technology/Science—Radiographer. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine andDentistry; Customer and Personal Service; Psychol-ogy; Physics; Biology; Chemistry.

Refractory MaterialsRepairers, ExceptBrickmasons) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 16.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 155,000

) Annual Earnings: $36,910

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 6.1%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

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Build or repair furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers,converters, ladles, soaking pits, ovens, etc., usingrefractory materials. Bolt sections of wooden moldstogether, using wrenches, and line molds with paperto prevent clay from sticking to molds. Chip slagfrom linings of ladles or remove linings whenbeyond repair, using hammers and chisels. Disas-semble molds and cut, chip, and smooth clay struc-tures such as floaters, drawbars, and L-blocks. Drillholes in furnace walls, bolt overlapping layers ofplastic to walls, and hammer surfaces to compresslayers into solid sheets. Dry and bake new linings byplacing inverted linings over burners, by buildingfires in ladles, or by using blowtorches. Dump andtamp clay in molds, using tamping tools. Fastenstopper heads to rods with metal pins to assemblerefractory stoppers used to plug pouring nozzles ofsteel ladles. Install clay structures in melting tanksand drawing kilns to control the flow and tempera-ture of molten glass, using hoists and hand tools.Measure furnace walls to determine dimensions;then cut required number of sheets from plasticblock, using saws. Mix specified amounts of sand,clay, mortar powder, and water to form refractoryclay or mortar, using shovels or mixing machines.Reline or repair ladles and pouring spouts withrefractory clay, using trowels. Remove worn or dam-aged plastic block refractory linings of furnaces,using hand tools. Spread mortar on stopper headsand rods, using trowels, and slide brick sleeves overrods to form refractory jackets. Tighten locknutsholding refractory stopper assemblies together,spread mortar on jackets to seal sleeve joints, anddry mortar in ovens. Climb scaffolding, carryinghoses, and spray surfaces of cupolas with refractorymixtures, using spray equipment. Install preformedmetal scaffolding in interiors of cupolas, using handtools. Transfer clay structures to curing ovens, melt-ing tanks, and drawing kilns, using forklifts.SKILLS—Repairing; Installation; Operation andControl; Equipment Maintenance; Troubleshoot-ing; Science; Equipment Selection; OperationMonitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying andMaintenance Equipment Operators; ReinforcingIron and Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; RoughCarpenters; Security and Fire Alarm SystemsInstallers; Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers;Ship Carpenters and Joiners; Stone Cutters andCarvers; Stonemasons; Structural Iron and SteelWorkers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers;Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Industrial Mechanics and Maintenance Technology.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Build-ing and Construction; Mechanical Devices; Produc-tion and Processing; Fine Arts; Engineering andTechnology; Chemistry.

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RefrigerationMechanics) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 31.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,160

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 15.4%

) Part-Time: 3.1%

Install and repair industrial and commercial refrig-erating systems. Braze or solder parts to repairdefective joints and leaks. Observe and test systemoperation, using gauges and instruments. Test lines,components, and connections for leaks. Dismantlemalfunctioning systems and test components, usingelectrical, mechanical, and pneumatic testing equip-ment. Adjust or replace worn or defective mecha-nisms and parts and reassemble repaired systems.Read blueprints to determine location, size, capaci-ty, and type of components needed to build refrig-eration system. Supervise and instruct assistants.Install wiring to connect components to an electricpower source. Perform mechanical overhauls andrefrigerant reclaiming. Cut, bend, thread, and con-nect pipe to functional components and water,power, or refrigeration system. Adjust valves accord-ing to specifications and charge system with propertype of refrigerant by pumping the specified gas orfluid into the system. Estimate, order, pick up,deliver, and install materials and supplies needed tomaintain equipment in good working condition.Install expansion and control valves, using acetylenetorches and wrenches. Mount compressor, condens-er, and other components in specified locations onframes, using hand tools and acetylene weldingequipment. Keep records of repairs and replace-ments made and causes of malfunctions. Lay outreference points for installation of structural andfunctional components, using measuring instru-

ments. Schedule work with customers and initiatework orders, house requisitions, and orders fromstock. Fabricate and assemble structural and func-tional components of refrigeration system, usinghand tools, power tools, and welding equipment.Lift and align components into position, using hoistor block and tackle. Drill holes and install mount-ing brackets and hangers into floor and walls ofbuilding. Insulate shells and cabinets of systems.SKILLS—Installation; Repairing; EquipmentMaintenance; Operation Monitoring; Trou-bleshooting; Systems Evaluation; Science; SystemsAnalysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.03. Mechanical Work.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Aircraft Body andBonded Structure Repairers; Aircraft Engine Spe-cialists; Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians;Airframe-and-Power-Plant Mechanics; AutomotiveBody and Related Repairers; Automotive GlassInstallers and Repairers; Automotive MasterMechanics; Automotive Service Technicians andMechanics; Automotive Specialty Technicians; Bicy-cle Repairers; Bridge and Lock Tenders; Bus andTruck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists;Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers;Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicersand Repairers; Control and Valve Installers andRepairers, Except Mechanical Door; Farm Equip-ment Mechanics; Gas Appliance Repairers; Handand Portable Power Tool Repairers; Heating and AirConditioning Mechanics; Heating, Air Condition-ing, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers;Helpers—Electricians; Helpers—Installation,Maintenance, and Repair Workers; IndustrialMachinery Mechanics; Installation, Maintenance,and Repair Workers, All Other; Keyboard Instru-ment Repairers and Tuners; Locksmiths and SafeRepairers; Maintenance and Repair Workers, Gen-eral; Maintenance Workers, Machinery; MechanicalDoor Repairers; Medical Appliance Technicians;Medical Equipment Repairers; Meter Mechanics;Millwrights; Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics,Except Engines; Motorboat Mechanics; Motorcycle

________________________________________________________Realistic Jobs: Refrigeration Mechanics

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Mechanics; Musical Instrument Repairers andTuners; Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians; Opti-cal Instrument Assemblers; Outdoor Power Equip-ment and Other Small Engine Mechanics; Painters,Transportation Equipment; Percussion InstrumentRepairers and Tuners; Precision Instrument andEquipment Repairers, All Other; Rail Car Repairers;Railroad Inspectors; Recreational Vehicle ServiceTechnicians; Reed or Wind Instrument Repairersand Tuners; Stringed Instrument Repairers andTuners; Tire Repairers and Changers; Valve andRegulator Repairers; Watch Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology/Technician (ACH/ACR/ACHR/HRAC/HVAC/AC Technology); Heating, AirConditioning, Ventilation, and Refrigeration Main-tenance Technology/Technician (HAC, HACR,HVAC, HVACR); Solar Energy Technology/Tech-nician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction; Mechanical Devices;Engineering and Technology; Customer and Per-sonal Service; Physics; Design.

Roofers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 18.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: $30,020

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 31.9%

) Part-Time: 10.0%

Cover roofs of structures with shingles, slate,asphalt, aluminum, wood, and related materials.May spray roofs, sidings, and walls with materialto bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections ofstructures. Fastens composition shingles or sheets toroof with asphalt, cement, or nails. Cuts roofing

paper to size and nails or staples paper to roof inoverlapping strips to form base for roofing materials.Cleans and maintains equipment. Removes snow,water, or debris from roofs prior to applying roofingmaterials. Insulates, soundproofs, and seals build-ings with foam, using spray gun, air compressor,and heater. Punches holes in slate, tile, terra cotta, orwooden shingles, using punch and hammer. Appliesgravel or pebbles over top layer, using rake or stiff-bristled broom. Applies alternate layers of hotasphalt or tar and roofing paper until roof coveringis completed as specified. Overlaps successive layersof roofing material, determining distance of overlap,using chalkline, gauge on shingling hatchet, or lineson shingles. Cuts strips of flashing and fits theminto angles formed by walls, vents, and intersectingroof surfaces. Mops or pours hot asphalt or tar ontoroof base when applying asphalt or tar and gravel toroof. Aligns roofing material with edge of roof.SKILLS—Repairing; Installation; Coordination;Equipment Selection; Operation and Control.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-

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terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying andMaintenance Equipment Operators; RefractoryMaterials Repairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforc-ing Iron and Rebar Workers; Riggers; Rough Car-penters; Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers;Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Car-penters and Joiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers;Stonemasons; Structural Iron and Steel Workers;Tapers; Terrazzo Workers and Finishers; Tile andMarble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Roofer. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Building and Construction; MechanicalDevices.

Rough Carpenters) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 193,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,250

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 29.7%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Build rough wooden structures, such as concreteforms, scaffolds, tunnel, bridge, or sewer supports;billboard signs; and temporary frame shelters,according to sketches, blueprints, or oral instruc-tions. Study blueprints and diagrams to determinedimensions of structure or form to be constructed.Measure materials or distances, using square, meas-uring tape, or rule to lay out work. Cut or sawboards, timbers, or plywood to required size, usinghandsaw, power saw, or woodworking machine.Assemble and fasten material together to constructwood or metal framework of structure, using bolts,nails, or screws. Anchor and brace forms and otherstructures in place, using nails, bolts, anchor rods,

steel cables, planks, wedges, and timbers. Mark cut-ting lines on materials, using pencil and scriber.Erect forms, framework, scaffolds, hoists, roof sup-ports, or chutes, using hand tools, plumb rule, andlevel. Install rough door and window frames, sub-flooring, fixtures, or temporary supports in struc-tures undergoing construction or repair. Examinestructural timbers and supports to detect decay andreplace timbers as required, using hand tools, nuts,and bolts. Bore boltholes in timber, masonry, orconcrete walls, using power drill. Fabricate parts,using woodworking and metalworking machines.SKILLS—Repairing; Installation; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Equipment Selection; Coordi-nation; Mathematics; Technology Design; Equip-ment Maintenance.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying andMaintenance Equipment Operators; RefractoryMaterials Repairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforc-ing Iron and Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers; Secu-rity and Fire Alarm Systems Installers; Segmental

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Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers; Ship Carpenters andJoiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons;Structural Iron and Steel Workers; Tapers; TerrazzoWorkers and Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Carpentry/Carpenter. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction;Design; Engineering and Technology; MechanicalDevices; Production and Processing; Public Safetyand Security.

Sheet Metal Workers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 19.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 30,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,000

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 2.7%

Fabricate, assemble, install, and repair sheet metalproducts and equipment, such as ducts, controlboxes, drainpipes, and furnace casings. Work mayinvolve any of the following: setting up and oper-ating fabricating machines to cut, bend, andstraighten sheet metal; shaping metal over anvils,blocks, or forms, using hammer; operating solder-ing and welding equipment to join sheet metalparts; inspecting, assembling, and smoothingseams and joints of burred surfaces. Drill andpunch holes in metal for screws, bolts, and rivets.Fasten seams and joints together with welds, bolts,cement, rivets, solder, caulks, metal drive clips, andbonds in order to assemble components into prod-ucts or to repair sheet metal items. Finish parts,using hacksaws and hand, rotary, or squaring shears.Inspect individual parts, assemblies, and installa-tions for conformance to specifications and building

codes, using measuring instruments such as calipers,scales, and micrometers. Install assemblies, such asflashing, pipes, tubes, heating and air conditioningducts, furnace casings, rain gutters, and down-spouts, in supportive frameworks. Lay out, measure,and mark dimensions and reference lines on materi-al, such as roofing panels, according to drawings ortemplates, using calculators, scribes, dividers,squares, and rulers. Select gauges and types of sheetmetal or non-metallic material according to productspecifications. Shape metal material over anvils,blocks, or other forms, using hand tools. Trim, file,grind, deburr, buff, and smooth surfaces, seams, andjoints of assembled parts, using hand tools andportable power tools. Convert blueprints into shopdrawings to be followed in the construction andassembly of sheet metal products. Develop and layout patterns that use materials most efficiently,using computerized metalworking equipment toexperiment with different layouts. Determine proj-ect requirements, including scope, assemblysequences, and required methods and materials,according to blueprints, drawings, and written orverbal instructions. Fabricate or alter parts at con-struction sites, using shears, hammers, punches, anddrills. Fasten roof panel edges and machine-mademolding to structures, nailing or welding pieces intoplace. Maintain equipment, making repairs andmodifications when necessary. Maneuver completedunits into position for installation and anchor theunits. Secure metal roof panels in place; then inter-lock and fasten grooved panel edges. Transport pre-fabricated parts to construction sites for assemblyand installation. SKILLS—Installation; TechnologyDesign; Repairing; Equipment Selection; QualityControl Analysis; Operation and Control; Opera-tions Analysis; Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-

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struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling TileInstallers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying andMaintenance Equipment Operators; RefractoryMaterials Repairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforc-ing Iron and Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers;Rough Carpenters; Security and Fire Alarm SystemsInstallers; Segmental Pavers; Ship Carpenters andJoiners; Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons;Structural Iron and Steel Workers; Tapers; TerrazzoWorkers and Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Sheet Metal Technology/Sheetworking. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Production andProcessing; Building and Construction; Design;Mechanical Devices; Computers and Electronics;Engineering and Technology.

Ship Carpenters andJoiners) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 193,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,250

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 29.7%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Fabricate, assemble, install, or repair wooden fur-nishings in ships or boats. Reads blueprints todetermine dimensions of furnishings in ships orboats. Shapes and laminates wood to form parts ofship, using steam chambers, clamps, glue, and jigs.Repairs structural woodwork and replaces defectiveparts and equipment, using hand tools and powertools. Shapes irregular parts and trims excess materi-al from bulkhead and furnishings to ensure fit meetsspecifications. Constructs floors, doors, and parti-tions, using woodworking machines, hand tools,and power tools. Cuts wood or glass to specifieddimensions, using hand tools and power tools.Assembles and installs hardware, gaskets, floors, fur-nishings, or insulation, using adhesive, hand tools,and power tools. Transfers dimensions or measure-ments of wood parts or bulkhead on plywood, usingmeasuring instruments and marking devices. Greas-es gears and other moving parts of machines onship. SKILLS—Installation; Repairing; EquipmentMaintenance; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.02. Construction.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Boat Builders andShipwrights; Boilermakers; Brattice Builders; Brick-masons and Blockmasons; Carpenters; CarpetInstallers; Ceiling Tile Installers; Cement Masonsand Concrete Finishers; Commercial Divers; Con-struction and Related Workers, All Other; Con-struction Carpenters; Drywall and Ceiling Tile

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Installers; Drywall Installers; Electricians; ExplosivesWorkers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters;Fence Erectors; Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood,and Hard Tiles; Floor Sanders and Finishers;Glaziers; Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Operators;Hazardous Materials Removal Workers; InsulationWorkers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall; Insulation Work-ers, Mechanical; Manufactured Building andMobile Home Installers; Operating Engineers;Operating Engineers and Other ConstructionEquipment Operators; Painters, Construction andMaintenance; Paperhangers; Paving, Surfacing, andTamping Equipment Operators; Pile-Driver Opera-tors; Pipe Fitters; Pipelayers; Pipelaying Fitters; Plas-terers and Stucco Masons; Plumbers; Plumbers,Pipefitters, and Steamfitters; Rail-Track Laying andMaintenance Equipment Operators; RefractoryMaterials Repairers, Except Brickmasons; Reinforc-ing Iron and Rebar Workers; Riggers; Roofers;Rough Carpenters; Security and Fire Alarm SystemsInstallers; Segmental Pavers; Sheet Metal Workers;Stone Cutters and Carvers; Stonemasons; StructuralIron and Steel Workers; Tapers; Terrazzo Workersand Finishers; Tile and Marble Setters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Carpentry/Carpenter. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Building and Construction;Design; Engineering and Technology; MechanicalDevices.

Solderers) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,640

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.6%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Solder together components to assemble fabricatedmetal products, using soldering iron. Melts andapplies solder along adjoining edges of workpiecesto solder joints, using soldering iron, gas torch, orelectric-ultrasonic equipment. Grinds, cuts, buffs,or bends edges of workpieces to be joined to ensuresnug fit, using power grinder and hand tools.Removes workpieces from molten solder and holdsparts together until color indicates that solder hasset. Cleans workpieces, using chemical solution, file,wire brush, or grinder. Cleans tip of soldering iron,using chemical solution or cleaning compound.Melts and separates soldered joints to repair mis-aligned or damaged assemblies, using solderingequipment. Applies flux to workpiece surfaces inpreparation for soldering. Heats soldering iron orworkpiece to specified temperature for soldering,using gas flame or electric current. Dips workpiecesinto molten solder or places solder strip betweenseams and heats seam with iron to band itemstogether. Aligns and clamps workpieces together,using rule, square, or hand tools, or positions itemsin fixtures, jigs, or vise. Melts and applies solder tofill holes, indentations, and seams of fabricatedmetal products, using soldering equipment.SKILLS—Operation and Control; EquipmentMaintenance; Equipment Selection; Installation;Operation Monitoring; Science; Repairing.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.03. Production Work. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Assemblers and Fabricators,All Other; Bakers, Manufacturing; BinderyMachine Operators and Tenders; Brazers; Cement-ing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Controllers and Operators;Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Tenders; Cleaning, Washing,and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Ten-ders; Coating, Painting, and Spraying MachineOperators and Tenders; Coil Winders, Tapers, andFinishers; Combination Machine Tool Operatorsand Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Computer-Con-trolled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic;

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Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators andTenders; Crushing, Grinding, and PolishingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; Cuttersand Trimmers, Hand; Cutting and Slicing MachineOperators and Tenders; Cutting and SlicingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; DesignPrinting Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators;Electrolytic Plating and Coating Machine Opera-tors and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; ElectrolyticPlating and Coating Machine Setters and Set-UpOperators, Metal and Plastic; Electrotypers andStereotypers; Embossing Machine Set-Up Opera-tors; Engraver Set-Up Operators; Extruding andForming Machine Operators and Tenders, Synthet-ic or Glass Fibers; Extruding and Forming MachineSetters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and GlassFibers; Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Com-pacting Machine Operators and Tenders; Fabric andApparel Patternmakers; Fiber Product CuttingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators; FiberglassLaminators and Fabricators; Film Laboratory Tech-nicians; Fitters, Structural Metal—Precision; Foodand Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and DryingMachine Operators and Tenders; Food Batchmak-ers; Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders;Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operatorsand Tenders; Glass Cutting Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators; Graders and Sorters, Agricultur-al Products; Grinding and Polishing Workers,Hand; Hand Compositors and Typesetters; Heaters,Metal and Plastic; Helpers—Production Workers;Job Printers; Letterpress Setters and Set-Up Opera-tors; Marking and Identification Printing MachineSetters and Set-Up Operators; Meat, Poultry, andFish Cutters and Trimmers; Metal Fabricators,Structural Metal Products; Metal-Refining FurnaceOperators and Tenders; Mixing and BlendingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; MoldMakers, Hand; Molding and Casting Workers;Nonelectrolytic Plating and Coating MachineOperators and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Nonelec-trolytic Plating and Coating Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators, Metal and Plastic; NumericalControl Machine Tool Operators and Tenders,

Metal and Plastic; Offset Lithographic Press Settersand Set-Up Operators; Packaging and FillingMachine Operators and Tenders; Painting, Coating,and Decorating Workers; Photoengraving and Lith-ographing Machine Operators and Tenders; Photo-graphic Hand Developers; Photographic ProcessWorkers; Photographic Processing Machine Opera-tors; Photographic Reproduction Technicians; Pho-tographic Retouchers and Restorers; Plate Finishers;Platemakers; Plating and Coating Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Pourersand Casters, Metal; Precision Printing Workers; Pre-press Technicians and Workers; Pressing MachineOperators and Tenders—Textile, Garment, andRelated Materials; Printing Machine Operators;Printing Press Machine Operators and Tenders; Pro-duction Helpers; Production Laborers; ProductionWorkers, All Other; Sawing Machine Operators andTenders; Sawing Machine Setters and Set-Up Oper-ators; Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Ten-ders, Wood; Scanner Operators; SemiconductorProcessors; Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precip-itating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, andTenders; Sewers, Hand; Sewing Machine Operators;Sewing Machine Operators, Garment; SewingMachine Operators, Non-Garment; Shoe MachineOperators and Tenders; Slaughterers and MeatPackers; Soldering and Brazing Machine Operatorsand Tenders; Stone Sawyers; Strippers; StructuralMetal Fabricators and Fitters; Team Assemblers;Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operatorsand Tenders; Tire Builders; Welder-Fitters; Weldersand Cutters; Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Braz-ers; Welders, Production; Welding Machine Opera-tors and Tenders; Woodworking MachineOperators and Tenders, Except Sawing.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Welding Technology/Welder. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Mechanical Devices; Production and Pro-cessing.

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Surgical Technologists) Personality Code: RS

) Growth: 27.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 13,000

) Annual Earnings: $32,130

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 23.0%

Assist in operations under the supervision of sur-geons, registered nurses, or other surgical person-nel. May help set up operating room; prepare andtransport patients for surgery; adjust lights andequipment; pass instruments and other supplies tosurgeons and surgeons’ assistants; hold retractors;cut sutures; and help count sponges, needles, sup-plies, and instruments. Count sponges, needles,and instruments before and after operation. Handinstruments and supplies to surgeons and surgeons’assistants, hold retractors and cut sutures, and per-form other tasks as directed by surgeon during oper-ation. Scrub arms and hands and assist the surgicalteam in scrubbing and putting on gloves, masks,and surgical clothing. Position patients on the oper-ating table and cover them with sterile surgicaldrapes to prevent exposure. Provide technical assis-tance to surgeons, surgical nurses, and anesthesiolo-gists. Wash and sterilize equipment, usinggermicides and sterilizers. Prepare, care for, and dis-pose of tissue specimens taken for laboratory analy-sis. Clean and restock the operating room, placingequipment and supplies and arranging instrumentsaccording to instruction. Prepare dressings or band-ages and apply or assist with their application fol-lowing surgery. Operate, assemble, adjust, ormonitor sterilizers, lights, suction machines, anddiagnostic equipment to ensure proper operation.Monitor and continually assess operating room con-ditions, including patient and surgical team needs.Observe patients’ vital signs to assess physical condi-

tion. Maintain supply of fluids, such as plasma,saline, blood, and glucose, for use during opera-tions. Maintain files and records of surgical proce-dures. SKILLS—Instructing; Troubleshooting;Learning Strategies; Equipment Selection; ActiveLearning; Social Perceptiveness; Reading Compre-hension; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists; PharmacyAides; Pharmacy Technicians; Physician Assistants;Physicians and Surgeons, All Other; Psychiatrists;Registered Nurses; Surgeons.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Pathology/Pathologist Assistant; Surgical Technolo-gy/Technologist. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry; Customerand Personal Service; Psychology; Chemistry; Phi-losophy and Theology; Education and Training.

TechnicalDirectors/Managers) Personality Code: RA

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,200

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 32.8%

) Part-Time: 9.1%

Coordinate activities of technical departments,such as taping, editing, engineering, and mainte-

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nance, to produce radio or television programs.Direct technical aspects of newscasts and other pro-ductions, checking and switching between videosources and taking responsibility for the on-airproduct, including camera shots and graphics. Testequipment in order to ensure proper operation.Monitor broadcasts in order to ensure that pro-grams conform to station or network policies andregulations. Observe pictures through monitors anddirect camera and video staff concerning shadingand composition. Act as liaison between engineer-ing and production departments. Supervise andassign duties to workers engaged in technical con-trol and production of radio and television pro-grams. Schedule use of studio and editing facilitiesfor producers and engineering and maintenancestaff. Confer with operations directors in order toformulate and maintain fair and attainable technicalpolicies for programs. Operate equipment to pro-duce programs or broadcast live programs fromremote locations. Train workers in use of equipmentsuch as switchers, cameras, monitors, microphones,and lights. Switch between video sources in a studioor on multi-camera remotes, using equipment suchas switchers, video slide projectors, and video effectsgenerators. Set up and execute video transitions andspecial effects such as fades, dissolves, cuts, keys, andsupers, using computers to manipulate pictures asnecessary. Collaborate with promotions directors toproduce on-air station promotions. Discuss filteroptions, lens choices, and the visual effects ofobjects being filmed with photography directorsand video operators. Follow instructions from pro-duction managers and directors during productions,such as commands for camera cuts, effects, graphics,and takes. SKILLS—Time Management; Monitor-ing; Operation Monitoring; Operation and Con-trol; Coordination; Management of PersonnelResources; Instructing; Troubleshooting.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.01. Managerial Work inArts, Entertainment, and Media. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Agents and Business Managersof Artists, Performers, and Athletes; Art Directors;

Athletes and Sports Competitors; Coaches andScouts; Entertainers and Performers, Sports andRelated Workers, All Other; Fitness Trainers andAerobics Instructors; Producers; Producers andDirectors; Program Directors; Umpires, Referees,and Other Sports Officials.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cinematography and Film/Video Production;Directing and Theatrical Production; Drama andDramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dramatic/Theatre Arts and Stagecraft, Other; Film/CinemaStudies; Radio and Television; Theatre/Theatre Arts Management. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communications and Media; Com-puters and Electronics; Telecommunications; Phi-losophy and Theology; Sales and Marketing;Customer and Personal Service.

TelecommunicationsLine Installers andRepairers) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 18.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 13,000

) Annual Earnings: $39,540

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 3.7%

) Part-Time: 1.4%

String and repair telephone and television cable,including fiber optics and other equipment fortransmitting messages or television programming.Clean and maintain tools and test equipment.Compute impedance of wires from poles to housesin order to determine additional resistance neededfor reducing signals to desired levels. Dig holes for

____________________________________Realistic Jobs: Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers

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power poles, using power augers or shovels; set polesin place with cranes; and hoist poles upright, usingwinches. Dig trenches for underground wires andcables. Explain cable service to subscribers afterinstallation and collect any installation fees that aredue. Fill and tamp holes, using cement, earth, andtamping devices. Participate in the construction andremoval of telecommunication towers and associat-ed support structures. Access specific areas to stringlines and install terminal boxes, auxiliary equip-ment, and appliances, using bucket trucks or byclimbing poles and ladders or entering tunnels,trenches, or crawl spaces. Inspect and test lines andcables, recording and analyzing test results to assesstransmission characteristics and locate faults andmalfunctions. Install equipment such as amplifiersand repeaters in order to maintain the strength ofcommunications transmissions. Lay undergroundcable directly in trenches or string it through con-duits running through trenches. Measure signalstrength at utility poles, using electronic test equip-ment. Place insulation over conductors and sealsplices with moisture-proof covering. Pull up cableby hand from large reels mounted on trucks; thenpull lines through ducts by hand or with winches.Set up service for customers, installing, connecting,testing, and adjusting equipment. Splice cables,using hand tools, epoxy, or mechanical equipment.String cables between structures and lines frompoles, towers, or trenches and pull lines to propertension. Travel to customers’ premises to install,maintain, and repair audio and visual electronicreception equipment and accessories. Use a varietyof construction equipment to complete installa-tions, including digger derricks, trenchers, and cableplows. SKILLS—Installation; Repairing; Trou-bleshooting; Equipment Maintenance; OperationMonitoring; Systems Evaluation; Mathematics;Operation and Control.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.02. Electrical and Elec-tronic Systems. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Avionics Technicians; Battery Repairers; CentralOffice and PBX Installers and Repairers; Commu-

nication Equipment Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers; Computer, Automated Teller, and OfficeMachine Repairers; Data Processing EquipmentRepairers; Electric Home Appliance and Power ToolRepairers; Electric Meter Installers and Repairers;Electric Motor and Switch Assemblers and Repair-ers; Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repair-ers; Electrical and Electronics Installers andRepairers, Transportation Equipment; Electrical andElectronics Repairers, Commercial and IndustrialEquipment; Electrical and Electronics Repairers,Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay; Electrical PartsReconditioners; Electrical Power-Line Installers andRepairers; Electronic Equipment Installers andRepairers, Motor Vehicles; Electronic Home Enter-tainment Equipment Installers and Repairers; Ele-vator Installers and Repairers; Frame Wirers,Central Office; Home Appliance Installers; HomeAppliance Repairers; Installation, Maintenance, andRepair Workers, All Other; Office Machine andCash Register Servicers; Radio Mechanics; Signaland Track Switch Repairers; Station Installers andRepairers, Telephone; Telecommunications Equip-ment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers;Telecommunications Facility Examiners; Trans-former Repairers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Communications Systems Installation and RepairTechnology. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Telecommunications; Computersand Electronics; Mechanical Devices; Physics; Salesand Marketing; Engineering and Technology.

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Tractor-Trailer TruckDrivers) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 19.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 299,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,310

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 13.1%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Drive tractor-trailer truck to transport products,livestock, or materials to specified destinations.Drives tractor-trailer combination, applying knowl-edge of commercial driving regulations, to transportand deliver products, livestock, or materials, usuallyover long distance. Maneuvers truck into loading orunloading position, following signals from loadingcrew as needed. Drives truck to weigh station beforeand after loading and along route to documentweight and conform to state regulations. Maintainsdriver log according to I.C.C. regulations. Inspectstruck before and after trips and submits report indi-cating truck condition. Reads bill of lading to deter-mine assignment. Fastens chain or binders to secureload on trailer during transit. Loads or unloads orassists in loading and unloading truck. Works asmember of two-person team driving tractor withsleeper bunk behind cab. Services truck with oil,fuel, and radiator fluid to maintain tractor-trailer.Obtains customer’s signature or collects payment forservices. Inventories and inspects goods to bemoved. Wraps goods, using pads, packing paper,and containers, and secures load to trailer wall,using straps. Gives directions to helper in packingand moving goods to trailer. SKILLS—Operationand Control; Equipment Maintenance; Repairing;Troubleshooting; Management of MaterialResources; Operation Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 07. Transportation. WorkGroup: 07.05. Truck Driving. Other Jobs in ThisWork Group: Truck Drivers, Heavy; Truck Drivers,Heavy and Tractor-Trailer; Truck Drivers, Light orDelivery Services.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Truck and Bus Driver/Commercial Vehicle Opera-tion. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Geography; Mechanical Devices;Law and Government; Public Safety and Security;Telecommunications.

Truck Drivers, Heavy) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 19.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 299,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,310

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 13.1%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Drive truck with capacity of more than three tonsto transport materials to specified destinations.Drives truck with capacity of more than three tonsto transport and deliver cargo, materials, or dam-aged vehicle. Maintains radio or telephone contactwith base or supervisor to receive instructions or bedispatched to new location. Maintains truck logaccording to state and federal regulations. Keepsrecord of materials and products transported. Posi-tion blocks and ties rope around items to securecargo for transport. Cleans, inspects, and servicesvehicle. Operates equipment on vehicle to load,unload, or disperse cargo or materials. Obtains cus-tomer signature or collects payment for goods deliv-ered and delivery charges. Assists in loading andunloading truck manually. SKILLS—EquipmentMaintenance; Repairing; Operation Monitoring;

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Operation and Control; Management of FinancialResources.

GOE—Interest Area: 07. Transportation. WorkGroup: 07.05. Truck Driving. Other Jobs in ThisWork Group: Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers; TruckDrivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer; Truck Drivers,Light or Delivery Services.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Truck and Bus Driver/Commercial Vehicle Opera-tion. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Geography; Telecommunica-tions; Mechanical Devices; Public Safety and Secu-rity; Law and Government.

Welder-Fitters) Personality Code: RI

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,640

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.6%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Lay out, fit, and fabricate metal components toassemble structural forms, such as machineryframes, bridge parts, and pressure vessels, usingknowledge of welding techniques, metallurgy, andengineering requirements. Includes experimentalwelders who analyze engineering drawings andspecifications to plan welding operations whereprocedural information is unavailable. Lays out,positions, and secures parts and assemblies accord-ing to specifications, using straightedge, combina-tion square, calipers, and ruler. Tack-welds or weldscomponents and assemblies, using electric, gas, arc,or other welding equipment. Cuts workpiece, usingpowered saws, hand shears, or chipping knife. Melts

lead bar, wire, or scrap to add lead to joint or toextrude melted scrap into reusable form. Installs orrepairs equipment, such as lead pipes, valves, floors,and tank linings. Observes tests on welded surfaces,such as hydrostatic, X-ray, and dimension tolerance,to evaluate weld quality and conformance to speci-fications. Inspects grooves, angles, or gapallowances, using micrometer, caliper, and precisionmeasuring instruments. Removes rough spots fromworkpiece, using portable grinder, hand file, orscraper. Welds components in flat, vertical, or over-head positions. Heats, forms, and dresses metalparts, using hand tools, torch, or arc welding equip-ment. Ignites torch and adjusts valves, amperage, orvoltage to obtain desired flame or arc. Analyzes engi-neering drawings and specifications to plan layout,assembly, and welding operations. Develops tem-plates and other work aids to hold and align parts.Determines required equipment and weldingmethod, applying knowledge of metallurgy, geome-try, and welding techniques. SKILLS—Repairing;Installation; Equipment Maintenance; EquipmentSelection; Quality Control Analysis; Mathematics;Operation Monitoring; Science.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.03. Production Work. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Assemblers and Fabricators,All Other; Bakers, Manufacturing; BinderyMachine Operators and Tenders; Brazers; Cement-ing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Controllers and Operators;Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Tenders; Cleaning, Washing,and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Ten-ders; Coating, Painting, and Spraying MachineOperators and Tenders; Coil Winders, Tapers, andFinishers; Combination Machine Tool Operatorsand Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Computer-Con-trolled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic;Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators andTenders; Crushing, Grinding, and PolishingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; Cuttersand Trimmers, Hand; Cutting and Slicing Machine

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Operators and Tenders; Cutting and SlicingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; DesignPrinting Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators;Electrolytic Plating and Coating Machine Opera-tors and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; ElectrolyticPlating and Coating Machine Setters and Set-UpOperators, Metal and Plastic; Electrotypers andStereotypers; Embossing Machine Set-Up Opera-tors; Engraver Set-Up Operators; Extruding andForming Machine Operators and Tenders, Synthet-ic or Glass Fibers; Extruding and Forming MachineSetters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and GlassFibers; Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Com-pacting Machine Operators and Tenders; Fabric andApparel Patternmakers; Fiber Product CuttingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators; FiberglassLaminators and Fabricators; Film Laboratory Tech-nicians; Fitters, Structural Metal—Precision; Foodand Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and DryingMachine Operators and Tenders; Food Batchmak-ers; Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders;Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operatorsand Tenders; Glass Cutting Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators; Graders and Sorters, Agricultur-al Products; Grinding and Polishing Workers,Hand; Hand Compositors and Typesetters; Heaters,Metal and Plastic; Helpers—Production Workers;Job Printers; Letterpress Setters and Set-Up Opera-tors; Marking and Identification Printing MachineSetters and Set-Up Operators; Meat, Poultry, andFish Cutters and Trimmers; Metal Fabricators,Structural Metal Products; Metal-Refining FurnaceOperators and Tenders; Mixing and BlendingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; MoldMakers, Hand; Molding and Casting Workers;Nonelectrolytic Plating and Coating MachineOperators and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Nonelec-trolytic Plating and Coating Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators, Metal and Plastic; NumericalControl Machine Tool Operators and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Offset Lithographic Press Settersand Set-Up Operators; Packaging and FillingMachine Operators and Tenders; Painting, Coating,and Decorating Workers; Photoengraving and Lith-

ographing Machine Operators and Tenders; Photo-graphic Hand Developers; Photographic ProcessWorkers; Photographic Processing Machine Opera-tors; Photographic Reproduction Technicians; Pho-tographic Retouchers and Restorers; Plate Finishers;Platemakers; Plating and Coating Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Pourersand Casters, Metal; Precision Printing Workers; Pre-press Technicians and Workers; Pressing MachineOperators and Tenders—Textile, Garment, andRelated Materials; Printing Machine Operators;Printing Press Machine Operators and Tenders; Pro-duction Helpers; Production Laborers; ProductionWorkers, All Other; Sawing Machine Operators andTenders; Sawing Machine Setters and Set-Up Oper-ators; Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Ten-ders, Wood; Scanner Operators; SemiconductorProcessors; Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precip-itating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, andTenders; Sewers, Hand; Sewing Machine Operators;Sewing Machine Operators, Garment; SewingMachine Operators, Non-Garment; Shoe MachineOperators and Tenders; Slaughterers and MeatPackers; Solderers; Soldering and Brazing MachineOperators and Tenders; Stone Sawyers; Strippers;Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters; TeamAssemblers; Textile Bleaching and Dyeing MachineOperators and Tenders; Tire Builders; Welders andCutters; Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers;Welders, Production; Welding Machine Operatorsand Tenders; Woodworking Machine Operatorsand Tenders, Except Sawing.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Welding Technology/Welder. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design; Buildingand Construction; Mechanical Devices; Productionand Processing; Engineering and Technology;Physics.

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Welders and Cutters) Personality Code: RC

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,640

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.6%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Use hand welding and flame-cutting equipment toweld together metal components and parts or tocut, trim, or scarf metal objects to dimensions asspecified by layouts, work orders, or blueprints.Connects and turns regulator valves to activate andadjust gas flow and pressure to obtain desired flame.Selects and installs torch, torch tip, filler rod, andflux, according to welding chart specifications ortype and thickness of metal. Guides electrodes ortorch along weld line at specified speed and angle toweld, melt, cut, or trim metal. Welds metal parts orcomponents together, using brazing, gas, or arcwelding equipment. Repairs broken or crackedparts, fills holes, and increases size of metal parts,using welding equipment. Welds in flat, horizontal,vertical, or overhead position. Cleans or degreasesparts, using wire brush, portable grinder, or chemi-cal bath. Inspects finished workpiece for confor-mance to specifications. Chips or grinds off excessweld, slag, or spatter, using hand scraper or powerchipper, portable grinder, or arc-cutting equipment.Positions workpieces and clamps together or assem-bles in jigs or fixtures. Preheats workpiece, usinghand torch or heating furnace. Ignites torch or startspower supply and strikes arc. Reviews layouts, blue-prints, diagrams, or work orders in preparation forwelding or cutting metal components. Selects andinserts electrode or gas nozzle into holder and con-nects hoses and cables to obtain gas or specifiedamperage, voltage, or polarity. SKILLS—OperationMonitoring; Repairing; Equipment Maintenance;

Operation and Control; Installation; Quality Con-trol Analysis; Mathematics; Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.03. Production Work. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Assemblers and Fabricators,All Other; Bakers, Manufacturing; BinderyMachine Operators and Tenders; Brazers; Cement-ing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Controllers and Operators;Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Tenders; Cleaning, Washing,and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Ten-ders; Coating, Painting, and Spraying MachineOperators and Tenders; Coil Winders, Tapers, andFinishers; Combination Machine Tool Operatorsand Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Computer-Con-trolled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic;Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators andTenders; Crushing, Grinding, and PolishingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; Cuttersand Trimmers, Hand; Cutting and Slicing MachineOperators and Tenders; Cutting and SlicingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; DesignPrinting Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators;Electrolytic Plating and Coating Machine Opera-tors and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; ElectrolyticPlating and Coating Machine Setters and Set-UpOperators, Metal and Plastic; Electrotypers andStereotypers; Embossing Machine Set-Up Opera-tors; Engraver Set-Up Operators; Extruding andForming Machine Operators and Tenders, Synthet-ic or Glass Fibers; Extruding and Forming MachineSetters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and GlassFibers; Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Com-pacting Machine Operators and Tenders; Fabric andApparel Patternmakers; Fiber Product CuttingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators; FiberglassLaminators and Fabricators; Film Laboratory Tech-nicians; Fitters, Structural Metal—Precision; Foodand Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and DryingMachine Operators and Tenders; Food Batchmak-ers; Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders;Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operatorsand Tenders; Glass Cutting Machine Setters and

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Set-Up Operators; Graders and Sorters, Agricultur-al Products; Grinding and Polishing Workers,Hand; Hand Compositors and Typesetters; Heaters,Metal and Plastic; Helpers—Production Workers;Job Printers; Letterpress Setters and Set-Up Opera-tors; Marking and Identification Printing MachineSetters and Set-Up Operators; Meat, Poultry, andFish Cutters and Trimmers; Metal Fabricators,Structural Metal Products; Metal-Refining FurnaceOperators and Tenders; Mixing and BlendingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; MoldMakers, Hand; Molding and Casting Workers;Nonelectrolytic Plating and Coating MachineOperators and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Nonelec-trolytic Plating and Coating Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators, Metal and Plastic; NumericalControl Machine Tool Operators and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Offset Lithographic Press Settersand Set-Up Operators; Packaging and FillingMachine Operators and Tenders; Painting, Coating,and Decorating Workers; Photoengraving and Lith-ographing Machine Operators and Tenders; Photo-graphic Hand Developers; Photographic ProcessWorkers; Photographic Processing Machine Opera-tors; Photographic Reproduction Technicians; Pho-tographic Retouchers and Restorers; Plate Finishers;Platemakers; Plating and Coating Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Pourersand Casters, Metal; Precision Printing Workers; Pre-press Technicians and Workers; Pressing MachineOperators and Tenders—Textile, Garment, andRelated Materials; Printing Machine Operators;Printing Press Machine Operators and Tenders; Pro-duction Helpers; Production Laborers; ProductionWorkers, All Other; Sawing Machine Operators andTenders; Sawing Machine Setters and Set-Up Oper-ators; Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Ten-ders, Wood; Scanner Operators; SemiconductorProcessors; Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precip-itating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, andTenders; Sewers, Hand; Sewing Machine Operators;Sewing Machine Operators, Garment; SewingMachine Operators, Non-Garment; Shoe MachineOperators and Tenders; Slaughterers and MeatPackers; Solderers; Soldering and Brazing Machine

Operators and Tenders; Stone Sawyers; Strippers;Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters; TeamAssemblers; Textile Bleaching and Dyeing MachineOperators and Tenders; Tire Builders; Welder-Fit-ters; Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers;Welders, Production; Welding Machine Operatorsand Tenders; Woodworking Machine Operatorsand Tenders, Except Sawing.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Welding Technology/Welder. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Mechanical Devices; Design; Productionand Processing; Physics; Chemistry.

Welders, Production) Personality Code: R

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,640

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.6%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Assemble and weld metal parts on production line,using welding equipment requiring only a limitedknowledge of welding techniques. Welds or tackwelds metal parts together, using spot welding gunor hand, electric, or gas welding equipment. Con-nects hoses from torch to tanks of oxygen and fuelgas and turns valves to release mixture. Ignites torchand regulates flow of gas and air to obtain desiredtemperature, size, and color of flame. Preheats work-pieces preparatory to welding or bending, usingtorch. Fills cavities or corrects malformation in leadparts and hammers out bulges and bends in metalworkpieces. Examines workpiece for defects andmeasures workpiece with straightedge or templateto ensure conformance with specifications. Climbsladders or works on scaffolds to disassemble struc-

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tures. Signals crane operator to move large work-pieces. Dismantles metal assemblies or cuts scrapmetal, using thermal-cutting equipment such asflame-cutting torch or plasma-arc equipment. Posi-tions and secures workpiece, using hoist, crane, wireand banding machine, or hand tools. Selects, posi-tions, and secures torch, cutting tips, or welding rodaccording to type, thickness, area, and desired tem-perature of metal. Guides and directs flame or elec-trodes on or across workpiece to straighten, bend,melt, or build up metal. Fuses parts together, sealstension points, and adds metal to build up parts.SKILLS—Operation Monitoring; EquipmentMaintenance; Operation and Control; Trou-bleshooting; Repairing; Installation; Quality Con-trol Analysis; Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.03. Production Work. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Assemblers and Fabricators,All Other; Bakers, Manufacturing; BinderyMachine Operators and Tenders; Brazers; Cement-ing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Controllers and Operators;Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Tenders; Cleaning, Washing,and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Ten-ders; Coating, Painting, and Spraying MachineOperators and Tenders; Coil Winders, Tapers, andFinishers; Combination Machine Tool Operatorsand Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Computer-Con-trolled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic;Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators andTenders; Crushing, Grinding, and PolishingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; Cuttersand Trimmers, Hand; Cutting and Slicing MachineOperators and Tenders; Cutting and SlicingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; DesignPrinting Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators;Electrolytic Plating and Coating Machine Opera-tors and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; ElectrolyticPlating and Coating Machine Setters and Set-UpOperators, Metal and Plastic; Electrotypers andStereotypers; Embossing Machine Set-Up Opera-tors; Engraver Set-Up Operators; Extruding and

Forming Machine Operators and Tenders, Synthet-ic or Glass Fibers; Extruding and Forming MachineSetters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and GlassFibers; Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Com-pacting Machine Operators and Tenders; Fabric andApparel Patternmakers; Fiber Product CuttingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators; FiberglassLaminators and Fabricators; Film Laboratory Tech-nicians; Fitters, Structural Metal—Precision; Foodand Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and DryingMachine Operators and Tenders; Food Batchmak-ers; Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders;Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operatorsand Tenders; Glass Cutting Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators; Graders and Sorters, Agricultur-al Products; Grinding and Polishing Workers,Hand; Hand Compositors and Typesetters; Heaters,Metal and Plastic; Helpers—Production Workers;Job Printers; Letterpress Setters and Set-Up Opera-tors; Marking and Identification Printing MachineSetters and Set-Up Operators; Meat, Poultry, andFish Cutters and Trimmers; Metal Fabricators,Structural Metal Products; Metal-Refining FurnaceOperators and Tenders; Mixing and BlendingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; MoldMakers, Hand; Molding and Casting Workers;Nonelectrolytic Plating and Coating MachineOperators and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Nonelec-trolytic Plating and Coating Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators, Metal and Plastic; NumericalControl Machine Tool Operators and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Offset Lithographic Press Settersand Set-Up Operators; Packaging and FillingMachine Operators and Tenders; Painting, Coating,and Decorating Workers; Photoengraving and Lith-ographing Machine Operators and Tenders; Photo-graphic Hand Developers; Photographic ProcessWorkers; Photographic Processing Machine Opera-tors; Photographic Reproduction Technicians; Pho-tographic Retouchers and Restorers; Plate Finishers;Platemakers; Plating and Coating Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Pourersand Casters, Metal; Precision Printing Workers; Pre-press Technicians and Workers; Pressing MachineOperators and Tenders—Textile, Garment, and

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Related Materials; Printing Machine Operators;Printing Press Machine Operators and Tenders; Pro-duction Helpers; Production Laborers; ProductionWorkers, All Other; Sawing Machine Operators andTenders; Sawing Machine Setters and Set-Up Oper-ators; Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Ten-ders, Wood; Scanner Operators; SemiconductorProcessors; Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precip-itating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, andTenders; Sewers, Hand; Sewing Machine Operators;Sewing Machine Operators, Garment; SewingMachine Operators, Non-Garment; Shoe MachineOperators and Tenders; Slaughterers and MeatPackers; Solderers; Soldering and Brazing Machine

Operators and Tenders; Stone Sawyers; Strippers;Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters; TeamAssemblers; Textile Bleaching and Dyeing MachineOperators and Tenders; Tire Builders; Welder-Fit-ters; Welders and Cutters; Welders, Cutters, Solder-ers, and Brazers; Welding Machine Operators andTenders; Woodworking Machine Operators andTenders, Except Sawing.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Welding Technology/Welder. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Mechanica lDevices; Production and Processing; Building andConstruction; Physics.

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Investigative Jobs

Agricultural SciencesTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $65,470

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in the agricultural sciences. Includesteachers of agronomy, dairy sciences, fisheriesmanagement, horticultural sciences, poultry sci-ences, range management, and agricultural soilconservation. Evaluate and grade students’ classwork, laboratory work, assignments, and papers.Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduateand/or graduate students on topics such as crop pro-duction, plant genetics, and soil chemistry. Advisestudents on academic and vocational curricula andon career issues. Compile, administer, and gradeexaminations or assign this work to others. Compilebibliographies of specialized materials for outsidereading assignments. Initiate, facilitate, and moder-ate classroom discussions. Keep abreast of develop-ments in their field by reading current literature,talking with colleagues, and participating in profes-sional conferences. Maintain regularly scheduledoffice hours in order to advise and assist students.Maintain student attendance records, grades, andother required records. Plan, evaluate, and revisecurricula, course content, and course materials andmethods of instruction. Prepare course materials

such as syllabi, homework assignments, and hand-outs. Select and obtain materials and supplies suchas textbooks and laboratory equipment. Superviselaboratory sessions and field work and coordinatelaboratory operations. Supervise undergraduateand/or graduate teaching, internship, and researchwork. Act as advisers to student organizations. Col-laborate with colleagues to address teaching andresearch issues. Conduct research in a particularfield of knowledge and publish findings in profes-sional journals, books, and/or electronic media. Par-ticipate in campus and community events.Participate in student recruitment, registration, andplacement activities. Perform administrative dutiessuch as serving as department head. Provide profes-sional consulting services to government and/orindustry. Serve on academic or administrative com-mittees that deal with institutional policies, depart-mental matters, and academic issues. Write grantproposals to procure external research funding.SKILLS—Science; Instructing; Learning Strategies;Reading Comprehension; Active Learning; Writing;Critical Thinking; Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Anthropology and Archeology Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and CulturalStudies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, andMusic Teachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric,Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists;Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Busi-ness Teachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers,Postsecondary; Child Care Workers; Communica-tions Teachers, Postsecondary; Computer ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except Special

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Education; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agribusiness/Agricultural Business Operations;Agricultural and Domestic Animal Services, Other;Agricultural and Food Products Processing; Agricul-tural and Horticultural Plant Breeding; AgriculturalAnimal Breeding; Agricultural Business and Man-agement, General; Agricultural Business and Man-

agement, Other; Agricultural Economics; Agricul-tural Mechanization, General; Agricultural Mecha-nization, Other; Agricultural Power MachineryOperation; Agricultural Production Operations,General; Agricultural Production Operations,Other; Agricultural Teacher Education; Agricultur-al/Farm Supplies Retailing and Wholesaling; Agri-culture, Agriculture Operations, and RelatedSciences, Other; Agriculture, General; Agronomyand Crop Science; Animal Health; Animal Nutri-tion; Animal Sciences, General; Animal Sciences,Other; Animal Training; Animal/Livestock Hus-bandry and Production; Applied Horticulture/Hor-ticultural Business Services, Other; AppliedHorticulture/Horticultural Operations, General;Aquaculture; Crop Production; Dairy Science;Equestrian/Equine Studies; Farm/Farm and RanchManagement; Food Science; Greenhouse Opera-tions and Management; Horticultural Science;International Agriculture; Landscaping andGroundskeeping; Livestock Management; Orna-mental Horticulture; Plant Nursery Operations andManagement; Plant Protection and Integrated PestManagement; Plant Sciences, General; Plant Sci-ences, Other; Poultry Science; Range Science andManagement; Soil Science and Agronomy, General;Turf and Turfgrass Management. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Biology; Educationand Training; Medicine and Dentistry; Chemistry;Therapy and Counseling; Psychology.

Anesthesiologists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: more than $145,600

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

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Administer anesthetics during surgery or othermedical procedures. Administer anesthetic or seda-tion during medical procedures, using local, intra-venous, spinal, or caudal methods. Confer withother medical professionals to determine type andmethod of anesthetic or sedation to render patientinsensible to pain. Coordinate administration ofanesthetics with surgeons during operation. Decidewhen patients have recovered or stabilized enoughto be sent to another room or ward or to be senthome following outpatient surgery. Examinepatient, obtain medical history, and use diagnostictests to determine risk during surgical, obstetrical,and other medical procedures. Monitor patientbefore, during, and after anesthesia and counteractadverse reactions or complications. Record type andamount of anesthesia and patient conditionthroughout procedure. Conduct medical research toaid in controlling and curing disease, to investigatenew medications, and to develop and test new med-ical techniques. Coordinate and direct work of nurs-es, medical technicians, and other health careproviders. Diagnose illnesses, using examinations,tests, and reports. Inform students and staff of typesand methods of anesthesia administration, signs ofcomplications, and emergency methods to counter-act reactions. Manage anesthesiological services,coordinating them with other medical activities andformulating plans and procedures. Order laboratorytests, X rays, and other diagnostic procedures. Posi-tion patient on operating table to maximize patientcomfort and surgical accessibility. Provide andmaintain life support and airway management andhelp prepare patients for emergency surgery. Providemedical care and consultation in many settings, pre-scribing medication and treatment and referringpatients for surgery. Instruct individuals and groupson ways to preserve health and prevent disease.Schedule and maintain use of surgical suite, includ-ing operating, wash-up, waiting rooms, and anes-thetic and sterilizing equipment. SKILLS—Operation Monitoring; Judgment and DecisionMaking; Reading Comprehension; Instructing;Critical Thinking; Coordination; Systems Evalua-tion; Active Learning; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Family and Gen-eral Practitioners; Healthcare Support Workers, AllOther; Internists, General; Medical Assistants;Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Pediatricians,General; Pharmacists; Pharmacy Aides; PharmacyTechnicians; Physician Assistants; Physicians andSurgeons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurs-es; Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Anesthesiology; Critical Care Anesthesiology.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medi-cine and Dentistry; Biology; Chemistry; EnglishLanguage; Mathematics; Physics.

Biochemists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 22.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $62,300

) Education/Training Required: Doctoraldegree

) Self-Employed: 2.6%

) Part-Time: 7.1%

Research or study chemical composition andprocesses of living organisms that affect vitalprocesses such as growth and aging to determinechemical actions and effects on organisms, such asthe action of foods, drugs, or other substances onbody functions and tissues. Studies chemistry ofliving processes, such as cell development, breath-ing, and digestion, and living energy changes, suchas growth, aging, and death. Researches methods oftransferring characteristics, such as resistance to dis-ease, from one organism to another. Examineschemical aspects of formation of antibodies andresearches chemistry of cells and blood corpuscles.Develops and executes tests to detect disease, genet-

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ic disorders, or other abnormalities. Develops andtests new drugs and medications used for commer-cial distribution. Designs and builds laboratoryequipment needed for special research projects.Analyzes foods to determine nutritional value andeffects of cooking, canning, and processing on thisvalue. Cleans, purifies, refines, and otherwise pre-pares pharmaceutical compounds for commercialdistribution. Prepares reports and recommendationsbased upon research outcomes. Develops methodsto process, store, and use food, drugs, and chemicalcompounds. Isolates, analyzes, and identifies hor-mones, vitamins, allergens, minerals, and enzymesand determines their effects on body functions.Researches and determines chemical action of sub-stances such as drugs, serums, hormones, and foodon tissues and vital processes. SKILLS—Science;Writing; Reading Comprehension; Active Learning;Programming; Critical Thinking; Mathematics;Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.03. Life Sciences. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Agricultural and FoodScience Technicians; Agricultural Technicians; Ani-mal Scientists; Biochemists and Biophysicists; Bio-logical Scientists, All Other; Biologists;Biophysicists; Conservation Scientists; Environ-mental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health;Epidemiologists; Food Science Technicians; FoodScientists and Technologists; Foresters; Life Scien-tists, All Other; Medical Scientists, Except Epidemi-ologists; Microbiologists; Plant Scientists; RangeManagers; Soil and Plant Scientists; Soil Conserva-tionists; Soil Scientists; Zoologists and WildlifeBiologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Biochemistry; Biochemistry/Biophysics and Molec-ular Biology; Biophysics; Cell/Cellular Biology andAnatomical Sciences, Other; Molecular Biochem-istry; Molecular Biophysics; Soil Chemistry andPhysics; Soil Microbiology. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Biology; Chemistry; Mathe-matics; Building and Construction; Engineeringand Technology; English Language.

Biological ScienceTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $55,840

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in biological sciences. Evaluate andgrade students’ class work, laboratory work, assign-ments, and papers. Prepare and deliver lectures toundergraduate and/or graduate students on topicssuch as molecular biology, marine biology, andbotany. Advise students on academic and vocation-al curricula and on career issues. Compile, adminis-ter, and grade examinations or assign this work toothers. Compile bibliographies of specialized mate-rials for outside reading assignments. Initiate, facili-tate, and moderate classroom discussions. Keepabreast of developments in their field by readingcurrent literature, talking with colleagues, and par-ticipating in professional conferences. Maintain reg-ularly scheduled office hours in order to advise andassist students. Maintain student attendancerecords, grades, and other required records. Plan,evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, andcourse materials and methods of instruction. Pre-pare course materials such as syllabi, homeworkassignments, and handouts. Select and obtain mate-rials and supplies such as textbooks and laboratoryequipment. Supervise students’ laboratory work.Supervise undergraduate and/or graduate teaching,internship, and research work. Act as advisers to stu-dent organizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge and pub-

______________________________________Investigative Jobs: Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary

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lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. Performadministrative duties such as serving as departmenthead. Provide professional consulting services togovernment and/or industry. Serve on academic oradministrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. SKILLS—Science; Instructing;Learning Strategies; Reading Comprehension;Active Learning; Writing; Critical Thinking; Math-ematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Busi-ness Teachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers,Postsecondary; Child Care Workers; Communica-tions Teachers, Postsecondary; Computer ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;

Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Anatomy; Animal Physiology; Biochemistry; Bio-logical and Biomedical Sciences, Other;Biology/Biological Sciences, General; Biometry/Biometrics; Biophysics; Biotechnology;Botany/Plant Biology; Cell/Cellular Biology andHistology; Ecology; Ecology, Evolution, Systemat-ics, and Population Biology, Other; Entomology;Evolutionary Biology; Immunology; Marine Biolo-gy and Biological Oceanography; Microbiology,General; Molecular Biology; Neuroscience; Nutri-tion Sciences; Parasitology; Pathology/ExperimentalPathology; Pharmacology; Plant Genetics; PlantPathology/Phytopathology; Plant Physiology; Radi-

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ation Biology/Radiobiology; Toxicology; Virology;Zoology/Animal Biology. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Biology; Education andTraining; Medicine and Dentistry; Chemistry;Therapy and Counseling; Psychology.

Biophysicists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 22.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $62,300

) Education/Training Required: Doctoraldegree

) Self-Employed: 2.6%

) Part-Time: 7.1%

Research or study physical principles of living cellsand organisms, their electrical and mechanicalenergy, and related phenomena. Researches trans-formation of substances in cells, using atomic iso-topes. Studies physical principles of living cells andorganisms and their electrical and mechanical ener-gy. Investigates transmission of electrical impulsesalong nerves and muscles. Studies absorption oflight by chlorophyll in photosynthesis or by pig-ments of eye involved in vision. Researches cancertreatment, using radiation and nuclear particles.Analyzes functions of electronic and human brains,such as learning, thinking, and memory. Investigatesdynamics of seeing and hearing. Studies spatial con-figuration of submicroscopic molecules, such asproteins, using X-ray and electron microscope.Researches manner in which characteristics of plantsand animals are carried through successive genera-tions. Investigates damage to cells and tissues causedby X rays and nuclear particles. SKILLS—Science;Reading Comprehension; Writing; Mathematics;Active Learning; Critical Thinking; Complex Prob-lem Solving; Programming.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.03. Life Sciences. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Agricultural and FoodScience Technicians; Agricultural Technicians; Ani-mal Scientists; Biochemists; Biochemists and Bio-physicists; Biological Scientists, All Other;Biologists; Conservation Scientists; EnvironmentalScientists and Specialists, Including Health; Epi-demiologists; Food Science Technicians; Food Sci-entists and Technologists; Foresters; Life Scientists,All Other; Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiolo-gists; Microbiologists; Plant Scientists; Range Man-agers; Soil and Plant Scientists; SoilConservationists; Soil Scientists; Zoologists andWildlife Biologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Biochemistry; Biochemistry/Biophysics and Molec-ular Biology; Biophysics; Cell/Cellular Biology andAnatomical Sciences, Other; Molecular Biochem-istry; Molecular Biophysics; Soil Chemistry andPhysics; Soil Microbiology. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Biology; Physics; Mathemat-ics; Chemistry.

Chemistry Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $55,420

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses pertaining to the chemical and phys-ical properties and compositional changes of sub-stances. Work may include instruction in the

____________________________________________Investigative Jobs: Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary

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methods of qualitative and quantitative chemicalanalysis. Includes both teachers primarily engagedin teaching and those who do a combination ofboth teaching and research. Supervise undergradu-ate and/or graduate teaching, internship, andresearch work. Act as advisers to student organiza-tions. Collaborate with colleagues to address teach-ing and research issues. Conduct research in aparticular field of knowledge and publish findingsin professional journals, books, and/or electronicmedia. Participate in campus and communityevents. Participate in student recruitment, registra-tion, and placement activities. Perform administra-tive duties such as serving as department head.Provide professional consulting services to govern-ment and/or industry. Serve on academic or admin-istrative committees that deal with institutionalpolicies, departmental matters, and academic issues.Write grant proposals to procure external researchfunding. Perform administrative duties such as serv-ing as a department head. Prepare and submitrequired reports related to instruction. Provide pro-fessional consulting services to government and/orindustry. Evaluate and grade students’ class work,laboratory performance, assignments, and papers.Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduateand/or graduate students on topics such as organicchemistry, analytical chemistry, and chemical sepa-ration. Advise students on academic and vocationalcurricula and on career issues. Compile, administer,and grade examinations or assign this work to oth-ers. Compile bibliographies of specialized materialsfor outside reading assignments. Initiate, facilitate,and moderate classroom discussions. Keep abreastof developments in their field by reading current lit-erature, talking with colleagues, and participating inprofessional conferences. Maintain regularly sched-uled office hours in order to advise and assist stu-dents. Maintain student attendance records, grades,and other required records. Plan, evaluate, andrevise curricula, course content, and course materi-als and methods of instruction. Prepare coursematerials such as syllabi, homework assignments,and handouts. Select and obtain materials and sup-plies such as textbooks and laboratory equipment.

Supervise students’ laboratory work. SKILLS—Sci-ence; Instructing; Writing; Learning Strategies;Reading Comprehension; Active Learning; Speak-ing; Management of Personnel Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Child Care Workers;Communications Teachers, Postsecondary; Com-puter Science Teachers, Postsecondary; CriminalJustice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Curators; Economics Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Education, Training, and Library Workers, AllOther; Educational Psychologists; Educational,Vocational, and School Counselors; ElementarySchool Teachers, Except Special Education; Engi-neering Teachers, Postsecondary; English Languageand Literature Teachers, Postsecondary; Environ-mental Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Farm andHome Management Advisors; Foreign Languageand Literature Teachers, Postsecondary; Forestryand Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; GraduateTeaching Assistants; Health Specialties Teachers,Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary;Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kinder-garten Teachers, Except Special Education; LawTeachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assis-tants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; MuseumTechnicians and Conservators; Nannies; Nursing

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Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary; PersonalFinancial Advisors; Philosophy and Religion Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary; Recreation and Fitness StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Secondary School Teach-ers, Except Special and Vocational Education; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Analytical Chemistry; Chemical Physics; Chem-istry, General; Chemistry, Other; Geochemistry;Inorganic Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Physicaland Theoretical Chemistry; Polymer Chemistry.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Chem-istry; Mathematics; Education and Training; Eng-lish Language; Physics; Administration andManagement.

Chiropractors) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 23.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 3,000

) Annual Earnings: $65,990

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 58.5%

) Part-Time: 22.2%

Adjust spinal column and other articulations of thebody to correct abnormalities of the human bodybelieved to be caused by interference with thenervous system. Examine patient to determinenature and extent of disorder. Manipulate spine orother involved area. May utilize supplementarymeasures, such as exercise, rest, water, light, heat,and nutritional therapy. Advise patients about rec-ommended courses of treatment. Consult with andrefer patients to appropriate health practitionerswhen necessary. Counsel patients about nutrition,exercise, sleeping habits, stress management, andother matters. Diagnose health problems by review-ing patients’ health and medical histories; question-ing, observing and examining patients; andinterpreting X rays. Evaluate the functioning of theneuromuscularskeletal system and the spine, usingsystems of chiropractic diagnosis. Maintain accuratecase histories of patients. Obtain and recordpatients’ medical histories. Perform a series of man-ual adjustments to the spine or other articulations ofthe body in order to correct the musculoskeletal sys-tem. Suggest and apply the use of supports such asstraps, tapes, bandages, and braces if necessary. Ana-lyze X rays in order to locate the sources of patients’difficulties and to rule out fractures or diseases assources of problems. Arrange for diagnostic X raysto be taken. SKILLS—Science; Reading Compre-hension; Judgment and Decision Making; ActiveLearning; Complex Problem Solving; Social Percep-tiveness; Persuasion; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.04. Health Specialties.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Opticians, Dis-pensing; Optometrists; Podiatrists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Chiropractic (DC). RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Biology; Therapy and Counseling; English Lan-guage; Customer and Personal Service; Chemistry.

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Clinical Psychologists) Personality Code: IA

) Growth: 24.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,220

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 25.4%

) Part-Time: 27.2%

Diagnose or evaluate mental and emotional disor-ders of individuals through observation, interview,and psychological tests and formulate and admin-ister programs of treatment. Consult referencematerial such as textbooks, manuals, and journals inorder to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, anddevelop approaches to treatment. Counsel individu-als and groups regarding problems such as stress,substance abuse, and family situations in order tomodify behavior and/or to improve personal, social,and vocational adjustment. Develop and implementindividual treatment plans, specifying type, frequen-cy, intensity, and duration of therapy. Discuss thetreatment of problems with clients. Evaluate theeffectiveness of counseling or treatments and theaccuracy and completeness of diagnoses; then mod-ify plans and diagnoses as necessary. Identify psy-chological, emotional, or behavioral issues anddiagnose disorders, using information obtainedfrom interviews, tests, records, and reference mate-rials. Interact with clients to assist them in gaininginsight, defining goals, and planning action toachieve effective personal, social, educational, andvocational development and adjustment. Observeindividuals at play, in group interactions, or in othercontexts to detect indications of mental deficiency,abnormal behavior, or maladjustment. Obtain andstudy medical, psychological, social, and family his-tories by interviewing individuals, couples, or fami-lies and by reviewing records. Provide occupational,educational, and other information to individuals sothat they can make educational and vocational

plans. Select, administer, score, and interpret psy-chological tests in order to obtain information onindividuals’ intelligence, achievements, interests,and personalities. Utilize a variety of treatmentmethods such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, behaviormodification, stress reduction therapy, psychodra-ma, and play therapy. Maintain current knowledgeof relevant research. Plan, supervise, and conductpsychological research and write papers describingresearch results. Refer clients to other specialists,institutions, or support services as necessary. Writereports on clients and maintain required paperwork.Develop, direct, and participate in training pro-grams for staff and students. SKILLS—Social Per-ceptiveness; Active Listening; Systems Evaluation;Persuasion; Speaking; Reading Comprehension;Systems Analysis; Science.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.02. Social Services. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Child, Family, andSchool Social Workers; Clergy; Clinical, Counsel-ing, and School Psychologists; Community andSocial Service Specialists, All Other; CounselingPsychologists; Counselors, All Other; Directors,Religious Activities and Education; Marriage andFamily Therapists; Medical and Public HealthSocial Workers; Mental Health and SubstanceAbuse Social Workers; Mental Health Counselors;Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Spe-cialists; Rehabilitation Counselors; Religious Work-ers, All Other; Residential Advisors; Social andHuman Service Assistants; Social Workers, AllOther; Substance Abuse and Behavioral DisorderCounselors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical Child Psychology; Clinical Psychology;Counseling Psychology; Developmental and ChildPsychology; Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy; Psychology, General; School Psychology. RE-LATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapyand Counseling; Psychology; Administration andManagement; Sociology and Anthropology; Cus-tomer and Personal Service; English Language.

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Compensation, Benefits,and Job AnalysisSpecialists) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 28.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 15,000

) Annual Earnings: $46,860

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.8%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Conduct programs of compensation and benefitsand job analysis for employer. May specialize inspecific areas, such as position classification andpension programs. Evaluate job positions, deter-mining classification, exempt or non-exempt status,and salary. Ensure company compliance with feder-al and state laws, including reporting requirements.Advise managers and employees on state and feder-al employment regulations, collective agreements,benefit and compensation policies, personnel proce-dures, and classification programs. Plan, develop,evaluate, improve, and communicate methods andtechniques for selecting, promoting, compensating,evaluating, and training workers. Provide advice onthe resolution of classification and salary com-plaints. Prepare occupational classifications, jobdescriptions, and salary scales. Assist in preparingand maintaining personnel records and handbooks.Prepare reports, such as organization and flow chartsand career path reports, to summarize job analysisand evaluation and compensation analysis informa-tion. Administer employee insurance, pension, andsavings plans, working with insurance brokers andplan carriers. Negotiate collective agreements onbehalf of employers or workers and mediate labordisputes and grievances. Develop, implement,administer, and evaluate personnel and labor rela-tions programs, including performance appraisal,

affirmative action, and employment equity pro-grams. Perform multifactor data and cost analysesthat may be used in areas such as support of collec-tive bargaining agreements. Research employee ben-efit and health and safety practices and recommendchanges or modifications to existing policies. Ana-lyze organizational, occupational, and industrialdata to facilitate organizational functions and pro-vide technical information to business, industry,and government. Advise staff of individuals’ qualifi-cations. Assess need for and develop job analysisinstruments and materials. Review occupationaldata on Alien Employment Certification Applica-tions to determine the appropriate occupational titleand code and provide local offices with informationabout immigration and occupations. Research joband worker requirements, structural and functionalrelationships among jobs and occupations, andoccupational trends. SKILLS—Service Orientation;Persuasion; Coordination; Negotiation; Active Lis-tening; Critical Thinking; Time Management;Social Perceptiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Cost Estimators;Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers, Privateor Public Employment Service; Employment,Recruitment, and Placement Specialists; FinancialAnalysts; Human Resources, Training, and LaborRelations Specialists, All Other; InsuranceAdjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; InsuranceAppraisers, Auto Damage; Insurance Underwriters;Loan Counselors; Loan Officers; Logisticians; Man-agement Analysts; Market Research Analysts; Per-sonnel Recruiters; Purchasing Agents and Buyers,Farm Products; Purchasing Agents, Except Whole-sale, Retail, and Farm Products; Tax Examiners,Collectors, and Revenue Agents; Training and

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Development Specialists; Wholesale and Retail Buy-ers, Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Management/Personnel Admin-istration, General; Labor and Industrial Relations.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Person-nel and Human Resources; Clerical Studies; Cus-tomer and Personal Service; English Language;Administration and Management; Education andTraining.

Computer HardwareEngineers) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 6.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $75,980

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 4.7%

) Part-Time: 3.4%

Research, design, develop, and test computer orcomputer-related equipment for commercial,industrial, military, or scientific use. May supervisethe manufacturing and installation of computer orcomputer-related equipment and components.Analyze information to determine, recommend,and plan layout, including type of computers andperipheral equipment modifications. Analyze userneeds and recommend appropriate hardware. Build,test, and modify product prototypes, using workingmodels or theoretical models constructed usingcomputer simulation. Confer with engineering staffand consult specifications to evaluate interfacebetween hardware and software and operational andperformance requirements of overall system. Designand develop computer hardware and supportperipherals, including central processing units

(CPUs), support logic, microprocessors, customintegrated circuits, and printers and disk drives.Evaluate factors such as reporting formats required,cost constraints, and need for security restrictions todetermine hardware configuration. Monitor func-tioning of equipment and make necessary modifica-tions to ensure system operates in conformance withspecifications. Specify power supply requirementsand configuration, drawing on system performanceexpectations and design specifications. Store,retrieve, and manipulate data for analysis of systemcapabilities and requirements. Test and verify hard-ware and support peripherals to ensure that theymeet specifications and requirements, analyzing andrecording test data. Write detailed functional speci-fications that document the hardware developmentprocess and support hardware introduction. Assem-ble and modify existing pieces of equipment to meetspecial needs. Direct technicians, engineeringdesigners, or other technical support personnel asneeded. Provide technical support to designers,marketing and sales departments, suppliers, engi-neers, and other team members throughout theproduct development and implementation process.Provide training and support to system designersand users. Recommend purchase of equipment tocontrol dust, temperature, and humidity in area ofsystem installation. Select hardware and material,assuring compliance with specifications and productrequirements. Update knowledge and skills to keepup with rapid advancements in computer technolo-gy. SKILLS—Programming; Troubleshooting;Installation; Science; Operations Analysis; Technol-ogy Design; Management of Material Resources;Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer SoftwareEngineers, Applications; Computer Software Engi-neers, Systems Software; Electrical Engineers; Elec-tronics Engineers, Except Computer; Engineers, All

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Other; Environmental Engineers; Fire-Preventionand Protection Engineers; Health and Safety Engi-neers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspec-tors; Industrial Engineers; Industrial Safety andHealth Engineers; Landscape Architects; MarineArchitects; Marine Engineers; Marine Engineersand Naval Architects; Materials Engineers; Mechan-ical Engineers; Mining and Geological Engineers,Including Mining Safety Engineers; Nuclear Engi-neers; Petroleum Engineers; Product Safety Engi-neers; Sales Engineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer Engineering, General; Computer Hard-ware Engineering. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers and Electronics; Mathe-matics; Engineering and Technology; Design;Telecommunications; Education and Training.

Computer Programmers) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 14.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 45,000

) Annual Earnings: $61,340

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.7%

) Part-Time: 4.6%

Convert project specifications and statements ofproblems and procedures to detailed logical flowcharts for coding into computer language. Devel-op and write computer programs to store, locate,and retrieve specific documents, data, and infor-mation. May program Web sites. Correct errors bymaking appropriate changes and then recheckingthe program to ensure that the desired results areproduced. Conduct trial runs of programs and soft-ware applications to be sure they will produce thedesired information and that the instructions arecorrect. Compile and write documentation of pro-

gram development and subsequent revisions, insert-ing comments in the coded instructions so otherscan understand the program. Write, update, andmaintain computer programs or software packagesto handle specific jobs, such as tracking inventory,storing or retrieving data, or controlling otherequipment. Consult with managerial, engineering,and technical personnel to clarify program intent,identify problems, and suggest changes. Perform ordirect revision, repair, or expansion of existing pro-grams to increase operating efficiency or adapt tonew requirements. Write, analyze, review, andrewrite programs, using workflow chart and dia-gram and applying knowledge of computer capabil-ities, subject matter, and symbolic logic. Write orcontribute to instructions or manuals to guide endusers. Investigate whether networks, workstations,the central processing unit of the system, and/orperipheral equipment are responding to a program’sinstructions. Prepare detailed workflow charts anddiagrams that describe input, output, and logicaloperation and convert them into a series of instruc-tions coded in a computer language. Perform sys-tems analysis and programming tasks to maintainand control the use of computer systems software asa systems programmer. Consult with and assistcomputer operators or system analysts to define andresolve problems in running computer programs.Assign, coordinate, and review work and activities ofprogramming personnel. SKILLS—Programming;Operations Analysis; Technology Design; Trou-bleshooting; Critical Thinking; Active Learning;Complex Problem Solving; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics andComputers. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Com-puter and Information Scientists, Research; Com-puter Security Specialists; Computer Specialists, AllOther; Computer Support Specialists; ComputerSystems Analysts; Database Administrators; Net-work and Computer Systems Administrators; Net-work Systems and Data Communications Analysts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Artificial Intelligence and Robotics; Bioinformatics;

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Computer Graphics; Computer Programming, Specific Applications; Computer Programming,Vendor/Product Certification; Computer Program-ming/Programmer, General; E-Commerce/Elec-tronic Commerce; Management InformationSystems, General; Medical Informatics; MedicalOffice Computer Specialist/Assistant; Web Page,Digital/Multimedia, and Information ResourcesDesign; Web/Multimedia Management and Web-master. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers and Electronics; Design; Mathematics;Telecommunications; English Language; Customerand Personal Service.

Computer ScienceTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $51,030

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in computer science. May specializein a field of computer science, such as the designand function of computers or operations andresearch analysis. Evaluate and grade students’ classwork, laboratory work, assignments, and papers.Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduateand/or graduate students on topics such as pro-gramming, data structures, and software design.Advise students on academic and vocational curric-ula and on career issues. Compile, administer, andgrade examinations or assign this work to others.Compile bibliographies of specialized materials foroutside reading assignments. Initiate, facilitate, and

moderate classroom discussions. Keep abreast ofdevelopments in their field by reading current liter-ature, talking with colleagues, and participating inprofessional conferences. Maintain regularly sched-uled office hours in order to advise and assist stu-dents. Maintain student attendance records, grades,and other required records. Plan, evaluate, andrevise curricula, course content, and course materi-als and methods of instruction. Prepare coursematerials such as syllabi, homework assignments,and handouts. Select and obtain materials and sup-plies such as textbooks and laboratory equipment.Supervise students’ laboratory work. Superviseundergraduate and/or graduate teaching, intern-ship, and research work. Act as advisers to studentorganizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Direct research of other teachersor of graduate students working for advanced aca-demic degrees. Participate in campus and commu-nity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. Performadministrative duties such as serving as departmenthead. Provide professional consulting services togovernment and/or industry. Serve on academic oradministrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. SKILLS—Programming;Instructing; Writing; Learning Strategies; ActiveLearning; Reading Comprehension; Mathematics;Science.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-

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ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, All

Other; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer and Information Sciences, General;Computer Programming/Programmer, General;Computer Science; Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst; Information Science/Studies.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Com-puters and Electronics; Education and Training;Mathematics; Physics; English Language; Adminis-tration and Management; Telecommunications.

Computer SecuritySpecialists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 37.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $56,050

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.5%

) Part-Time: 3.9%

Plan, coordinate, and implement security meas-ures for information systems to regulate access tocomputer data files and prevent unauthorizedmodification, destruction, or disclosure of infor-mation. Confer with users to discuss issues such ascomputer data access needs, security violations, andprogramming changes. Develop plans to safeguardcomputer files against accidental or unauthorizedmodification, destruction, or disclosure and to meetemergency data processing needs. Document com-puter security and emergency measures policies,procedures, and tests. Encrypt data transmissionsand erect firewalls to conceal confidential informa-tion as it is being transmitted and to keep out taint-

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ed digital transfers. Modify computer security filesto incorporate new software, correct errors, orchange individual access status. Monitor currentreports of computer viruses to determine when toupdate virus protection systems. Monitor use ofdata files and regulate access to safeguard informa-tion in computer files. Perform risk assessments andexecute tests of data processing system to ensurefunctioning of data processing activities and securi-ty measures. Review violations of computer securityprocedures and discuss procedures with violators toensure violations are not repeated. Coordinateimplementation of computer system plan withestablishment personnel and outside vendors. Trainusers and promote security awareness to ensure sys-tem security and to improve server and network effi-ciency. Maintain permanent fleet cryptologic andcarry-on direct support systems required in specialland, sea surface, and subsurface operations.SKILLS—Programming; Technology Design;Installation; Operations Analysis; Management ofMaterial Resources; Science; Writing; Mathematics;Quality Control Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics andComputers. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Computer and Information Scientists, Research;Computer Programmers; Computer Specialists, AllOther; Computer Support Specialists; ComputerSystems Analysts; Database Administrators; Net-work and Computer Systems Administrators; Net-work Systems and Data Communications Analysts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer and Information Sciences and SupportServices, Other; Computer and Information Sci-ences, General; Computer and Information SystemsSecurity; Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst; Com-puter Systems Networking and Telecommunica-tions; Information Science/Studies; SystemAdministration/Administrator; System, Networking,and LAN/WAN Management/Manager. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers andElectronics; Public Safety and Security; Administra-tion and Management; Telecommunications.

Computer SoftwareEngineers, Applications) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 45.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 55,000

) Annual Earnings: $72,530

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 2.4%

Develop, create, and modify general computerapplications software or specialized utility pro-grams. Analyze user needs and develop softwaresolutions. Design software or customize softwarefor client use with the aim of optimizing opera-tional efficiency. May analyze and design databas-es within an application area, working individuallyor coordinating database development as part of ateam. Confer with systems analysts, engineers, pro-grammers, and others to design system and toobtain information on project limitations and capa-bilities, performance requirements, and interfaces.Modify existing software to correct errors, allow it toadapt to new hardware, or improve its performance.Analyze user needs and software requirements todetermine feasibility of design within time and costconstraints. Consult with customers about softwaresystem design and maintenance. Coordinate soft-ware system installation and monitor equipmentfunctioning to ensure specifications are met.Design, develop, and modify software systems,using scientific analysis and mathematical models topredict and measure outcome and consequences ofdesign. Develop and direct software system testingand validation procedures, programming, and doc-umentation. Analyze information to determine, rec-ommend, and plan computer specifications andlayouts and peripheral equipment modifications.Supervise the work of programmers, technologistsand technicians, and other engineering and scientif-

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ic personnel. Obtain and evaluate information onfactors such as reporting formats required, costs,and security needs to determine hardware configu-ration. Determine system performance standards.Train users to use new or modified equipment.Store, retrieve, and manipulate data for analysis ofsystem capabilities and requirements. SKILLS—Programming; Troubleshooting; TechnologyDesign; Systems Analysis; Quality Control Analysis;Operations Analysis; Complex Problem Solving;Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer HardwareEngineers; Computer Software Engineers, SystemsSoftware; Electrical Engineers; Electronics Engi-neers, Except Computer; Engineers, All Other;Environmental Engineers; Fire-Prevention and Pro-tection Engineers; Health and Safety Engineers,Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors;Industrial Engineers; Industrial Safety and HealthEngineers; Landscape Architects; Marine Architects;Marine Engineers; Marine Engineers and NavalArchitects; Materials Engineers; Mechanical Engi-neers; Mining and Geological Engineers, IncludingMining Safety Engineers; Nuclear Engineers; Petro-leum Engineers; Product Safety Engineers; SalesEngineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Artificial Intelligence and Robotics; Bioinformatics;Computer Engineering Technologies/Technicians,Other; Computer Engineering, General; ComputerScience; Computer Software Engineering; Informa-tion Technology; Medical Illustration and Informat-ics, Other; Medical Informatics. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers andElectronics; Telecommunications; Engineering andTechnology; Mathematics; Design; English Lan-guage.

Computer SoftwareEngineers, SystemsSoftware) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 45.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $76,240

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.0%

) Part-Time: 2.4%

Research, design, develop, and test operating sys-tems-level software, compilers, and network distri-bution software for medical, industrial, military,communications, aerospace, business, scientific,and general computing applications. Set opera-tional specifications and formulate and analyzesoftware requirements. Apply principles and tech-niques of computer science, engineering, andmathematical analysis. Modify existing software tocorrect errors, to adapt it to new hardware, or toupgrade interfaces and improve performance.Design and develop software systems, using scientif-ic analysis and mathematical models to predict andmeasure outcome and consequences of design. Con-sult with engineering staff to evaluate interfacebetween hardware and software, develop specifica-tions and performance requirements, and resolvecustomer problems. Analyze information to deter-mine, recommend, and plan installation of a newsystem or modification of an existing system. Devel-op and direct software system testing and validationprocedures. Direct software programming anddevelopment of documentation. Consult with cus-tomers and/or other departments on project status,proposals, and technical issues such as software sys-tem design and maintenance. Advise customerabout, or perform, maintenance of software system.Coordinate installation of software system. Monitorfunctioning of equipment to ensure system operates

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in conformance with specifications. Store, retrieve,and manipulate data for analysis of system capabili-ties and requirements. Confer with data processingand project managers to obtain information on lim-itations and capabilities for data processing projects.Prepare reports and correspondence concerningproject specifications, activities, and status. Evaluatefactors such as reporting formats required, cost con-straints, and need for security restrictions to deter-mine hardware configuration. Supervise and assignwork to programmers, designers, technologists andtechnicians, and other engineering and scientificpersonnel. Train users to use new or modified equip-ment. Utilize microcontrollers to develop controlsignals, implement control algorithms, and measureprocess variables such as temperatures, pressures,and positions. SKILLS—Programming; Technolo-gy Design; Troubleshooting; Systems Analysis;Complex Problem Solving; Operations Analysis;Active Learning; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer HardwareEngineers; Computer Software Engineers, Applica-tions; Electrical Engineers; Electronics Engineers,Except Computer; Engineers, All Other; Environ-mental Engineers; Fire-Prevention and ProtectionEngineers; Health and Safety Engineers, ExceptMining Safety Engineers and Inspectors; IndustrialEngineers; Industrial Safety and Health Engineers;Landscape Architects; Marine Architects; MarineEngineers; Marine Engineers and Naval Architects;Materials Engineers; Mechanical Engineers; Miningand Geological Engineers, Including Mining SafetyEngineers; Nuclear Engineers; Petroleum Engineers;Product Safety Engineers; Sales Engineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Artificial Intelligence and Robotics; ComputerEngineering Technologies/Technicians, Other;Computer Engineering, General; Computer Sci-ence; Information Science/Studies; Information

Technology. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers and Electronics; Design;Engineering and Technology; Telecommunications;Mathematics; Education and Training.

Computer SupportSpecialists) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 30.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $39,440

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.6%

) Part-Time: 6.8%

Provide technical assistance to computer systemusers. Answer questions or resolve computer prob-lems for clients in person, via telephone, or fromremote location. May provide assistance concern-ing the use of computer hardware and software,including printing, installation, word processing,electronic mail, and operating systems. Answerusers’ inquiries regarding computer software andhardware operation to resolve problems. Enter com-mands and observe system functioning to verify cor-rect operations and detect errors. Install andperform minor repairs to hardware, software, andperipheral equipment, following design or installa-tion specifications. Oversee the daily performanceof computer systems. Set up equipment for employ-ee use, performing or ensuring proper installation ofcable, operating systems, and appropriate software.Maintain record of daily data communication trans-actions, problems and remedial action taken, andinstallation activities. Read technical manuals, con-fer with users, and conduct computer diagnostics toinvestigate and resolve problems and to providetechnical assistance and support. Confer with staff,

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users, and management to establish requirementsfor new systems or modifications. Develop trainingmaterials and procedures and/or train users in theproper use of hardware and software. Refer majorhardware or software problems or defective productsto vendors or technicians for service. Prepare evalu-ations of software or hardware and recommendimprovements or upgrades. Read trade magazinesand technical manuals and attend conferences andseminars to maintain knowledge of hardware andsoftware. Supervise and coordinate workers engagedin problem-solving, monitoring, and installing datacommunication equipment and software. Inspectequipment and read order sheets to prepare fordelivery to users. Modify and customize commercialprograms for internal needs. SKILLS—Trou-bleshooting; Repairing; Persuasion; Social Percep-tiveness; Installation; Instructing; EquipmentMaintenance; Writing; Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics andComputers. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Computer and Information Scientists, Research;Computer Programmers; Computer Security Spe-cialists; Computer Specialists, All Other; ComputerSystems Analysts; Database Administrators; Net-work and Computer Systems Administrators; Net-work Systems and Data Communications Analysts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting and Computer Science; AgriculturalBusiness Technology; Computer Hardware Tech-nology/Technician; Computer Software Technolo-gy/Technician; Data Processing and Data ProcessingTechnology/Technician; Medical Office ComputerSpecialist/Assistant. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Computers and Electronics;Customer and Personal Service; Telecommunica-tions; Production and Processing; Engineering andTechnology; Design.

Computer SystemsAnalysts) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 39.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 68,000

) Annual Earnings: $64,160

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 6.4%

) Part-Time: 5.7%

Analyze science, engineering, business, and allother data processing problems for application toelectronic data processing systems. Analyze userrequirements, procedures, and problems to auto-mate or improve existing systems and review com-puter system capabilities, workflow, andscheduling limitations. May analyze or recom-mend commercially available software. May super-vise computer programmers. Provide staff and userswith assistance solving computer-related problems,such as malfunctions and program problems. Test,maintain, and monitor computer programs and sys-tems, including coordinating the installation ofcomputer programs and systems. Use object-orient-ed programming languages, as well as client/serverapplications development processes and multimediaand Internet technology. Confer with clients regard-ing the nature of the information processing orcomputation needs a computer program is toaddress. Coordinate and link the computer systemswithin an organization to increase compatibility andso that information can be shared. Consult withmanagement to ensure agreement on system princi-ples. Expand or modify system to serve new pur-poses or improve work flow. Interview or surveyworkers, observe job performance, and/or performthe job in order to determine what information isprocessed and how it is processed. Determine com-puter software or hardware needed to set up or altersystem. Train staff and users to work with comput-

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er systems and programs. Analyze information pro-cessing or computation needs and plan and designcomputer systems, using techniques such as struc-tured analysis, data modeling, and informationengineering. Assess the usefulness of pre-developedapplication packages and adapt them to a user envi-ronment. Define the goals of the system and deviseflow charts and diagrams describing logical opera-tional steps of programs. Develop, document, andrevise system design procedures, test procedures,and quality standards. Review and analyze comput-er printouts and performance indicators to locatecode problems; correct errors by correcting codes.Recommend new equipment or software packages.Read manuals, periodicals, and technical reports tolearn how to develop programs that meet staff anduser requirements. Supervise computer program-mers or other systems analysts or serve as projectleaders for particular systems projects. Utilize thecomputer in the analysis and solution of businessproblems such as development of integrated pro-duction and inventory control and cost analysis sys-tems. SKILLS—Quality Control Analysis;Installation; Troubleshooting; Technology Design;Time Management; Service Orientation; SystemsAnalysis; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics andComputers. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Computer and Information Scientists, Research;Computer Programmers; Computer Security Spe-cialists; Computer Specialists, All Other; ComputerSupport Specialists; Database Administrators; Net-work and Computer Systems Administrators; Net-work Systems and Data Communications Analysts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer and Information Sciences, General;Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst; InformationTechnology; Web/Multimedia Management andWebmaster. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers andElectronics; Customer and Personal Service;Telecommunications; Design; Education and Train-ing; English Language.

DatabaseAdministrators) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 44.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 16,000

) Annual Earnings: $58,200

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.6%

) Part-Time: 4.6%

Coordinate changes to computer databases; testand implement the database, applying knowledgeof database management systems. May plan, coor-dinate, and implement security measures to safe-guard computer databases. Develop standards andguidelines to guide the use and acquisition of soft-ware and to protect vulnerable information. Modifyexisting databases and database management sys-tems or direct programmers and analysts to makechanges. Test programs or databases, correct errors,and make necessary modifications. Plan, coordinate,and implement security measures to safeguard infor-mation in computer files against accidental or unau-thorized damage, modification, or disclosure.Approve, schedule, plan, and supervise the installa-tion and testing of new products and improvementsto computer systems, such as the installation of newdatabases. Train users and answer questions. Estab-lish and calculate optimum values for databaseparameters, using manuals and calculator. Specifyusers and user access levels for each segment of data-base. Develop data model describing data elementsand how they are used, following procedures andusing pen, template, or computer software. Developmethods for integrating different products so theywork properly together, such as customizing com-mercial databases to fit specific needs. Review proj-ect requests describing database user needs toestimate time and cost required to accomplish proj-ect. Review procedures in database management

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system manuals for making changes to database.Work as part of a project team to coordinate data-base development and determine project scope andlimitations. Select and enter codes to monitor data-base performance and to create production data-base. Identify and evaluate industry trends indatabase systems to serve as a source of informationand advice for upper management. Write and codelogical and physical database descriptions and spec-ify identifiers of database to management system ordirect others in coding descriptions. Review work-flow charts developed by programmer analyst tounderstand tasks computer will perform, such asupdating records. Revise company definition of dataas defined in data dictionary. SKILLS—Trou-bleshooting; Persuasion; Operations Analysis;Instructing; Systems Evaluation; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Time Management; Technolo-gy Design.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics andComputers. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Computer and Information Scientists, Research;Computer Programmers; Computer Security Spe-cialists; Computer Specialists, All Other; ComputerSupport Specialists; Computer Systems Analysts;Network and Computer Systems Administrators;Network Systems and Data Communications Ana-lysts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer and Information Sciences, General;Computer and Information Systems Security;Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst; Data Model-ing/Warehousing and Database Administration;Management Information Systems, General.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Com-puters and Electronics; Clerical Studies; Customerand Personal Service; Economics and Accounting;Administration and Management; Mathematics.

Dentists, General) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 4.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $120,330

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 39.9%

) Part-Time: 22.3%

Diagnose and treat diseases, injuries, and malfor-mations of teeth and gums and related oral struc-tures. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and otherdental tissues affecting vitality of teeth. Administeranesthetics to limit the amount of pain experiencedby patients during procedures. Advise and instructpatients regarding preventive dental care, the causesand treatment of dental problems, and oral healthcare services. Analyze and evaluate dental needs todetermine changes and trends in patterns of dentaldisease. Apply fluoride and sealants to teeth. Bleach,clean, or polish teeth to restore natural color.Design, make, and fit prosthodontic appliancessuch as space maintainers, bridges, and dentures orwrite fabrication instructions or prescriptions fordenturists and dental technicians. Diagnose andtreat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth,gums, and related oral structures and provide pre-ventive and corrective services. Eliminate irritatingmargins of fillings and correct occlusions, usingdental instruments. Examine teeth, gums, and relat-ed tissues, using dental instruments, X rays, andother diagnostic equipment, to evaluate dentalhealth, diagnose diseases or abnormalities, and planappropriate treatments. Fill pulp chamber and canalwith endodontic materials. Formulate plan of treat-ment for patient’s teeth and mouth tissue. Managebusiness, employing and supervising staff and han-dling paperwork and insurance claims. Perform oraland periodontal surgery on the jaw or mouth.Remove diseased tissue, using surgical instruments.Treat exposure of pulp by pulp capping, removal of

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pulp from pulp chamber, or root canal, using dentalinstruments. Plan, organize, and maintain dentalhealth programs. Produce and evaluate dental healtheducational materials. Write prescriptions for antibi-otics and other medications. Use air turbine andhand instruments, dental appliances, and surgicalimplements. Use masks, gloves, and safety glasses toprotect themselves and their patients from infec-tious diseases. SKILLS—Science; Reading Compre-hension; Active Learning; Service Orientation;Critical Thinking; Judgment and Decision Making;Learning Strategies; Writing; Monitoring; Manage-ment of Financial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.03. Dentistry. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Dental Assistants; DentalHygienists; Dentists, All Other Specialists; Health-care Support Workers, All Other; Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgeons; Orthodontists; Prosthodontists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Advanced General Dentistry (Cert, MS, PhD);Dental Public Health and Education (Cert,MS/MPH, PhD/DPH); Dental Public Health Spe-cialty; Dentistry (DDS, DMD); Pediatric Den-tistry/Pedodontics (Cert, MS, PhD); PedodonticsSpecialty. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Medicine and Dentistry; Biology; Chemistry;English Language; Administration and Manage-ment; Psychology.

Economists) Personality Code: IE

) Growth: 13.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $70,250

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 11.5%

) Part-Time: 8.3%

Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulateplans to aid in solution of economic problems aris-ing from production and distribution of goods andservices. May collect and process economic andstatistical data, using econometric and samplingtechniques. Compile, analyze, and report data toexplain economic phenomena and forecast markettrends, applying mathematical models and statisticaltechniques. Develop economic guidelines and stan-dards and prepare points of view used in forecastingtrends and formulating economic policy. Forecastproduction and consumption of renewableresources and supply, consumption, and depletionof non-renewable resources. Study economic andstatistical data in area of specialization, such asfinance, labor, or agriculture. Formulate recommen-dations, policies, or plans to solve economic prob-lems or to interpret markets. Provide advice andconsultation on economic relationships to business-es, public and private agencies, and other employers.Supervise research projects and students’ study proj-ects. Teach theories, principles, and methods of eco-nomics. Testify at regulatory or legislative hearingsconcerning the estimated effects of changes in legislation or public policy and present recommen-dations based on cost-benefit analyses. SKILLS—Systems Evaluation; Systems Analysis; Persuasion;Judgment and Decision Making; Complex ProblemSolving; Instructing; Writing; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.04. Social Sciences.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anthropologists;Anthropologists and Archeologists; Archeologists;City Planning Aides; Historians; Industrial-Organi-zational Psychologists; Life, Physical, and Social Sci-ence Technicians, All Other; Political Scientists;Psychologists, All Other; Social Science ResearchAssistants; Social Scientists and Related Workers, AllOther; Sociologists; Survey Researchers; Urban andRegional Planners.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Economics; Applied Economics; Business/Managerial Economics; DevelopmentEconomics and International Development; Econo-

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metrics and Quantitative Economics; Economics,General; Economics, Other; International Econom-ics. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Economics and Accounting; Mathematics;Education and Training; Personnel and HumanResources; Production and Processing; Computersand Electronics.

EducationalPsychologists) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 24.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,220

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 25.4%

) Part-Time: 27.2%

Investigate processes of learning and teaching anddevelop psychological principles and techniquesapplicable to educational problems. Collect andanalyze data to evaluate the effectiveness of academ-ic programs and other services, such as behavioralmanagement systems. Collaborate with other edu-cational professionals to develop teaching strategiesand school programs. Compile and interpret stu-dents’ test results, along with information fromteachers and parents, in order to diagnose condi-tions and to help assess eligibility for special servic-es. Design classes and programs to meet the needs ofspecial students. Develop individualized education-al plans in collaboration with teachers and otherstaff members. Promote an understanding of childdevelopment and its relationship to learning andbehavior. Provide consultation to parents, teachers,administrators, and others on topics such as learningstyles and behavior modification techniques. Pro-vide educational programs on topics such as class-

room management, teaching strategies, or parentingskills. Refer students and their families to appropri-ate community agencies for medical, vocational, orsocial services. Select, administer, and score psycho-logical tests. Serve as a resource to help families andschools deal with crises, such as separation and loss.Attend workshops, seminars, and/or professionalmeetings in order to remain informed of new devel-opments in school psychology. Conduct research togenerate new knowledge that can be used to addresslearning and behavior issues. Initiate and directefforts to foster tolerance, understanding, andappreciation of diversity in school communities.Maintain student records, including special educa-tion reports, confidential records, records of servicesprovided, and behavioral data. Report any pertinentinformation to the proper authorities in cases ofchild endangerment, neglect, or abuse. Assess anindividual child’s needs, limitations, and potential,using observation, review of school records, andconsultation with parents and school personnel.Counsel children and families to help solve conflictsand problems in learning and adjustment.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Systems Evalua-tion; Science; Learning Strategies; Systems Analysis;Writing; Complex Problem Solving; Mathematics;Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and Law

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Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational, Vocation-al, and School Counselors; Elementary SchoolTeachers, Except Special Education; EngineeringTeachers, Postsecondary; English Language and Lit-erature Teachers, Postsecondary; EnvironmentalScience Teachers, Postsecondary; Farm and HomeManagement Advisors; Foreign Language and Liter-ature Teachers, Postsecondary; Forestry and Conser-vation Science Teachers, Postsecondary; GeographyTeachers, Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assis-tants; Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary;History Teachers, Postsecondary; Home EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers,Except Special Education; Law Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical;Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary; LibraryTechnicians; Mathematical Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Middle School Teachers, Except Specialand Vocational Education; Museum Techniciansand Conservators; Nannies; Nursing Instructorsand Teachers, Postsecondary; Personal FinancialAdvisors; Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Post-secondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; Politi-cal Science Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical Child Psychology; Clinical Psychology;Counseling Psychology; Developmental and ChildPsychology; Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy; Psy-chology, General; School Psychology. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Educa-tion and Training; Therapy and Counseling; Sociol-ogy and Anthropology; Mathematics; EnglishLanguage.

Electrical Engineers) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 2.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $69,640

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.3%

) Part-Time: 2.4%

Design, develop, test, or supervise the manufactur-ing and installation of electrical equipment, com-ponents, or systems for commercial, industrial,military, or scientific use. Confer with engineers,customers, and others to discuss existing or poten-tial engineering projects and products. Design,implement, maintain, and improve electrical instru-ments, equipment, facilities, components, products,and systems for commercial, industrial, and domes-tic purposes. Operate computer-assisted engineeringand design software and equipment to performengineering tasks. Direct and coordinate manufac-turing, construction, installation, maintenance, sup-port, documentation, and testing activities to ensurecompliance with specifications, codes, and customerrequirements. Perform detailed calculations to com-pute and establish manufacturing, construction,and installation standards and specifications.Inspect completed installations and observe opera-tions to ensure conformance to design and equip-

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ment specifications and compliance with opera-tional and safety standards. Plan and implementresearch methodology and procedures to apply prin-ciples of electrical theory to engineering projects.Prepare specifications for purchase of materials andequipment. Supervise and train project team mem-bers as necessary. Investigate and test vendors’ andcompetitors’ products. Oversee project productionefforts to assure projects are completed satisfactorily,on time, and within budget. Prepare and study tech-nical drawings, specifications of electrical systems,and topographical maps to ensure that installationand operations conform to standards and customerrequirements. Investigate customer or public com-plaints, determine nature and extent of problem,and recommend remedial measures. Plan layout ofelectric power generating plants and distributionlines and stations. Assist in developing capital proj-ect programs for new equipment and major repairs.Develop budgets, estimating labor, material, andconstruction costs. SKILLS—Troubleshooting;Technology Design; Systems Analysis; Science; Sys-tems Evaluation; Management of MaterialResources; Complex Problem Solving; EquipmentSelection.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer HardwareEngineers; Computer Software Engineers, Applica-tions; Computer Software Engineers, Systems Soft-ware; Electronics Engineers, Except Computer;Engineers, All Other; Environmental Engineers;Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers; Healthand Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engi-neers and Inspectors; Industrial Engineers; Industri-al Safety and Health Engineers; LandscapeArchitects; Marine Architects; Marine Engineers;Marine Engineers and Naval Architects; MaterialsEngineers; Mechanical Engineers; Mining and Geo-logical Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engi-neers; Nuclear Engineers; Petroleum Engineers;Product Safety Engineers; Sales Engineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engi-neering. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Engineering and Technology; Design; Comput-ers and Electronics; Physics; Mathematics; Telecom-munications.

Electronics Engineers,Except Computer) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 9.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $71,370

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 2.4%

Research, design, develop, and test electronic com-ponents and systems for commercial, industrial,military, or scientific use, utilizing knowledge ofelectronic theory and materials properties. Designelectronic circuits and components for use in fieldssuch as telecommunications, aerospace guidanceand propulsion control, acoustics, or instrumentsand controls. Analyze system requirements, capaci-ty, cost, and customer needs to determine feasibilityof project and develop system plan. Confer withengineers, customers, vendors, and others to discussexisting and potential engineering projects or prod-ucts. Design electronic components and software,products, and systems for commercial, industrial,medical, military, and scientific applications. Devel-op and perform operational, maintenance, and test-ing procedures for electronic products, components,equipment, and systems. Direct and coordinateactivities concerned with manufacture, construc-tion, installation, maintenance, operation, andmodification of electronic equipment, products,and systems. Evaluate operational systems, proto-

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types, and proposals and recommend repair ordesign modifications based on factors such as envi-ronment, service, cost, and system capabilities.Inspect electronic equipment, instruments, prod-ucts, and systems to ensure conformance to specifi-cations, safety standards, and applicable codes andregulations. Plan and develop applications andmodifications for electronic properties used in com-ponents, products, and systems to improve techni-cal performance. Plan and implement research,methodology, and procedures to apply principles ofelectronic theory to engineering projects. Prepareengineering sketches and specifications for con-struction, relocation, and installation of equipment,facilities, products, and systems. Determine materi-al and equipment needs and order supplies. Prepare,review, and maintain maintenance schedules, designdocumentation, and operational reports and charts.Provide technical support and instruction to staffand customers regarding equipment standards andhelp solve specific, difficult in-service engineeringproblems. Review and evaluate work of others,inside and outside the organization, to ensure effec-tiveness, technical adequacy, and compatibility inthe resolution of complex engineering problems.Review or prepare budget and cost estimates forequipment, construction, and installation projectsand control expenditures. Operate computer-assist-ed engineering and design software and equipmentto perform engineering tasks. SKILLS—Science;Mathematics; Writing; Judgment and DecisionMaking; Management of Financial Resources;Reading Comprehension; Technology Design; Sys-tems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer HardwareEngineers; Computer Software Engineers, Applica-tions; Computer Software Engineers, Systems Soft-ware; Electrical Engineers; Engineers, All Other;Environmental Engineers; Fire-Prevention and Pro-

tection Engineers; Health and Safety Engineers,Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors;Industrial Engineers; Industrial Safety and HealthEngineers; Landscape Architects; Marine Architects;Marine Engineers; Marine Engineers and NavalArchitects; Materials Engineers; Mechanical Engi-neers; Mining and Geological Engineers, IncludingMining Safety Engineers; Nuclear Engineers; Petro-leum Engineers; Product Safety Engineers; SalesEngineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Electrical, Electronics, and Communications Engi-neering. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Engineering and Technology; Design; Comput-ers and Electronics; Telecommunications; Produc-tion and Processing; Mathematics.

Engineering Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $69,700

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses pertaining to the application ofphysical laws and principles of engineering for thedevelopment of machines, materials, instruments,processes, and services. Includes teachers of sub-jects such as chemical, civil, electrical, industrial,mechanical, mineral, and petroleum engineering.Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teach-ing and those who do a combination of both teach-ing and research. Maintain regularly scheduledoffice hours in order to advise and assist students.Maintain student attendance records, grades, and

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other required records. Plan, evaluate, and revisecurricula, course content, and course materials andmethods of instruction. Prepare course materialssuch as syllabi, homework assignments, and hand-outs. Select and obtain materials and supplies suchas textbooks and laboratory equipment. Supervisestudents’ laboratory work. Supervise undergraduateand/or graduate teaching, internship, and researchwork. Act as advisers to student organizations. Col-laborate with colleagues to address teaching andresearch issues. Conduct research in a particularfield of knowledge and publish findings in profes-sional journals, books, and/or electronic media. Par-ticipate in campus and community events.Participate in student recruitment, registration, andplacement activities. Perform administrative dutiessuch as serving as department head. Provide profes-sional consulting services to government and/orindustry. Serve on academic or administrative com-mittees that deal with institutional policies, depart-mental matters, and academic issues. Write grantproposals to procure external research funding.Evaluate and grade students’ class work, laboratorywork, assignments, and papers. Prepare and deliverlectures to undergraduate and/or graduate studentson topics such as mechanics, hydraulics, and robot-ics. Advise students on academic and vocational cur-ricula and on career issues. Compile, administer,and grade examinations or assign this work to oth-ers. Compile bibliographies of specialized materialsfor outside reading assignments. Initiate, facilitate,and moderate class discussions. Keep abreast ofdevelopments in their field by reading current liter-ature, talking with colleagues, and participating inprofessional conferences. SKILLS—Science; Math-ematics; Instructing; Technology Design; ActiveLearning; Critical Thinking; Learning Strategies;Reading Comprehension; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; English Language and Literature Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Environmental Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Farm and Home ManagementAdvisors; Foreign Language and Literature Teachers,Postsecondary; Forestry and Conservation ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers, Post-secondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants; HealthSpecialties Teachers, Postsecondary; History Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teachers,Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, Except Spe-cial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;

__________________________________________Investigative Jobs: Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary

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Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Aerospace, Aeronautical, and Astronautical Engi-neering; Agricultural/Biological Engineering andBioengineering; Architectural Engineering; Bio-medical/Medical Engineering; Ceramic Sciencesand Engineering; Chemical Engineering; CivilEngineering, General; Civil Engineering, Other;Computer Engineering, General; Computer Engi-neering, Other; Computer Hardware Engineering;Computer Software Engineering; ConstructionEngineering; Electrical, Electronics, and Communi-cations Engineering; Engineering Mechanics; Engi-neering Physics; Engineering Science; Engineering,General; Engineering, Other; Environmental/Envi-ronmental Health Engineering; Forest Engineering;Geological/Geophysical Engineering; GeotechnicalEngineering; Industrial Engineering; Manufactur-ing Engineering; Materials Engineering; MaterialsScience; Mechanical Engineering; MetallurgicalEngineering; Mining and Mineral Engineering;Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering;Nuclear Engineering; Ocean Engineering; Petrole-um Engineering; Polymer/Plastics Engineering;Structural Engineering; Surveying Engineering; Sys-tems Engineering; Teacher Education and Profes-sional Development, Specific Subject Areas, Other;Textile Sciences and Engineering; Transportationand Highway Engineering; Water Resources Engi-neering. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Engineering and Technology; Education andTraining; Physics; Chemistry; Design; Mathematics.

EnvironmentalScientists andSpecialists, IncludingHealth) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 23.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,790

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.9%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Conduct research or perform investigation for thepurpose of identifying, abating, or eliminatingsources of pollutants or hazards that affect eitherthe environment or the health of the population.Utilizing knowledge of various scientific disci-plines, may collect, synthesize, study, report, andtake action based on data derived from measure-ments or observations of air, food, soil, water, andother sources. Conduct environmental audits andinspections and investigations of violations. Evaluateviolations or problems discovered during inspectionsin order to determine appropriate regulatory actionsor to provide advice on the development and prose-cution of regulatory cases. Communicate scientificand technical information through oral briefings,written documents, workshops, conferences, andpublic hearings. Review and implement environ-mental technical standards, guidelines, policies, andformal regulations that meet all appropriate require-ments. Provide technical guidance, support, andoversight to environmental programs, industry, andthe public. Provide advice on proper standards andregulations and the development of policies, strate-gies, and codes of practice for environmental man-agement. Analyze data to determine validity, quality,and scientific significance and to interpret correla-

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effects. Collect, synthesize, and analyze data derivedfrom pollution emission measurements, atmosphericmonitoring, meteorological and mineralogical infor-mation, and soil or water samples. Determine datacollection methods to be employed in research proj-ects and surveys. Prepare charts or graphs from datasamples and provide summary information on theenvironmental relevance of the data. Develop thetechnical portions of legal documents, administrativeorders, or consent decrees. Investigate and report onaccidents affecting the environment. Monitor envi-ronmental impacts of development activities. Super-vise environmental technologists and technicians.Develop programs designed to obtain the most pro-ductive, non-damaging use of land. Research sourcesof pollution to determine their effects on the envi-ronment and to develop theories or methods of pol-lution abatement or control. Monitor effects ofpollution and land degradation and recommendmeans of prevention or control. Design and directstudies to obtain technical environmental informa-tion about planned projects. Conduct appliedresearch on topics such as waste control and treat-ment and pollution control methods. SKILLS—Ser-vice Orientation; Science; Coordination;Negotiation; Persuasion; Reading Comprehension;Active Learning; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.03. Life Sciences. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Agricultural and FoodScience Technicians; Agricultural Technicians; Ani-mal Scientists; Biochemists; Biochemists and Bio-physicists; Biological Scientists, All Other; Biologists;Biophysicists; Conservation Scientists; Epidemiolo-gists; Food Science Technicians; Food Scientists andTechnologists; Foresters; Life Scientists, All Other;Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists; Microbi-ologists; Plant Scientists; Range Managers; Soil andPlant Scientists; Soil Conservationists; Soil Scien-tists; Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Environmental Science; Environmental Studies.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Biolo-

gy; Geography; Law and Government; Chemistry;Customer and Personal Service; Education andTraining.

Family and GeneralPractitioners) Personality Code: I

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: $133,340

) Education/Training Required: First profes-sional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases andinjuries that commonly occur in the general popu-lation. Advise patients and community membersconcerning diet, activity, hygiene, and disease pre-vention. Collect, record, and maintain patient infor-mation, such as medical history, reports, andexamination results. Explain procedures and discusstest results or prescribed treatments with patients.Monitor the patients’ conditions and progress andre-evaluate treatments as necessary. Order, perform,and interpret tests and analyze records, reports, andexamination information to diagnose patients’ con-dition. Prescribe or administer treatment, therapy,medication, vaccination, and other specialized med-ical care to treat or prevent illness, disease, or injury.Refer patients to medical specialists or other practi-tioners when necessary. Conduct research to studyanatomy and develop or test medications, treat-ments, or procedures to prevent or control disease orinjury. Coordinate work with nurses, social workers,rehabilitation therapists, pharmacists, psychologists,and other health care providers. Deliver babies.Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, students,assistants, specialists, therapists, and other medicalstaff. Operate on patients to remove, repair, or

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improve functioning of diseased or injured bodyparts and systems. Plan, implement, or administerhealth programs or standards in hospital, business,or community for information, prevention, or treat-ment of injury or illness. Prepare reports for govern-ment or management of birth, death, and diseasestatistics; workforce evaluations; or medical status ofindividuals. SKILLS—Science; Reading Compre-hension; Systems Evaluation; Active Learning; Judg-ment and Decision Making; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Social Perceptiveness; SystemsAnalysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Healthcare Support Workers, All Other; Internists,General; Medical Assistants; Obstetricians andGynecologists; Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists;Pharmacy Aides; Pharmacy Technicians; PhysicianAssistants; Physicians and Surgeons, All Other; Psy-chiatrists; Registered Nurses; Surgeons; SurgicalTechnologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Family Medicine; Medicine (MD); OsteopathicMedicine/Osteopathy (DO). RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Den-tistry; Biology; Therapy and Counseling; Chem-istry; Administration and Management; Personneland Human Resources; Physics.

Financial Analysts) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 22,000

) Annual Earnings: $60,050

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 4.8%

) Part-Time: 10.2%

Conduct quantitative analyses of informationaffecting investment programs of public or privateinstitutions. Analyze financial information to pro-duce forecasts of business, industry, and economicconditions for use in making investment decisions.Assemble spreadsheets and draw charts and graphsused to illustrate technical reports, using computer.Evaluate and compare the relative quality of varioussecurities in a given industry. Interpret data affectinginvestment programs, such as price, yield, stability,future trends in investment risks, and economicinfluences. Maintain knowledge and stay abreast ofdevelopments in the fields of industrial technology,business, finance, and economic theory. Monitorfundamental economic, industrial, and corporatedevelopments through the analysis of informationobtained from financial publications and services,investment banking firms, government agencies,trade publications, company sources, and personalinterviews. Prepare plans of action for investmentbased on financial analyses. Present oral and writtenreports on general economic trends, individual cor-porations, and entire industries. Recommendinvestments and investment timing to companies,investment firm staff, or the investing public. Col-laborate with investment bankers to attract new cor-porate clients to securities firms. Contact brokersand purchase investments for companies accordingto company policy. Determine the prices at whichsecurities should be syndicated and offered to thepublic. SKILLS—Judgment and Decision Making;Systems Analysis; Critical Thinking; Active Learn-ing; Systems Evaluation; Reading Comprehension;Mathematics; Management of Financial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Management andSupport. Work Group: 13.02. Management Sup-port. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accountants;Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers and Assessorsof Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate; Assessors;Auditors; Budget Analysts; Business Operations Spe-cialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, andInvestigators; Claims Examiners, Property and Casu-alty Insurance; Compensation, Benefits, and JobAnalysis Specialists; Cost Estimators; Credit Ana-

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Employment Service; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Human Resources, Train-ing, and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other;Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators;Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage; InsuranceUnderwriters; Loan Counselors; Loan Officers;Logisticians; Management Analysts; MarketResearch Analysts; Personnel Recruiters; PurchasingAgents and Buyers, Farm Products; PurchasingAgents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Prod-ucts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting and Business/Management; Account-ing and Finance; Finance, General. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Economics andAccounting; Mathematics; Law and Government;Computers and Electronics; Sales and Marketing;English Language.

Forestry andConservation ScienceTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $64,500

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in environmental and conservationscience. Evaluate and grade students’ class work,

assignments, and papers. Prepare and deliver lec-tures to undergraduate and/or graduate students ontopics such as forest resource policy, forest patholo-gy, and mapping. Advise students on academic andvocational curricula and on career issues. Compile,administer, and grade examinations or assign thiswork to others. Compile bibliographies of special-ized materials for outside reading assignments. Initi-ate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.Keep abreast of developments in their field by read-ing current literature, talking with colleagues, andparticipating in professional conferences. Maintainregularly scheduled office hours in order to adviseand assist students. Maintain student attendancerecords, grades, and other required records. Plan,evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, andcourse materials and methods of instruction. Pre-pare course materials such as syllabi, homeworkassignments, and handouts. Select and obtain mate-rials and supplies such as textbooks and laboratoryequipment. Supervise students’ laboratory and/orfield work. Supervise undergraduate and/or gradu-ate teaching, internship, and research work. Act asadvisers to student organizations. Collaborate withcolleagues to address teaching and research issues.Conduct research in a particular field of knowledgeand publish findings in books, professional journals,and/or electronic media. Participate in campus andcommunity events. Participate in student recruit-ment, registration, and placement activities. Per-form administrative duties such as serving asdepartment head. Provide professional consultingservices to government and/or industry. Serve onacademic or administrative committees that dealwith institutional policies, departmental matters,and academic issues. Write grant proposals to pro-cure external research funding. SKILLS—Science;Instructing; Learning Strategies; Reading Compre-hension; Active Learning; Writing; Critical Think-ing; Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers and

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Instructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; Grad-uate Teaching Assistants; Health SpecialtiesTeachers, Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary;Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education;Law Teachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; LibraryAssistants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Middle SchoolTeachers, Except Special and Vocational Education;Museum Technicians and Conservators; Nannies;Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary;Personal Financial Advisors; Philosophy and Reli-gion Teachers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers,Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;

Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Science Teacher Education/General Science TeacherEducation. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Biology; Education and Training; Medicineand Dentistry; Chemistry; Therapy and Counsel-ing; Psychology.

Geologists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 11.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $68,460

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.7%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Study composition, structure, and history of theearth’s crust; examine rocks, minerals, and fossilremains to identify and determine the sequence ofprocesses affecting the development of the earth;apply knowledge of chemistry, physics, biology,and mathematics to explain these phenomena andto help locate mineral and petroleum deposits andunderground water resources; prepare geologicreports and maps; and interpret research data torecommend further action for study. Analyze andinterpret geological, geochemical, and geophysicalinformation from sources such as survey data, well

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logs, boreholes, and aerial photos. Plan and conductgeological, geochemical, and geophysical field stud-ies and surveys; sample collection; and drilling andtesting programs used to collect data for researchand/or application. Investigate the composition,structure, and history of the Earth’s crust throughthe collection, examination, measurement, and clas-sification of soils, minerals, rocks, and fossilremains. Prepare geological maps, cross-sectionaldiagrams, charts, and reports concerning mineralextraction, land use, and resource management,using results of field work and laboratory research.Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, andmineral ore deposits and underground waterresources, using aerial photographs, charts, andresearch and survey results. Assess ground and sur-face water movement in order to provide adviceregarding issues such as waste management, routeand site selection, and the restoration of contami-nated sites. Identify risks for natural disasters such asmud slides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions andprovide advice on ways in which potential damagecan be mitigated. Conduct geological and geophys-ical studies to provide information for use in region-al development, site selection, and the developmentof public works projects. Inspect construction proj-ects in order to analyze engineering problems,applying geological knowledge and using test equip-ment and drilling machinery. Advise constructionfirms and government agencies on dam and roadconstruction, foundation design, and land use andresource management. SKILLS—Science; Manage-ment of Financial Resources; Time Management;Active Learning; Coordination; Critical Thinking;Persuasion; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.02. Physical Sciences.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Astronomers;Atmospheric and Space Scientists; Chemists; Geog-raphers; Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists andGeographers; Hydrologists; Materials Scientists;Physical Scientists, All Other; Physicists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Geochemistry; Geochemistry and Petrology; Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other; Geology/Earth Science, General; Geo-physics and Seismology; Oceanography, Chemical and Physical; Paleontology. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Geography;Physics; Chemistry; Engineering and Technology;Mathematics; Biology.

Health SpecialtiesTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $61,790

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in health specialties, such as veteri-nary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, therapy, labo-ratory technology, and public health. Evaluate andgrade students’ class work, assignments, and papers.Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduateand/or graduate students on topics such as publichealth, stress management, and worksite health pro-motion. Advise students on academic and vocation-al curricula and on career issues. Compile,administer, and grade examinations or assign thiswork to others. Compile bibliographies of special-ized materials for outside reading assignments. Initi-ate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.Keep abreast of developments in their field by read-ing current literature, talking with colleagues, andparticipating in professional conferences. Maintain

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regularly scheduled office hours in order to adviseand assist students. Maintain student attendancerecords, grades, and other required records. Plan,evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, andcourse materials and methods of instruction. Pre-pare course materials such as syllabi, homeworkassignments, and handouts. Select and obtain mate-rials and supplies such as textbooks and laboratoryequipment. Supervise laboratory sessions. Superviseundergraduate and/or graduate teaching, intern-ship, and research work. Act as advisers to studentorganizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. Performadministrative duties such as serving as departmenthead. Provide professional consulting services togovernment and/or industry. Serve on academic oradministrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. SKILLS—Science; Instructing;Writing; Reading Comprehension; Active Learning;Critical Thinking; Learning Strategies; Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-

ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants; His-tory Teachers, Postsecondary; Home EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers,Except Special Education; Law Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical;Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary; LibraryTechnicians; Mathematical Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Middle School Teachers, Except Specialand Vocational Education; Museum Techniciansand Conservators; Nannies; Nursing Instructorsand Teachers, Postsecondary; Personal FinancialAdvisors; Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Post-secondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; Politi-cal Science Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services,Other; Allied Health Diagnostic, Intervention, andTreatment Professions, Other; Art Therapy/Thera-pist; Asian Bodywork Therapy; Audiology/Audiolo-gist and Hearing Sciences; Audiology/Audiologistand Speech-Language Pathology/Pathologist; Bio-statistics; Blood Bank Technology Specialist; Car-diovascular Technology/Technologist; Chiropractic(DC); Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Tech-nology/Technologist; Clinical/Medical LaboratoryAssistant; Clinical/Medical Laboratory Technician;Communication Disorders, General; Cytotechnolo-gy/Cytotechnologist; Dance Therapy/Therapist;Dental Assisting/Assistant; Dental Clinical Sciences,General (MS, PhD); Dental Hygiene/Hygienist;Dental Laboratory Technology/Technician; Dental Services and Allied Professions, Other; Den-tistry (DDS, DMD); Diagnostic Medical Sonogra-phy/Sonographer and Ultrasound Technician;Electrocardiograph Technology/Technician; Elec-troneurodiagnostic/Electroencephalographic Tech-nology/Technologist; Emergency MedicalTechnology/Technician (EMT Paramedic); Envi-ronmental Health; Epidemiology; Health Occupa-tions Teacher Education; Health/Medical Physics;Health/Medical Preparatory Programs, Other;Hematology Technology/Technician; Hypnothera-py/Hypnotherapist; Massage Therapy/TherapeuticMassage; Medical Radiologic Technology/Sci-ence—Radiation Therapist; Music Therapy/Thera-pist; Nuclear Medical Technology/Technologist;Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene;Occupational Therapist Assistant; OccupationalTherapy/Therapist; Orthotist/Prosthetist; PerfusionTechnology/Perfusionist; Pharmacy (PharmD[USA], PharmD, BS/BPharm [Canada]); PharmacyAdministration and Pharmacy Policy and Regulato-ry Affairs (MS, PhD); Pharmacy Technician/Assis-tant; Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, andAdministration, Other; Physical Therapist Assis-tant; Physical Therapy/Therapist; Physician Assis-tant; Pre-Dentistry Studies; Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies; Pre-Nursing Studies; others.

RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Biolo-gy; Education and Training; Medicine and Den-tistry; Therapy and Counseling; English Language;Chemistry.

Internists, General) Personality Code: I

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: more than $145,600

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Diagnose and provide non-surgical treatment ofdiseases and injuries of internal organ systems.Provide care mainly for adults who have a widerange of problems associated with the internalorgans. Provide consulting services to other doctorscaring for patients with special or difficult problems.Plan, implement, or administer health programs inhospitals, businesses, or communities for preventionand treatment of injuries or illnesses. Prepare gov-ernment or organizational reports on birth, death,and disease statistics; workforce evaluations; or themedical status of individuals. Advise patients andcommunity members concerning diet, activity,hygiene, and disease prevention. Analyze records,reports, test results, or examination information todiagnose medical condition of patient. Collect,record, and maintain patient information, such asmedical history, reports, and examination results.Make diagnoses when different illnesses occurtogether or in situations where the diagnosis may beobscure. Explain procedures and discuss test resultsor prescribed treatments with patients. Immunizepatients to protect them from preventable diseases.Manage and treat common health problems, such as

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infections, influenza, and pneumonia, as well as seri-ous, chronic, and complex illnesses, in adolescents,adults, and the elderly. Monitor patients’ conditionsand progress and re-evaluate treatments as necessary.Prescribe or administer medication, therapy, andother specialized medical care to treat or prevent ill-ness, disease, or injury. Provide and manage long-term, comprehensive medical care, includingdiagnosis and non-surgical treatment of diseases, foradult patients in an office or hospital. Refer patientto medical specialist or other practitioner when nec-essary. Treat internal disorders, such as hyperten-sion; heart disease; diabetes; and problems of thelung, brain, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract.Advise surgeon of a patient’s risk status and recom-mend appropriate intervention to minimize risk.Conduct research to develop or test medications,treatments, or procedures to prevent or control dis-ease or injury. Direct and coordinate activities ofnurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists,and other medical staff. Operate on patients toremove, repair, or improve functioning of diseasedor injured body parts and systems. SKILLS—Sci-ence; Reading Comprehension; Systems Evaluation;Active Learning; Judgment and Decision Making;Management of Personnel Resources; Social Percep-tiveness; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Medical Assistants; Obste-tricians and Gynecologists; Pediatricians, General;Pharmacists; Pharmacy Aides; Pharmacy Techni-cians; Physician Assistants; Physicians and Sur-geons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurses;Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cardiology; Critical Care Medicine; Endocrinologyand Metabolism; Gastroenterology; Geriatric Medi-cine; Hematology; Infectious Disease; InternalMedicine; Nephrology; Neurology; Nuclear Medi-cine; Oncology; Pulmonary Disease; Rheumatol-

ogy. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry; Biology; Therapy andCounseling; Chemistry; Administration and Man-agement; Personnel and Human Resources; Physics.

Market ResearchAnalysts) Personality Code: IE

) Growth: 23.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $54,670

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 7.3%

) Part-Time: 11.7%

Research market conditions in local, regional, ornational areas to determine potential sales of aproduct or service. May gather information oncompetitors, prices, sales, and methods of market-ing and distribution. May use survey results to cre-ate a marketing campaign based on regionalpreferences and buying habits. Collect and analyzedata on customer demographics, preferences, needs,and buying habits to identify potential markets andfactors affecting product demand. Conduct researchon consumer opinions and marketing strategies, col-laborating with marketing professionals, statisti-cians, pollsters, and other professionals. Developand implement procedures for identifying advertis-ing needs. Devise and evaluate methods and proce-dures for collecting data (such as surveys, opinionpolls, or questionnaires) or arrange to obtain exist-ing data. Forecast and track marketing and salestrends, analyzing collected data. Gather data oncompetitors and analyze their prices, sales, andmethod of marketing and distribution. Measure andassess customer and employee satisfaction. Measurethe effectiveness of marketing, advertising, and

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communications programs and strategies. Monitorindustry statistics and follow trends in trade litera-ture. Prepare reports of findings, illustrating datagraphically and translating complex findings intowritten text. Attend staff conferences to providemanagement with information and proposals con-cerning the promotion, distribution, design, andpricing of company products or services. Directtrained survey interviewers. Seek and provide infor-mation to help companies determine their positionin the marketplace. SKILLS—Programming; Writ-ing; Systems Analysis; Mathematics; OperationsAnalysis; Systems Evaluation; Monitoring; ActiveLearning; Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers,Private or Public Employment Service; Employ-ment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists;Financial Analysts; Human Resources, Training,and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other; Insur-ance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; Insur-ance Appraisers, Auto Damage; InsuranceUnderwriters; Loan Counselors; Loan Officers;Logisticians; Management Analysts; PersonnelRecruiters; Purchasing Agents and Buyers, FarmProducts; Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale,Retail, and Farm Products; Tax Examiners, Collec-tors, and Revenue Agents; Training and Develop-ment Specialists; Wholesale and Retail Buyers,Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Applied Economics; Business/Managerial Econom-ics; Econometrics and Quantitative Economics;Economics, General; International Economics;

Marketing Research. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Psy-chology; Mathematics; Economics and Accounting;Computers and Electronics; Food Production.

Mathematical ScienceTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $50,910

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses pertaining to mathematical con-cepts, statistics, and actuarial science and to theapplication of original and standardized mathe-matical techniques in solving specific problemsand situations. Maintain regularly scheduled officehours in order to advise and assist students. Main-tain student attendance records, grades, and otherrequired records. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricu-la, course content, and course materials and meth-ods of instruction. Prepare course materials such assyllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.Select and obtain materials and supplies such astextbooks. Supervise undergraduate and/or graduateteaching, internship, and research work. Act asadvisers to student organizations. Collaborate withcolleagues to address teaching and research issues.Conduct research in a particular field of knowledgeand publish findings in books, professional journals,and/or electronic media. Participate in campus andcommunity events. Participate in student recruit-ment, registration, and placement activities. Per-

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form administrative duties such as serving as depart-ment head. Provide professional consulting servicesto government and/or industry. Serve on academicor administrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. Evaluate and grade students’ classwork, assignments, and papers. Prepare and deliverlectures to undergraduate and/or graduate studentson topics such as linear algebra, differential equa-tions, and discrete mathematics. Advise students onacademic and vocational curricula and on careerissues. Compile, administer, and grade examina-tions or assign this work to others. Compile bibli-ographies of specialized materials for outside readingassignments. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate class-room discussions. Keep abreast of developments intheir field by reading current literature, talking withcolleagues, and participating in professional confer-ences. SKILLS—Mathematics; Instructing; Learn-ing Strategies; Active Learning; ReadingComprehension; Writing; Critical Thinking; Speak-ing.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-

gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Algebra and Number Theory; Analysis and Func-tional Analysis; Applied Mathematics; BusinessStatistics; Geometry/Geometric Analysis; Logic;Mathematical Statistics and Probability; Mathemat-

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ics and Statistics, Other; Mathematics, General;Mathematics, Other; Statistics, General; Topologyand Foundations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Mathematics; Education and Train-ing; English Language; Clerical Studies; Communi-cations and Media; Administration andManagement.

Medical and ClinicalLaboratoryTechnologists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,640

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.6%

) Part-Time: 16.0%

Perform complex medical laboratory tests for diag-nosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Maytrain or supervise staff. Analyze laboratory findingsto check accuracy of results. Conduct chemicalanalysis of body fluids, including blood, urine, andspinal fluid, to determine presence of normal andabnormal components. Operate, calibrate, andmaintain equipment used in quantitative and qual-itative analysis, such as spectrophotometers,calorimeters, flame photometers, and computer-controlled analyzers. Enter data from analysis ofmedical tests and clinical results into computer forstorage. Analyze samples of biological material forchemical content or reaction. Establish and monitorprograms to ensure the accuracy of laboratoryresults. Set up, clean, and maintain laboratoryequipment. Provide technical information abouttest results to physicians, family members, and

researchers. Supervise, train, and direct lab assis-tants, medical and clinical laboratory techniciansand technologists, and other medical laboratoryworkers engaged in laboratory testing. Develop,standardize, evaluate, and modify procedures, tech-niques, and tests used in the analysis of specimensand in medical laboratory experiments. Cultivate,isolate, and assist in identifying microbial organismsand perform various tests on these microorganisms.Study blood samples to determine the number ofcells and their morphology, as well as the bloodgroup, type, and compatibility for transfusion pur-poses, using microscopic technique. Obtain, cut,stain, and mount biological material on slides formicroscopic study and diagnosis, following standardlaboratory procedures. Select and prepare specimenand media for cell culture, using aseptic techniqueand knowledge of medium components and cellrequirements. Conduct medical research underdirection of microbiologist or biochemist. Harvestcell cultures at optimum time based on knowledgeof cell cycle differences and culture conditions.SKILLS—Equipment Maintenance; OperationMonitoring; Quality Control Analysis; Science;Troubleshooting; Instructing; Repairing; Operationand Control.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.05. Medical Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: CardiovascularTechnologists and Technicians; Diagnostic MedicalSonographers; Health Technologists and Techni-cians, All Other; Medical and Clinical LaboratoryTechnicians; Medical Equipment Preparers; NuclearMedicine Technologists; Orthotists and Prosthetists;Radiologic Technicians; Radiologic Technologists;Radiologic Technologists and Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist; Clinical/Medical Laboratory Science and Allied Professions, Other; Cytogenetics/Genetics/Clinical Genetics Technology/Technologist; Cytotechnology/Cytotechnologist; Histologic Technology/

____________________________________Investigative Jobs: Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists

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Histotechnologist; Renal/Dialysis Technologist/Technician. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Biology; Chemistry; Computers andElectronics; Public Safety and Security; Customerand Personal Service; Mathematics.

Medical Scientists,Except Epidemiologists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 26.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $59,210

) Education/Training Required: Doctoraldegree

) Self-Employed: 1.7%

) Part-Time: 8.8%

Conduct research dealing with the understandingof human diseases and the improvement of humanhealth. Engage in clinical investigation or otherresearch, production, technical writing, or relatedactivities. Prepare and analyze organ, tissue, and cellsamples to identify toxicity, bacteria, or microorgan-isms or to study cell structure. Standardize drugdosages, methods of immunization, and proceduresfor manufacture of drugs and medicinal com-pounds. Confer with health department, industrypersonnel, physicians, and others to develop healthsafety standards and public health improvementprograms. Study animal and human health andphysiological processes. Consult with and advisephysicians, educators, researchers, and othersregarding medical applications of physics, biology,and chemistry. Teach principles of medicine andmedical and laboratory procedures to physicians,residents, students, and technicians. Use equipmentsuch as atomic absorption spectrometers, electronmicroscopes, flow cytometers, and chromatographysystems. Conduct research to develop methodolo-gies, instrumentation, and procedures for medical

application, analyzing data and presenting findings.Evaluate effects of drugs, gases, pesticides, parasites,and microorganisms at various levels. Follow strictsafety procedures when handling toxic materials toavoid contamination. Investigate cause, progress,life cycle, or mode of transmission of diseases or par-asites. Plan and direct studies to investigate humanor animal disease, preventive methods, and treat-ments for disease. SKILLS—Instructing; Science;Active Learning; Systems Evaluation; Writing; Sys-tems Analysis; Reading Comprehension; ServiceOrientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.03. Life Sciences. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Agricultural and FoodScience Technicians; Agricultural Technicians; Ani-mal Scientists; Biochemists; Biochemists and Bio-physicists; Biological Scientists, All Other;Biologists; Biophysicists; Conservation Scientists;Environmental Scientists and Specialists, IncludingHealth; Epidemiologists; Food Science Technicians;Food Scientists and Technologists; Foresters; LifeScientists, All Other; Microbiologists; Plant Scien-tists; Range Managers; Soil and Plant Scientists; SoilConservationists; Soil Scientists; Zoologists andWildlife Biologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Anatomy; Biochemistry; Biomedical Sciences, Gen-eral; Biophysics; Biostatistics; CardiovascularScience; Cell Physiology; Cell/Cellular Biology andHistology; Endocrinology; Environmental Toxicol-ogy; Epidemiology; Exercise Physiology;Human/Medical Genetics; Immunology; MedicalMicrobiology and Bacteriology; Medical Scientist(MS, PhD); Molecular Biology; Molecular Pharma-cology; Molecular Physiology; Molecular Toxicolo-gy; Neurobiology and Neurophysiology;Neuropharmacology; Oncology and Cancer Biolo-gy; Pathology/Experimental Pathology; Pharmacol-ogy; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Pharmacologyand Toxicology, Other; Physiology, General; Physi-ology, Pathology, and Related Sciences, Other;Reproductive Biology; Toxicology; Vision Sci-ence/Physiological Optics. RELATED KNOWL-

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EDGE/COURSES—Biology; Medicine and Den-tistry; Chemistry; Mathematics; Education andTraining; Communications and Media.

Natural SciencesManagers) Personality Code: IE

) Growth: 11.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 5,000

) Annual Earnings: $85,860

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 1.2%

) Part-Time: 0.9%

Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fieldsas life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, sta-tistics, and research and development in thesefields. Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators,and others to plan and review projects and to pro-vide technical assistance. Design and coordinatesuccessive phases of problem analysis, solution pro-posals, and testing. Determine scientific and techni-cal goals within broad outlines provided by topmanagement and make detailed plans to accomplishthese goals. Develop and implement policies, stan-dards, and procedures for the architectural, scientif-ic, and technical work performed to ensureregulatory compliance and operations enhance-ment. Plan and direct research, development, andproduction activities. Prepare project proposals.Advise and assist in obtaining patents or meetingother legal requirements. Conduct own research infield of expertise. Develop client relationships andcommunicate with clients to explain proposals,present research findings, establish specifications, ordiscuss project status. Develop innovative technolo-gy and train staff for its implementation. Hire,supervise, and evaluate engineers, technicians,researchers, and other staff. Prepare and administer

budget, approve and review expenditures, and pre-pare financial reports. Recruit personnel and overseethe development and maintenance of staff compe-tence. Review project activities and prepare andreview research, testing, and operational reports.Make presentations at professional meetings to fur-ther knowledge in the field. Provide for stewardshipof plant and animal resources and habitats, studyingland use; monitoring animal populations; and/orproviding shelter, resources, and medical treatmentfor animals. SKILLS—Management of MaterialResources; Management of Financial Resources;Science; Management of Personnel Resources;Coordination; Systems Analysis; Systems Evalua-tion; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.01. Managerial Work inScience, Math, and Engineering. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Computer and Information Sys-tems Managers; Engineering Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Acoustics; Algebra and Number Theory; Analysisand Functional Analysis; Analytical Chemistry;Anatomy; Animal Genetics; Animal Physiology;Applied Mathematics; Applied Mathematics,Other; Astronomy; Astrophysics; AtmosphericChemistry and Climatology; Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics; Atmospheric Sciences andMeteorology, General; Atmospheric Sciences andMeteorology, Other; Atomic/Molecular Physics;Biochemistry; Biological and Biomedical Sciences,Other; Biological and Physical Sciences;Biology/Biological Sciences, General; Biometry/Biometrics; Biophysics; Biopsychology; Biostatis-tics; Biotechnology; Botany/Plant Biology;Botany/Plant Biology, Other; Cell/Cellular Biologyand Anatomical Sciences, Other; Cell/Cellular Biol-ogy and Histology; Chemical Physics; Chemistry,General; Chemistry, Other; Computational Mathe-matics; Ecology; Ecology, Evolution, Systematics,and Population Biology, Other; Elementary ParticlePhysics; Entomology; Evolutionary Biology; Geochemistry; Geochemistry and Petrology; Geo-logical and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other;

__________________________________________________Investigative Jobs: Natural Sciences Managers

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Geology/Earth Science, General; Geometry/Geo-metric Analysis; Geophysics and Seismology;Hydrology and Water Resources Science; Immunol-ogy; Inorganic Chemistry; Logic; Marine Biologyand Biological Oceanography; Mathematics andComputer Science; Mathematics and Statistics,Other; Mathematics, General; Medical Microbiolo-gy and Bacteriology; Meteorology; Microbiology,General; Molecular Biology; Natural Sciences; Neu-roscience; Nuclear Physics; Nutrition Sciences;Oceanography, Chemical and Physical; OperationsResearch; Optics/Optical Sciences; Organic Chem-istry; Paleontology; Parasitology; Pathology/Experi-mental Pathology; Pharmacology; Physical andTheoretical Chemistry; Physical Sciences; PhysicalSciences, Other; Physics, General; Physics, Other;Planetary Astronomy and Science; Plant Genetics;Plant Pathology/Phytopathology; Plant Physiology;Plasma and High-Temperature Physics; PolymerChemistry; others. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Chemistry; Administration andManagement; Economics and Accounting; Physics;Law and Government; Mathematics.

Network Systems andData CommunicationsAnalysts) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 57.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $59,120

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 23.6%

) Part-Time: 7.9%

Analyze, design, test, and evaluate network sys-tems, such as local area networks (LAN); wide areanetworks (WAN); and Internet, intranet, and other

data communications systems. Perform networkmodeling, analysis, and planning. Research andrecommend network and data communicationshardware and software. Includes telecommunica-tions specialists who deal with the interfacing ofcomputer and communications equipment. Maysupervise computer programmers. Maintain neededfiles by adding and deleting files on the network serv-er and backing up files to guarantee their safety inthe event of problems with the network. Monitorsystem performance and provide security measures,troubleshooting, and maintenance as needed. Assistusers in diagnosing and solving data communicationproblems. Set up user accounts, regulating and mon-itoring file access to ensure confidentiality and prop-er use. Design and implement networkconfigurations, network architecture (includinghardware and software technology, site locations, andintegration of technologies), and systems. Maintainthe peripherals, such as printers, that are connectedto the network. Identify areas of operation that needupgraded equipment such as modems, fiber-opticcables, and telephone wires. Train users in use ofequipment. Develop and write procedures for instal-lation, use, and troubleshooting of communicationshardware and software. Adapt and modify existingsoftware to meet specific needs. Work with otherengineers, systems analysts, programmers, techni-cians, scientists, and top-level managers in thedesign, testing, and evaluation of systems. Test andevaluate hardware and software to determine effi-ciency, reliability, and compatibility with existingsystem and make purchase recommendations. Readtechnical manuals and brochures to determine whichequipment meets establishment requirements. Con-sult customers, visit workplaces, or conduct surveysto determine present and future user needs. Visitvendors, attend conferences or training, and studytechnical journals to keep up with changes in tech-nology. SKILLS—Installation; Troubleshooting;Technology Design; Management of MaterialResources; Systems Analysis; Systems Evaluation;Operations Analysis; Equipment Maintenance.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics and

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Computers. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Computer and Information Scientists, Research;Computer Programmers; Computer Security Spe-cialists; Computer Specialists, All Other; ComputerSupport Specialists; Computer Systems Analysts;Database Administrators; Network and ComputerSystems Administrators.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer and Information Sciences, General;Computer and Information Systems Security; Com-puter Systems Analysis/Analyst; Computer SystemsNetworking and Telecommunications; InformationTechnology. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Customer and Personal Service; Computersand Electronics; Telecommunications; Educationand Training; Engineering and Technology; Design.

Obstetricians andGynecologists) Personality Code: I

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: more than $145,600

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases ofwomen, especially those affecting the reproductivesystem and the process of childbirth. Conductresearch to develop or test medications, treatments,or procedures to prevent or control disease or injury.Consult with, or provide consulting services to,other physicians. Direct and coordinate activities ofnurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists,and other medical staff. Plan, implement, or admin-ister health programs in hospitals, businesses, or

communities for prevention and treatment ofinjuries or illnesses. Prepare government and organi-zational reports on birth, death, and disease statis-tics; workforce evaluations; or the medical status ofindividuals. Advise patients and community mem-bers concerning diet, activity, hygiene, and diseaseprevention. Analyze records, reports, test results, orexamination information to diagnose medical con-dition of patient. Care for and treat women duringprenatal, natal, and post-natal periods. Collect,record, and maintain patient information, such asmedical histories, reports, and examination results.Explain procedures and discuss test results or pre-scribed treatments with patients. Monitor patients’condition and progress and re-evaluate treatments asnecessary. Perform cesarean sections or other surgi-cal procedures as needed to preserve patients’ healthand deliver babies safely. Prescribe or administertherapy, medication, and other specialized medicalcare to treat or prevent illness, disease, or injury.Refer patient to medical specialist or other practi-tioner when necessary. Treat diseases of femaleorgans. SKILLS—Science; Reading Comprehen-sion; Systems Evaluation; Active Learning; Judg-ment and Decision Making; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Social Perceptiveness; SystemsAnalysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists;Pharmacy Aides; Pharmacy Technicians; PhysicianAssistants; Physicians and Surgeons, All Other; Psy-chiatrists; Registered Nurses; Surgeons; SurgicalTechnologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Obstetrics and Gyne-cology. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry; Biology; Therapy andCounseling; Chemistry; Administration and Man-agement; Personnel and Human Resources; Physics.

______________________________________________Investigative Jobs: Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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Optometrists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 17.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $85,430

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 29.2%

) Part-Time: 25.1%

Diagnose, manage, and treat conditions and dis-eases of the human eye and visual system. Examineeyes and visual system, diagnose problems orimpairments, prescribe corrective lenses, and pro-vide treatment. May prescribe therapeutic drugs totreat specific eye conditions. Examine eyes, usingobservation, instruments, and pharmaceuticalagents, to determine visual acuity and perception,focus, and coordination and to diagnose diseasesand other abnormalities such as glaucoma or colorblindness. Analyze test results and develop a treat-ment plan. Prescribe, supply, fit, and adjust eye-glasses, contact lenses, and other vision aids.Prescribe medications to treat eye diseases if statelaws permit. Educate and counsel patients on con-tact lens care, visual hygiene, lighting arrangements,and safety factors. Consult with and refer patients toophthalmologist or other health care practitioner ifadditional medical treatment is determined neces-sary. Remove foreign bodies from the eye. Providepatients undergoing eye surgeries, such as cataractand laser vision correction, with pre- and post-oper-ative care. Prescribe therapeutic procedures to cor-rect or conserve vision. Provide vision therapy andlow vision rehabilitation. SKILLS—Science; Per-suasion; Judgment and Decision Making; Manage-ment of Personnel Resources; Service Orientation;Active Listening; Reading Comprehension; ActiveLearning; Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.04. Health Specialties.

Other Jobs in This Work Group: Chiropractors;Opticians, Dispensing; Podiatrists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Optometry (OD). RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry; Biology;Psychology; Customer and Personal Service; Person-nel and Human Resources; Sales and Marketing.

Oral and MaxillofacialSurgeons) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 4.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $120,330

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 39.9%

) Part-Time: 22.3%

Perform surgery on mouth, jaws, and related headand neck structure to execute difficult and multi-ple extractions of teeth, to remove tumors andother abnormal growths, to correct abnormal jawrelations by mandibular or maxillary revision, toprepare mouth for insertion of dental prosthesis,or to treat fractured jaws. Administer general andlocal anesthetics. Collaborate with other profession-als such as restorative dentists and orthodontists inorder to plan treatment. Perform surgery on themouth and jaws in order to treat conditions such ascleft lip and palate and jaw growth problems. Per-form surgery to prepare the mouth for dentalimplants and to aid in the regeneration of deficientbone and gum tissues. Provide emergency treatmentof facial injuries, including facial lacerations, intra-oral lacerations, and fractured facial bones. Removeimpacted, damaged, and non-restorable teeth.Remove tumors and other abnormal growths of theoral and facial regions, using surgical instruments.

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Restore form and function by moving skin, bone,nerves, and other tissues from other parts of thebody in order to reconstruct the jaws and face. Eval-uate the position of the wisdom teeth in order todetermine whether problems exist currently ormight occur in the future. Perform minor cosmeticprocedures such as chin and cheek-bone enhance-ments and minor facial rejuvenation proceduresincluding the use of Botox and laser technology.Treat infections of the oral cavity, salivary glands,jaws, and neck. Treat problems affecting the oralmucosa, such as mouth ulcers and infections. Treatsnoring problems, using laser surgery. SKILLS—Science; Reading Comprehension; Judgment andDecision Making; Critical Thinking; Active Learn-ing; Learning Strategies; Service Orientation; Mon-itoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.03. Dentistry. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Dental Assistants; DentalHygienists; Dentists, All Other Specialists; Dentists,General; Healthcare Support Workers, All Other;Orthodontists; Prosthodontists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Dental/Oral Surgery Specialty; Oral/MaxillofacialSurgery (Cert, MS, PhD). RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Chemistry; Biology; Psychology; Therapy andCounseling; English Language.

Orthodontists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 4.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $120,330

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 39.9%

) Part-Time: 22.3%

Examine, diagnose, and treat dental malocclusionsand oral cavity anomalies. Design and fabricateappliances to realign teeth and jaws to produce andmaintain normal function and to improve appear-ance. Adjust dental appliances periodically in orderto produce and maintain normal function. Coordi-nate orthodontic services with other dental andmedical services. Design and fabricate appliances,such as space maintainers, retainers, and labial andlingual arch wires. Diagnose teeth and jaw or otherdental-facial abnormalities. Examine patients inorder to assess abnormalities of jaw development,tooth position, and other dental-facial structures. Fitdental appliances in patients’ mouths in order toalter the position and relationship of teeth and jawsand to realign teeth. Prepare diagnostic and treat-ment records. Provide patients with proposed treat-ment plans and cost estimates. Study diagnosticrecords such as medical/dental histories, plastermodels of the teeth, photos of a patient’s face andteeth, and X rays in order to develop patient treat-ment plans. Instruct dental officers and technicalassistants in orthodontic procedures and techniques.SKILLS—Science; Technology Design; ReadingComprehension; Active Learning; Service Orienta-tion; Operations Analysis; Critical Thinking; Com-plex Problem Solving; Equipment Selection;Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.03. Dentistry. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Dental Assistants; DentalHygienists; Dentists, All Other Specialists; Dentists,General; Healthcare Support Workers, All Other;Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons; Prosthodontists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Orthodontics Specialty; Orthodontics/Ortho-dontology (Cert, MS, PhD). RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Den-tistry; Biology; Therapy and Counseling; Chem-istry; Administration and Management; Design.

____________________________________________________________Investigative Jobs: Orthodontists

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Pediatricians, General) Personality Code: I

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: $134,170

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Diagnose, treat, and help prevent children’s dis-eases and injuries. Advise patients, parents orguardians, and community members concerningdiet, activity, hygiene, and disease prevention. Col-lect, record, and maintain patient information, suchas medical history, reports, and examination results.Examine children regularly to assess their growthand development. Examine patients or order, per-form, and interpret diagnostic tests to obtain infor-mation on medical condition and determinediagnosis. Explain procedures and discuss testresults or prescribed treatments with patients andparents or guardians. Monitor patients’ conditionand progress and re-evaluate treatments as necessary.Plan and execute medical care programs to aid inthe mental and physical growth and development ofchildren and adolescents. Prescribe or administertreatment, therapy, medication, vaccination, andother specialized medical care to treat or prevent ill-ness, disease, or injury in infants and children. Referpatient to medical specialist or other practitionerwhen necessary. Treat children who have minor ill-nesses, acute and chronic health problems, andgrowth and development concerns. Conductresearch to study anatomy and develop or test med-ications, treatments, or procedures to prevent orcontrol disease or injury. Direct and coordinateactivities of nurses, students, assistants, specialists,therapists, and other medical staff. Operate onpatients to remove, repair, or improve functioningof diseased or injured body parts and systems. Plan,implement, or administer health programs or stan-dards in hospital, business, or community for infor-

mation, prevention, or treatment of injury or illness.Provide consulting services to other physicians. Pre-pare reports for government or management ofbirth, death, and disease statistics; workforce evalu-ations; or medical status of individuals. SKILLS—Science; Reading Comprehension; SystemsEvaluation; Active Learning; Judgment and Deci-sion Making; Management of Personnel Resources;Social Perceptiveness; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pharmacists; Pharmacy Aides; Pharmacy Techni-cians; Physician Assistants; Physicians and Sur-geons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurses;Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Child/Pediatric Neurology; Family Medicine;Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Pediatric Cardiology;Pediatric Endocrinology; Pediatric Hemato-Oncol-ogy; Pediatric Nephrology; Pediatric Orthopedics;Pediatric Surgery; Pediatrics. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Biology; Therapy and Counseling; Chemistry;Administration and Management; Personnel andHuman Resources; Physics.

Pharmacists) Personality Code: IC

) Growth: 30.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 23,000

) Annual Earnings: $80,530

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 3.4%

) Part-Time: 17.3%

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Compound and dispense medications, followingprescriptions issued by physicians, dentists, orother authorized medical practitioners. Reviewprescriptions to assure accuracy, to ascertain theneeded ingredients, and to evaluate their suitability.Provide information and advice regarding druginteractions, side effects, dosage, and proper med-ication storage. Analyze prescribing trends to moni-tor patient compliance and to prevent excessiveusage or harmful interactions. Order and purchasepharmaceutical supplies, medical supplies, anddrugs, maintaining stock and storing and handlingit properly. Maintain records such as pharmacy files,patient profiles, charge system files, inventories,control records for radioactive nuclei, and registriesof poisons, narcotics, and controlled drugs. Providespecialized services to help patients manage condi-tions such as diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, orhigh blood pressure. Advise customers on the selec-tion of medication brands, medical equipment, andhealth-care supplies. Collaborate with other healthcare professionals to plan, monitor, review, and eval-uate the quality and effectiveness of drugs and drugregimens, providing advice on drug applicationsand characteristics. Compound and dispense med-ications as prescribed by doctors and dentists by cal-culating, weighing, measuring, and mixingingredients or oversee these activities. Offer healthpromotion and prevention activities, for example,training people to use devices such as blood pressureor diabetes monitors. Refer patients to other healthprofessionals and agencies when appropriate. Pre-pare sterile solutions and infusions for use in surgi-cal procedures, emergency rooms, or patients’homes. Plan, implement, and maintain proceduresfor mixing, packaging, and labeling pharmaceuticalsaccording to policy and legal requirements to ensurequality, security, and proper disposal. Assay radio-pharmaceuticals, verify rates of disintegration, andcalculate the volume required to produce the desiredresults to ensure proper dosages. Manage pharmacyoperations, hiring and supervising staff, performingadministrative duties, and buying and selling non-pharmaceutical merchandise. Work in hospitals or

clinics or for HMOs, dispensing prescriptions, serv-ing as a medical team consultant, or specializing inspecific drug therapy areas such as oncology ornuclear pharmacotherapy. SKILLS—Instructing;Social Perceptiveness; Reading Comprehension;Active Listening; Critical Thinking; Science; Speak-ing; Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacy Aides; PharmacyTechnicians; Physician Assistants; Physicians andSurgeons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurs-es; Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical and Industrial Drug Development (MS,PhD); Clinical, Hospital, and Managed Care Phar-macy (MS, PhD); Industrial and Physical Pharmacyand Cosmetic Sciences (MS, PhD); Medicinal andPharmaceutical Chemistry (MS, PhD); NaturalProducts Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (MS,PhD); Pharmaceutics and Drug Design (MS, PhD);Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics(MS, PhD); Pharmacy (PharmD [USA], PharmD,BS/BPharm [Canada]); Pharmacy Administrationand Pharmacy Policy and Regulatory Affairs (MS,PhD); Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, andAdministration, Other. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Chemistry; Customer and Personal Service; Psy-chology; Therapy and Counseling; Mathematics.

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Physician Assistants) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 48.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $65,670

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.8%

) Part-Time: 16.3%

Under the supervision of a physician, providehealthcare services typically performed by a physi-cian. Conduct complete physicals, provide treat-ment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases,prescribe medication. Must graduate from anaccredited educational program for physician assis-tants. Examine patients to obtain informationabout their physical condition. Interpret diagnostictest results for deviations from normal. Make tenta-tive diagnoses and decisions about management andtreatment of patients. Obtain, compile, and recordpatient medical data, including health history,progress notes, and results of physical examination.Administer or order diagnostic tests, such as X-ray,electrocardiogram, and laboratory tests. Prescribetherapy or medication with physician approval. Per-form therapeutic procedures, such as injections,immunizations, suturing and wound care, andinfection management. Instruct and counselpatients about prescribed therapeutic regimens, nor-mal growth and development, family planning,emotional problems of daily living, and healthmaintenance. Provide physicians with assistanceduring surgery or complicated medical procedures.Supervise and coordinate activities of techniciansand technical assistants. Visit and observe patientson hospital rounds or house calls, updating charts,ordering therapy, and reporting back to physician.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Science; Instruct-ing; Critical Thinking; Reading Comprehension;Time Management; Active Listening; Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists; PharmacyAides; Pharmacy Technicians; Physicians and Sur-geons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurses;Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Physician Assistant. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Biology; Psychology; Therapy and Counseling; Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Chemistry.

Physics Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: IS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $62,880

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses pertaining to the laws of matter andenergy. Includes both teachers primarily engagedin teaching and those who do a combination ofboth teaching and research. Evaluate and grade stu-dents’ class work, laboratory work, assignments, andpapers. Prepare and deliver lectures to undergradu-ate and/or graduate students on topics such as quan-tum mechanics, particle physics, and optics. Advisestudents on academic and vocational curricula andon career issues. Compile, administer, and gradeexaminations or assign this work to others. Compilebibliographies of specialized materials for outside

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reading assignments. Initiate, facilitate, and moder-ate classroom discussions. Keep abreast of develop-ments in their field by reading current literature,talking with colleagues, and participating in profes-sional conferences. Maintain regularly scheduledoffice hours in order to advise and assist students.Maintain student attendance records, grades, andother required records. Plan, evaluate, and revisecurricula, course content, and course materials andmethods of instruction. Prepare course materialssuch as syllabi, homework assignments, and hand-outs. Select and obtain materials and supplies suchas textbooks and laboratory equipment. Supervisestudents’ laboratory work. Supervise undergraduateand/or graduate teaching, internship, and researchwork. Act as advisers to student organizations. Col-laborate with colleagues to address teaching andresearch issues. Conduct research in a particularfield of knowledge and publish findings in profes-sional journals, books, and/or electronic media. Par-ticipate in campus and community events.Participate in student recruitment, registration, andplacement activities. Perform administrative dutiessuch as serving as department head. Provide profes-sional consulting services to government and/orindustry. Serve on academic or administrative com-mittees that deal with institutional policies, depart-mental matters, and academic issues. Write grantproposals to procure external research funding.SKILLS—Science; Instructing; Writing; LearningStrategies; Reading Comprehension; Active Learn-ing; Critical Thinking; Complex Problem Solving;Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-

ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PoliticalScience Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers and

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Instructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Acoustics; Atomic/Molecular Physics; ElementaryParticle Physics; Nuclear Physics; Optics/OpticalSciences; Physics, General; Physics, Other; Plasmaand High-Temperature Physics; Solid State andLow-Temperature Physics; Theoretical and Mathe-matical Physics. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Physics; Education and Training;Mathematics; English Language; Administrationand Management; Chemistry.

Prosthodontists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 4.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $120,330

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 39.9%

) Part-Time: 22.3%

Construct oral prostheses to replace missing teethand other oral structures to correct natural andacquired deformation of mouth and jaws; torestore and maintain oral function, such as chew-ing and speaking; and to improve appearance.Repair, reline, and/or rebase dentures. Treat facialpain and jaw joint problems. Use bonding technol-ogy on the surface of the teeth in order to changetooth shape or to close gaps. Collaborate with gen-eral dentists, specialists, and other health profession-als in order to develop solutions to dental and oralhealth concerns. Design and fabricate dental pros-theses or supervise dental technicians and laborato-ry bench workers who construct the devices. Fitprostheses to patients, making any necessary adjust-

ments and modifications. Measure and take impres-sions of patients’ jaws and teeth in order to deter-mine the shape and size of dental prostheses, usingface bows, dental articulators, recording devices, andother materials. Replace missing teeth and associat-ed oral structures with permanent fixtures, such ascrowns and bridges, or removable fixtures, such asdentures. Restore function and aesthetics to trau-matic injury victims or to individuals with diseasesor birth defects. Bleach discolored teeth in order tobrighten and whiten them. Place veneers onto teethin order to conceal defects. SKILLS—Science;Technology Design; Reading Comprehension; Crit-ical Thinking; Judgment and Decision Making; Service Orientation; Equipment Selection; Mathe-matics; Active Learning; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.03. Dentistry. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Dental Assistants; DentalHygienists; Dentists, All Other Specialists; Dentists,General; Healthcare Support Workers, All Other;Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons; Orthodontists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Prosthodontics Specialty; Prosthodontics/Prostho-dontology (Cert, MS, PhD). RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Den-tistry; Chemistry; Biology; English Language;Design.

Psychiatrists) Personality Code: IA

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: $133,970

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

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Diagnose, treat, and help prevent disorders of themind. Analyze and evaluate patient data and test orexamination findings to diagnose nature and extentof mental disorder. Prescribe, direct, and administerpsychotherapeutic treatments or medications totreat mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders.Collaborate with physicians, psychologists, socialworkers, psychiatric nurses, or other professionals todiscuss treatment plans and progress. Gather andmaintain patient information and records, includ-ing social and medical history obtained frompatients, relatives, and other professionals. Counseloutpatients and other patients during office visits.Design individualized care plans, using a variety oftreatments. Examine or conduct laboratory or diag-nostic tests on patient to provide information ongeneral physical condition and mental disorder.Advise and inform guardians, relatives, and signifi-cant others of patients’ conditions and treatment.Review and evaluate treatment procedures and out-comes of other psychiatrists and medical profession-als. Teach, conduct research, and publish findings toincrease understanding of mental, emotional, andbehavioral states and disorders. Prepare and submitcase reports and summaries to government andmental health agencies. Serve on committees to pro-mote and maintain community mental health serv-ices and delivery systems. SKILLS—SocialPerceptiveness; Persuasion; Active Learning; Sci-ence; Active Listening; Negotiation; Critical Think-ing; Learning Strategies; Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists; PharmacyAides; Pharmacy Technicians; Physician Assistants;Physicians and Surgeons, All Other; RegisteredNurses; Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Child Psychiatry; Physical Medical and Rehabili-tation/Psychiatry; Psychiatry. RELATED

KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy andCounseling; Medicine and Dentistry; Psychology;Biology; Philosophy and Theology; Sociology andAnthropology.

Respiratory Therapists) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 34.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $41,150

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 15.5%

Assess, treat, and care for patients with breathingdisorders. Assume primary responsibility for allrespiratory care modalities, including the supervi-sion of respiratory therapy technicians. Initiate andconduct therapeutic procedures; maintain patientrecords; and select, assemble, check, and operateequipment. Set up and operate devices such asmechanical ventilators, therapeutic gas administra-tion apparatus, environmental control systems, andaerosol generators, following specified parameters oftreatment. Provide emergency care, including artifi-cial respiration, external cardiac massage, and assis-tance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Determine requirements for treatment, such as type,method, and duration of therapy; precautions to betaken; and medication and dosages, compatiblewith physicians’ orders. Monitor patient’s physio-logical responses to therapy, such as vital signs, arte-rial blood gases, and blood chemistry changes, andconsult with physician if adverse reactions occur.Read prescription, measure arterial blood gases, andreview patient information to assess patient condi-tion. Work as part of a team of physicians, nurses,and other health care professionals to managepatient care. Enforce safety rules and ensure carefuladherence to physicians’ orders. Maintain charts

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that contain patients’ pertinent identification andtherapy information. Inspect, clean, test, and main-tain respiratory therapy equipment to ensure equip-ment is functioning safely and efficiently, orderingrepairs when necessary. Educate patients and theirfamilies about their conditions and teach appropri-ate disease management techniques, such as breath-ing exercises and the use of medications andrespiratory equipment. Explain treatment proce-dures to patients to gain cooperation and allay fears.Relay blood analysis results to a physician. Performpulmonary function and adjust equipment toobtain optimum results in therapy. Perform bron-chopulmonary drainage and assist or instructpatients in performance of breathing exercises.Demonstrate respiratory care procedures to traineesand other health care personnel. Teach, train, super-vise, and utilize the assistance of students, respirato-ry therapy technicians, and assistants. Use a varietyof testing techniques to assist doctors in cardiac andpulmonary research and to diagnose disorders.Make emergency visits to resolve equipment prob-lems. Conduct tests, such as electrocardiograms,stress testing, and lung capacity tests, to evaluatepatients’ cardiopulmonary functions. SKILLS—Instructing; Science; Active Learning; Service Ori-entation; Time Management; ReadingComprehension; Troubleshooting; Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapist Assistants; OccupationalTherapists; Physical Therapist Aides; Physical Ther-apist Assistants; Physical Therapists; RadiationTherapists; Recreational Therapists; RespiratoryTherapy Technicians; Speech-Language Patholo-gists; Therapists, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Medicine and Dentistry; Psychology;Biology; Education and Training; Chemistry.

Surgeons) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: more than $145,600

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 16.9%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Treat diseases, injuries, and deformities by invasivemethods, such as manual manipulation or by usinginstruments and appliances. Analyze patient’s med-ical history, medication allergies, physical condition,and examination results to verify operation’s necessi-ty and to determine best procedure. Prescribe pre-operative and postoperative treatments andprocedures, such as sedatives, diets, antibiotics, andpreparation and treatment of the patient’s operativearea. Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, assis-tants, specialists, residents, and other medical staff.Examine patient to provide information on medicalcondition and surgical risk. Follow established sur-gical techniques during the operation. Operate onpatients to correct deformities, repair injuries, pre-vent and treat diseases, or improve or restorepatients’ functions. Refer patient to medical special-ist or other practitioners when necessary. Conductresearch to develop and test surgical techniques thatcan improve operating procedures and outcomes.Examine instruments, equipment, and operatingroom to ensure sterility. Manage surgery services,including planning, scheduling, and coordination;determination of procedures; and procurement ofsupplies and equipment. Prepare case histories. Pro-vide consultation and surgical assistance to otherphysicians and surgeons. Diagnose bodily disordersand orthopedic conditions and provide treatmentssuch as medicines and surgeries in clinics, hospitalwards, and operating rooms. SKILLS—Science;Management of Personnel Resources; Systems Eval-uation; Judgment and Decision Making; Systems

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Analysis; Reading Comprehension; Operation andControl; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists; PharmacyAides; Pharmacy Technicians; Physician Assistants;Physicians and Surgeons, All Other; Psychiatrists;Registered Nurses; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Adult Reconstructive Orthopedics (OrthopedicSurgery); Colon and Rectal Surgery; Critical CareSurgery; General Surgery; Hand Surgery; Neurolog-ical Surgery/Neurosurgery; Orthopedic Surgery ofthe Spine; Orthopedics/Orthopedic Surgery; Oto-laryngology; Pediatric Orthopedics; PediatricSurgery; Plastic Surgery; Sports Medicine; ThoracicSurgery; Urology; Vascular Surgery. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Den-tistry; Biology; Chemistry; Administration andManagement; Therapy and Counseling; Physics;Psychology.

Veterinarians) Personality Code: IR

) Growth: 25.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $64,750

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 27.7%

) Part-Time: 10.6%

Diagnose and treat diseases and dysfunctions ofanimals. May engage in a particular function, suchas research and development, consultation, admin-

istration, technical writing, sale or production ofcommercial products, or rendering of technicalservices to commercial firms or other organiza-tions. Includes veterinarians who inspect livestock.Examine animals to detect and determine the natureof diseases or injuries. Treat sick or injured animalsby prescribing medication, setting bones, dressingwounds, or performing surgery. Inoculate animalsagainst various diseases such as rabies and distemper.Collect body tissue, feces, blood, urine, or otherbody fluids for examination and analysis. Operatediagnostic equipment such as radiographic andultrasound equipment and interpret the resultingimages. Advise animal owners regarding sanitarymeasures, feeding, and general care necessary to pro-mote health of animals. Educate the public aboutdiseases that can be spread from animals to humans.Train and supervise workers who handle and carefor animals. Provide care to a wide range of animalsor specialize in a particular species, such as horses orexotic birds. Euthanize animals. Establish and con-duct quarantine and testing procedures that preventthe spread of diseases to other animals or to humansand that comply with applicable government regu-lations. Conduct postmortem studies and analysesto determine the causes of animals’ deaths. Performadministrative duties such as scheduling appoint-ments, accepting payments from clients, and main-taining business records. Direct the overalloperations of animal hospitals, clinics, or mobileservices to farms. Drive mobile clinic vans to farmsso that health problems can be treated and/or pre-vented. Specialize in a particular type of treatmentsuch as dentistry, pathology, nutrition, surgery,microbiology, or internal medicine. Inspect and testhorses, sheep, poultry, and other animals to detectthe presence of communicable diseases. Plan andexecute animal nutrition and reproduction pro-grams. Research diseases to which animals could besusceptible. Inspect animal housing facilities todetermine their cleanliness and adequacy. Deter-mine the effects of drug therapies, antibiotics, ornew surgical techniques by testing them on animals.SKILLS—Science; Instructing; Management ofFinancial Resources; Reading Comprehension;

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Active Learning; Service Orientation; ComplexProblem Solving; Judgment and Decision Making;Time Management; Management of PersonnelResources.

GOE—Interest Area: 03. Plants and Animals.Work Group: 03.02. Animal Care and Training.Other Jobs in This Work Group: AgriculturalWorkers, All Other; Animal Breeders; AnimalTrainers; Nonfarm Animal Caretakers; VeterinaryAssistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers; Vet-erinary Technologists and Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Comparative and Laboratory Animal Medicine(Cert, MS, PhD); Laboratory Animal Medicine;Large Animal/Food Animal and Equine Surgeryand Medicine (Cert, MS, PhD); Small/CompanionAnimal Surgery and Medicine (Cert, MS, PhD);Theriogenology; Veterinary Anatomy (Cert, MS,PhD); Veterinary Anesthesiology; Veterinary Bio-medical and Clinical Sciences, Other (Cert, MS,PhD); Veterinary Dentistry; Veterinary Dermatol-

ogy; Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medi-cine; Veterinary Infectious Diseases (Cert, MS,PhD); Veterinary Internal Medicine; VeterinaryMedicine (DVM); Veterinary Microbiology; Veteri-nary Microbiology and Immunobiology (Cert, MS,PhD); Veterinary Nutrition; Veterinary Ophthal-mology; Veterinary Pathology; Veterinary Pathologyand Pathobiology (Cert, MS, PhD); VeterinaryPhysiology (Cert, MS, PhD); Veterinary Practice;Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Veterinary Preven-tive Medicine Epidemiology and Public Health(Cert, MS, PhD); Veterinary Radiology; VeterinaryResidency Programs, Other; Veterinary Sciences/Veterinary Clinical Sciences, General(Cert, MS, PhD); Veterinary Surgery; VeterinaryToxicology; Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacolo-gy (Cert, MS, PhD); Zoological Medicine. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine andDentistry; Biology; Customer and Personal Service;Chemistry; Sales and Marketing; Education andTraining.

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Actors) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 17.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,460

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 17.4%

) Part-Time: 28.2%

Play parts in stage, television, radio, video, ormotion picture productions for entertainment,information, or instruction. Interpret serious orcomic role by speech, gesture, and body movementto entertain or inform audience. May dance andsing. Attend auditions and casting calls in order toaudition for roles. Collaborate with other actors aspart of an ensemble. Learn about characters inscripts and their relationships to each other in orderto develop role interpretations. Perform humorousand serious interpretations of emotions, actions, andsituations, using body movements, facial expres-sions, and gestures. Portray and interpret roles,using speech, gestures, and body movements inorder to entertain, inform, or instruct radio, film,television, or live audiences. Sing and/or dance dur-ing dramatic or comedic performances. Study andrehearse roles from scripts in order to interpret,learn, and memorize lines, stunts, and cues as direct-ed. Work closely with directors, other actors, andplaywrights to find the interpretation most suited tothe role. Manipulate strings, wires, rods, or fingersto animate puppets or dummies in synchronizationwith talking, singing, or recorded programs. Per-form original and stock tricks of illusion to entertainand mystify audiences, occasionally including audi-

ence members as participants. Promote productionsusing means such as interviews about plays ormovies. Read from scripts or books to narrate actionor to inform or entertain audiences, utilizing few orno stage props. Tell jokes; perform comic dances,songs and skits; impersonate mannerisms and voic-es of others; contort face; and use other devices toamuse audiences. Work with other crewmembersresponsible for lighting, costumes, makeup, andprops. Write original or adapted material for dra-mas, comedies, puppet shows, narration, or otherperformances. Construct puppets and ventriloquistdummies and sew accessory clothing, using handtools and machines. Dress in comical clown cos-tumes and makeup and perform comedy routines toentertain audiences. Introduce performances andperformers in order to stimulate excitement andcoordinate smooth transition of acts during events.Prepare and perform action stunts for motion pic-ture, television, or stage productions. SKILLS—Speaking; Monitoring; Social Perceptiveness;Repairing; Coordination; Active Learning; ReadingComprehension; Equipment Maintenance.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Choreographers;Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage, MotionPictures, Television, and Radio; Entertainers andPerformers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other;Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; Music Direc-tors; Music Directors and Composers; Musiciansand Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Singers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Acting; Directing and Theatrical Production;Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dra-matic/Theatre Arts and Stagecraft, Other. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts;Communications and Media; English Language.

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Advertising andPromotions Managers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 25.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 13,000

) Annual Earnings: $60,350

) Education/Training Required: Work expe-rience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 2.4%

) Part-Time: 7.5%

Plan and direct advertising policies and programsor produce collateral materials, such as posters,contests, coupons, or give-aways, to create extrainterest in the purchase of a product or service fora department, an entire organization, or on anaccount basis. Prepare budgets and submit esti-mates for program costs as part of campaign plandevelopment. Plan and prepare advertising and pro-motional material to increase sales of products orservices, working with customers, company officials,sales departments and advertising agencies. Assistwith annual budget development. Inspect layoutsand advertising copy and edit scripts, audio andvideo tapes, and other promotional material foradherence to specifications. Coordinate activities ofdepartments, such as sales, graphic arts, media,finance, and research. Prepare and negotiate adver-tising and sales contracts. Identify and develop con-tacts for promotional campaigns and industryprograms that meet identified buyer targets such asdealers, distributors, or consumers. Gather andorganize information to plan advertising campaigns.Confer with department heads and/or staff to dis-cuss topics such as contracts, selection of advertisingmedia, or product to be advertised. Confer withclients to provide marketing or technical advice.Monitor and analyze sales promotion results todetermine cost effectiveness of promotion cam-paigns. Read trade journals and professional litera-

ture to stay informed on trends, innovations, andchanges that affect media planning. Formulate plansto extend business with established accounts and totransact business as agent for advertising accounts.Provide presentation and product demonstrationsupport during the introduction of new productsand services to field staff and customers. Direct,motivate, and monitor the mobilization of a cam-paign team to advance campaign goals. Plan andexecute advertising policies and strategies for organ-izations. Track program budgets and expenses andcampaign response rates to evaluate each campaignbased on program objectives and industry norms.Assemble and communicate with a strong, diversecoalition of organizations and/or public figures,securing their cooperation, support and action, tofurther campaign goals. Train and direct workersengaged in developing and producing advertise-ments. Coordinate with the media to disseminateadvertising. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Man-agement of Financial Resources; Persuasion; Negotiation; Time Management; Coordination;Management of Personnel Resources; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.01. Managerial Work in Sales andMarketing. Other Jobs in This Work Group: First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail SalesWorkers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers of RetailSales Workers; Marketing Managers; Sales Man-agers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Advertising; Marketing/Marketing Management,General; Public Relations/Image Management.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Salesand Marketing; Customer and Personal Service;Communications and Media; Production and Pro-cessing; Design; Clerical Studies.

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Architects, ExceptLandscape and Naval) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 17.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,950

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 21.4%

) Part-Time: 5.5%

Plan and design structures, such as private resi-dences, office buildings, theaters, factories, andother structural property. Prepare informationregarding design, structure specifications, materials,color, equipment, estimated costs, and constructiontime. Consult with client to determine functionaland spatial requirements of structure. Direct activi-ties of workers engaged in preparing drawings andspecification documents. Plan layout of project. Pre-pare contract documents for building contractors.Prepare scale drawings. Integrate engineering ele-ment into unified design. Conduct periodic on-siteobservation of work during construction to monitorcompliance with plans. Administer constructioncontracts. Represent client in obtaining bids andawarding construction contracts. SKILLS—Opera-tions Analysis; Management of Financial Resources;Coordination; Management of PersonnelResources; Negotiation; Complex Problem Solving;Persuasion; Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Biomedical Engineers;Chemical Engineers; Civil Engineers; ComputerHardware Engineers; Computer Software Engi-neers, Applications; Computer Software Engineers,Systems Software; Electrical Engineers; ElectronicsEngineers, Except Computer; Engineers, All Other;

Environmental Engineers; Fire-Prevention and Pro-tection Engineers; Health and Safety Engineers,Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors;Industrial Engineers; Industrial Safety and HealthEngineers; Landscape Architects; Marine Architects;Marine Engineers; Marine Engineers and NavalArchitects; Materials Engineers; Mechanical Engi-neers; Mining and Geological Engineers, IncludingMining Safety Engineers; Nuclear Engineers; Petro-leum Engineers; Product Safety Engineers; SalesEngineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Architectural History and Criticism, General;Architecture (BArch, BA/BS, MArch, MA/MS,PhD); Architecture and Related Services, Other;Environmental Design/Architecture. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Design; Engineering and Technology;Law and Government; Public Safety and Security;Fine Arts.

Art Directors) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 11.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $62,260

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 53.6%

) Part-Time: 23.1%

Formulate design concepts and presentationapproaches, and direct workers engaged in artwork, layout design, and copy writing for visualcommunications media, such as magazines, books,newspapers, and packaging. Formulate basic layoutdesign or presentation approach, and specify mate-rial details, such as style and size of type, photo-graphs, graphics, animation, video and sound.

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Review and approve proofs of printed copy and artand copy materials developed by staff members.Manage own accounts and projects, working withinbudget and scheduling requirements. Confer withcreative, art, copy-writing, or production depart-ment heads to discuss client requirements and pres-entation concepts, and to coordinate creativeactivities. Present final layouts to clients forapproval. Confer with clients to determine objec-tives, budget, background information, and presen-tation approaches, styles, and techniques. Hire,train and direct staff members who develop designconcepts into art layouts or who prepare layouts forprinting. Work with creative directors to developdesign solutions. Review illustrative material todetermine if it conforms to standards and specifica-tions. Attend photo shoots and printing sessions toensure that the products needed are obtained. Cre-ate custom illustrations or other graphic elements.Mark up, paste, and complete layouts, and writetypography instructions to prepare materials fortypesetting or printing. Negotiate with printers andestimators to determine what services will be per-formed. Conceptualize and help design interfacesfor multimedia games, products and devices.SKILLS—Coordination; Negotiation; Persuasion;Service Orientation; Management of FinancialResources; Instructing; Time Management; Opera-tions Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.01. Managerial Work inArts, Entertainment, and Media. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Agents and Business Managersof Artists, Performers, and Athletes; Athletes andSports Competitors; Coaches and Scouts; Enter-tainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers,All Other; Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors;Producers; Producers and Directors; Program Direc-tors; Technical Directors/Managers; Umpires, Ref-erees, and Other Sports Officials.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Graphic Design; Intermedia/Multimedia. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design; FineArts; Computers and Electronics; Communications

and Media; Production and Processing; Customerand Personal Service; Education and Training.

Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $47,980

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in drama, music, and the arts,including fine and applied art, such as paintingand sculpture or design and crafts. Serve on aca-demic or administrative committees that deal withinstitutional policies, departmental matters, andacademic issues. Write grant proposals to procureexternal research funding. Evaluate and grade stu-dents’ class work, performances, projects, assign-ments, and papers. Prepare and deliver lectures toundergraduate and/or graduate students on topicssuch as acting techniques, fundamentals of music,and art history. Advise students on academic andvocational curricula, and on career issues. Compile,administer, and grade examinations, or assign thiswork to others. Compile bibliographies of special-ized materials for outside reading assignments.Explain and demonstrate artistic techniques. Initi-ate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.Keep abreast of developments in their field by read-ing current literature, talking with colleagues, andparticipating in professional conferences. Maintainregularly scheduled office hours in order to adviseand assist students. Maintain student attendance

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records, grades, and other required records. Plan,evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, andcourse materials and methods of instruction. Pre-pare course materials such as syllabi, homeworkassignments, and handouts. Prepare students forperformances, exams, or assessments. Select andobtain materials and supplies such as textbooks andperformance pieces. Supervise undergraduateand/or graduate teaching, internship, and researchwork. Act as advisers to student organizations. Col-laborate with colleagues to address teaching andresearch issues. Conduct research in a particularfield of knowledge, and publish findings in profes-sional journals, books, and/or electronic media. Dis-play students’ work in schools, galleries, andexhibitions. Keep students informed of communityevents such as plays and concerts. Organize per-formance groups, and direct their rehearsals. Partic-ipate in campus and community events. Participatein student recruitment, registration, and placementactivities. Perform administrative duties such asserving as department head. Provide professionalconsulting services to government and/or industry.SKILLS—Instructing; Learning Strategies; Writing;Speaking; Reading Comprehension; Complex Prob-lem Solving; Time Management; Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Education

Teachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art History, Criticism and Conservation; Art/Art

______________________________________Artistic Jobs: Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary

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Studies, General; Arts Management; Ceramic Artsand Ceramics; Cinematography and Film/VideoProduction; Commercial Photography; Conduct-ing; Crafts/Craft Design, Folk Art and Artisanry;Dance, General; Design and Applied Arts, Other;Design and Visual Communications, General;Directing and Theatrical Production; Drama andDramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dramatic/The-atre Arts and Stagecraft, Other; Fashion/ApparelDesign; Fiber, Textile and Weaving Arts; Film/Cin-ema Studies; Film/Video and Photographic Arts,Other; Fine Arts and Art Studies, Other; Fine/Stu-dio Arts, General; Graphic Design; IndustrialDesign; Interior Design; Intermedia/Multimedia;Jazz/Jazz Studies; Metal and Jewelry Arts; MusicHistory, Literature, and Theory; Music Manage-ment and Merchandising; Music Pedagogy; MusicPerformance, General; Music Theory and Compo-sition; Music, Other; Musicology and Ethnomusi-cology; Painting; Photography; Piano and Organ;Playwriting and Screenwriting; Printmaking; Sculp-ture; Technical Theatre/Theatre Design and Tech-nology; Theatre Literature, History and Criticism;Theatre/Theatre Arts Management; Violin, Viola,Guitar and Other Stringed Instruments; Visual andPerforming Arts, General; Visual and PerformingArts, Other; Voice and Opera. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Educa-tion and Training; English Language; Communica-tions and Media; Administration and Management;Clerical Studies.

Broadcast NewsAnalysts) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 6.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,240

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 6.3%

) Part-Time: 14.4%

Analyze, interpret, and broadcast news receivedfrom various sources. Analyze and interpret newsand information received from various sources inorder to be able to broadcast the information. Editnews material to ensure that it fits within availabletime or space. Examine news items of local, nation-al, and international significance in order to deter-mine topics to address, or obtain assignments fromeditorial staff members. Gather information anddevelop perspectives about news subjects throughresearch, interviews, observation, and experience.Select material most pertinent to presentation, andorganize this material into appropriate formats.Write commentaries, columns, or scripts, usingcomputers. Coordinate and serve as an anchor onnews broadcast programs. Present news stories, andintroduce in-depth videotaped segments or livetransmissions from on-the-scene reporters.SKILLS—Writing; Speaking; Reading Comprehen-sion; Active Listening; Critical Thinking; ActiveLearning; Social Perceptiveness; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.03. News, Broadcastingand Public Relations. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Caption Writers; Interpreters and Transla-tors; Public Relations Specialists; Reporters andCorrespondents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Journalism; Political Com-

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munication; Radio and Television. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communicationsand Media; English Language; Telecommunica-tions; Computers and Electronics; Geography; Soci-ology and Anthropology.

Camera Operators,Television, Video, andMotion Picture) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 13.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,330

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 23.8%

) Part-Time: 20.4%

Operate television, video, or motion picture cam-era to photograph images or scenes for variouspurposes, such as TV broadcasts, advertising,video production, or motion pictures. Operate tel-evision or motion picture cameras to record scenesfor television broadcasts, advertising, or motion pic-tures. Compose and frame each shot, applying thetechnical aspects of light, lenses, film, filters, andcamera settings in order to achieve the effects soughtby directors. Operate zoom lenses, changing imagesaccording to specifications and rehearsal instruc-tions. Use cameras in any of several different cameramounts such as stationary, track-mounted, or crane-mounted. Test, clean, and maintain equipment toensure proper working condition. Adjust positionsand controls of cameras, printers, and related equip-ment in order to change focus, exposure, and light-ing. Gather and edit raw footage on location to sendto television affiliates for broadcast, using electronicnews-gathering or film-production equipment.

Confer with directors, sound and lighting techni-cians, electricians, and other crew members to dis-cuss assignments and determine filming sequences,desired effects, camera movements, and lightingrequirements. Observe sets or locations for potentialproblems and to determine filming and lightingrequirements. Instruct camera operators regardingcamera setups, angles, distances, movement, andvariables and cues for starting and stopping filming.Select and assemble cameras, accessories, equip-ment, and film stock to be used during filming,using knowledge of filming techniques, require-ments, and computations. Label and record con-tents of exposed film, and note details on reportforms. Read charts and compute ratios to determinevariables such as lighting, shutter angles, filter fac-tors, and camera distances. Set up cameras, opticalprinters, and related equipment to produce photo-graphs and special effects. View films to resolveproblems of exposure control, subject and cameramovement, changes in subject distance, and relatedvariables. Reload camera magazines with fresh rawfilm stock. Read and analyze work orders and spec-ifications to determine locations of subject material,work procedures, sequences of operations, andmachine setups. Receive raw film stock, and main-tain film inventories. SKILLS—Equipment Main-tenance; Troubleshooting; Operation Monitoring;Coordination; Operation and Control; Active Lis-tening; Time Management; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.08. Media Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Audio and VideoEquipment Technicians; Broadcast Technicians;Film and Video Editors; Media and Communica-tion Equipment Workers, All Other; Photogra-phers; Professional Photographers; RadioOperators; Sound Engineering Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Audiovisual Communications Technologies/Tech-nicians, Other; Cinematography and Film/VideoProduction; Radio and Television BroadcastingTechnology/Technician. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Communications and Media;

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Computers and Electronics; Telecommunications;Customer and Personal Service; Sales and Market-ing; Fine Arts.

Caption Writers) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 16.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 23,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,330

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 67.9%

) Part-Time: 24.2%

Write caption phrases of dialogue for hearing-impaired and foreign language–speaking viewersof movie or television productions. Writes captionsto describe music and background noises. Watchesproduction and reviews captions simultaneously todetermine which caption phrases require editing.Enters commands to synchronize captions with dia-logue and place on the screen. Translates foreignlanguage dialogue into English language captions orEnglish dialogue into foreign language captions.Operates computerized captioning system formovies or television productions for hearing-impaired and foreign language speaking viewers.Oversees encoding of captions to master tape of tel-evision production. Discusses captions with direc-tors or producers of movie and televisionproductions. Edits translations for correctness ofgrammar, punctuation, and clarity of expression.SKILLS—Writing; Reading Comprehension;Operation and Control; Management of FinancialResources.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.03. News, Broadcastingand Public Relations. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Broadcast News Analysts; Interpreters and

Translators; Public Relations Specialists; Reportersand Correspondents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Business/Corporate Com-munications; Communication Studies/SpeechCommunication and Rhetoric; Communication,Journalism, and Related Programs, Other; CreativeWriting; English Composition; Family and Con-sumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communication;Journalism; Mass Communication/Media Studies;Playwriting and Screenwriting; Technical and Busi-ness Writing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Foreign Language; Communicationsand Media; English Language; Computers andElectronics; Telecommunications.

Cartoonists) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 16.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,420

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 55.5%

) Part-Time: 23.1%

Create original artwork using any of a wide varietyof mediums and techniques, such as painting andsculpture. Sketches and submits cartoon or anima-tion for approval. Develops personal ideas for car-toons, comic strips, or animations, or reads writtenmaterial to develop ideas. Makes changes and cor-rections to cartoon, comic strip, or animation asnecessary. Creates and prepares sketches and modeldrawings of characters, providing details frommemory, live models, manufactured products, orreference material. Renders sequential drawings ofcharacters or other subject material which whenphotographed and projected at specific speed

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becomes animated. Develops color patterns andmoods and paints background layouts to dramatizeaction for animated cartoon scenes. Discusses ideasfor cartoons, comic strips, or animations with editoror publisher’s representative. Labels each sectionwith designated colors when colors are used.SKILLS—Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Artists and Related Workers,All Other; Commercial and Industrial Designers;Designers, All Other; Exhibit Designers; FashionDesigners; Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculp-tors, and Illustrators; Floral Designers; GraphicDesigners; Interior Designers; Merchandise Display-ers and Window Trimmers; Multi-Media Artists andAnimators; Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors; Setand Exhibit Designers; Set Designers; Sketch Artists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art/Art Studies, General; Drawing; Fine Arts andArt Studies, Other; Fine/Studio Arts, General;Intermedia/Multimedia; Medical Illustration/Medical Illustrator; Painting; Visual and PerformingArts, General. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Communications andMedia; Sales and Marketing; Design; Telecommuni-cations.

Choreographers) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 15.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 3,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,030

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 16.7%

) Part-Time: 33.8%

Create and teach dance. May direct and stage pre-sentations. Determines dance movements designed

to suggest story, interpret emotion, or enliven show.Studies story line and music to envision and devisedance movements. Directs and stages dance presen-tations for various forms of entertainment. Audi-tions performers for one or more dance parts.Instructs cast in dance movements at rehearsals toachieve desired effect. Creates original dance rou-tines for ballets, musicals, or other forms of enter-tainment. SKILLS—Instructing; Coordination;Monitoring; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Com-posers; Dancers; Directors—Stage, Motion Pic-tures, Television, and Radio; Entertainers andPerformers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other;Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; Music Direc-tors; Music Directors and Composers; Musiciansand Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Singers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Dance, General; Dance, Other. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Commu-nications and Media; Personnel and HumanResources; Education and Training; Sociology andAnthropology.

Commercial andIndustrial Designers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 14.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,320

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 31.0%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

______________________________________________Artistic Jobs: Commercial and Industrial Designers

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Develop and design manufactured products, suchas cars, home appliances, and children’s toys. Com-bine artistic talent with research on product use,marketing, and materials to create the most func-tional and appealing product design. Direct andcoordinate the fabrication of models or samples andthe drafting of working drawings and specificationsheets from sketches. Modify and refine designs,using working models, to conform with customerspecifications, production limitations, or changes indesign trends. Prepare sketches of ideas, detaileddrawings, illustrations, artwork, and/or blueprints,using drafting instruments, paints and brushes, orcomputer-aided design equipment. Present designsand reports to customers or design committees forapproval, and discuss need for modification. Readpublications, attend showings, and study competingproducts and design styles and motifs to obtain per-spective and generate design concepts. Advise cor-porations on issues involving corporate imageprojects or problems. Evaluate feasibility of designideas, based on factors such as appearance, safety,function, serviceability, budget, productioncosts/methods, and market characteristics. Fabricatemodels or samples in paper, wood, glass, fabric, plas-tic, metal, or other materials, using hand and/orpower tools. Research production specifications,costs, production materials and manufacturingmethods, and provide cost estimates and itemizedproduction requirements. Supervise assistants’ workthroughout the design process. Develop industrialstandards and regulatory guidelines. Confer withengineering, marketing, production, and/or salesdepartments, or with customers, to establish andevaluate design concepts for manufactured prod-ucts. Coordinate the look and function of productlines. Design graphic material for use as ornamenta-tion, illustration, or advertising on manufacturedmaterials and packaging or containers. Developmanufacturing procedures and monitor the manu-facture of their designs in a factory to improve oper-ations and product quality. Investigate productcharacteristics such as the product’s safety and han-dling qualities, its market appeal, how efficiently itcan be produced, and ways of distributing, using

and maintaining it. Participate in new product plan-ning or market research, including studying thepotential need for new products. SKILLS—Opera-tions Analysis; Management of Financial Resources;Active Learning; Equipment Selection; Persuasion;Systems Analysis; Systems Evaluation; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Designers, AllOther; Exhibit Designers; Fashion Designers; FineArtists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustra-tors; Floral Designers; Graphic Designers; InteriorDesigners; Merchandise Displayers and WindowTrimmers; Multi-Media Artists and Animators;Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors; Set and ExhibitDesigners; Set Designers; Sketch Artists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Commercial and Advertising Art; Design andApplied Arts, Other; Design and Visual Communi-cations, General; Industrial Design. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design; Fine Arts;Production and Processing; Sales and Marketing;English Language; Communications and Media.

Composers) Personality Code: A

) Growth: 13.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $32,530

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 39.3%

) Part-Time: 39.5%

Compose music for orchestra, choral group, orband. Creates original musical form or writes with-in circumscribed musical form, such as sonata, sym-phony, or opera. Transcribes or records musical ideas

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into notes on scored music paper. Develops patternof harmony, applying knowledge of music theory.Synthesizes ideas for melody of musical scores forchoral group, or band. Creates musical and tonalstructure, applying elements of music theory, suchas instrumental and vocal capabilities. Determinesbasic pattern of melody, applying knowledge ofmusic theory. SKILLS—Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Dancers; Directors—Stage, Motion Pic-tures, Television, and Radio; Entertainers andPerformers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other;Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; Music Direc-tors; Music Directors and Composers; Musiciansand Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Singers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Conducting; Music Management and Merchandis-ing; Music Performance, General; Music Theoryand Composition; Music, Other; Musicology andEthnomusicology; Religious/Sacred Music; Voiceand Opera. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Fine Arts; History and Archeology.

Copy Writers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 16.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 23,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,330

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 67.9%

) Part-Time: 24.2%

Write advertising copy for use by publication orbroadcast media to promote sale of goods and serv-

ices. Write advertising copy for use by publication,broadcast or internet media to promote the sale ofgoods and services. Present drafts and ideas toclients. Discuss with the client the product, adver-tising themes and methods, and any changes thatshould be made in advertising copy. Vary languageand tone of messages based on product and medi-um. Consult with sales, media and marketing repre-sentatives to obtain information on product orservice and discuss style and length of advertisingcopy. Edit or rewrite existing copy as necessary, andsubmit copy for approval by supervisor. Write tocustomers in their terms and on their level so thatthe advertiser’s sales message is more readilyreceived. Write articles, bulletins, sales letters,speeches, and other related informative, marketingand promotional material. Invent names for prod-ucts and write the slogans that appear on packaging,brochures and other promotional material. Reviewadvertising trends, consumer surveys, and other dataregarding marketing of goods and services to deter-mine the best way to promote products. Developadvertising campaigns for a wide range of clients,working with an advertising agency’s creative direc-tor and art director to determine the best way topresent advertising information. Conduct researchand interviews to determine which of a product’sselling features should be promoted. SKILLS—Per-suasion; Time Management; Instructing; Coordina-tion; Negotiation; Technology Design; CriticalThinking; Active Listening.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.02. Writing and Editing.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Creative Writers;Editors; Media and Communication Workers, AllOther; Poets and Lyricists; Technical Writers; Writ-ers and Authors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Business/Corporate Com-munications; Communication Studies/SpeechCommunication and Rhetoric; Communication,Journalism, and Related Programs, Other; CreativeWriting; English Composition; Family and Con-sumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communication;

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Journalism; Mass Communication/Media Studies;Playwriting and Screenwriting; Technical and Busi-ness Writing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Communica-tions and Media; Sociology and Anthropology;English Language; Computers and Electronics;Administration and Management.

Costume Attendants) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 27.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 66,000

) Annual Earnings: $25,410

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 51.9%

Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast mem-bers, and aid entertainers. Arrange costumes inorder of use to facilitate quick-change proceduresfor performances. Assign lockers to employees, andmaintain locker rooms, dressing rooms, wig rooms,and costume storage and laundry areas. Care fornon-clothing items such as flags, table skirts, anddraperies. Check the appearance of costumes on-stage and under lights in order to determinewhether desired effects are being achieved. Cleanand press costumes before and after performances,and perform any minor repairs. Collaborate withproduction designers, costume designers, and otherproduction staff in order to discuss and execute cos-tume design details. Create worksheets for dressinglists, show notes, and costume checks. Distributecostumes and related equipment, and keep recordsof item status. Examine costume fit on cast mem-bers, and sketch or write notes for alterations.Inventory stock in order to determine types andconditions of available costuming. Monitor, main-

tain, and secure inventories of costumes, wigs, andmakeup, providing keys or access to assigned direc-tors, costume designers, and wardrobemistresses/masters. Provide assistance to cast mem-bers in wearing costumes, or assign cast dressers toassist specific cast members with costume changes.Return borrowed or rented items when productionsare complete and return other items to storage.Design and construct costumes or send them to tai-lors for construction, major repairs, or alterations.Direct the work of wardrobe crews during dressrehearsals and performances. Participate in the hir-ing, training, scheduling, and supervision of alter-ation workers. Provide managers with budgetrecommendations, and take responsibility for budg-etary line items related to costumes, storage, andmakeup needs. Purchase, rent, or requisition cos-tumes and other wardrobe necessities. Recommendvendors and monitor their work. Review scripts orother production information in order to determinea story’s locale and period, as well as the number ofcharacters and required costumes. Study books, pic-tures, and examples of period clothing in order todetermine styles worn during specific periods in history. SKILLS—Management of FinancialResources; Management of Material Resources;Repairing.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.09. Modeling and Person-al Appearance. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Entertainers and Performers, Sports and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Makeup Artists, Theatrical andPerformance; Models.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Design; Sociology andAnthropology; Geography; History and Archeology.

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Creative Writers) Personality Code: A

) Growth: 16.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 23,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,330

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 67.9%

) Part-Time: 24.2%

Create original written works, such as plays orprose, for publication or performance. Writes fic-tion or nonfiction prose work, such as short story,novel, biography, article, descriptive or criticalanalysis, or essay. Writes play or script for movingpictures or television, based on original ideas oradapted from fictional, historical, or narrativesources. Organizes material for project, plansarrangement or outline, and writes synopsis. Col-laborates with other writers on specific projects.Confers with client, publisher, or producer to dis-cuss development changes or revisions. Conductsresearch to obtain factual information and authenticdetail, utilizing sources such as newspaper accounts,diaries, and interviews. Reviews, submits forapproval, and revises written material to meet per-sonal standards and satisfy needs of client, publish-er, director, or producer. Selects subject or theme forwriting project based on personal interest and writ-ing specialty, or assignment from publisher, client,producer, or director. Develops factors, such astheme, plot, characterization, psychological analysis,historical environment, action, and dialogue, to cre-ate material. Writes humorous material for publica-tion or performance, such as comedy routines, gags,comedy shows, or scripts for entertainers.SKILLS—Writing; Reading Comprehension;Coordination; Critical Thinking; Complex ProblemSolving; Social Perceptiveness; Monitoring; Negoti-ation.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.02. Writing and Editing.

Other Jobs in This Work Group: Copy Writers;Editors; Media and Communication Workers, AllOther; Poets and Lyricists; Technical Writers; Writ-ers and Authors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Business/Corporate Com-munications; Communication Studies/SpeechCommunication and Rhetoric; Communication,Journalism, and Related Programs, Other; CreativeWriting; English Composition; Family and Con-sumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communication;Journalism; Mass Communication/Media Studies;Playwriting and Screenwriting; Technical and Busi-ness Writing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—English Language; Communicationsand Media; Fine Arts; Sociology and Anthropology;Computers and Electronics.

Curators) Personality Code: AI

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,660

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.4%

) Part-Time: 11.8%

Administer affairs of museum and conductresearch programs. Direct instructional, research,and public service activities of institution. Plan andorganize the acquisition, storage, and exhibition ofcollections and related materials, including theselection of exhibition themes and designs. Developand maintain an institution’s registration, cata-loging, and basic record-keeping systems, usingcomputer databases. Provide information from theinstitution’s holdings to other curators and to thepublic. Inspect premises to assess the need forrepairs and to ensure that climate and pest-control

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issues are addressed. Train and supervise curatorial,fiscal, technical, research, and clerical staff, as well asvolunteers or interns. Negotiate and authorize pur-chase, sale, exchange, or loan of collections. Planand conduct special research projects in area ofinterest or expertise. Conduct or organize tours,workshops, and instructional sessions to acquaintindividuals with an institution’s facilities and mate-rials. Confer with the board of directors to formu-late and interpret policies, to determine budgetrequirements, and to plan overall operations. Attendmeetings, conventions, and civic events to promoteuse of institution’s services, to seek financing, and tomaintain community alliances. Schedule events,and organize details including refreshment, enter-tainment, decorations, and the collection of anyfees. Write and review grant proposals, journal arti-cles, institutional reports, and publicity materials.Study, examine, and test acquisitions to authenticatetheir origin, composition, history, and to assess theircurrent value. Arrange insurance coverage forobjects on loan or for special exhibits, and recom-mend changes in coverage for the entire collection.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Management of Personnel Resources; Time Man-agement; Persuasion; Writing; Negotiation; ServiceOrientation; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and Law

Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Education Teachers, Post-secondary; Education, Training, and Library Work-ers, All Other; Educational Psychologists;Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors;Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Educa-tion; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary; EnglishLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Farm and Home Management Advisors; ForeignLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary;Graduate Teaching Assistants; Health SpecialtiesTeachers, Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary;Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education;Law Teachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; LibraryAssistants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Middle SchoolTeachers, Except Special and Vocational Education;Museum Technicians and Conservators; Nannies;Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary;Personal Financial Advisors; Philosophy and Reli-gion Teachers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers,Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art History, Criticism and Conservation; Museolo-gy/Museum Studies; Public/Applied History and Archival Administration. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies;History and Archeology; Fine Arts; Sociology andAnthropology; Philosophy and Theology; Educa-tion and Training.

Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures,Television, and Radio) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,200

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 32.8%

) Part-Time: 9.1%

Interpret script, conduct rehearsals, and directactivities of cast and technical crew for stage,motion pictures, television, or radio programs.Direct live broadcasts, films and recordings, or non-broadcast programming for public entertainment oreducation. Supervise and coordinate the work ofcamera, lighting, design, and sound crewmembers.Study and research scripts in order to determinehow they should be directed. Cut and edit film ortape in order to integrate component parts intodesired sequences. Collaborate with film and soundeditors during the post-production process as filmsare edited and soundtracks are added. Confer withtechnical directors, managers, crew members, andwriters to discuss details of production, such as pho-tography, script, music, sets, and costumes. Plandetails such as framing, composition, camera move-

ment, sound, and actor movement for each shot orscene. Communicate to actors the approach, char-acterization, and movement needed for each scenein such a way that rehearsals and takes are mini-mized. Establish pace of programs and sequences ofscenes according to time requirements and cast andset accessibility. Choose settings and locations forfilms and determine how scenes will be shot in thesesettings. Identify and approve equipment and ele-ments required for productions, such as scenery,lights, props, costumes, choreography, and music.Compile scripts, program notes, and other materialrelated to productions. Perform producers’ dutiessuch as securing financial backing, establishing andadministering budgets, and recruiting cast and crew.Select plays or scripts for production, and determinehow material should be interpreted and performed.Compile cue words and phrases, and cue announc-ers, cast members, and technicians during perform-ances. Consult with writers, producers, and/oractors about script changes, or “workshop” scripts,through rehearsal with writers and actors to createfinal drafts. Review film daily in order to check onwork in progress and to plan for future filming. Col-laborate with producers in order to hire crewmem-bers such as art directors, cinematographers, andcostumer designers. Interpret stage-set diagrams todetermine stage layouts, and supervise placement ofequipment and scenery. SKILLS—Management ofPersonnel Resources; Time Management; Judgmentand Decision Making; Critical Thinking; ActiveListening; Operations Analysis; Speaking; ActiveLearning.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Entertainers and Per-formers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other;Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; Music Direc-tors; Music Directors and Composers; Musiciansand Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Singers; Talent Directors.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cinematography and Film/Video Production;Directing and Theatrical Production; Drama andDramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dramatic/Theatre Arts and Stagecraft, Other; Film/CinemaStudies; Radio and Television; Theatre/Theatre Arts Management. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communications and Media; Tele-communications; Computers and Electronics;Geography; Education and Training; Fine Arts.

Editors) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 11.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 14,000

) Annual Earnings: $41,460

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 12.9%

) Part-Time: 13.0%

Perform variety of editorial duties, such as layingout, indexing, and revising content of writtenmaterials, in preparation for final publication. Pre-pare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, orsupervise others who do this work. Read copy orproof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punc-tuation, and syntax. Allocate print space for storytext, photos, and illustrations according to spaceparameters and copy significance, using knowledgeof layout principles. Plan the contents of publica-tions according to the publication’s style, editorialpolicy, and publishing requirements. Verify facts,dates, and statistics, using standard referencesources. Review and approve proofs submitted bycomposing room prior to publication production.Develop story or content ideas, considering readeror audience appeal. Oversee publication produc-tion, including artwork, layout, computer typeset-ting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines

and budget requirements. Confer with managementand editorial staff members regarding placementand emphasis of developing news stories. Assigntopics, events and stories to individual writers orreporters for coverage. Read, evaluate and edit man-uscripts or other materials submitted for publicationand confer with authors regarding changes in con-tent, style or organization, or publication. Monitornews-gathering operations to ensure utilization ofall news sources, such as press releases, telephonecontacts, radio, television, wire services, and otherreporters. Meet frequently with artists, typesetters,layout personnel, marketing directors, and produc-tion managers to discuss projects and resolve prob-lems. Supervise and coordinate work of reportersand other editors. Make manuscript acceptance orrevision recommendations to the publisher. Selectlocal, state, national, and international news itemsreceived from wire services, based on assessment ofitems’ significance and interest value. Interview andhire writers and reporters or negotiate contracts,royalties, and payments for authors or freelancers.SKILLS—Writing; Reading Comprehension;Active Listening; Time Management; Persuasion;Critical Thinking; Active Learning; Social Percep-tiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.02. Writing and Editing.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Copy Writers;Creative Writers; Media and CommunicationWorkers, All Other; Poets and Lyricists; TechnicalWriters; Writers and Authors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Business/Corporate Com-munications; Communication, Journalism, andRelated Programs, Other; Creative Writing; Jour-nalism; Mass Communication/Media Studies; Pub-lishing; Technical and Business Writing. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communicationsand Media; English Language; Geography; Historyand Archeology; Clerical Studies; Computers andElectronics.

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English Language andLiterature Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $47,120

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in English language and literature,including linguistics and comparative literature.Provide professional consulting services to govern-ment and/or industry. Recruit, train, and supervisestudent writing instructors. Serve on academic oradministrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. Evaluate and grade students’ classwork, assignments, and papers. Prepare and deliverlectures to undergraduate and/or graduate studentson topics such as poetry, novel structure, and trans-lation and adaptation. Advise students on academicand vocational curricula, and on career issues. Com-pile, administer, and grade examinations, or assignthis work to others. Compile bibliographies of spe-cialized materials for outside reading assignments.Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discus-sions. Keep abreast of developments in their field byreading current literature, talking with colleagues,and participating in professional conferences. Main-tain regularly scheduled office hours in order toadvise and assist students. Maintain student atten-dance records, grades, and other required records.Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content,and course materials and methods of instruction.Prepare course materials such as syllabi, homeworkassignments, and handouts. Select and obtain mate-

rials and supplies such as textbooks. Superviseundergraduate and/or graduate teaching, intern-ship, and research work. Provide assistance to stu-dents in college writing centers. Act as advisers tostudent organizations. Collaborate with colleaguesto address teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge, and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. Performadministrative duties such as serving as departmenthead. SKILLS—Instructing; Learning Strategies;Speaking; Reading Comprehension; Writing; Criti-cal Thinking; Active Learning; Active Listening.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Farm and Home Management Advisors; ForeignLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary;

______________________________Artistic Jobs: English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary

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Graduate Teaching Assistants; Health SpecialtiesTeachers, Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary;Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education;Law Teachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; LibraryAssistants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Middle SchoolTeachers, Except Special and Vocational Education;Museum Technicians and Conservators; Nannies;Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary;Personal Financial Advisors; Philosophy and Reli-gion Teachers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers,Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—American Literature (Canadian); American Litera-ture (United States); Comparative Literature;Creative Writing; English Composition; EnglishLanguage and Literature, General; English Language and Literature/Letters, Other; EnglishLiterature (British and Commonwealth); Technicaland Business Writing. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Foreign Language; Educationand Training; English Language; Communicationsand Media; Therapy and Counseling; Clerical Studies.

Exhibit Designers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 20.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,150

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 32.2%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Plan, design, and oversee construction and instal-lation of permanent and temporary exhibits anddisplays. Inspects installed exhibit for conformanceto specifications and satisfactory operation of specialeffects components. Submits plans for approval, andadapts plan to serve intended purpose or to conformto budget or fabrication restrictions. Designs, draws,paints, or sketches backgrounds and fixtures for usein windows or interior displays. Oversees prepara-tion of artwork, construction of exhibit compo-nents, and placement of collection to ensureintended interpretation of concepts and confor-mance to specifications. Confers with client or staffregarding theme, interpretative or informationalpurpose, planned location, budget, materials, orpromotion. Designs display to decorate streets, fair-grounds, building or other places for celebrations,using paper, cloth, plastic, or other materials. Pre-pares preliminary drawings of proposed exhibit,including detailed construction, layout, materialspecifications, or special effects diagrams. Arrangesfor acquisition of specimens or graphics, or buildingof exhibit structures by outside contractors to com-plete exhibit. SKILLS—Management of FinancialResources; Management of Material Resources;Negotiation; Systems Evaluation; OperationsAnalysis; Social Perceptiveness; Systems Analysis;Management of Personnel Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and Related

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Workers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; FashionDesigners; Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculp-tors, and Illustrators; Floral Designers; GraphicDesigners; Interior Designers; Merchandise Dis-players and Window Trimmers; Multi-Media Artistsand Animators; Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors;Set and Exhibit Designers; Set Designers; SketchArtists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Design and Applied Arts, Other; Design and VisualCommunications, General; Illustration; TechnicalTheatre/Theatre Design and Technology. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design; FineArts; Building and Construction; Sales and Market-ing; Computers and Electronics; Customer and Per-sonal Service.

Fashion Designers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 10.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,860

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 29.3%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Design clothing and accessories. Create originalgarments or design garments that follow wellestablished fashion trends. May develop the line ofcolor and kinds of materials. Test fabrics or overseetesting so that garment care labels can be created.Attend fashion shows and review garment maga-zines and manuals in order to gather informationabout fashion trends and consumer preferences.Design custom clothing and accessories for individ-uals, retailers, or theatrical, television, or film pro-ductions. Draw patterns for articles designed; thencut patterns, and cut material according to patterns,

using measuring instruments and scissors. Examinesample garments on and off models; then modifydesigns to achieve desired effects. Select materialsand production techniques to be used for products.Sketch rough and detailed drawings of apparel oraccessories, and write specifications such as colorschemes, construction, material types, and accessoryrequirements. Adapt other designers’ ideas for themass market. Collaborate with other designers tocoordinate special products and designs. Conferwith sales and management executives or withclients in order to discuss design ideas. Determineprices for styles. Develop a group of products and/oraccessories, and market them through venues suchas boutiques or mail-order catalogs. Direct andcoordinate workers involved in drawing and cuttingpatterns and constructing samples or finished gar-ments. Identify target markets for designs, lookingat factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomicstatus. Provide sample garments to agents and salesrepresentatives, and arrange for showings of samplegarments at sales meetings or fashion shows. Pur-chase new or used clothing and accessory items asneeded to complete designs. Read scripts and con-sult directors and other production staff in order todevelop design concepts and plan productions.Research the styles and periods of clothing neededfor film or theatrical productions. Sew together sec-tions of material to form mockups or samples of gar-ments or articles, using sewing equipment. Visittextile showrooms to keep up-to-date on the latestfabrics. SKILLS—Persuasion; Management ofFinancial Resources; Operations Analysis; SystemsAnalysis; Negotiation; Management of MaterialResources; Systems Evaluation; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculp-tors, and Illustrators; Floral Designers; GraphicDesigners; Interior Designers; Merchandise Dis-players and Window Trimmers; Multi-Media Artists

____________________________________________________________Artistic Jobs: Fashion Designers

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and Animators; Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors;Set and Exhibit Designers; Set Designers; SketchArtists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Apparel and Textile Manufacture; Fashion and Fabric Consultant; Fashion/Apparel Design; Textile Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design; Fine Arts; Production andProcessing; Sales and Marketing; Education andTraining; Customer and Personal Service.

Film and Video Editors) Personality Code: A

) Growth: 26.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 3,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,600

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 21.9%

) Part-Time: 20.4%

Edit motion picture soundtracks, film, and video.Cut shot sequences to different angles at specificpoints in scenes, making each individual cut as fluidand seamless as possible. Study scripts to becomefamiliar with production concepts and requirements.Edit films and videotapes to insert music, dialogue,and sound effects, to arrange films into sequences,and to correct errors, using editing equipment. Selectand combine the most effective shots of each scenein order to form a logical and smoothly runningstory. Mark frames where a particular shot or piece ofsound is to begin or end. Determine the specificaudio and visual effects and music necessary to com-plete films. Verify key numbers and time codes onmaterials. Organize and string together raw footageinto a continuous whole according to scripts and/orthe instructions of directors and producers. Reviewassembled films or edited videotapes on screens ormonitors in order to determine if corrections are nec-

essary. Program computerized graphic effects.Review footage sequence by sequence in order tobecome familiar with it before assembling it into afinal product. Set up and operate computer editingsystems, electronic titling systems, video switchingequipment, and digital video effects units in order toproduce a final product. Record needed sounds, orobtain them from sound effects libraries. Conferwith producers and directors concerning layout orediting approaches needed to increase dramatic orentertainment value of productions. Manipulateplot, score, sound, and graphics to make the partsinto a continuous whole, working closely with peo-ple in audio, visual, music, optical and/or specialeffects departments. Supervise and coordinate activi-ties of workers engaged in film editing, assembling,and recording activities. Trim film segments to spec-ified lengths, and reassemble segments in sequencesthat present stories with maximum effect. Developpost-production models for films. Piece soundstogether to develop film soundtracks. Conduct filmscreenings for directors and members of productionstaffs. Collaborate with music editors to select appro-priate passages of music and develop productionscores. SKILLS—Equipment Selection; Coordina-tion; Time Management; Active Learning; Opera-tions Analysis; Equipment Maintenance;Troubleshooting; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.08. Media Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Audio and VideoEquipment Technicians; Broadcast Technicians;Camera Operators, Television, Video, and MotionPicture; Media and Communication EquipmentWorkers, All Other; Photographers; ProfessionalPhotographers; Radio Operators; Sound Engineer-ing Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Audiovisual Communications Technologies/Tech-nicians, Other; Cinematography and Film/VideoProduction; Communications Technology/Techni-cian; Photojournalism; Radio and Television; Radioand Television Broadcasting Technology/Techni-cian. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—

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Communications and Media; Fine Arts; Computersand Electronics; Design; Education and Training;English Language.

Floral Designers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 12.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 13,000

) Annual Earnings: $19,660

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 32.5%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Design, cut, and arrange live, dried, or artificialflowers and foliage. Confer with clients regardingprice and type of arrangement desired and the date,time, and place of delivery. Plan arrangementaccording to client’s requirements, utilizing knowl-edge of design and properties of materials, or selectappropriate standard design pattern. Water plants,and cut, condition, and clean flowers and foliage forstorage. Select flora and foliage for arrangements,working with numerous combinations to synthesizeand develop new creations. Order and purchaseflowers and supplies from wholesalers and growers.Wrap and price completed arrangements. Trimmaterial and arrange bouquets, wreaths, terrariums,and other items using trimmers, shapers, wire, pins,floral tape, foam, and other materials. Perform officeand retail service duties such as keeping financialrecords, serving customers, answering telephones,selling giftware items and receiving payment.Inform customers about the care, maintenance, andhandling of various flowers and foliage, indoorplants, and other items. Decorate or supervise thedecoration of buildings, halls, churches, or otherfacilities for parties, weddings and other occasions.Perform general cleaning duties in the store toensure the shop is clean and tidy. Unpack stock as itcomes into the shop. Create and change in-store and

window displays, designs, and looks to enhance ashop’s image. Conduct classes or demonstrations, ortrain other workers. Grow flowers for use in arrange-ments or for sale in shop. SKILLS—Managementof Financial Resources; Management of MaterialResources; Service Orientation; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Social Perceptiveness; TimeManagement; Instructing; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Artists and Related Workers,All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial and IndustrialDesigners; Designers, All Other; Exhibit Designers;Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Including Painters,Sculptors, and Illustrators; Graphic Designers; Inte-rior Designers; Merchandise Displayers and Win-dow Trimmers; Multi-Media Artists and Animators;Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors; Set and ExhibitDesigners; Set Designers; Sketch Artists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Sales and Marketing;Fine Arts; Personnel and Human Resources;Design; Production and Processing.

Foreign Language andLiterature Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $46,780

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

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Teach courses in foreign (i.e., other than English)languages and literature. Evaluate and grade stu-dents’ class work, assignments, and papers. Prepareand deliver lectures to undergraduate and/or gradu-ate students on topics such as how to speak andwrite a foreign language and the cultural aspects ofareas where a particular language is used. Advise stu-dents on academic and vocational curricula and oncareer issues. Compile, administer, and grade exam-inations or assign this work to others. Compile bib-liographies of specialized materials for outsidereading assignments. Initiate, facilitate, and moder-ate classroom discussions. Keep abreast of develop-ments in their field by reading current literature,talking with colleagues, and participating in profes-sional organizations and activities. Maintain regu-larly scheduled office hours in order to advise andassist students. Maintain student attendancerecords, grades, and other required records. Plan,evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, andcourse materials and methods of instruction. Pre-pare course materials such as syllabi, homeworkassignments, and handouts. Select and obtain mate-rials and supplies such as textbooks. Superviseundergraduate and/or graduate teaching, intern-ship, and research work. Act as advisers to studentorganizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge and pub-lish findings in scholarly journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. Performadministrative duties such as serving as departmenthead. Provide professional consulting services togovernment and/or industry. Serve on academic oradministrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. SKILLS—Instructing; LearningStrategies; Speaking; Reading Comprehension;Writing; Critical Thinking; Active Learning; ActiveListening.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.

Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary;Graduate Teaching Assistants; Health SpecialtiesTeachers, Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary;Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education;Law Teachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; LibraryAssistants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Middle SchoolTeachers, Except Special and Vocational Education;Museum Technicians and Conservators; Nannies;Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary;Personal Financial Advisors; Philosophy and Reli-gion Teachers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers,Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; Secondary

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School Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—African Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Albanian Language and Literature; American Indi-an/Native American Languages, Literatures, andLinguistics; Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Lan-guages, Literatures, and Linguistics; Ancient/Classi-cal Greek Language and Literature; ArabicLanguage and Literature; Australian/Oceanic/Pacif-ic Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics; BahasaIndonesian/Bahasa Malay Languages and Litera-tures; Baltic Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Bengali Language and Literature; Bulgarian Lan-guage and Literature; Burmese Language and Liter-ature; Catalan Language and Literature; CelticLanguages, Literatures, and Linguistics; ChineseLanguage and Literature; Classics and Classical Lan-guages, Literatures, and Linguistics, General; Clas-sics and Classical Languages, Literatures, andLinguistics, Other; Czech Language and Literature;Danish Language and Literature; Dutch/FlemishLanguage and Literature; East Asian Languages, Lit-eratures, and Linguistics, General; East Asian Lan-guages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Other;Filipino/Tagalog Language and Literature; Finnishand Related Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Foreign Languages and Literatures, General; For-eign Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Other;French Language and Literature; German Languageand Literature; Germanic Languages, Literatures,and Linguistics, General; Germanic Languages, Lit-eratures, and Linguistics, Other; Hebrew Languageand Literature; Hindi Language and Literature;

Hungarian/Magyar Language and Literature; Iran-ian/Persian Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Italian Language and Literature; Japanese Languageand Literature; Khmer/Cambodian Language andLiterature; Korean Language and Literature; Lan-guage Interpretation and Translation; Lao/LaotianLanguage and Literature; Latin Language and Liter-ature; Latin Teacher Education; Linguistics; Mid-dle/Near Eastern and Semitic Languages,Literatures, and Linguistics, Other; others. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Foreign Lan-guage; Education and Training; English Language;Communications and Media; Therapy and Coun-seling; Clerical Studies.

Graphic Designers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 21.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $36,630

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 31.8%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Design or create graphics to meet specific com-mercial or promotional needs, such as packaging,displays, or logos. May use a variety of mediums toachieve artistic or decorative effects. Create designs,concepts, and sample layouts based on knowledge oflayout principles and esthetic design concepts.Determine size and arrangement of illustrativematerial and copy, and select style and size of type.Use computer software to generate new images.Mark up, paste, and assemble final layouts to pre-pare layouts for printer. Draw and print charts,graphs, illustrations, and other artwork, using com-puter. Review final layouts and suggest improve-ments as needed. Confer with clients to discuss anddetermine layout design. Develop graphics and lay-

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outs for product illustrations, company logos, andInternet websites. Key information into computerequipment to create layouts for client or supervisor.Prepare illustrations or rough sketches of material,discussing them with clients and/or supervisors andmaking necessary changes. Study illustrations andphotographs to plan presentation of materials, prod-ucts, or services. Prepare notes and instructions forworkers who assemble and prepare final layouts forprinting. Develop negatives and prints to producelayout photographs, using negative and print devel-oping equipment and tools. Photograph layouts,using camera, to make layout prints for supervisorsor clients. Produce still and animated graphics foron-air and taped portions of television news broad-casts, using electronic video equipment. SKILLS—Persuasion; Time Management; Troubleshooting;Instructing; Coordination; Social Perceptiveness;Operations Analysis; Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Interior Designers; Merchandise Dis-players and Window Trimmers; Multi-Media Artistsand Animators; Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors;Set and Exhibit Designers; Set Designers; SketchArtists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Communication/Journalism; Com-mercial and Advertising Art; Computer Graphics;Design and Visual Communications, General;Graphic Design; Industrial Design; Web Page, Dig-ital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—FineArts; Design; Computers and Electronics; Commu-nications and Media; Sales and Marketing; ClericalStudies.

Interior Designers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 21.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,120

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 32.2%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Plan, design, and furnish interiors of residential,commercial, or industrial buildings. Formulatedesign which is practical, aesthetic, and conduciveto intended purposes, such as raising productivity,selling merchandise, or improving life style. Mayspecialize in a particular field, style, or phase ofinterior design. Estimate material requirements andcosts, and present design to client for approval.Confer with client to determine factors affectingplanning interior environments, such as budget,architectural preferences, and purpose and function.Advise client on interior design factors, such asspace planning, layout and utilization of furnishingsand equipment, and color coordination. Select ordesign, and purchase furnishings, art works, andaccessories. Formulate environmental plan to bepractical, esthetic, and conducive to intended pur-poses, such as raising productivity or selling mer-chandise. Subcontract fabrication, installation, andarrangement of carpeting, fixtures, accessories,draperies, paint and wall coverings, art work, furni-ture, and related items. Render design ideas in formof paste-ups or drawings. SKILLS—Installation;Persuasion; Management of Financial Resources;Active Learning; Negotiation; Speaking; Trou-bleshooting; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; Exhibit

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Designers; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Graphic Designers; Merchandise Dis-players and Window Trimmers; Multi-Media Artistsand Animators; Painters and Illustrators; Sculptors;Set and Exhibit Designers; Set Designers; SketchArtists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Facilities Planning and Management; InteriorArchitecture; Interior Design; Textile Science.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design;Sales and Marketing; Customer and Personal Ser-vice; Administration and Management; ClericalStudies; Building and Construction.

Interpreters andTranslators) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 22.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,490

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 19.6%

) Part-Time: 26.3%

Translate or interpret written, oral, or sign lan-guage text into another language for others. Travelwith or guide tourists who speak another language.Check original texts or confer with authors toensure that translations retain the content, meaning,and feeling of the original material. Check transla-tions of technical terms and terminology to ensurethat they are accurate and remain consistentthroughout translation revisions. Compile termi-nology and information to be used in translations,including technical terms such as those for legal ormedical material. Discuss translation requirements

with clients, and determine any fees to be chargedfor services provided. Listen to speakers’ statementsin order to determine meanings and to preparetranslations, using electronic listening systems asnecessary. Proofread, edit, and revise translatedmaterials. Read written materials such as legal doc-uments, scientific works, or news reports, andrewrite material into specified languages. Refer toreference materials such as dictionaries, lexicons,encyclopedias, and computerized terminologybanks as needed to ensure translation accuracy.Translate messages simultaneously or consecutivelyinto specified languages, orally or by using handsigns, maintaining message content, context, andstyle as much as possible. Adapt translations to stu-dents’ cognitive and grade levels, collaborating witheducational team members as necessary. Follow eth-ical codes that protect the confidentiality of infor-mation. Identify and resolve conflicts related to themeanings of words, concepts, practices, or behav-iors. Compile information about the content andcontext of information to be translated, as well asdetails of the groups for whom translation or inter-pretation is being performed. Adapt software andaccompanying technical documents to another lan-guage and culture. Educate students, parents, staff,and teachers about the roles and functions of educa-tional interpreters. Train and supervise other trans-lators/interpreters. SKILLS—Active Listening;Writing; Reading Comprehension; Speaking; Ser-vice Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.03. News, Broadcastingand Public Relations. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Broadcast News Analysts; Caption Writers;Public Relations Specialists; Reporters and Corre-spondents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—African Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Albanian Language and Literature; American Indi-an/Native American Languages, Literatures, andLinguistics; Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Lan-guages, Literatures, and Linguistics; Ancient/Classi-

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cal Greek Language and Literature; Arabic Lan-guage and Literature; Australian/Oceanic/PacificLanguages, Literatures, and Linguistics; BahasaIndonesian/Bahasa Malay Languages and Litera-tures; Baltic Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Bengali Language and Literature; Bulgarian Lan-guage and Literature; Burmese Language and Liter-ature; Catalan Language and Literature; CelticLanguages, Literatures, and Linguistics; ChineseLanguage and Literature; Classics and Classical Lan-guages, Literatures, and Linguistics, General; Clas-sics and Classical Languages, Literatures, andLinguistics, Other; Czech Language and Literature;Danish Language and Literature; Dutch/FlemishLanguage and Literature; East Asian Languages, Lit-eratures, and Linguistics, General; East Asian Lan-guages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Other;Filipino/Tagalog Language and Literature; Finnishand Related Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Foreign Languages and Literatures, General; For-eign Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, Other;French Language and Literature; German Languageand Literature; Germanic Languages, Literatures,and Linguistics, General; Germanic Languages, Lit-eratures, and Linguistics, Other; Hebrew Languageand Literature; Hindi Language and Literature;Hungarian/Magyar Language and Literature; Iran-ian/Persian Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics;Italian Language and Literature; Japanese Languageand Literature; Khmer/Cambodian Language andLiterature; Korean Language and Literature; Lan-guage Interpretation and Translation; Lao/LaotianLanguage and Literature; Latin Language and Liter-ature; Latin Teacher Education; Linguistics; Mid-dle/Near Eastern and Semitic Languages,Literatures, and Linguistics, Other; others. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Foreign Lan-guage; English Language; Communications andMedia; Sociology and Anthropology; Geography;History and Archeology.

Landscape Architects) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 22.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $50,480

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 23.4%

) Part-Time: 5.5%

Plan and design land areas for such projects asparks and other recreational facilities, airports,highways, hospitals, schools, land subdivisions,and commercial, industrial, and residential sites.Prepare site plans, specifications, and cost estimatesfor land development, coordinating arrangement ofexisting and proposed land features and structures.Confer with clients, engineering personnel, andarchitects on overall program. Compile and analyzedata on conditions, such as location, drainage, andlocation of structures for environmental reports andlandscaping plans. Inspect landscape work to ensurecompliance with specifications, approve quality ofmaterials and work, and advise client and construc-tion personnel. SKILLS—Coordination; Opera-tions Analysis; Management of Financial Resources;Persuasion; Social Perceptiveness; Time Manage-ment; Instructing; Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer HardwareEngineers; Computer Software Engineers, Applica-tions; Computer Software Engineers, Systems Soft-ware; Electrical Engineers; Electronics Engineers,Except Computer; Engineers, All Other; Environ-mental Engineers; Fire-Prevention and ProtectionEngineers; Health and Safety Engineers, ExceptMining Safety Engineers and Inspectors; Industrial

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Engineers; Industrial Safety and Health Engineers;Marine Architects; Marine Engineers; Marine Engi-neers and Naval Architects; Materials Engineers;Mechanical Engineers; Mining and GeologicalEngineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers;Nuclear Engineers; Petroleum Engineers; ProductSafety Engineers; Sales Engineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Environmental Design/Architecture; LandscapeArchitecture (BS, BSLA, BLA, MSLA, MLA, PhD).RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Design;Building and Construction; Geography; Engineer-ing and Technology; Biology; Sales and Marketing.

Librarians) Personality Code: AC

) Growth: 10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 15,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,140

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.1%

) Part-Time: 23.1%

Administer libraries and perform related libraryservices. Work in a variety of settings, includingpublic libraries, schools, colleges and universities,museums, corporations, government agencies, lawfirms, non-profit organizations, and healthcareproviders. Tasks may include selecting, acquiring,cataloguing, classifying, circulating, and maintain-ing library materials; and furnishing reference, bib-liographical, and readers’ advisory services. Mayperform in-depth, strategic research, and synthe-size, analyze, edit, and filter information. May setup or work with databases and information sys-tems to catalogue and access information. Searchstandard reference materials, including on-linesources and the Internet, in order to answer patrons’

reference questions. Analyze patrons’ requests todetermine needed information, and assist in fur-nishing or locating that information. Teach librarypatrons to search for information using databases.Keep records of circulation and materials. Supervisebudgeting, planning, and personnel activities.Check books in and out of the library. Explain useof library facilities, resources, equipment, and serv-ices, and provide information about library policies.Review and evaluate resource material, such as bookreviews and catalogs, in order to select and orderprint, audiovisual, and electronic resources. Code,classify, and catalog books, publications, films,audiovisual aids, and other library materials basedon subject matter or standard library classificationsystems. Locate unusual or unique information inresponse to specific requests. Direct and train librarystaff in duties such as receiving, shelving, research-ing, cataloging, and equipment use. Respond to cus-tomer complaints, taking action as necessary.Organize collections of books, publications, docu-ments, audiovisual aids, and other reference materi-als for convenient access. Develop library policiesand procedures. Evaluate materials to determineoutdated or unused items to be discarded. Developinformation access aids such as indexes and anno-tated bibliographies, web pages, electronic pathfind-ers, and on-line tutorials. Plan and deliverclient-centered programs and services such as specialservices for corporate clients, storytelling for chil-dren, newsletters, or programs for special groups.Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, andaudiovisual materials on particular subjects. Arrangefor interlibrary loans of materials not available in aparticular library. Assemble and arrange displaymaterials. Confer with teachers, parents, and com-munity organizations to develop, plan, and conductprograms in reading, viewing, and communicationskills. Compile lists of overdue materials, and notifyborrowers that their materials are overdue.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Learning Strategies; Service Orientation; Instruct-ing; Persuasion; Management of MaterialResources; Monitoring; Social Perceptiveness.

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GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians; Mathemat-ical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Middle SchoolTeachers, Except Special and Vocational Education;Museum Technicians and Conservators; Nannies;Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary;Personal Financial Advisors; Philosophy and Reli-gion Teachers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers,Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers, Postsec-

ondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Library Science, Other; Library Science/Librarian-ship; School Librarian/School Library MediaSpecialist. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service; Cler-ical Studies; English Language; Personnel andHuman Resources; Communications and Media;Geography.

Makeup Artists,Theatrical andPerformance) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 18.2%

) Annual Job Openings: fewer than 500

) Annual Earnings: $29,320

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 50.6%

) Part-Time: 29.5%

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Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, set-ting, and situation of their role. Alter or maintainmakeup during productions as necessary to com-pensate for lighting changes or to achieve continuityof effect. Analyze a script, noting events that affecteach character’s appearance, so that plans can bemade for each scene. Apply makeup to enhance,and/or alter the appearance of people appearing inproductions such as movies. Assess performers’ skin-type in order to ensure that make-up will not causebreak-outs or skin irritations. Attach prostheses toperformers and apply makeup in order to create spe-cial features or effects such as scars, aging, or illness.Cleanse and tone the skin in order to prepare it formakeup application. Confer with stage or motionpicture officials and performers in order to deter-mine desired effects. Design rubber or plastic pros-theses that can be used to change performers’appearances. Duplicate work precisely in order toreplicate characters’ appearances on a daily basis.Evaluate environmental characteristics such asvenue size and lighting plans in order to determinemakeup requirements. Examine sketches, photo-graphs, and plaster models in order to obtain desiredcharacter image depiction. Provide performers withmakeup removal assistance after performances havebeen completed. Requisition or acquire neededmaterials for special effects, including wigs, beards,and special cosmetics. Select desired makeup shadesfrom stock, or mix oil, grease, and coloring in orderto achieve specific color effects. Study productioninformation, such as character descriptions, periodsettings, and situations in order to determine make-up requirements. Write makeup sheets and takephotos in order to document specific looks and theproducts that were used to achieve the looks. Advisehairdressers on the hairstyles required for characterparts. Create character drawings or models, basedupon independent research, in order to augmentperiod production files. Demonstrate products toclients, and provide instruction in makeup applica-tion. Establish budgets, and work within budgetarylimits. Wash and reset wigs. SKILLS—TechnologyDesign; Coordination; Management of MaterialResources; Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.09. Modeling and Person-al Appearance. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Costume Attendants; Entertainers and Performers,Sports and Related Workers, All Other; Models.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cosmetology/Cosmetologist, General; Make-UpArtist/Specialist; Permanent Cosmetics/Makeupand Tattooing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Sociology and Anthropolo-gy; Design; Communications and Media; Historyand Archeology; Geography.

Merchandise Displayersand Window Trimmers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 11.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $22,030

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 30.9%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Plan and erect commercial displays, such as thosein windows and interiors of retail stores and attrade exhibitions. Arrange properties, furniture,merchandise, backdrops, and other accessories, asshown in prepared sketches. Change or rotate win-dow displays, interior display areas, and signage toreflect changes in inventory or promotion. Con-struct or assemble displays and display componentsfrom fabric, glass, paper, and plastic, using handtools and woodworking power tools, according tospecifications. Consult with advertising and salesstaff to determine type of merchandise to be fea-tured and time and place for each display. Cut outdesigns on cardboard, hardboard, and plywood,according to motif of event. Develop ideas or plans

______________________________________Artistic Jobs: Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers

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for merchandise displays or window decorations.Obtain plans from display designers or display man-agers, and discuss their implementation with clientsor supervisors. Place prices and descriptive signs onbackdrops, fixtures, merchandise, or floor. Plan anderect commercial displays to entice and appeal tocustomers. Prepare sketches, floor plans or modelsof proposed displays. Select themes, lighting, colors,and props to be used. Attend training sessions andcorporate planning meetings to obtain new ideas forproduct launches. Collaborate with others to obtainproducts and other display items. Create andenhance mannequin faces by mixing and applyingpaint and attaching measured eyelash strips, usingartist’s brush, airbrush, pins, ruler, and scissors.Dress mannequins for displays. Install booths,exhibits, displays, carpets, and drapes, as guided byfloor plan of building and specifications. Install dec-orations such as flags, banners, festive lights, andbunting on or in building, street, exhibit hall, orbooth. Instruct sales staff in color-coordination ofclothing racks and counter displays. Maintain propsand mannequins, inspecting them for imperfectionsand applying preservative coatings as necessary.Store, pack, and maintain records of props and dis-play items. Take photographs of displays and sig-nage. Use computers to produce signage.SKILLS—Installation; Operations Analysis; Equip-ment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Graphic Designers; Interior Designers;Multi-Media Artists and Animators; Painters andIllustrators; Sculptors; Set and Exhibit Designers;Set Designers; Sketch Artists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Fine Arts;

Design; Sociology and Anthropology; Communica-tions and Media; Building and Construction.

Models) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 14.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 1,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,270

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 49.1%

) Part-Time: 52.5%

Model garments and other apparel to displayclothing before prospective buyers at fashionshows, private showings, retail establishments, orphotographer. May pose for photos to be used foradvertising purposes. May pose as subject forpaintings, sculptures, and other types of artisticexpression. Poses as subject for paintings, sculp-tures, and other types of art for translation into plas-tic or pictorial values. Stands, turns, and walks todemonstrate features of garment to observers atfashion shows, private showings, and retail estab-lishments. Dresses in sample or completed garmentsand selects own accessories. Informs prospectivepurchasers as to model, number, and price of gar-ments and department where garment can be pur-chased. Applies makeup to face and styles hair toenhance appearance, considering such factors ascolor, camera techniques, and facial features. Handsout samples or presents, demonstrates toys, andconverses with children and adults while dressed incostume. Wears character costumes and imperson-ates characters portrayed to amuse children andadults. Poses as directed or strikes suitable interpre-tive poses for promoting and selling merchandise orfashions during photo session. SKILLS—Social Per-ceptiveness.

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GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.09. Modeling and Person-al Appearance. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Costume Attendants; Entertainers and Performers,Sports and Related Workers, All Other; MakeupArtists, Theatrical and Performance.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Fashion Modeling. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Sales and Marketing;Communications and Media; Sociology andAnthropology.

Museum Techniciansand Conservators) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,660

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.4%

) Part-Time: 11.8%

Prepare specimens, such as fossils, skeletal parts,lace, and textiles, for museum collection andexhibits. May restore documents or install,arrange, and exhibit materials. Install, arrange,assemble, and prepare artifacts for exhibition, ensur-ing the artifacts’ safety, reporting their status andcondition, and identifying and correcting any prob-lems with the set-up. Coordinate exhibit installa-tions, assisting with design, constructing displays,dioramas, display cases, and models, and ensuringthe availability of necessary materials. Determinewhether objects need repair and choose the safestand most effective method of repair. Clean objects,such as paper, textiles, wood, metal, glass, rock, pot-tery, and furniture, using cleansers, solvents, soapsolutions, and polishes. Prepare artifacts for storage

and shipping. Supervise and work with volunteers.Present public programs and tours. Specialize inparticular materials or types of object, such as docu-ments and books, paintings, decorative arts, textiles,metals, or architectural materials. Recommendpreservation procedures, such as control of temper-ature and humidity, to curatorial and building staff.Classify and assign registration numbers to artifacts,and supervise inventory control. Direct and super-vise curatorial and technical staff in the handling,mounting, care, and storage of art objects. Performon-site field work which may involve interviewingpeople, inspecting and identifying artifacts, note-taking, viewing sites and collections, and repaintingexhibition spaces. Repair, restore and reassembleartifacts, designing and fabricating missing or bro-ken parts, to restore them to their original appear-ance and prevent deterioration. Prepare reports onthe operation of conservation laboratories, docu-menting the condition of artifacts, treatmentoptions, and the methods of preservation and repairused. Study object documentation or conduct stan-dard chemical and physical tests to ascertain theobject’s age, composition, original appearance, needfor treatment or restoration, and appropriate preser-vation method. Cut and weld metal sections inreconstruction or renovation of exterior structuralsections and accessories of exhibits. Perform testsand examinations to establish storage and conserva-tion requirements, policies, and procedures.SKILLS—Management of Material Resources;Time Management; Repairing; Critical Thinking;Instructing; Installation; Technology Design;Equipment Maintenance.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,

____________________________________________Artistic Jobs: Museum Technicians and Conservators

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Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Nannies; Nursing Instructors andTeachers, Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advi-sors; Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; PoliticalScience Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,

Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art History, Criticism and Conservation; Museolo-gy/Museum Studies; Public/Applied History andArchival Administration. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—History and Archeology;Sociology and Anthropology; Design; Fine Arts;Education and Training; Geography.

Music Arrangers andOrchestrators) Personality Code: A

) Growth: 13.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $32,530

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 39.3%

) Part-Time: 39.5%

Write and transcribe musical scores. Composesmusical scores for orchestra, band, choral group, orindividual instrumentalist or vocalist, using knowl-edge of music theory and instrumental and vocalcapabilities. Transposes music from one voice orinstrument to another to accommodate particularmusician in musical group. Adapts musical compo-sition for orchestra, band, choral group, or individ-ual to style for which it was not originally written.Copies parts from score for individual performers.Determines voice, instrument, harmonic structure,rhythm, tempo, and tone balance to achieve desiredeffect. Transcribes musical parts from score writtenby arranger or orchestrator for each instrument orvoice, using knowledge of music composition.

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SKILLS—Coordination; Writing; OperationsAnalysis; Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio; Entertain-ers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, AllOther; Music Directors; Music Directors and Com-posers; Musicians and Singers; Musicians, Instru-mental; Public Address System and OtherAnnouncers; Radio and Television Announcers;Singers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Conducting; Music Management and Merchandis-ing; Music Performance, General; Music Theoryand Composition; Music, Other; Musicology andEthnomusicology; Religious/Sacred Music; Voiceand Opera. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Fine Arts; Foreign Language.

Music Directors) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: 13.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $32,530

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 39.3%

) Part-Time: 39.5%

Direct and conduct instrumental or vocal per-formances by musical groups, such as orchestras orchoirs. Direct groups at rehearsals and live orrecorded performances in order to achieve desiredeffects such as tonal and harmonic balance dynam-ics, rhythm, and tempo. Meet with soloists and con-certmasters to discuss and prepare for performances.Plan and schedule rehearsals and performances, and

arrange details such as locations, accompanists, andinstrumentalists. Position members within groupsto obtain balance among instrumental or vocal sec-tions. Study scores to learn the music in detail, andto develop interpretations. Use gestures to shape themusic being played, communicating desired tempo,phrasing, tone, color, pitch, volume, and other per-formance aspects. Assign and review staff work insuch areas as scoring, arranging, and copying music,and vocal coaching. Collaborate with music librari-ans to ensure availability of scores. Engage servicesof composers to write scores. Meet with composersto discuss interpretations of their work. Performadministrative tasks such as applying for grants,developing budgets, negotiating contracts, anddesigning and printing programs and other promo-tional materials. Audition and select performers formusical presentations. Conduct guest soloists inaddition to ensemble members. Consider such fac-tors as ensemble size and abilities, availability ofscores, and the need for musical variety, in order toselect music to be performed. Transcribe musicalcompositions and melodic lines to adapt them to aparticular group, or to create a particular musicalstyle. Confer with clergy to select music for churchservices. Coordinate and organize tours, or hiretouring companies to arrange concert dates, venues,accommodations, and transportation for longertours. Plan and implement fund-raising and pro-motional activities. SKILLS—Management of Per-sonnel Resources; Coordination; Instructing; TimeManagement; Monitoring; Learning Strategies;Social Perceptiveness; Operations Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio; Entertain-ers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, AllOther; Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; MusicDirectors and Composers; Musicians and Singers;Musicians, Instrumental; Public Address Systemand Other Announcers; Radio and TelevisionAnnouncers; Singers; Talent Directors.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Conducting; Music Management and Merchandis-ing; Music Performance, General; Music Theoryand Composition; Music, Other; Musicology andEthnomusicology; Religious/Sacred Music; Voiceand Opera. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Fine Arts; Personnel and Human Resources;Administration and Management; Foreign Lan-guage; Transportation; English Language.

Musicians, Instrumental) Personality Code: A

) Growth: 17.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 25,000

) Annual Earnings: $37,380

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 38.3%

) Part-Time: 39.5%

Play one or more musical instruments in recital, inaccompaniment, or as members of an orchestra,band, or other musical group. Audition for orches-tras, bands, or other musical groups. Improvisemusic during performances. Make or participate inrecordings in music studios. Perform before liveaudiences. Play from memory or by followingscores. Play musical instruments as soloists, or asmembers or guest artists of musical groups such asorchestras, ensembles, or bands. Practice musicalinstrument performances, individually or in rehears-al with other musicians, to master individual piecesof music and to maintain and improve skills. Com-pose original music such as popular songs, sym-phonies, or sonatas. Promote their own or theirgroup’s music by participating in media interviewsand other activities. Provide the musical backgroundfor live shows such as ballets, operas, musical the-atre, and cabarets. Sight-read musical parts duringrehearsals. Transpose music to alternate keys, or to

fit individual styles or purposes. Direct bands ororchestras. Specialize in playing a specific family ofinstruments and/or a particular type of music. Teachmusic for specific instruments. SKILLS—Instruct-ing; Coordination; Active Learning; LearningStrategies; Management of Personnel Resources;Monitoring; Systems Analysis; Management ofMaterial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio; Entertain-ers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, AllOther; Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; MusicDirectors; Music Directors and Composers; Musi-cians and Singers; Public Address System and OtherAnnouncers; Radio and Television Announcers;Singers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Jazz/Jazz Studies; Music Pedagogy; Music Perfor-mance, General; Music, General; Music, Other;Piano and Organ; Violin, Viola, Guitar and OtherStringed Instruments. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Education andTraining; Psychology; History and Archeology;Communications and Media; Sociology andAnthropology.

Painters and Illustrators) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 16.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,420

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 55.5%

) Part-Time: 23.1%

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Paint or draw subject material to produce originalartwork or illustrations, using watercolors, oils,acrylics, tempera, or other paint mediums. Rendersdrawings, illustrations, and sketches of buildings,manufactured products, or models, working fromsketches, blueprints, memory, or reference materials.Paints scenic backgrounds, murals, and portraiturefor motion picture and television production sets,glass artworks, and exhibits. Etches, carves, paints,or draws artwork on material, such as stone, glass,canvas, wood, and linoleum. Develops drawings,paintings, diagrams, and models of medical or bio-logical subjects for use in publications, exhibits,consultations, research, and teaching. Studies style,techniques, colors, textures, and materials used byartist to maintain consistency in reconstruction orretouching procedures. Removes painting fromframe or paint layer from canvas to restore artwork,following specified technique and equipment.Examines surfaces of paintings and proofs of art-work, using magnifying device, to determinemethod of restoration or needed corrections. Installsfinished stained glass in window or door frame.Assembles, leads, and solders finished glass to fabri-cate stained glass article. Applies select solvents andcleaning agents to clean surface of painting andremove accretions, discolorations, and deterioratedvarnish. Performs tests to determine factors, such asage, structure, pigment stability, and probable reac-tion to various cleaning agents and solvents. Conferswith professional personnel or client to discussobjectives of artwork, develop illustration ideas, andtheme to be portrayed. Brushes or sprays protectiveor decorative finish on completed background pan-els, informational legends, exhibit accessories, orfinished painting. Integrates and develops visual ele-ments, such as line, space, mass, color, and perspec-tive to produce desired effect. SKILLS—OperationsAnalysis; Management of Material Resources;Installation; Quality Control Analysis; Repairing;Active Listening; Equipment Selection.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and Related

Workers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Graphic Designers; Interior Designers;Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers;Multi-Media Artists and Animators; Sculptors; Setand Exhibit Designers; Set Designers; SketchArtists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art/Art Studies, General; Drawing; Fine Arts andArt Studies, Other; Fine/Studio Arts, General; Med-ical Illustration/Medical Illustrator; Painting; Visualand Performing Arts, General. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Design;Chemistry; History and Archeology; Communica-tions and Media; Engineering and Technology.

Photographers,Scientific) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 13.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $25,050

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 52.5%

) Part-Time: 24.0%

Photograph variety of subject material to illustrateor record scientific/medical data or phenomena,utilizing knowledge of scientific procedures andphotographic technology and techniques. Pho-tographs variety of subject material to illustrate orrecord scientific or medical data or phenomena,related to an area of interest. Sights and focuses cam-era to take picture of subject material to illustrate orrecord scientific or medical data or phenomena.Plans methods and procedures for photographing

________________________________________________________Artistic Jobs: Photographers, Scientific

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subject material and set-up of required equipment.Observes and arranges subject material to desiredposition. Engages in research to develop new photo-graphic procedure, materials, and scientific data.Sets up, mounts, or installs photographic equip-ment and cameras. Removes exposed film anddevelops film, using chemicals, touch up tools, andequipment. SKILLS—Science; Reading Compre-hension; Equipment Selection; Technology Design;Active Learning; Operation and Control; Manage-ment of Material Resources; Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.05. Laboratory Technolo-gy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BiologicalTechnicians; Chemical Technicians; EnvironmentalScience and Protection Technicians, IncludingHealth; Geological and Petroleum Technicians;Geological Data Technicians; Geological SampleTest Technicians; Life, Physical, and Social ScienceTechnicians, All Other; Nuclear Equipment Opera-tion Technicians; Nuclear Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art/Art Studies, General; Commercial Photogra-phy; Film/Video and Photographic Arts, Other;Photography; Photojournalism; Visual and Per-forming Arts, General. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Chemistry;Physics; Engineering and Technology; Medicineand Dentistry; Communications and Media.

PhotographicRetouchers andRestorers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 5.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $20,370

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.0%

) Part-Time: 24.3%

Retouch or restore photographic negatives andprints to accentuate desirable features of subject,using pencils, watercolors, or airbrushes. Cuts outmasking template, using shears, and positions tem-plates on picture to mask selected areas. Wipesexcess color from portrait to produce specifiedshade, using cotton swab. Applies paint to retouchor enhance negative or photograph, using airbrush,pen, artist’s brush, cotton swab, or gloved finger.Rubs eraser or cloth over photograph to reducegloss, remove debris, or prepare specified areas ofillustration for highlighting. Paints negative withretouching medium, to ensure retouching pencilwill mark surface of negative. Shades negative orphotograph with pencil to smooth facial contours,conceal blemishes, stray hairs, or wrinkles, and soft-en highlights. Inks borders or lettering on illustra-tion, using pen, brush, or drafting instruments.Examines drawing, negative, or photographic printto determine coloring, shading, accenting, andchanges required to retouch or restore. Mixes ink orpaint solutions, according to color specifications,color chart, and consistency desired. Trims edges ofprint to enhance appearance, using scissors or papercutter. SKILLS—None met the criteria.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.03. Production Work. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Assemblers and Fabricators,

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All Other; Bakers, Manufacturing; BinderyMachine Operators and Tenders; Brazers; Cement-ing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Controllers and Operators;Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders;Chemical Equipment Tenders; Cleaning, Washing,and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Ten-ders; Coating, Painting, and Spraying MachineOperators and Tenders; Coil Winders, Tapers, andFinishers; Combination Machine Tool Operatorsand Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Computer-Con-trolled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic;Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators andTenders; Crushing, Grinding, and PolishingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; Cuttersand Trimmers, Hand; Cutting and Slicing MachineOperators and Tenders; Cutting and SlicingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; DesignPrinting Machine Setters and Set-Up Operators;Electrolytic Plating and Coating Machine Opera-tors and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; ElectrolyticPlating and Coating Machine Setters and Set-UpOperators, Metal and Plastic; Electrotypers andStereotypers; Embossing Machine Set-Up Opera-tors; Engraver Set-Up Operators; Extruding andForming Machine Operators and Tenders, Synthet-ic or Glass Fibers; Extruding and Forming MachineSetters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and GlassFibers; Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Com-pacting Machine Operators and Tenders; Fabric andApparel Patternmakers; Fiber Product CuttingMachine Setters and Set-Up Operators; FiberglassLaminators and Fabricators; Film Laboratory Tech-nicians; Fitters, Structural Metal—Precision; Foodand Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and DryingMachine Operators and Tenders; Food Batchmak-ers; Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders;Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operatorsand Tenders; Glass Cutting Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators; Graders and Sorters, Agricultur-al Products; Grinding and Polishing Workers,Hand; Hand Compositors and Typesetters; Heaters,Metal and Plastic; Helpers—Production Workers;Job Printers; Letterpress Setters and Set-Up Opera-tors; Marking and Identification Printing Machine

Setters and Set-Up Operators; Meat, Poultry, andFish Cutters and Trimmers; Metal Fabricators,Structural Metal Products; Metal-Refining FurnaceOperators and Tenders; Mixing and BlendingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders; MoldMakers, Hand; Molding and Casting Workers;Nonelectrolytic Plating and Coating MachineOperators and Tenders, Metal and Plastic; Nonelec-trolytic Plating and Coating Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators, Metal and Plastic; NumericalControl Machine Tool Operators and Tenders,Metal and Plastic; Offset Lithographic Press Settersand Set-Up Operators; Packaging and FillingMachine Operators and Tenders; Painting, Coating,and Decorating Workers; Photoengraving and Lith-ographing Machine Operators and Tenders; Photo-graphic Hand Developers; Photographic ProcessWorkers; Photographic Processing Machine Opera-tors; Photographic Reproduction Technicians; PlateFinishers; Platemakers; Plating and CoatingMachine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal andPlastic; Pourers and Casters, Metal; Precision Print-ing Workers; Prepress Technicians and Workers;Pressing Machine Operators and Tenders—Textile,Garment, and Related Materials; Printing MachineOperators; Printing Press Machine Operators andTenders; Production Helpers; Production Laborers;Production Workers, All Other; Sawing MachineOperators and Tenders; Sawing Machine Setters andSet-Up Operators; Sawing Machine Setters, Opera-tors, and Tenders, Wood; Scanner Operators; Semi-conductor Processors; Separating, Filtering,Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters,Operators, and Tenders; Sewers, Hand; SewingMachine Operators; Sewing Machine Operators,Garment; Sewing Machine Operators, Non-Gar-ment; Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders;Slaughterers and Meat Packers; Solderers; Solderingand Brazing Machine Operators and Tenders; StoneSawyers; Strippers; Structural Metal Fabricators andFitters; Team Assemblers; Textile Bleaching andDyeing Machine Operators and Tenders; TireBuilders; Welder-Fitters; Welders and Cutters;Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers; Welders,Production; Welding Machine Operators and Ten-

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ders; Woodworking Machine Operators and Ten-ders, Except Sawing.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Photographic and Film/Video Technology/Techni-cian and Assistant. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Chemistry.

Poets and Lyricists) Personality Code: AI

) Growth: 16.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 23,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,330

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 67.9%

) Part-Time: 24.2%

Write poetry or song lyrics for publication or per-formance. Writes words to fit musical compositions,including lyrics for operas, musical plays, and choralworks. Chooses subject matter and suitable form toexpress personal feeling and experience or ideas or tonarrate story or event. Adapts text to accommodatemusical requirements of composer and singer.Writes narrative, dramatic, lyric, or other types ofpoetry for publication. SKILLS—Writing; ReadingComprehension; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.02. Writing and Editing.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Copy Writers;Creative Writers; Editors; Media and Communica-tion Workers, All Other; Technical Writers; Writersand Authors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Business/Corporate Com-munications; Communication Studies/SpeechCommunication and Rhetoric; Communication,Journalism, and Related Programs, Other; CreativeWriting; English Composition; Family and Con-

sumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communication;Journalism; Mass Communication/Media Studies;Playwriting and Screenwriting; Technical and Busi-ness Writing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Communications andMedia; English Language.

Producers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,200

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 32.8%

) Part-Time: 9.1%

Plan and coordinate various aspects of radio, tele-vision, stage, or motion picture production, suchas selecting script, coordinating writing, directingand editing, and arranging financing. Coordinatethe activities of writers, directors, managers, andother personnel throughout the production process.Monitor post-production processes in order toensure accurate completion of all details. Performmanagement activities such as budgeting, schedul-ing, planning, and marketing. Determine produc-tion size, content, and budget, establishing detailssuch as production schedules and management poli-cies. Compose and edit scripts, or provide screen-writers with story outlines from which scripts can bewritten. Conduct meetings with staff to discuss pro-duction progress and to ensure production objec-tives are attained. Resolve personnel problems thatarise during the production process by acting asliaisons between dissenting parties when necessary.Produce shows for special occasions, such as holi-days or testimonials. Edit and write news storiesfrom information collected by reporters. Write andsubmit proposals to bid on contracts for projects.

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Hire directors, principal cast members, and key pro-duction staff members. Arrange financing for pro-ductions. Select plays, scripts, books, or ideas to beproduced. Review film, recordings, or rehearsals toensure conformance to production and broadcaststandards. Perform administrative duties such aspreparing operational reports, distributing rehearsalcall sheets and script copies, and arranging forrehearsal quarters. Obtain and distribute costumes,props, music, and studio equipment needed to com-plete productions. Negotiate contracts with artisticpersonnel, often in accordance with collective bar-gaining agreements. Maintain knowledge of mini-mum wages and working conditions established byunions and/or associations of actors and techni-cians. Plan and coordinate the production of musi-cal recordings, selecting music and directingperformers. Negotiate with parties including inde-pendent producers, and the distributors and broad-casters who will be handling completedproductions. Develop marketing plans for finishedproducts, collaborating with sales associates tosupervise product distribution. Determine anddirect the content of radio programming.SKILLS—Coordination; Negotiation; Monitoring;Management of Personnel Resources; Writing;Time Management; Social Perceptiveness; Manage-ment of Financial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.01. Managerial Work inArts, Entertainment, and Media. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Agents and Business Managersof Artists, Performers, and Athletes; Art Directors;Athletes and Sports Competitors; Coaches andScouts; Entertainers and Performers, Sports andRelated Workers, All Other; Fitness Trainers andAerobics Instructors; Producers and Directors; Pro-gram Directors; Technical Directors/Managers;Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cinematography and Film/Video Production;Directing and Theatrical Production; Drama andDramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dramatic/The-atre Arts and Stagecraft, Other; Film/Cinema Stud-

ies; Radio and Television; Theatre/Theatre ArtsManagement. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communications and Media; Cleri-cal Studies; Administration and Management; Eng-lish Language; Fine Arts; Sales and Marketing.

ProfessionalPhotographers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 13.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $25,050

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 52.5%

) Part-Time: 24.0%

Photograph subjects or news worthy events, usingstill cameras, color or black-and-white film, andvariety of photographic accessories. Frames subjectmatter and background in lens to capture desiredimage. Focuses camera and adjusts settings based onlighting, subject material, distance, and film speed.Selects and assembles equipment and required back-ground properties, according to subject, materials,and conditions. Directs activities of workers assist-ing in setting up photographic equipment. Arrangessubject material in desired position. Estimates ormeasures light level, distance, and number of expo-sures needed, using measuring devices and formulas.SKILLS—Equipment Selection; Management ofMaterial Resources; Technology Design; Operationand Control; Management of Personnel Resources;Social Perceptiveness; Science; Monitoring; Equip-ment Maintenance; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.08. Media Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Audio and VideoEquipment Technicians; Broadcast Technicians;

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Camera Operators, Television, Video, and MotionPicture; Film and Video Editors; Media and Com-munication Equipment Workers, All Other; Pho-tographers; Radio Operators; Sound EngineeringTechnicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art/Art Studies, General; Commercial Photogra-phy; Film/Video and Photographic Arts, Other;Photography; Photojournalism; Visual and Per-forming Arts, General. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Communicationsand Media; Geography; Chemistry; Physics; Trans-portation.

Radio and TelevisionAnnouncers) Personality Code: AS

) Growth: –10.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $20,940

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 34.4%

) Part-Time: 34.2%

Talk on radio or television. May interview guests,act as master of ceremonies, read news flashes,identify station by giving call letters, or announcesong title and artist. Prepare and deliver news,sports, and/or weather reports, gathering and rewrit-ing material so that it will convey required informa-tion and fit specific time slots. Read news flashes toinform audiences of important events. Identify sta-tions, and introduce or close shows, using memo-rized or read scripts, and/or ad-libs. Select programcontent, in conjunction with producers and assis-tants, based on factors such as program specialties,audience tastes, or requests from the public. Study

background information in order to prepare for pro-grams or interviews. Comment on music and othermatters, such as weather or traffic conditions. Inter-view show guests about their lives, their work, ortopics of current interest. Discuss various topics overthe telephone with viewers or listeners. Host civic,charitable, or promotional events that are broadcastover television or radio. Make promotional appear-ances at public or private events in order to repre-sent their employers. Operate control consoles.Announce musical selections, station breaks, com-mercials, or public service information, and acceptrequests from listening audience. Keep daily pro-gram logs to provide information on all elementsaired during broadcast, such as musical selectionsand station promotions. Record commercials forlater broadcast. Locate guests to appear on talk orinterview shows. Describe or demonstrate productsthat viewers may purchase through specific shows orin stores. Coordinate games, contests, or other on-air competitions, performing such duties as askingquestions and awarding prizes. Attend press confer-ences in order to gather information for broadcast.Provide commentary and conduct interviews duringsporting events, parades, conventions, and otherevents. Give network cues permitting selected sta-tions to receive programs. SKILLS—Speaking;Time Management; Social Perceptiveness; Writing;Coordination; Monitoring; Persuasion; Active Lis-tening.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio; Entertain-ers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, AllOther; Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; MusicDirectors; Music Directors and Composers; Musi-cians and Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Singers;Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Broadcast Journalism; Radio and Television.

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RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Com-munications and Media; Telecommunications; Eng-lish Language; Computers and Electronics;Geography; Fine Arts.

Reporters andCorrespondents) Personality Code: AI

) Growth: 6.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,240

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 6.3%

) Part-Time: 14.4%

Collect and analyze facts about newsworthy eventsby interview, investigation, or observation. Reportand write stories for newspaper, news magazine,radio, or television. Report and write news storiesfor publication or broadcast, describing the back-ground and details of events. Arrange interviewswith people who can provide information about aparticular story. Review copy and correct errors incontent, grammar, and punctuation, following pre-scribed editorial style and formatting guidelines.Review and evaluate notes taken about event aspectsin order to isolate pertinent facts and details. Deter-mine a story’s emphasis, length, and format, andorganize material accordingly. Research and analyzebackground information related to stories in orderto be able to provide complete and accurate infor-mation. Gather information about events throughresearch, interviews, experience, and attendance atpolitical, news, sports, artistic, social, and otherfunctions. Investigate breaking news developmentssuch as disasters, crimes, and human interest stories.Research and report on specialized fields such asmedicine, science and technology, politics, foreign

affairs, sports, arts, consumer affairs, business, reli-gion, crime, or education. Receive assignments orevaluate leads and tips in order to develop storyideas. Discuss issues with editors in order to estab-lish priorities and positions. Check reference mate-rials such as books, news files, and public records inorder to obtain relevant facts. Revise work in orderto meet editorial approval or to fit time or spacerequirements. Photograph or videotape news events,or request that a photographer be assigned to pro-vide such coverage. Develop ideas and material forcolumns or commentaries by analyzing and inter-preting news, current issues, and personal experi-ences. Transmit news stories or reportinginformation from remote locations, using equip-ment such as satellite phones, telephones, faxmachines, or modems. Present live or recorded com-mentary via broadcast media. Conduct taped orfilmed interviews or narratives. Edit or assist in edit-ing videos for broadcast. Write columns, editorials,commentaries, or reviews that interpret events oroffer opinions. SKILLS—Writing; Active Listening;Critical Thinking; Reading Comprehension; ActiveLearning; Time Management; Speaking; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.03. News, Broadcastingand Public Relations. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Broadcast News Analysts; Caption Writers;Interpreters and Translators; Public Relations Spe-cialists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Communication/Journalism; Broad-cast Journalism; Journalism; Journalism, Other;Mass Communication/Media Studies; Photojour-nalism; Political Communication. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communicationsand Media; English Language; Geography; Sociolo-gy and Anthropology; Clerical Studies; Customerand Personal Service.

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Sculptors) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 16.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,420

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 55.5%

) Part-Time: 23.1%

Design and construct three-dimensional art works,using materials such as stone, wood, plaster, andmetal and employing various manual and tooltechniques. Carves objects from stone, concrete,plaster, wood, or other material, using abrasives andtools, such as chisels, gouges, and mall. Models sub-stances, such as clay or wax, using fingers and smallhand tools to form objects. Cuts, bends, laminates,arranges, and fastens individual or mixed raw andmanufactured materials and products to form worksof art. Constructs artistic forms from metal or stone,using metalworking, welding, or masonry tools andequipment. SKILLS—None met the criteria.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Graphic Designers; Interior Designers;Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers;Multi-Media Artists and Animators; Painters andIllustrators; Set and Exhibit Designers; Set Design-ers; Sketch Artists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art/Art Studies, General; Ceramic Arts and Ceram-ics; Fine Arts and Art Studies, Other; Fine/StudioArts, General; Sculpture; Visual and PerformingArts, General. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/

COURSES—Fine Arts; Design; Engineering andTechnology; Building and Construction.

Set Designers) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 20.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,150

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 32.2%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Design sets for theatrical, motion picture, and tel-evision productions. Integrates requirementsincluding script, research, budget, and availablelocations to develop design. Presents drawings forapproval and makes changes and corrections asdirected. Selects furniture, draperies, pictures,lamps, and rugs for decorative quality and appear-ance. Confers with heads of production and direc-tion to establish budget, schedules, and discussdesign ideas. Directs and coordinates set construc-tion, erection, or decoration activities to ensure con-formance to design, budget, and schedulerequirements. Assigns staff to complete design ideasand prepare sketches, illustrations, and detaileddrawings of sets, or graphics and animation. Exam-ines dressed set to ensure props and scenery do notinterfere with movements of cast or view of camera.Reads script to determine location, set, or decora-tion requirements. Estimates costs of design materi-als and construction, or rental of location or props.Researches and consults experts to determine archi-tectural and furnishing styles to depict given periodsor locations. Designs and builds scale models of setdesign or miniature sets used in filming back-grounds or special effects. Prepares rough draft andscale working drawings of sets, including floorplans, scenery, and properties to be constructed.

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SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Management of Material Resources; Managementof Personnel Resources; Persuasion; OperationsAnalysis; Systems Evaluation; Negotiation; Technol-ogy Design.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Graphic Designers; Interior Designers;Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers;Multi-Media Artists and Animators; Painters andIllustrators; Sculptors; Set and Exhibit Designers;Sketch Artists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Design and Applied Arts, Other; Design and VisualCommunications, General; Illustration; TechnicalTheatre/Theatre Design and Technology. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts;Design; Building and Construction; Engineeringand Technology; Geography; Communications andMedia.

Singers) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 17.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 25,000

) Annual Earnings: $37,380

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 38.3%

) Part-Time: 39.5%

Sing songs on stage, radio, television, or motionpictures. Sing a cappella or with musical accompa-

niment. Sing as a soloist or as a member of a vocalgroup. Collaborate with a manager or agent whohandles administrative details, finds work, andnegotiates contracts. Compose songs and/or createvocal arrangements. Learn acting, dancing, andother skills required for dramatic singing roles.Make or participate in recordings. Research particu-lar roles to find out more about a character, or thetime and place in which a piece is set. Interpret ormodify music, applying knowledge of harmony,melody, rhythm, and voice production to individu-alize presentations and maintain audience interest.Memorize musical selections and routines, or singfollowing printed text, musical notation, or cus-tomer instructions. Observe choral leaders orprompters for cues or directions in vocal presenta-tion. Perform before live audiences, or in television,radio, or movie productions. Practice singing exer-cises and study with vocal coaches, in order to devel-op their voices and skills and to rehearse forupcoming roles. Seek out and learn new music thatis suitable for live performance and/or recording.SKILLS—None met the criteria.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio; Entertain-ers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, AllOther; Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; MusicDirectors; Music Directors and Composers; Musi-cians and Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Talent Directors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Jazz/Jazz Studies; Music Pedagogy; Music Perfor-mance, General; Music, General; Music, Other;Piano and Organ; Voice and Opera. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Commu-nications and Media; Foreign Language.

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Sketch Artists) Personality Code: AR

) Growth: 16.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 4,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,420

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 55.5%

) Part-Time: 23.1%

Sketch likenesses of subjects according to observa-tion or descriptions either to assist law enforce-ment agencies in identifying suspects, to depictcourt room scenes, or for entertainment purposesof patrons, using mediums such as pencil, char-coal, and pastels. Draws sketch, profile, or likenessof posed subject or photograph, using pencil, char-coal, pastels, or other medium. Assembles andarranges outlines of features to form compositeimage, according to information provided by wit-ness or victim. Alters copy of composite image untilwitness or victim is satisfied that composite is bestpossible representation of suspect. Poses subject toaccentuate most pleasing features or profile. Classi-fies and codes components of image, using estab-lished system, to help identify suspect. Preparesseries of simple line drawings conforming todescription of suspect and presents drawings toinformant for selection of sketch. Interviews crimevictims and witnesses to obtain descriptive informa-tion concerning physical build, sex, nationality, andfacial features of unidentified suspect. Measures dis-tances and develops sketches of crime scene fromphotograph and measurements. Searches policephotograph records, using classification and codingsystem to determine if existing photograph of sus-pects is available. Operates photocopy or similarmachine to reproduce composite image. SKILLS—Active Listening; Social Perceptiveness; Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.04. Visual Arts. Other

Jobs in This Work Group: Artists and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Cartoonists; Commercial andIndustrial Designers; Designers, All Other; ExhibitDesigners; Fashion Designers; Fine Artists, Includ-ing Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators; FloralDesigners; Graphic Designers; Interior Designers;Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers;Multi-Media Artists and Animators; Painters andIllustrators; Sculptors; Set and Exhibit Designers;Set Designers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Art/Art Studies, General; Drawing; Fine Arts andArt Studies, Other; Fine/Studio Arts, General; Medical Illustration/Medical Illustrator; Visual and Performing Arts, General. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Design.

Talent Directors) Personality Code: AE

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,200

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 32.8%

) Part-Time: 9.1%

Audition and interview performers to select mostappropriate talent for parts in stage, television,radio, or motion picture productions. Arrange forand/or design screen tests or auditions for prospec-tive performers. Attend or view productions inorder to maintain knowledge of available actors.Audition and interview performers in order tomatch their attributes to specific roles or to increasethe pool of available acting talent. Contact agentsand actors in order to provide notification of audi-tion and performance opportunities and to set upaudition times. Locate performers or extras for

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crowd and background scenes, and stand-ins orphoto doubles for actors, by direct contact orthrough agents. Maintain talent files that includeinformation such as performers’ specialties, past per-formances, and availability. Negotiate contractagreements with performers, with agents, orbetween performers and agents or production com-panies. Prepare actors for auditions by providingscripts and information about roles and castingrequirements. Read scripts and confer with produc-ers in order to determine the types and numbers ofperformers required for a given production. Reviewperformer information such as photos, resumes,voice tapes, videos, and union membership, in orderto decide whom to audition for parts. Select per-formers for roles or submit lists of suitable perform-ers to producers or directors for final selection. Hireand supervise workers who help locate people withspecified attributes and talents. Serve as liaisonsbetween directors, actors, and agents. SKILLS—Negotiation; Management of Personnel Resources;Speaking; Social Perceptiveness; Persuasion; ActiveListening; Writing; Reading Comprehension; Criti-cal Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.05. Performing Arts.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Actors; Choreog-raphers; Composers; Dancers; Directors—Stage,Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio; Entertain-ers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, AllOther; Music Arrangers and Orchestrators; MusicDirectors; Music Directors and Composers; Musi-cians and Singers; Musicians, Instrumental; PublicAddress System and Other Announcers; Radio andTelevision Announcers; Singers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cinematography and Film/Video Production;Directing and Theatrical Production; Drama andDramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dramatic/Theatre Arts and Stagecraft, Other; Film/CinemaStudies; Radio and Television; Theatre/Theatre Arts Management. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Fine Arts; Sales and Marketing; Per-sonnel and Human Resources; Administration and

Management; Communications and Media; Eco-nomics and Accounting.

Technical Writers) Personality Code: AI

) Growth: 27.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 6,000

) Annual Earnings: $51,590

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 7.3%

) Part-Time: 5.5%

Write technical materials, such as equipment man-uals, appendices, or operating and maintenanceinstructions. May assist in layout work. Organizematerial and complete writing assignment accord-ing to set standards regarding order, clarity, concise-ness, style, and terminology. Maintain records andfiles of work and revisions. Edit, standardize, ormake changes to material prepared by other writersor establishment personnel. Confer with customerrepresentatives, vendors, plant executives, or pub-lisher to establish technical specifications and todetermine subject material to be developed for pub-lication. Review published materials and recom-mend revisions or changes in scope, format,content, and methods of reproduction and binding.Select photographs, drawings, sketches, diagrams,and charts to illustrate material. Study drawings,specifications, mockups, and product samples tointegrate and delineate technology, operating proce-dure, and production sequence and detail. Interviewproduction and engineering personnel and readjournals and other material to become familiar withproduct technologies and production methods.Observe production, developmental, and experi-mental activities to determine operating procedureand detail. Arrange for typing, duplication, and dis-tribution of material. Assist in laying out material

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for publication. Analyze developments in specificfield to determine need for revisions in previouslypublished materials and development of new mate-rial. Review manufacturer’s and trade catalogs,drawings and other data relative to operation, main-tenance, and service of equipment. Draw sketchesto illustrate specified materials or assemblysequence. SKILLS—Writing; Coordination; ActiveLearning; Active Listening; Reading Comprehen-sion; Service Orientation; Technology Design;Speaking; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.02. Writing and Editing.

Other Jobs in This Work Group: Copy Writers;Creative Writers; Editors; Media and Communica-tion Workers, All Other; Poets and Lyricists; Writersand Authors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business/Corporate Communications; Family andConsumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communica-tion; Technical and Business Writing. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—English Language;Clerical Studies; Communications and Media;Computers and Electronics; Education and Train-ing; Sales and Marketing.

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Anthropology andArcheology Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $59,710

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in anthropology or archeology. Par-ticipate in student recruitment, registration, andplacement activities. Perform administrative dutiessuch as serving as department head. Provide profes-sional consulting services to government and/orindustry. Serve on academic or administrative com-mittees that deal with institutional policies, depart-mental matters, and academic issues. Write grantproposals to procure external research funding.Evaluate and grade students’ class work, assign-ments, and papers. Prepare and deliver lectures toundergraduate and/or graduate students on topicssuch as research methods, urban anthropology, andlanguage and culture. Advise students on academicand vocational curricula, career issues, and laborato-ry and field research. Compile, administer, andgrade examinations or assign this work to others.Compile bibliographies of specialized materials foroutside reading assignments. Initiate, facilitate, andmoderate classroom discussions. Keep abreast ofdevelopments in their field by reading current liter-ature, talking with colleagues, and participating inprofessional conferences. Maintain regularly sched-

uled office hours in order to advise and assist stu-dents. Maintain student attendance records, grades,and other required records. Plan, evaluate, andrevise curricula, course content, and course materi-als and methods of instruction. Prepare coursematerials such as syllabi, homework assignments,and handouts. Select and obtain materials and sup-plies such as textbooks and laboratory equipment.Supervise students’ laboratory or field work. Super-vise undergraduate and/or graduate teaching,internship, and research work. Act as advisers to stu-dent organizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. SKILLS—Instructing; LearningStrategies; Reading Comprehension; Active Learn-ing; Speaking; Writing; Science; Active Listening;Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary;Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Post-

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secondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Post-secondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Anthropology; Archeology; Physical Anthropology;Social Science Teacher Education. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sociology andAnthropology; History and Archeology; Educationand Training; Psychology; Economics and Account-ing; English Language.

Area, Ethnic, andCultural StudiesTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $55,060

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses pertaining to the culture and devel-opment of an area (e.g., Latin America), an ethnicgroup, or any other group (e.g., women’s studies,urban affairs). Evaluate and grade students’ classwork, assignments, and papers. Prepare and deliverlectures to undergraduate and/or graduate studentson topics such as race and ethnic relations, genderstudies, and cross-cultural perspectives. Advise stu-dents on academic and vocational curricula and oncareer issues. Compile, administer, and grade exam-inations or assign this work to others. Compile bib-liographies of specialized materials for outsidereading assignments. Incorporate experiential/sitevisit components into courses. Initiate, facilitate,and moderate classroom discussions. Keep abreastof developments in their field by reading current lit-erature, talking with colleagues, and participating inprofessional conferences. Maintain regularly sched-uled office hours in order to advise and assist stu-dents. Maintain student attendance records, grades,and other required records. Plan, evaluate, andrevise curricula, course content, and course materi-als and methods of instruction. Prepare coursematerials such as syllabi, homework assignments,and handouts. Select and obtain materials and sup-plies such as textbooks. Supervise undergraduate

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and/or graduate teaching, internship, and researchwork. Act as advisers to student organizations. Col-laborate with colleagues to address teaching andresearch issues. Conduct research in a particularfield of knowledge, and publish findings in profes-sional journals, books, and/or electronic media. Par-ticipate in campus and community events.Participate in student recruitment, registration, andplacement activities. Perform administrative dutiessuch as serving as department head. Provide profes-sional consulting services to government and/orindustry. Serve on academic or administrative com-mittees that deal with institutional policies, depart-mental matters, and academic issues. Write grantproposals to procure external research funding.SKILLS—Instructing; Learning Strategies; ReadingComprehension; Active Learning; Speaking; Writ-ing; Science; Active Listening; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Art, Drama, and Music Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth, Marine,and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Biological ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Business Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary; ChildCare Workers; Communications Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers,Postsecondary; Curators; Economics Teachers, Post-secondary; Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Education, Training, and Library Workers, AllOther; Educational Psychologists; Educational,Vocational, and School Counselors; ElementarySchool Teachers, Except Special Education; Engi-neering Teachers, Postsecondary; English Languageand Literature Teachers, Postsecondary; Environ-mental Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Farm andHome Management Advisors; Foreign Language

and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary; Forestryand Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; GraduateTeaching Assistants; Health Specialties Teachers,Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary;Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kinder-garten Teachers, Except Special Education; LawTeachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assis-tants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; MuseumTechnicians and Conservators; Nannies; NursingInstructors and Teachers, Postsecondary; PersonalFinancial Advisors; Philosophy and Religion Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary; Recreation and Fitness StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Secondary School Teach-ers, Except Special and Vocational Education; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—African Studies; African-American/Black Studies;American Indian/Native American Studies; Ameri-can/United States Studies/Civilization; Area Stud-ies, Other; Area, Ethnic, Cultural, and GenderStudies, Other; Asian Studies/Civilization; Asian-American Studies; Balkans Studies; Baltic Studies;Canadian Studies; Caribbean Studies; Central/Mid-dle and Eastern European Studies; Chinese Studies;Commonwealth Studies; East Asian Studies; Eth-nic, Cultural Minority, and Gender Studies, Other;

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European Studies/Civilization; French Studies;Gay/Lesbian Studies; German Studies; Hispanic-American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican-American/Chicano Studies; Intercultural/Multicultural andDiversity Studies; Islamic Studies; Italian Studies;Japanese Studies; Jewish/Judaic Studies; KoreanStudies; Latin American Studies; Near and MiddleEastern Studies; Pacific Area/Pacific Rim Studies;Polish Studies; Regional Studies (U.S., Canadian,Foreign); Religion/Religious Studies, Other; Russ-ian Studies; Scandinavian Studies; Slavic Studies;Social Studies Teacher Education; South AsianStudies; Southeast Asian Studies; Spanish and Iberian Studies; Tibetan Studies; Ukraine Studies;Ural-Altaic and Central Asian Studies; WesternEuropean Studies; Women’s Studies. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sociology andAnthropology; History and Archeology; Educationand Training; Psychology; Economics and Account-ing; English Language.

Child, Family, andSchool Social Workers) Personality Code: S

) Growth: 23.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 45,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,810

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.7%

) Part-Time: 8.7%

Provide social services and assistance to improvethe social and psychological functioning of chil-dren and their families and to maximize the fami-ly well-being and the academic functioning ofchildren. May assist single parents, arrange adop-tions, and find foster homes for abandoned orabused children. In schools, they address suchproblems as teenage pregnancy, misbehavior, and

truancy. May also advise teachers on how to dealwith problem children. Interview clients individu-ally, in families, or in groups, assessing their situa-tions, capabilities, and problems, to determine whatservices are required to meet their needs. Counselindividuals, groups, families, or communitiesregarding issues including mental health, poverty,unemployment, substance abuse, physical abuse,rehabilitation, social adjustment, child care, and/ormedical care. Maintain case history records and pre-pare reports. Counsel students whose behavior,school progress, or mental or physical impairmentindicate a need for assistance, diagnosing students’problems and arranging for needed services. Con-sult with parents, teachers, and other school person-nel to determine causes of problems such as truancyand misbehavior, and to implement solutions.Counsel parents with child rearing problems, inter-viewing the child and family to determine whetherfurther action is required. Develop and review serv-ice plans in consultation with clients, and performfollow-ups assessing the quantity and quality ofservices provided. Collect supplementary informa-tion needed to assist client, such as employmentrecords, medical records, or school reports. Addresslegal issues, such as child abuse and discipline, assist-ing with hearings and providing testimony toinform custody arrangements. Provide, find, orarrange for support services, such as child care,homemaker service, prenatal care, substance abusetreatment, job training, counseling, or parentingclasses, to prevent more serious problems fromdeveloping. Refer clients to community resourcesfor services such as job placement, debt counseling,legal aid, housing, medical treatment, or financialassistance, and provide concrete information, suchas where to go and how to apply. Arrange for med-ical, psychiatric, and other tests that may disclosecauses of difficulties and indicate remedial measures.Work in child and adolescent residential institu-tions. Administer welfare programs. Evaluate per-sonal characteristics and home conditions of fosterhome or adoption applicants. Serve as liaisonsbetween students, homes, schools, family services,child guidance clinics, courts, protective services,doctors, and other contacts, to help children who

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face problems such as disabilities, abuse, or poverty.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Service Orienta-tion; Learning Strategies; Negotiation; Monitoring;Speaking; Active Listening; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.02. Social Services. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Clergy; Clinical Psy-chologists; Clinical, Counseling, and School Psy-chologists; Community and Social ServiceSpecialists, All Other; Counseling Psychologists;Counselors, All Other; Directors, Religious Activi-ties and Education; Marriage and Family Thera-pists; Medical and Public Health Social Workers;Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Work-ers; Mental Health Counselors; Probation Officersand Correctional Treatment Specialists; Rehabilita-tion Counselors; Religious Workers, All Other; Res-idential Advisors; Social and Human ServiceAssistants; Social Workers, All Other; SubstanceAbuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Juvenile Corrections; Social Work; Youth Ser-vices/Administration. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy and Counseling; Psycholo-gy; Sociology and Anthropology; Customer andPersonal Service; Law and Government; Philosophyand Theology.

CounselingPsychologists) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 24.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,220

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 25.4%

) Part-Time: 27.2%

Assess and evaluate individuals’ problems throughthe use of case history, interview, and observationand provide individual or group counseling servic-es to assist individuals in achieving more effectivepersonal, social, educational, and vocational devel-opment and adjustment. Provide consulting servic-es to schools, social service agencies, and businesses.Advise clients on how they could be helped bycounseling. Analyze data such as interview notes,test results, and reference manuals in order to iden-tify symptoms, and to diagnose the nature of clients’problems. Collect information about individuals orclients, using interviews, case histories, observation-al techniques, and other assessment methods.Counsel individuals, groups, or families to helpthem understand problems, define goals, and devel-op realistic action plans. Develop therapeutic andtreatment plans based on clients’ interests, abilities,and needs. Evaluate the results of counseling meth-ods to determine the reliability and validity of treat-ments. Select, administer, and interpretpsychological tests to assess intelligence, aptitudes,abilities, or interests. Consult with other profession-als to discuss therapies, treatments, counselingresources, or techniques, and to share occupationalinformation. Refer clients to specialists or to otherinstitutions for non-counseling treatment of prob-lems. Conduct research to develop or improve diag-nostic or therapeutic counseling techniques.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Active Listening;Learning Strategies; Critical Thinking; Persuasion;Reading Comprehension; Active Learning; Science;Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.02. Social Services. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Child, Family, andSchool Social Workers; Clergy; Clinical Psycholo-gists; Clinical, Counseling, and School Psycholo-gists; Community and Social Service Specialists, AllOther; Counselors, All Other; Directors, ReligiousActivities and Education; Marriage and FamilyTherapists; Medical and Public Health Social Work-ers; Mental Health and Substance Abuse SocialWorkers; Mental Health Counselors; Probation

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Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists;Rehabilitation Counselors; Religious Workers, AllOther; Residential Advisors; Social and Human Ser-vice Assistants; Social Workers, All Other; Sub-stance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical Child Psychology; Clinical Psychology;Counseling Psychology; Developmental and ChildPsychology; Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy; Psy-chology, General; School Psychology. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy andCounseling; Psychology; Sociology and Anthropol-ogy; Philosophy and Theology; Mathematics; Edu-cation and Training.

Dental Assistants) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 42.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $27,700

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 35.6%

Assist dentist, set up patient and equipment, andkeep records. Prepare patient, sterilize and disinfectinstruments, set up instrument trays, prepare mate-rials, and assist dentist during dental procedures.Expose dental diagnostic X rays. Record treatmentinformation in patient records. Take and recordmedical and dental histories and vital signs ofpatients. Provide postoperative instructions pre-scribed by dentist. Assist dentist in management ofmedical and dental emergencies. Pour, trim, andpolish study casts. Instruct patients in oral hygieneand plaque control programs. Make preliminaryimpressions for study casts and occlusal registrationsfor mounting study casts. Clean and polish remov-able appliances. Clean teeth, using dental instru-

ments. Apply protective coating of fluoride to teeth.Fabricate temporary restorations and customimpressions from preliminary impressions. Scheduleappointments, prepare bills and receive payment fordental services, complete insurance forms, andmaintain records, manually or using computer.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Equipment Main-tenance; Instructing; Management of MaterialResources; Persuasion; Service Orientation; TimeManagement; Operation and Control.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.03. Dentistry. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Dental Hygienists; Dentists, AllOther Specialists; Dentists, General; HealthcareSupport Workers, All Other; Oral and MaxillofacialSurgeons; Orthodontists; Prosthodontists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Dental Assisting/Assistant. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Customer and Personal Service; Clerical Studies;Chemistry; Psychology; Computers and Electronics.

Dental Hygienists) Personality Code: SC

) Growth: 43.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 9,000

) Annual Earnings: $56,360

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.7%

) Part-Time: 57.8%

Clean teeth and examine oral areas, head, and neckfor signs of oral disease. May educate patients onoral hygiene, take and develop X rays, or apply flu-oride or sealants. Clean calcareous deposits, accre-tions, and stains from teeth and beneath margins ofgums, using dental instruments. Feel and visuallyexamine gums for sores and signs of disease. Chartconditions of decay and disease for diagnosis and

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treatment by dentist. Feel lymph nodes underpatient’s chin to detect swelling or tenderness thatcould indicate presence of oral cancer. Apply fluo-rides and other cavity preventing agents to arrestdental decay. Examine gums, using probes, to locateperiodontal recessed gums and signs of gum disease.Expose and develop X-ray film. Provide clinical serv-ices and health education to improve and maintainoral health of school children. Remove excess cementfrom coronal surfaces of teeth. Make impressions forstudy casts. Place, carve, and finish amalgam restora-tions. Administer local anesthetic agents. Conductdental health clinics for community groups to aug-ment services of dentist. SKILLS—Time Manage-ment; Active Learning; Social Perceptiveness;Instructing; Persuasion; Learning Strategies; ReadingComprehension; Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.03. Dentistry. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Dental Assistants; Dentists, AllOther Specialists; Dentists, General; HealthcareSupport Workers, All Other; Oral and MaxillofacialSurgeons; Orthodontists; Prosthodontists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Dental Hygiene/Hygienist. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Biology; Medicine andDentistry; Customer and Personal Service; Psychol-ogy; Chemistry; Sales and Marketing.

Economics Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $64,950

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in economics. Participate in campusand community events. Participate in studentrecruitment, registration, and placement activities.Perform administrative duties such as serving asdepartment head. Provide professional consultingservices to government and/or industry. Serve onacademic or administrative committees that dealwith institutional policies, departmental matters,and academic issues. Write grant proposals to pro-cure external research funding. Evaluate and gradestudents’ class work, assignments, and papers. Pre-pare and deliver lectures to undergraduate and/orgraduate students on topics such as econometrics,price theory, and macroeconomics. Advise studentson academic and vocational curricula, and on careerissues. Compile, administer, and grade examina-tions, or assign this work to others. Compile bibli-ographies of specialized materials for outside readingassignments. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate class-room discussions. Keep abreast of developments intheir field by reading current literature, talking withcolleagues, and participating in professional confer-ences. Maintain regularly scheduled office hours inorder to advise and assist students. Maintain studentattendance records, grades, and other requiredrecords. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, coursecontent, and course materials and methods ofinstruction. Prepare course materials such as syllabi,homework assignments, and handouts. Select andobtain materials and supplies such as textbooks.Supervise undergraduate and/or graduate teaching,internship, and research work. Act as advisers to stu-dent organizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge, and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. SKILLS—Instructing; LearningStrategies; Reading Comprehension; Active Learn-ing; Speaking; Writing; Science; Active Listening;Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers and

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Instructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Education Teachers, Postsecondary; Education,Training, and Library Workers, All Other; Educa-tional Psychologists; Educational, Vocational, andSchool Counselors; Elementary School Teachers,Except Special Education; Engineering Teachers,Postsecondary; English Language and LiteratureTeachers, Postsecondary; Environmental ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Farm and Home Manage-ment Advisors; Foreign Language and LiteratureTeachers, Postsecondary; Forestry and ConservationScience Teachers, Postsecondary; Geography Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;

Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Applied Economics; Business/Managerial Econom-ics; Development Economics and InternationalDevelopment; Econometrics and Quantitative Eco-nomics; Economics, General; Economics, Other;International Economics; Social Science TeacherEducation. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Sociology and Anthropology; History andArcheology; Education and Training; Psychology;Economics and Accounting; English Language.

EducationAdministrators,Elementary andSecondary School) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 20.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 31,000

) Annual Earnings: $73,490

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 3.2%

) Part-Time: 7.2%

Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, clerical,or auxiliary activities of public or private elemen-

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tary or secondary level schools. Write articles, man-uals, and other publications, and assist in the distri-bution of promotional literature about facilities andprograms. Advocate for new schools to be built, orfor existing facilities to be repaired or remodeled.Establish, coordinate, and oversee particular pro-grams across school districts, such as programs toevaluate student academic achievement. Plan anddevelop instructional methods and content for edu-cational, vocational, or student activity programs.Prepare and submit budget requests and recommen-dations, or grant proposals to solicit program fund-ing. Prepare, maintain, or oversee thepreparation/maintenance of attendance, activity,planning, or personnel reports and records. Recom-mend personnel actions related to programs andservices. Recruit, hire, train, and evaluate primaryand supplemental staff. Review and approve newprograms, or recommend modifications to existingprograms, submitting program proposals for schoolboard approval as necessary. Set educational stan-dards and goals, and help establish policies and pro-cedures to carry them out. Collect and analyzesurvey data, regulatory information, and data ondemographic and employment trends to forecastenrollment patterns and curriculum change needs.Confer with parents and staff to discuss educationalactivities, policies, and student behavioral or learn-ing problems. Counsel and provide guidance to stu-dents regarding personal, academic, vocational, orbehavioral issues. Develop partnerships with busi-nesses, communities, and other organizations tohelp meet identified educational needs and to pro-vide school-to-work programs. Direct and coordi-nate school maintenance services and the use ofschool facilities. Enforce discipline and attendancerules. Organize and direct committees of specialists,volunteers, and staff to provide technical and advi-sory assistance for programs. Review and interpretgovernment codes, and develop programs to ensureadherence to codes and facility safety, security, andmaintenance. Teach classes or courses to students.Direct and coordinate activities of teachers, admin-istrators, and support staff at schools, public agen-cies, and institutions. SKILLS—Management of

Financial Resources; Management of PersonnelResources; Management of Material Resources; Sys-tems Analysis; Systems Evaluation; Coordination;Learning Strategies; Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.01. Managerial Work in Edu-cation and Social Service. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Education Administrators, All Other; Edu-cation Administrators, Postsecondary; EducationAdministrators, Preschool and Child Care Cen-ter/Program; Instructional Coordinators; Park Nat-uralists; Social and Community Service Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Educational Administration and Supervision,Other; Educational Leadership and Administra-tion, General; Educational, Instructional, and Cur-riculum Supervision; Elementary and MiddleSchool Administration/Principalship; SecondarySchool Administration/Principalship. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education andTraining; Sales and Marketing; Personnel andHuman Resources; Administration and Manage-ment; Economics and Accounting; English Lan-guage.

Educational, Vocational,and School Counselors) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 15.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 32,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,640

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 4.4%

) Part-Time: 14.6%

Counsel individuals and provide group education-al and vocational guidance services. Assess needs

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for assistance such as rehabilitation, financial aid, oradditional vocational training, and refer clients tothe appropriate services. Compile and study occu-pational, educational, and economic information toassist counselees in determining and carrying outvocational and educational objectives. Conduct fol-low-up interviews with counselees to determine iftheir needs have been met. Confer with parents orguardians, teachers, other counselors, and adminis-trators to resolve students’ behavioral, academic,and other problems. Enforce all administration poli-cies and rules governing students. Establish andenforce behavioral rules and procedures to maintainorder among students. Establish and supervise peercounseling and peer tutoring programs. Instructindividuals in career development techniques suchas job search and application strategies, resume writ-ing, and interview skills. Interview clients to obtaininformation about employment history, educationalbackground, and career goals, and to identify barri-ers to employment. Maintain accurate and completestudent records as required by laws, district policies,and administrative regulations. Meet with otherprofessionals to discuss individual students’ needsand progress. Counsel individuals to help themunderstand and overcome personal, social, or behav-ioral problems affecting their educational or voca-tional situations. Counsel students regardingeducational issues such as course and program selec-tion, class scheduling, school adjustment, truancy,study habits, and career planning. Evaluate individ-uals’ abilities, interests, and personality characteris-tics using tests, records, interviews, and professionalsources. Address community groups, faculty, andstaff members to explain available counseling servic-es. Meet with parents and guardians to discuss theirchildren’s progress, and to determine their prioritiesfor their children and their resource needs. Observeand evaluate students’ performance, behavior, socialdevelopment, and physical health. Plan and conductorientation programs and group conferences to pro-mote the adjustment of individuals to new life expe-riences such as starting college. SKILLS—ServiceOrientation; Social Perceptiveness; Active Listening;

Speaking; Systems Evaluation; Instructing; ReadingComprehension; Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; Physics

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Teachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—College Student Counseling and Personnel Services;Counselor Education/School Counseling andGuidance Services. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy and Counseling; Psycholo-gy; Education and Training; Sociology and Anthro-pology; English Language; Personnel and HumanResources.

Elementary SchoolTeachers, ExceptSpecial Education) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 15.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 183,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,160

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.1%

) Part-Time: 9.2%

Teach pupils in public or private schools at the ele-mentary level basic academic, social, and otherformative skills. Plan and conduct activities for abalanced program of instruction, demonstration,and work time that provides students with opportu-nities to observe, question, and investigate. Plan andsupervise class projects, field trips, visits by guestspeakers or other experiential activities, and guidestudents in learning from those activities. Prepareand implement remedial programs for studentsrequiring extra help. Prepare for assigned classes,and show written evidence of preparation uponrequest of immediate supervisors. Prepare materialsand classrooms for class activities. Prepare objectivesand outlines for courses of study, following curricu-lum guidelines or requirements of states andschools. Prepare reports on students and activities asrequired by administration. Prepare students forlater grades by encouraging them to explore learningopportunities and to persevere with challengingtasks. Provide a variety of materials and resources forchildren to explore, manipulate and use, both inlearning activities and in imaginative play. Readbooks to entire classes or small groups. Supervise,evaluate, and plan assignments for teacher assistantsand volunteers. Establish clear objectives for all les-sons, units, and projects, and communicate thoseobjectives to students. Instruct students individual-ly and in groups, using various teaching methodssuch as lectures, discussions, and demonstrations.Prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignmentsin order to evaluate students’ progress. Assign andgrade class work and homework. Adapt teachingmethods and instructional materials to meet stu-dents’ varying needs and interests. Confer withother staff members to plan and schedule lessonspromoting learning, following approved curricula.Confer with parents or guardians, teachers, coun-selors, and administrators in order to resolve stu-dents’ behavioral and academic problems. Enforceadministration policies and rules governing stu-dents. Establish and enforce rules for behavior andprocedures for maintaining order among the stu-dents for whom they are responsible. Guide andcounsel students with adjustment and/or academic

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problems or special academic interests. SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Social Perceptiveness; Instruct-ing; Service Orientation; Science; Speaking;Coordination; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary;Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Biological Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Business Teachers,Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary;Child Care Workers; Communications Teachers,Postsecondary; Computer Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Criminal Justice and Law EnforcementTeachers, Postsecondary; Curators; EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Education Teachers, Post-secondary; Education, Training, and Library Work-ers, All Other; Educational Psychologists;Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors;Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary; English Lan-guage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary; Envi-ronmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Farmand Home Management Advisors; Foreign Lan-guage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; Gradu-ate Teaching Assistants; Health Specialties Teachers,Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary;Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kinder-garten Teachers, Except Special Education; LawTeachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assis-tants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; MuseumTechnicians and Conservators; Nannies; NursingInstructors and Teachers, Postsecondary; PersonalFinancial Advisors; Philosophy and Religion Teach-

ers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary; Recreation and Fitness StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Elementary Education and Teaching; Teacher Education, Multiple Levels. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Geography; Histo-ry and Archeology; Education and Training; Sociol-ogy and Anthropology; Therapy and Counseling;Psychology.

Emergency MedicalTechnicians andParamedics) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 33.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 32,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,440

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 0.8%

) Part-Time: 8.4%

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Assess injuries, administer emergency medicalcare, and extricate trapped individuals. Transportinjured or sick persons to medical facilities.Administer first-aid treatment and life-support careto sick or injured persons in prehospital setting.Operate equipment such as EKGs, external defibril-lators and bag-valve mask resuscitators in advancedlife-support environments. Assess nature and extentof illness or injury to establish and prioritize medicalprocedures. Maintain vehicles and medical andcommunication equipment, and replenish first-aidequipment and supplies. Observe, record, andreport to physician the patient’s condition or injury,the treatment provided, and reactions to drugs andtreatment. Perform emergency diagnostic and treat-ment procedures, such as stomach suction, airwaymanagement and heart monitoring, during ambu-lance ride. Administer drugs, orally or by injection,and perform intravenous procedures under a physi-cian’s direction. Comfort and reassure patients.Coordinate work with other emergency medicalteam members and police and fire department per-sonnel. Communicate with dispatchers and treat-ment center personnel to provide information aboutsituation, to arrange reception of victims, and toreceive instructions for further treatment. Immobi-lize patient for placement on stretcher and ambu-lance transport, using backboard or other spinalimmobilization device. Decontaminate ambulanceinterior following treatment of patient with infec-tious disease and report case to proper authorities.Drive mobile intensive care unit to specified loca-tion, following instructions from emergency med-ical dispatcher. Coordinate with treatment centerpersonnel to obtain patients’ vital statistics andmedical history, to determine the circumstances ofthe emergency, and to administer emergency treat-ment. SKILLS—Equipment Maintenance; SocialPerceptiveness; Service Orientation; Coordination;Instructing; Negotiation; Critical Thinking; Speak-ing; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.04. Public Safe-ty. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Agricultural

Inspectors; Aviation Inspectors; Compliance Offi-cers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health andSafety, and Transportation; Environmental Compli-ance Inspectors; Equal Opportunity Representativesand Officers; Financial Examiners; Fire Fighters;Fire Inspectors; Fire Inspectors and Investigators;Forest Fire Fighters; Forest Fire Inspectors and Pre-vention Specialists; Government Property Inspec-tors and Investigators; Licensing Examiners andInspectors; Marine Cargo Inspectors; MunicipalFire Fighters; Nuclear Monitoring Technicians;Occupational Health and Safety Specialists; Occu-pational Health and Safety Technicians; ProtectiveService Workers, All Other; Public TransportationInspectors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Emergency Care Attendant (EMT Ambulance);Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT Paramedic). RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service; Med-icine and Dentistry; Psychology; Public Safety andSecurity; Chemistry; Therapy and Counseling.

EmploymentInterviewers, Private orPublic EmploymentService) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 27.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,770

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.8%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

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Interview job applicants in employment office andrefer them to prospective employers for considera-tion. Search application files, notify selected appli-cants of job openings, and refer qualifiedapplicants to prospective employers. Contactemployers to verify referral results. Record andevaluate various pertinent data. Inform applicantsof job openings and details such as duties andresponsibilities, compensation, benefits, schedules,working conditions, and promotion opportunities.Interview job applicants to match their qualifica-tions with employers’ needs, recording and evaluat-ing applicant experience, education, training, andskills. Review employment applications and joborders to match applicants with job requirements,using manual or computerized file searches. Selectqualified applicants or refer them to employers,according to organization policy. Perform referenceand background checks on applicants. Maintainrecords of applicants not selected for employment.Instruct job applicants in presenting a positiveimage by providing help with resume writing, per-sonal appearance, and interview techniques. Referapplicants to services such as vocational counseling,literacy or language instruction, transportation assis-tance, vocational training and child care. Contactemployers to solicit orders for job vacancies, deter-mining their requirements and recording relevantdata such as job descriptions. Conduct workshopsand demonstrate the use of job listings to assistapplicants with skill building. Search for and recruitapplicants for open positions through campus jobfairs and advertisements. Provide background infor-mation on organizations with which interviews arescheduled. Administer assessment tests to identifyskill building needs. Conduct or arrange for skill,intelligence, or psychological testing of applicantsand current employees. Hire workers and placethem with employers needing temporary help. Eval-uate selection and testing techniques by conductingresearch or follow-up activities and conferring withmanagement and supervisory personnel. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Social Perceptiveness; Persua-sion; Management of Personnel Resources;

Negotiation; Instructing; Speaking; Time Manage-ment.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Credit Analysts; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Management/Personnel Admin-istration, General; Labor and Industrial Relations.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Clerical Studies; For-eign Language; Personnel and Human Resources;English Language; Sales and Marketing.

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Fitness Trainers andAerobics Instructors) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 44.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 38,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,510

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 5.4%

) Part-Time: 35.6%

Instruct or coach groups or individuals in exerciseactivities and the fundamentals of sports. Demon-strate techniques and methods of participation.Observe participants and inform them of correc-tive measures necessary to improve their skills.Those required to hold teaching degrees should bereported in the appropriate teaching category.Explain and enforce safety rules and regulationsgoverning sports, recreational activities, and the useof exercise equipment. Offer alternatives duringclasses to accommodate different levels of fitness.Plan routines, choose appropriate music, andchoose different movements for each set of muscles,depending on participants’ capabilities and limita-tions. Observe participants and inform them of cor-rective measures necessary for skill improvement.Teach proper breathing techniques used duringphysical exertion. Instruct participants in maintain-ing exertion levels in order to maximize benefitsfrom exercise routines. Teach and demonstrate useof gymnastic and training equipment such as tram-polines and weights. Maintain fitness equipment.Conduct therapeutic, recreational, or athletic activ-ities. Monitor participants’ progress and adapt pro-grams as needed. Evaluate individuals’ abilities,needs, and physical conditions, and develop suitabletraining programs to meet any special requirements.Plan physical education programs to promote devel-opment of participants’ physical attributes andsocial skills. Provide students with information and

resources regarding nutrition, weight control, andlifestyle issues. Administer emergency first aid, wrapinjuries, treat minor chronic disabilities, or referinjured persons to physicians. Advise clients aboutproper clothing and shoes. Wrap ankles, fingers,wrists, or other body parts with synthetic skin,gauze, or adhesive tape, in order to support musclesand ligaments. Teach individual and team sports toparticipants through instruction and demonstra-tion, utilizing knowledge of sports techniques andof participants’ physical capabilities. Promote healthclubs through membership sales and record memberinformation. Organize, lead, and referee indoor andoutdoor games such as volleyball, baseball, and bas-ketball. Maintain equipment inventories; and select,store, and issue equipment as needed. Organize andconduct competitions and tournaments. Advise par-ticipants in use of heat or ultraviolet treatments andhot baths. Massage body parts to relieve soreness,strains, and bruises. SKILLS—Instructing; ServiceOrientation; Coordination; Monitoring; Equip-ment Selection; Time Management; Social Percep-tiveness; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.10. Sports: Coaching,Instructing, Officiating, and Performing. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Agents and BusinessManagers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes; ArtDirectors; Athletes and Sports Competitors; Coach-es and Scouts; Entertainers and Performers, Sportsand Related Workers, All Other; Producers; Produc-ers and Directors; Program Directors; TechnicalDirectors/Managers; Umpires, Referees, and OtherSports Officials.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Health and Physical Education, General; PhysicalEducation Teaching and Coaching; Sport and Fit-ness Administration/Management. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Education and Training; Psychology;Medicine and Dentistry; Sociology and Anthropol-ogy; Fine Arts.

____________________________________________Social Jobs: Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors

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Graduate TeachingAssistants) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,570

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Assist department chairperson, faculty members,or other professional staff members in college oruniversity by performing teaching or teaching-related duties, such as teaching lower level courses,developing teaching materials, preparing and giv-ing examinations, and grading examinations orpapers. Graduate assistants must be enrolled in agraduate school program. Graduate assistants whoprimarily perform non-teaching duties, such aslaboratory research, should be reported in theoccupational category related to the work per-formed. Provide instructors with assistance in theuse of audiovisual equipment. Provide assistance tolibrary staff in maintaining library collections. Eval-uate and grade examinations, assignments, andpapers, and record grades. Lead discussion sections,tutorials, and laboratory sections. Teach undergrad-uate level courses. Develop teaching materials suchas syllabi, visual aids, answer keys, supplementarynotes, and course websites. Attend lectures given bythe instructor whom they are assisting. Completelaboratory projects prior to assigning them to stu-dents so that any needed modifications can bemade. Copy and distribute classroom materials.Demonstrate use of laboratory equipment, andenforce laboratory rules. Inform students of the pro-cedures for completing and submitting class worksuch as lab reports. Meet with supervisors to discussstudents’ grades, and to complete required grade-related paperwork. Notify instructors of errors or

problems with assignments. Order or obtain mate-rials needed for classes. Prepare and proctor exami-nations. Return assignments to students inaccordance with established deadlines. Schedule andmaintain regular office hours to meet with students.Arrange for supervisors to conduct teaching obser-vations; meet with supervisors to receive feedbackabout teaching performance. Assist faculty membersor staff with student conferences. Provide assistanceto faculty members or staff with laboratory or fieldresearch. SKILLS—Instructing; Learning Strate-gies; Speaking; Reading Comprehension; Science;Writing; Critical Thinking; Mathematics; ActiveLearning.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,

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Postsecondary; Health Specialties Teachers, Postsec-ondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary; HomeEconomics Teachers, Postsecondary; KindergartenTeachers, Except Special Education; Law Teachers,Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assistants, Cleri-cal; Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Library Technicians; Mathematical Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Museum Techni-cians and Conservators; Nannies; Nursing Instruc-tors and Teachers, Postsecondary; Personal FinancialAdvisors; Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Post-secondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; Politi-cal Science Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education and Training; EnglishLanguage; Clerical Studies; Mathematics; Adminis-tration and Management; Computers and Elec-tronics.

History Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,180

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in human history and historiogra-phy. Perform administrative duties such as serving asdepartment head. Provide professional consultingservices to government, educational institutions,and/or industry. Serve on academic or administra-tive committees that deal with institutional policies,departmental matters, and academic issues. Writegrant proposals to procure external research fund-ing. Evaluate and grade students’ class work, assign-ments, and papers. Prepare and deliver lectures toundergraduate and/or graduate students on topicssuch as ancient history, postwar civilizations, andthe history of third-world countries. Advise studentson academic and vocational curricula, and on careerissues. Compile, administer, and grade examina-tions, or assign this work to others. Compile bibli-ographies of specialized materials for outside readingassignments. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate class-room discussions. Keep abreast of developments intheir field by reading current literature, talking withcolleagues, and participating in professional confer-ences. Maintain regularly scheduled office hours inorder to advise and assist students. Maintain studentattendance records, grades, and other requiredrecords. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, coursecontent, and course materials and methods ofinstruction. Prepare course materials such as syllabi,homework assignments, and handouts. Select andobtain materials and supplies such as textbooks.Supervise undergraduate and/or graduate teaching,

__________________________________________________Social Jobs: History Teachers, Postsecondary

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internship, and research work. Act as advisers to stu-dent organizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge, and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. SKILLS—Instructing; Learning Strategies; Reading Compre-hension; Active Learning; Speaking; Writing;Science; Active Listening; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HomeEconomics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten

Teachers, Except Special Education; Law Teachers,Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assistants, Cleri-cal; Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Library Technicians; Mathematical Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Museum Techni-cians and Conservators; Nannies; Nursing Instruc-tors and Teachers, Postsecondary; Personal FinancialAdvisors; Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Post-secondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; Politi-cal Science Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—American History (United States); Asian History;Canadian History; European History; History andPhilosophy of Science and Technology; History,General; History, Other; Public/Applied Historyand Archival Administration. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sociology andAnthropology; History and Archeology; Educationand Training; Psychology; Economics and Account-ing; English Language.

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Home Health Aides) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 48.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 141,000

) Annual Earnings: $18,240

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.6%

) Part-Time: 21.9%

Provide routine, personal healthcare, such asbathing, dressing, or grooming, to elderly, conva-lescent, or disabled persons in the home of patientsor in a residential care facility. Maintain records ofpatient care, condition, progress, and problems inorder to report and discuss observations with asupervisor or case manager. Provide patients withhelp moving in and out of beds, baths, wheelchairsor automobiles, and with dressing and grooming.Provide patients and families with emotional sup-port and instruction in areas such as infant care,preparing healthy meals, independent living, andadaptation to disability or illness. Change bedlinens, wash and iron patients’ laundry, and cleanpatients’ quarters. Entertain, converse with, or readaloud to patients to keep them mentally healthy andalert. Plan, purchase, prepare, and serve meals topatients and other family members, according toprescribed diets. Direct patients in simple prescribedexercises and in the use of braces or artificial limbs.Check patients’ pulse, temperature and respiration.Change dressings. Perform a variety of duties asrequested by client, such as obtaining householdsupplies and running errands. Accompany clients todoctors’ offices and on other trips outside the home,providing transportation, assistance and compan-ionship. Administer prescribed oral medicationsunder written direction of physician or as directedby home care nurse and aide. Care for children whoare disabled or who have sick or disabled parents.Massage patients and apply preparations and treat-ments, such as liniment, alcohol rubs, and heat-

lamp stimulation. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness;Service Orientation; Instructing; Reading Compre-hension; Writing; Persuasion; Active Listening;Learning Strategies; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.07. Patient Care and Assis-tance. Other Jobs in This Work Group: LicensedPractical and Licensed Vocational Nurses; NursingAides, Orderlies, and Attendants; Psychiatric Aides;Psychiatric Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Home Health Aide/Home Attendant. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Den-tistry; Psychology; Therapy and Counseling; Philos-ophy and Theology; Customer and PersonalService; Public Safety and Security.

InstructionalCoordinators) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 25.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $47,470

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.7%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Develop instructional material, coordinate educa-tional content, and incorporate current technologyin specialized fields that provide guidelines to edu-cators and instructors for developing curricula andconducting courses. Advise teaching and adminis-trative staff in curriculum development, use ofmaterials and equipment, and implementation ofstate and federal programs and procedures.Research, evaluate, and prepare recommendationson curricula, instructional methods, and materials

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for school systems. Update the content of educa-tional programs to ensure that students are beingtrained with equipment and processes that are tech-nologically current. Confer with members of educa-tional committees and advisory groups to obtainknowledge of subject areas, and to relate curriculummaterials to specific subjects, individual studentneeds, and occupational areas. Coordinate activitiesof workers engaged in cataloging, distributing, andmaintaining educational materials and equipmentin curriculum libraries and laboratories. Developclassroom-based and distance learning trainingcourses, using needs assessments and skill levelanalyses. Develop instructional materials to be usedby educators and instructors. Develop tests, ques-tionnaires, and procedures that measure the effec-tiveness of curricula, and use these tools todetermine whether program objectives are beingmet. Organize production and design of curriculummaterials. Prepare or approve manuals, guidelines,and reports on state educational policies and prac-tices for distribution to school districts. Recom-mend, order, or authorize purchase of instructionalmaterials, supplies, equipment, and visual aidsdesigned to meet student educational needs and dis-trict standards. Advise and teach students. Conductor participate in workshops, committees, and con-ferences designed to promote the intellectual, social,and physical welfare of students. Inspect instruc-tional equipment to determine if repairs are needed;authorize necessary repairs. Observe work of teach-ing staff in order to evaluate performance, and torecommend changes that could strengthen teachingskills. Plan and conduct teacher training programsand conferences dealing with new classroom proce-dures, instructional materials and equipment, andteaching aids. Prepare grant proposals, budgets, andprogram policies and goals, or assist in their prepa-ration. SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Instructing;Management of Personnel Resources; Speaking;Systems Analysis; Writing; Management of Finan-cial Resources; Systems Evaluation.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.01. Managerial Work in Edu-cation and Social Service. Other Jobs in This Work

Group: Education Administrators, All Other; Edu-cation Administrators, Elementary and SecondarySchool; Education Administrators, Postsecondary;Education Administrators, Preschool and ChildCare Center/Program; Park Naturalists; Social andCommunity Service Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Curriculum and Instruction; Educational/Instruc-tional Media Design. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education and Training; Personneland Human Resources; Psychology; Administrationand Management; English Language; Economicsand Accounting.

Kindergarten Teachers,Except SpecialEducation) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 27.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 34,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,160

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.2%

) Part-Time: 24.9%

Teach elemental natural and social science, person-al hygiene, music, art, and literature to childrenfrom 4 to 6 years old. Promote physical, mental,and social development. May be required to holdState certification. Identify children showing signsof emotional, developmental, or health-relatedproblems, and discuss them with supervisors, par-ents or guardians, and child development specialists.Instruct and monitor students in the use and care ofequipment and materials, in order to preventinjuries and damage. Maintain accurate and com-plete student records, and prepare reports on chil-

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dren and activities, as required by laws, district poli-cies, and administrative regulations. Meet withother professionals to discuss individual students’needs and progress. Meet with parents andguardians to discuss their children’s progress, and todetermine their priorities for their children and theirresource needs. Organize and label materials anddisplay children’s work in a manner appropriate fortheir sizes and perceptual skills. Organize and leadactivities designed to promote physical, mental, andsocial development such as games, arts and crafts,music, and storytelling. Plan and conduct activitiesfor a balanced program of instruction, demonstra-tion, and work time that provides students withopportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits byguests, or other experiential activities, and guide stu-dents in learning from those activities. Prepare andimplement remedial programs for students requir-ing extra help. Prepare children for later grades byencouraging them to explore learning opportunitiesand to persevere with challenging tasks. Instruct stu-dents individually and in groups, adapting teachingmethods to meet students’ varying needs and inter-ests. Observe and evaluate children’s performance,behavior, social development, and physical health.Teach basic skills such as color, shape, number andletter recognition, personal hygiene, and socialskills. Demonstrate activities to children. Assimilatearriving children to the school environment bygreeting them, helping them remove outerwear, andselecting activities of interest to them. Confer withother staff members to plan and schedule lessonspromoting learning, following approved curricula.SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Service Orientation;Social Perceptiveness; Monitoring; Instructing;Speaking; Management of Personnel Resources;Active Listening.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; Sociology

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Teachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Early Childhood Education and Teaching; Kinder-garten/Preschool Education and Teaching.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Educa-tion and Training; Sociology and Anthropology;Psychology; Customer and Personal Service; Thera-py and Counseling; History and Archeology.

Licensed Practical andLicensed VocationalNurses) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 20.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 105,000

) Annual Earnings: $32,390

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 0.6%

) Part-Time: 19.1%

Care for ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled per-sons in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, privatehomes, group homes, and similar institutions.May work under the supervision of a registerednurse. Licensing required. Observe patients, chart-ing and reporting changes in patients’ conditions,such as adverse reactions to medication or treat-ment, and taking any necessary action. Administerprescribed medications or start intravenous fluids,

and note times and amounts on patients’ charts.Answer patients’ calls and determine how to assistthem. Measure and record patients’ vital signs, suchas height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, pulseand respiration. Provide basic patient care and treat-ments, such as taking temperatures and blood pres-sure, dressing wounds, treating bedsores, givingenemas, douches, alcohol rubs, and massages, orperforming catheterizations. Help patients withbathing, dressing, personal hygiene, moving in bed,and standing and walking. Supervise nurses’ aidesand assistants. Work as part of a health care team toassess patient needs, plan and modify care andimplement interventions. Record food and fluidintake and output. Evaluate nursing interventionoutcomes, conferring with other health-care teammembers as necessary. Assemble and use equipmentsuch as catheters, tracheotomy tubes, and oxygensuppliers. Collect samples such as blood, urine andsputum from patients, and perform routine labora-tory tests on samples. Prepare patients for examina-tions, tests and treatments and explain procedures.Prepare food trays and examine them for confor-mance to prescribed diet. Apply compresses, icebags, and hot water bottles. Clean rooms and makebeds. Inventory and requisition supplies and instru-ments. Provide medical treatment and personal careto patients in private home settings, such as cook-ing, keeping rooms orderly, seeing that patients arecomfortable and in good spirits, and instructingfamily members in simple nursing tasks. Sterilizeequipment and supplies, using germicides, sterilizer,or autoclave. Assist in delivery, care, and feeding ofinfants. Wash and dress bodies of deceased persons.Make appointments, keep records and performother clerical duties in doctors’ offices and clinics.Set up equipment and prepare medical treatmentrooms. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Science;Active Listening; Time Management; Judgment andDecision Making; Instructing; Management of Per-sonnel Resources; Writing; Operation Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.07. Patient Care and Assis-tance. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Home

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Health Aides; Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Atten-dants; Psychiatric Aides; Psychiatric Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Licensed Practical /Vocational Nurse Training(LPN, LVN, Cert, Dipl, AAS). RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Therapy and Counsel-ing; Medicine and Dentistry; Philosophy andTheology; Sociology and Anthropology; Educationand Training.

Medical and PublicHealth Social Workers) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 28.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $38,430

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.7%

) Part-Time: 8.7%

Provide persons, families, or vulnerable popula-tions with the psychosocial support needed to copewith chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses, such asAlzheimer’s, cancer, or AIDS. Services includeadvising family care givers, providing patient edu-cation and counseling, and making necessary refer-rals for other social services. Collaborate with otherprofessionals to evaluate patients’ medical or physi-cal condition and to assess client needs. Investigatechild abuse or neglect cases and take authorized pro-tective action when necessary. Refer patient, client,or family to community resources to assist in recov-ery from mental or physical illness and to provideaccess to services such as financial assistance, legalaid, housing, job placement or education. Counselclients and patients in individual and group sessionsto help them overcome dependencies, recover from

illness, and adjust to life. Organize support groupsor counsel family members to assist them in under-standing, dealing with, and supporting the client orpatient. Advocate for clients or patients to resolvecrises. Identify environmental impediments to clientor patient progress through interviews and review ofpatient records. Utilize consultation data and socialwork experience to plan and coordinate client orpatient care and rehabilitation, following through toensure service efficacy. Modify treatment plans tocomply with changes in clients’ status. Monitor,evaluate, and record client progress according tomeasurable goals described in treatment and careplan. Supervise and direct other workers providingservices to clients or patients. Develop or advise onsocial policy and assist in community development.Oversee Medicaid- and Medicare-related paperworkand record-keeping in hospitals. Conduct socialresearch to advance knowledge in the social workfield. Plan and conduct programs to combat socialproblems, prevent substance abuse, or improvecommunity health and counseling services.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Service Orienta-tion; Negotiation; Coordination; Active Listening;Critical Thinking; Learning Strategies; Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.02. Social Services. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Child, Family, andSchool Social Workers; Clergy; Clinical Psycholo-gists; Clinical, Counseling, and School Psycholo-gists; Community and Social Service Specialists, AllOther; Counseling Psychologists; Counselors, AllOther; Directors, Religious Activities and Educa-tion; Marriage and Family Therapists; MentalHealth and Substance Abuse Social Workers; Men-tal Health Counselors; Probation Officers and Cor-rectional Treatment Specialists; RehabilitationCounselors; Religious Workers, All Other; Residen-tial Advisors; Social and Human Service Assistants;Social Workers, All Other; Substance Abuse andBehavioral Disorder Counselors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical/Medical Social Work. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Thera-

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py and Counseling; Customer and Personal Service;Sociology and Anthropology; Philosophy and The-ology; Medicine and Dentistry.

Medical Assistants) Personality Code: SC

) Growth: 58.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 78,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,170

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 2.3%

) Part-Time: 25.3%

Perform administrative and certain clinical dutiesunder the direction of physician. Administrativeduties may include scheduling appointments,maintaining medical records, billing, and codingfor insurance purposes. Clinical duties mayinclude taking and recording vital signs and med-ical histories, preparing patients for examination,drawing blood, and administering medications asdirected by physician. Interview patients to obtainmedical information and measure their vital signs,weight, and height. Show patients to examinationrooms and prepare them for the physician. Recordpatients’ medical history, vital statistics and infor-mation such as test results in medical records. Pre-pare and administer medications as directed by aphysician. Collect blood, tissue or other laboratoryspecimens, log the specimens, and prepare them fortesting. Explain treatment procedures, medications,diets and physicians’ instructions to patients. Helpphysicians examine and treat patients, handingthem instruments and materials or performing suchtasks as giving injections and removing sutures.Authorize drug refills and provide prescriptioninformation to pharmacies. Prepare treatmentrooms for patient examinations, keeping the roomsneat and clean. Clean and sterilize instruments and

dispose of contaminated supplies. Scheduleappointments for patients. Change dressings onwounds. Greet and log in patients arriving at officeor clinic. Contact medical facilities or departmentsto schedule patients for tests and/or admission. Per-form general office duties such as answering tele-phones, taking dictation and completing insuranceforms. Inventory and order medical, lab, and officesupplies and equipment. Perform routine laborato-ry tests and sample analyses. Set up medical labora-tory equipment. Keep financial records and performother bookkeeping duties, such as handling creditand collections and mailing monthly statements topatients. Operate X-ray, electrocardiogram (EKG),and other equipment to administer routine diag-nostic tests. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; ServiceOrientation; Instructing; Active Listening; LearningStrategies; Negotiation; Active Learning; Persuasion;Troubleshooting; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Obste-tricians and Gynecologists; Pediatricians, General;Pharmacists; Pharmacy Aides; Pharmacy Techni-cians; Physician Assistants; Physicians and Sur-geons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurses;Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services,Other; Anesthesiologist Assistant; ChiropracticAssistant/Technician; Medical Administrative/Exec-utive Assistant and Medical Secretary; MedicalInsurance Coding Specialist/Coder; Medical Office Assistant/Specialist; Medical Office Management/Administration; Medical Reception/Receptionist; Medical/Clinical Assistant;Opthalmic Technician/Technologist; OptomericTechnician/Assistant; Orthoptics/Orthoptist.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Medi-cine and Dentistry; Customer and Personal Service;Clerical Studies; Psychology; Therapy and Counsel-ing; English Language.

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Mental Health andSubstance Abuse SocialWorkers) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 34.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 17,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,020

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.6%

) Part-Time: 8.7%

Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotion-al, or substance abuse problems, including abuse ofalcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activitiesmay include individual and group therapy, crisisintervention, case management, client advocacy,prevention, and education. Counsel clients in indi-vidual and group sessions to assist them in dealingwith substance abuse, mental and physical illness,poverty, unemployment, or physical abuse. Inter-view clients, review records, and confer with otherprofessionals to evaluate mental or physical condi-tion of client or patient. Collaborate with coun-selors, physicians, and nurses to plan and coordinatetreatment, drawing on social work experience andpatient needs. Monitor, evaluate, and record clientprogress with respect to treatment goals. Referpatient, client, or family to community resources forhousing or treatment to assist in recovery from men-tal or physical illness, following through to ensureservice efficacy. Counsel and aid family members toassist them in understanding, dealing with, and sup-porting the client or patient. Modify treatmentplans according to changes in client status. Plan andconduct programs to prevent substance abuse, tocombat social problems, or to improve health andcounseling services in community. Supervise anddirect other workers who provide services to clientsor patients. Develop or advise on social policy andassist in community development. SKILLS—Social

Perceptiveness; Service Orientation; Negotiation;Persuasion; Active Listening; Critical Thinking;Coordination; Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.02. Social Services. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Child, Family, andSchool Social Workers; Clergy; Clinical Psycholo-gists; Clinical, Counseling, and School Psycholo-gists; Community and Social Service Specialists, AllOther; Counseling Psychologists; Counselors, AllOther; Directors, Religious Activities and Educa-tion; Marriage and Family Therapists; Medical andPublic Health Social Workers; Mental HealthCounselors; Probation Officers and CorrectionalTreatment Specialists; Rehabilitation Counselors;Religious Workers, All Other; Residential Advisors;Social and Human Service Assistants; Social Work-ers, All Other; Substance Abuse and Behavioral Dis-order Counselors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical/Medical Social Work. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Thera-py and Counseling; Customer and Personal Service;Sociology and Anthropology; Medicine and Den-tistry; Philosophy and Theology.

Nursing Aides,Orderlies, andAttendants) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 24.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 302,000

) Annual Earnings: $20,490

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.6%

) Part-Time: 21.9%

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Provide basic patient care under direction of nurs-ing staff. Perform duties, such as feed, bathe, dress,groom, or move patients, or change linens. Turnand re-position bedridden patients, alone or withassistance, to prevent bedsores. Answer patients’ callsignals. Feed patients who are unable to feed them-selves. Observe patients’ conditions, measuring andrecording food and liquid intake and output andvital signs, and report changes to professional staff.Provide patient care by supplying and emptying bedpans, applying dressings and supervising exerciseroutines. Provide patients with help walking, exer-cising, and moving in and out of bed. Bathe, groom,shave, dress, and/or drape patients to prepare themfor surgery, treatment, or examination. Collect spec-imens such as urine, feces, or sputum. Prepare,serve, and collect food trays. Clean rooms andchange linens. Transport patients to treatment units,using a wheelchair or stretcher. Deliver messages,documents and specimens. Answer phones anddirect visitors. Administer medications and treat-ments, such as catheterizations, suppositories, irriga-tions, enemas, massages, and douches, as directed bya physician or nurse. Restrain patients if necessary.Maintain inventory by storing, preparing, steriliz-ing, and issuing supplies such as dressing packs andtreatment trays. Explain medical instructions topatients and family members. Perform clericalduties such as processing documents and schedulingappointments. Work as part of a medical team thatexamines and treats clinic outpatients. Set up equip-ment such as oxygen tents, portable X-raymachines, and overhead irrigation bottles.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Time Manage-ment; Instructing; Service Orientation; Monitoring;Coordination; Operation Monitoring; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.07. Patient Care and Assis-tance. Other Jobs in This Work Group: HomeHealth Aides; Licensed Practical and Licensed Voca-tional Nurses; Psychiatric Aides; Psychiatric Techni-cians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Health Aide; Nurse/Nursing Assistant/Aide and

Patient Care Assistant. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Customer andPersonal Service; Medicine and Dentistry; Educa-tion and Training; English Language; Foreign Lan-guage.

Nursing Instructors andTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $50,920

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Demonstrate and teach patient care in classroomand clinical units to nursing students. Includesboth teachers primarily engaged in teaching andthose who do a combination of both teaching andresearch. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, coursecontent, and course materials and methods ofinstruction. Prepare course materials such as syllabi,homework assignments, and handouts. Select andobtain materials and supplies such as textbooks andlaboratory equipment. Supervise students’ laborato-ry and clinical work. Supervise undergraduateand/or graduate teaching, internship, and researchwork. Act as advisers to student organizations.Assess clinical education needs, and patient andclient teaching needs, utilizing a variety of methods.Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching andresearch issues. Conduct research in a particularfield of knowledge, and publish findings in profes-sional journals, books, and/or electronic media.Coordinate training programs with area universities,clinics, hospitals, health agencies, and/or vocational

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schools. Participate in campus and communityevents. Evaluate and grade students’ class work, lab-oratory and clinic work, assignments, and papers.Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduateand/or graduate students on topics such as pharma-cology, mental health nursing, and communityhealth care practices. Advise students on academicand vocational curricula, and on career issues. Com-pile, administer, and grade examinations, or assignthis work to others. Compile bibliographies of spe-cialized materials for outside reading assignments.Demonstrate patient care in clinical units of hospi-tals. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom dis-cussions. Keep abreast of developments in their fieldby reading current literature, talking with col-leagues, and participating in professional confer-ences. Maintain regularly scheduled office hours inorder to advise and assist students. Maintain studentattendance records, grades, and other requiredrecords. Participate in student recruitment, registra-tion, and placement activities. Perform administra-tive duties such as serving as department head.Provide professional consulting services to govern-ment and/or industry. Serve on academic or admin-istrative committees that deal with institutionalpolicies, departmental matters, and academic issues.SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Instructing; Man-agement of Personnel Resources; Science; ReadingComprehension; Service Orientation; Social Per-ceptiveness; Speaking; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; Communications

Teachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Personal Financial Advisors;Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary;Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; Political ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers,All Other; Preschool Teachers, Except Special Edu-cation; Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recre-ation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary;Secondary School Teachers, Except Special andVocational Education; Self-Enrichment EducationTeachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary,All Other; Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary;Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary; Special Educa-tion Teachers, Middle School; Special EducationTeachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and ElementarySchool; Special Education Teachers, SecondarySchool; Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors,All Other; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Adult Health Nurse/Nursing; Clinical Nurse Spe-cialist; Family Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner;Maternal/Child Health and Neonatal Nurse/Nurs-ing; Nurse Anesthetist; Nurse Midwife/NursingMidwifery; Nursing—Registered Nurse Training(RN, ASN, BSN, MSN); Nursing Science (MS,PhD); Nursing, Other; Pediatric Nurse/Nursing;Perioperative/Operating Room and SurgicalNurse/Nursing; Pre-Nursing Studies; Psychi-atric/Mental Health Nurse/Nursing; PublicHealth/Community Nurse/Nursing. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education andTraining; Medicine and Dentistry; Biology; Psy-chology; Chemistry; Therapy and Counseling.

Occupational TherapistAssistants) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 39.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 3,000

) Annual Earnings: $37,400

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.9%

) Part-Time: 25.5%

Assist occupational therapists in providing occupa-tional therapy treatments and procedures. May, inaccordance with State laws, assist in developmentof treatment plans, carry out routine functions,direct activity programs, and document theprogress of treatments. Generally requires formaltraining. Observe and record patients’ progress, atti-tudes, and behavior, and maintain this informationin client records. Maintain and promote a positiveattitude toward clients and their treatment pro-grams. Monitor patients’ performance in therapyactivities, providing encouragement. Select therapy

activities to fit patients’ needs and capabilities.Instruct, or assist in instructing, patients and fami-lies in home programs, basic living skills, and thecare and use of adaptive equipment. Evaluate thedaily living skills and capacities of physically, devel-opmentally or emotionally disabled clients. Aidpatients in dressing and grooming themselves.Implement, or assist occupational therapists withimplementing, treatment plans designed to helpclients function independently. Report to supervi-sors, verbally or in writing, on patients’ progress,attitudes and behavior. Alter treatment programs toobtain better results if treatment is not having theintended effect. Work under the direction of occu-pational therapists to plan, implement and adminis-ter educational, vocational, and recreationalprograms that restore and enhance performance inindividuals with functional impairments. Design,fabricate, and repair assistive devices and makeadaptive changes to equipment and environments.Assemble, clean, and maintain equipment andmaterials for patient use. Teach patients how to dealconstructively with their emotions. Perform clericalduties such as scheduling appointments, collectingdata, and documenting health insurance billings.Transport patients to and from the occupationaltherapy work area. Demonstrate therapy tech-niques, such as manual and creative arts, and games.Order any needed educational or treatment sup-plies. Assist educational specialists or clinical psy-chologists in administering situational or diagnostictests to measure client’s abilities or progress.SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Instructing; Ser-vice Orientation; Persuasion; Time Management;Learning Strategies; Monitoring; Active Listening;Writing; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapists; Physical Therapist Aides;Physical Therapist Assistants; Physical Therapists;Radiation Therapists; Recreational Therapists; Res-

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piratory Therapists; Respiratory Therapy Techni-cians; Speech-Language Pathologists; Therapists, AllOther.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Occupational Therapist Assistant. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Thera-py and Counseling; Sociology and Anthropology;Philosophy and Theology; Customer and PersonalService; Medicine and Dentistry.

Occupational Therapists) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 35.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,550

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 4.0%

) Part-Time: 31.1%

Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabili-tative programs that help restore vocational, home-making, and daily living skills, as well as generalindependence, to disabled persons. Complete andmaintain necessary records. Evaluate patients’progress and prepare reports that detail progress.Test and evaluate patients’ physical and mental abil-ities and analyze medical data to determine realisticrehabilitation goals for patients. Select activities thatwill help individuals learn work and life-manage-ment skills within limits of their mental and physi-cal capabilities. Plan, organize, and conductoccupational therapy programs in hospital, institu-tional, or community settings to help rehabilitatethose impaired because of illness, injury or psycho-logical or developmental problems. Recommendchanges in patients’ work or living environments,consistent with their needs and capabilities. Consultwith rehabilitation team to select activity programs

and coordinate occupational therapy with othertherapeutic activities. Help clients improve decisionmaking, abstract reasoning, memory, sequencing,coordination and perceptual skills, using computerprograms. Develop and participate in health pro-motion programs, group activities, or discussions topromote client health, facilitate social adjustment,alleviate stress, and prevent physical or mental dis-ability. Provide training and supervision in therapytechniques and objectives for students and nursesand other medical staff. Design and create, or requi-sition, special supplies and equipment, such assplints, braces and computer-aided adaptive equip-ment. Plan and implement programs and socialactivities to help patients learn work and schoolskills and adjust to handicaps. Lay out materialssuch as puzzles, scissors and eating utensils for use intherapy, and clean and repair these tools after thera-py sessions. Advise on health risks in the workplaceand on health-related transition to retirement. Con-duct research in occupational therapy. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Service Orientation;Instructing; Science; Coordination; TechnologyDesign; Persuasion; Reading Comprehension;Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapist Assistants; Physical Thera-pist Aides; Physical Therapist Assistants; PhysicalTherapists; Radiation Therapists; RecreationalTherapists; Respiratory Therapists; RespiratoryTherapy Technicians; Speech-Language Patholo-gists; Therapists, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Occupational Therapy/Therapist. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy andCounseling; Psychology; Customer and PersonalService; Medicine and Dentistry; Education andTraining; Sociology and Anthropology.

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Personal and HomeCare Aides) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 40.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 154,000

) Annual Earnings: $16,450

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 7.1%

) Part-Time: 34.0%

Assist elderly or disabled adults with daily livingactivities at the person’s home or in a daytime non-residential facility. Duties performed at a place ofresidence may include keeping house (makingbeds, doing laundry, washing dishes) and prepar-ing meals. May provide meals and supervisedactivities at non-residential care facilities. Mayadvise families, the elderly, and disabled on suchthings as nutrition, cleanliness, and householdutilities. Perform health-care related tasks, such asmonitoring vital signs and medication, under thedirection of registered nurses and physiotherapists.Administer bedside and personal care, such asambulation and personal hygiene assistance. Prepareand maintain records of client progress and servicesperformed, reporting changes in client condition tomanager or supervisor. Perform housekeepingduties, such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothesand dishes, and running errands. Care for individu-als and families during periods of incapacitation,family disruption or convalescence, providing com-panionship, personal care and help in adjusting tonew lifestyles. Instruct and advise clients on issuessuch as household cleanliness, utilities, hygiene,nutrition and infant care. Plan, shop for, and pre-pare meals, including special diets, and assist fami-lies in planning, shopping for, and preparingnutritious meals. Participate in case reviews, con-sulting with the team caring for the client, to evalu-ate the client’s needs and plan for continuing

services. Transport clients to locations outside thehome, such as to physicians’ offices or on outings,using a motor vehicle. Train family members to pro-vide bedside care. Provide clients with communica-tion assistance, typing their correspondence andobtaining information for them. SKILLS—SocialPerceptiveness; Persuasion; Service Orientation;Learning Strategies; Coordination; Instructing;Critical Thinking; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 11. Recreation, Travel, andOther Personal Services. Work Group: 11.08.Other Personal Services. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment;Cooks, Private Household; Embalmers; FuneralAttendants; Personal Care and Service Workers, AllOther.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service; Med-icine and Dentistry; Therapy and Counseling; Psy-chology.

Personal FinancialAdvisors) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 34.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $58,700

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 37.7%

) Part-Time: 7.0%

Advise clients on financial plans, utilizing knowl-edge of tax and investment strategies, securities,insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Dutiesinclude assessing clients’ assets, liabilities, cashflow, insurance coverage, tax status, and financial

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objectives to establish investment strategies. Ana-lyze financial information obtained from clients todetermine strategies for meeting clients’ financialobjectives. Answer clients’ questions about the pur-poses and details of financial plans and strategies.Build and maintain client bases, keeping currentclient plans up-to-date and recruiting new clients onan ongoing basis. Contact clients periodically todetermine if there have been changes in their finan-cial status. Devise debt liquidation plans thatinclude payoff priorities and timelines. Explain anddocument for clients the types of services that are tobe provided, and the responsibilities to be taken bythe personal financial advisor. Explain to individualsand groups the details of financial assistance avail-able to college and university students, such asloans, grants, and scholarships. Guide clients in thegathering of information such as bank accountrecords, income tax returns, life and disability insur-ance records, pension plan information, and wills.Implement financial planning recommendations, orrefer clients to someone who can assist them withplan implementation. Interview clients to deter-mine their current income, expenses, insurance cov-erage, tax status, financial objectives, risk tolerance,and other information needed to develop a financialplan. Monitor financial market trends to ensure thatplans are effective, and to identify any necessaryupdates. Prepare and interpret for clients informa-tion such as investment performance reports, finan-cial document summaries, and income projections.Recommend strategies clients can use to achievetheir financial goals and objectives, including specif-ic recommendations in such areas as cash manage-ment, insurance coverage, and investment planning.Research and investigate available investmentopportunities to determine whether they fit intofinancial plans. Review clients’ accounts and plansregularly to determine whether life changes, eco-nomic changes, or financial performance indicate aneed for plan reassessment. Sell financial productssuch as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and insuranceif licensed to do so. SKILLS—Service Orientation;Speaking; Management of Financial Resources;Active Listening; Judgment and Decision Making;

Mathematics; Critical Thinking; Reading Compre-hension; Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Philosophy and Religion Teachers,

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Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary; Recreation and Fitness StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Secondary School Teach-ers, Except Special and Vocational Education; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Finance, General; Financial Planning and Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Eco-nomics and Accounting; Mathematics; Administra-tion and Management; Law and Government;Customer and Personal Service; Therapy and Coun-seling.

Physical TherapistAssistants) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 44.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $36,610

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 22.8%

Assist physical therapists in providing physicaltherapy treatments and procedures. May, in accor-

dance with state laws, assist in the development oftreatment plans, carry out routine functions, doc-ument the progress of treatment, and modify spe-cific treatments in accordance with patient statusand within the scope of treatment plans estab-lished by a physical therapist. Generally requiresformal training. Instruct, motivate, safeguard andassist patients as they practice exercises and func-tional activities. Confer with physical therapy staffand others to discuss and evaluate patient informa-tion for planning, modifying, and coordinatingtreatment. Administer active and passive manualtherapeutic exercises, therapeutic massage, and heat,light, sound, water, and electrical modality treat-ments, such as ultrasound. Observe patients duringtreatments to compile and evaluate data on patients’responses and progress, and report to physical ther-apist. Measure patients’ range-of-joint motion, bodyparts, and vital signs to determine effects of treat-ments or for patient evaluations. Secure patientsinto or onto therapy equipment. Fit patients fororthopedic braces, prostheses, and supportivedevices, such as crutches. Train patients in the use oforthopedic braces, prostheses, and supportivedevices. Transport patients to and from treatmentareas, lifting and transferring them according topositioning requirements. Monitor operation ofequipment and record use of equipment andadministration of treatment. Clean work area andcheck and store equipment after treatment. Assistpatients to dress, undress, and put on and removesupportive devices, such as braces, splints, andslings. Administer traction to relieve neck and backpain, using intermittent and static traction equip-ment. Perform clerical duties, such as taking inven-tory, ordering supplies, answering telephone, takingmessages, and filling out forms. Prepare treatmentareas and electrotherapy equipment for use by phys-iotherapists. Perform postural drainage, percussionsand vibrations, and teach deep breathing exercises totreat respiratory conditions. SKILLS—Social Per-ceptiveness; Service Orientation; Instructing; TimeManagement; Active Learning; Critical Thinking;Learning Strategies; Writing; Speaking.

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GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapist Assistants; OccupationalTherapists; Physical Therapist Aides; Physical Ther-apists; Radiation Therapists; Recreational Thera-pists; Respiratory Therapists; Respiratory TherapyTechnicians; Speech-Language Pathologists; Thera-pists, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Physical Therapist Assistant. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Therapy andCounseling; Medicine and Dentistry; Educationand Training; Customer and Personal Service; Soci-ology and Anthropology.

Physical Therapists) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 35.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 16,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,710

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 5.7%

) Part-Time: 23.8%

Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabili-tative programs that improve mobility, relievepain, increase strength, and decrease or preventdeformity of patients suffering from disease orinjury. Plan, prepare and carry out individuallydesigned programs of physical treatment to main-tain, improve or restore physical functioning, allevi-ate pain and prevent physical dysfunction inpatients. Perform and document an initial exam,evaluating the data to identify problems and deter-mine a diagnosis prior to intervention. Evaluateeffects of treatment at various stages and adjust

treatments to achieve maximum benefit. Administermanual exercises, massage and/or traction to helprelieve pain, increase the patient’s strength, anddecrease or prevent deformity and crippling.Instruct patient and family in treatment proceduresto be continued at home. Confer with the patient,medical practitioners and appropriate others toplan, implement and assess the intervention pro-gram. Review physician’s referral and patient’s med-ical records to help determine diagnosis and physicaltherapy treatment required. Record prognosis, treat-ment, response, and progress in patient’s chart orenter information into computer. Obtain patients’informed consent to proposed interventions. Dis-charge patient from physical therapy when goals orprojected outcomes have been attained and providefor appropriate followup care or referrals. Test andmeasure patient’s strength, motor development andfunction, sensory perception, functional capacity,and respiratory and circulatory efficiency and recorddata. Identify and document goals, anticipatedprogress and plans for reevaluation. Provide infor-mation to the patient about the proposed interven-tion, its material risks and expected benefits and anyreasonable alternatives. Inform the patient whendiagnosis reveals findings outside their scope andrefer to an appropriate practitioner. Direct andsupervise supportive personnel, assessing their com-petence, delegating specific tasks to them and estab-lishing channels of communication. Administertreatment involving application of physical agents,using equipment, moist packs, ultraviolet andinfrared lamps, and ultrasound machines. Teachphysical therapy students as well as those in otherhealth professions. Evaluate, fit, and adjust pros-thetic and orthotic devices and recommend modifi-cation to orthotist. SKILLS—Instructing; SocialPerceptiveness; Reading Comprehension; LearningStrategies; Science; Service Orientation; Time Man-agement; Critical Thinking; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;

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Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapist Assistants; OccupationalTherapists; Physical Therapist Aides; Physical Ther-apist Assistants; Radiation Therapists; RecreationalTherapists; Respiratory Therapists; RespiratoryTherapy Technicians; Speech-Language Patholo-gists; Therapists, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Kinesiotherapy/Kinesiotherapist; Physical Thera-py/Therapist. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Therapy and Counsel-ing; Customer and Personal Service; Medicine andDentistry; Biology; Sociology and Anthropology.

Police Patrol Officers) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 24.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 67,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,020

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.4%

Patrol assigned area to enforce laws and ordi-nances, regulate traffic, control crowds, preventcrime, and arrest violators. Provide for public safe-ty by maintaining order, responding to emergencies,protecting people and property, enforcing motorvehicle and criminal laws, and promoting goodcommunity relations. Identify, pursue, and arrestsuspects and perpetrators of criminal acts. Recordfacts to prepare reports that document incidents andactivities. Review facts of incidents to determine ifcriminal act or statute violations were involved.Render aid to accident victims and other personsrequiring first aid for physical injuries. Testify incourt to present evidence or act as witness in trafficand criminal cases. Evaluate complaint and emer-

gency-request information to determine responserequirements. Patrol specific area on foot, horse-back, or motorized conveyance, respondingpromptly to calls for assistance. Monitor, note,report, and investigate suspicious persons and situa-tions, safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activityin patrol area. Investigate traffic accidents and otheraccidents to determine causes and to determine if acrime has been committed. Photograph or drawdiagrams of crime or accident scenes and interviewprincipals and eyewitnesses. Monitor traffic toensure motorists observe traffic regulations andexhibit safe driving procedures. Relay complaintand emergency-request information to appropriateagency dispatchers. Issue citations or warnings toviolators of motor vehicle ordinances. Direct trafficflow and reroute traffic in case of emergencies.Inform citizens of community services and recom-mend options to facilitate longer-term problem res-olution. Provide road information to assistmotorists. Process prisoners, and prepare and main-tain records of prisoner bookings and prisoner statusduring booking and pre-trial process. SKILLS—Persuasion; Negotiation; Social Perceptiveness;Judgment and Decision Making; Service Orienta-tion; Active Listening; Critical Thinking; Coordina-tion.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Highway PatrolPilots; Immigration and Customs Inspectors; Life-guards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protec-tive Service Workers; Parking EnforcementWorkers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers; PoliceDetectives; Police Identification and Records Offi-cers; Private Detectives and Investigators; Protective

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Service Workers, All Other; Security Guards; Sher-iffs and Deputy Sheriffs; Transit and RailroadPolice.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety and Security; Law andGovernment; Customer and Personal Service; Psy-chology; Sociology and Anthropology; Telecommu-nications.

Political ScienceTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,340

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in political science, internationalaffairs, and international relations. Evaluate andgrade students’ class work, assignments, and papers.Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduateand/or graduate students on topics such as classicalpolitical thought, international relations, anddemocracy and citizenship. Advise students on aca-demic and vocational curricula, and on career issues.Compile, administer, and grade examinations, orassign this work to others. Compile bibliographiesof specialized materials for outside reading assign-ments. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroomdiscussions. Keep abreast of developments in theirfield by reading current literature, talking with col-leagues, and participating in professional confer-

ences. Maintain regularly scheduled office hours inorder to advise and assist students. Maintain studentattendance records, grades, and other requiredrecords. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, coursecontent, and course materials and methods ofinstruction. Prepare course materials such as syllabi,homework assignments, and handouts. Select andobtain materials and supplies such as textbooks.Supervise undergraduate and/or graduate teaching,internship, and research work. Act as advisers to stu-dent organizations. Collaborate with colleagues toaddress teaching and research issues. Conductresearch in a particular field of knowledge, and pub-lish findings in professional journals, books, and/orelectronic media. Participate in campus and com-munity events. Participate in student recruitment,registration, and placement activities. Performadministrative duties such as serving as departmenthead. Provide professional consulting services togovernment and/or industry. Serve on academic oradministrative committees that deal with institu-tional policies, departmental matters, and academicissues. Write grant proposals to procure externalresearch funding. SKILLS—Instructing; LearningStrategies; Reading Comprehension; Active Learn-ing; Speaking; Writing; Science; Active Listening;Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and Law

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Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers,All Other; Preschool Teachers, Except Special Edu-cation; Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recre-ation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary;Secondary School Teachers, Except Special andVocational Education; Self-Enrichment EducationTeachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary,All Other; Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary;Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary; Special Educa-tion Teachers, Middle School; Special EducationTeachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and ElementarySchool; Special Education Teachers, SecondarySchool; Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors,All Other; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—American Government and Politics (United States);

Political Science and Government, General; Politi-cal Science and Government, Other; Social ScienceTeacher Education. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Sociology and Anthropology;History and Archeology; Education and Training;Psychology; Economics and Accounting; EnglishLanguage.

Preschool Teachers,Except SpecialEducation) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 36.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 88,000

) Annual Earnings: $19,820

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.2%

) Part-Time: 24.9%

Instruct children (normally up to 5 years of age) inactivities designed to promote social, physical, andintellectual growth needed for primary school inpreschool, day care center, or other child develop-ment facility. May be required to hold state certifi-cation. Demonstrate activities to children. Enforceall administration policies and rules governing stu-dents. Establish and enforce rules for behavior, andprocedures for maintaining order. Identify childrenshowing signs of emotional, developmental, orhealth-related problems, and discuss them withsupervisors, parents or guardians, and child devel-opment specialists. Maintain accurate and completestudent records as required by laws, district policies,and administrative regulations. Meet with otherprofessionals to discuss individual students’ needsand progress. Meet with parents and guardians todiscuss their children’s progress and needs, deter-mine their priorities for their children, and suggest

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ways that they can promote learning and develop-ment. Observe and evaluate children’s performance,behavior, social development, and physical health.Organize and label materials, and display students’work in a manner appropriate for their ages and per-ceptual skills. Prepare and implement remedial pro-grams for students requiring extra help. Preparereports on students and activities as required byadministration. Establish clear objectives for all les-sons, units, and projects, and communicate thoseobjectives to children. Organize and lead activitiesdesigned to promote physical, mental and socialdevelopment, such as games, arts and crafts, music,storytelling, and field trips. Plan and conduct activ-ities for a balanced program of instruction, demon-stration, and work time that provides students withopportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.Teach basic skills such as color, shape, number andletter recognition, personal hygiene, and socialskills. Plan and supervise class projects, field trips,visits by guests, or other experiential activities, andguide students in learning from those activities.Adapt teaching methods and instructional materialsto meet students’ varying needs and interests.Arrange indoor and outdoor space to facilitate cre-ative play, motor-skill activities, and safety. Assimi-late arriving children to the school environment bygreeting them, helping them remove outerwear, andselecting activities of interest to them. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Learning Strategies; Monitor-ing; Instructing; Management of PersonnelResources; Speaking; Coordination; Active Listen-ing; Service Orientation; Management of MaterialResources.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,

Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;

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Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Child Care and Support Services Management;Early Childhood Education and Teaching; Kinder-garten/Preschool Education and Teaching. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer andPersonal Service; Education and Training; Psycholo-gy; Therapy and Counseling; Sociology andAnthropology; Fine Arts.

Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $54,170

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in psychology, such as child, clinical,and developmental psychology, and psychologicalcounseling. Evaluate and grade students’ class work,laboratory work, assignments, and papers. Prepareand deliver lectures to undergraduate and/or gradu-ate students on topics such as abnormal psychology,cognitive processes, and work motivation. Advisestudents on academic and vocational curricula, andon career issues. Compile, administer, and gradeexaminations, or assign this work to others. Com-pile bibliographies of specialized materials for out-side reading assignments. Initiate, facilitate, andmoderate classroom discussions. Keep abreast ofdevelopments in their field by reading current liter-

ature, talking with colleagues, and participating inprofessional conferences. Maintain regularly sched-uled office hours in order to advise and assist stu-dents. Maintain student attendance records, grades,and other required records. Plan, evaluate, andrevise curricula, course content, and course materi-als and methods of instruction. Prepare coursematerials such as syllabi, homework assignments,and handouts. Select and obtain materials and sup-plies such as textbooks. Supervise students’ labora-tory work. Supervise undergraduate and/or graduateteaching, internship, and research work. Act asadvisers to student organizations. Collaborate withcolleagues to address teaching and research issues.Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge,and publish findings in professional journals, books,and/or electronic media. Participate in campus andcommunity events. Participate in student recruit-ment, registration, and placement activities. Per-form administrative duties such as serving asdepartment head. Provide professional consultingservices to government and/or industry. Serve onacademic or administrative committees that dealwith institutional policies, departmental matters,and academic issues. Write grant proposals to pro-cure external research funding. SKILLS—Instruct-ing; Learning Strategies; Reading Comprehension;Active Learning; Speaking; Writing; Science; ActiveListening; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary;Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Biological Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Business Teachers,Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary;Child Care Workers; Communications Teachers,Postsecondary; Computer Science Teachers, Postsec-

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ondary; Criminal Justice and Law EnforcementTeachers, Postsecondary; Curators; EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Education Teachers, Post-secondary; Education, Training, and Library Work-ers, All Other; Educational Psychologists;Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors;Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Educa-tion; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary; EnglishLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Farm and Home Management Advisors; ForeignLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; Gradu-ate Teaching Assistants; Health Specialties Teachers,Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary;Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kinder-garten Teachers, Except Special Education; LawTeachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assis-tants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; MuseumTechnicians and Conservators; Nannies; NursingInstructors and Teachers, Postsecondary; PersonalFinancial Advisors; Philosophy and Religion Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Recreation and FitnessStudies Teachers, Postsecondary; Secondary SchoolTeachers, Except Special and Vocational Education;Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Clinical Psychology; Cognitive Psychology and Psy-

cholinguistics; Community Psychology; Compara-tive Psychology; Counseling Psychology; Develop-mental and Child Psychology; EducationalPsychology; Experimental Psychology; Industrialand Organizational Psychology; Marriage and Fam-ily Therapy/Counseling; Personality Psychology;Physiological Psychology/Psychobiology; Psycholo-gy Teacher Education; Psychology, General; Psy-chology, Other; Psychometrics and QuantitativePsychology; School Psychology; Social Psychology;Social Science Teacher Education. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sociology andAnthropology; History and Archeology; Educationand Training; Psychology; Economics and Account-ing; English Language.

Radiation Therapists) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 31.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 1,000

) Annual Earnings: $54,190

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 14.2%

Provide radiation therapy to patients as prescribedby a radiologist according to established practicesand standards. Duties may include reviewing pre-scription and diagnosis; acting as liaison withphysician and supportive care personnel; preparingequipment, such as immobilization, treatment, andprotection devices; and maintaining records,reports, and files. May assist in dosimetry proce-dures and tumor localization. Administer prescribeddoses of radiation to specific body parts, using radia-tion therapy equipment according to establishedpractices and standards. Position patients for treat-ment with accuracy according to prescription. Enterdata into computer and set controls to operate andadjust equipment and regulate dosage. Follow prin-

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ciples of radiation protection for patient, self, andothers. Maintain records, reports and files asrequired, including such information as radiationdosages, equipment settings and patients’ reactions.Review prescription, diagnosis, patient chart, andidentification. Conduct most treatment sessionsindependently, in accordance with the long-termtreatment plan and under the general direction ofthe patient’s physician. Check radiation therapyequipment to ensure proper operation. Observe andreassure patients during treatment and report unusu-al reactions to physician or turn equipment off ifunexpected adverse reactions occur. Check for sideeffects such as skin irritation, nausea and hair loss toassess patients’ reaction to treatment. Educate, pre-pare and reassure patients and their families byanswering questions, providing physical assistance,and reinforcing physicians’ advice regarding treat-ment reactions and post-treatment care. Calculateactual treatment dosages delivered during each ses-sion. Prepare and construct equipment, such asimmobilization, treatment, and protection devices.Photograph treated area of patient and process film.Help physicians, radiation oncologists and clinicalphysicists to prepare physical and technical aspects ofradiation treatment plans, using information aboutpatient condition and anatomy. Train and supervisestudent or subordinate radiotherapy technologists.Act as liaison with physicist and supportive care per-sonnel. Provide assistance to other health-care per-sonnel during dosimetry procedures and tumorlocalization. Implement appropriate follow-up careplans. Store, sterilize, or prepare the special applica-tors containing the radioactive substance implantedby the physician. Assist in the preparation of sealedradioactive materials, such as cobalt, radium, cesiumand isotopes, for use in radiation treatments.SKILLS—Operation Monitoring; TechnologyDesign; Operation and Control; Time Management;Instructing; Service Orientation; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Social Perceptiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;

Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapist Assistants; OccupationalTherapists; Physical Therapist Aides; Physical Ther-apist Assistants; Physical Therapists; RecreationalTherapists; Respiratory Therapists; RespiratoryTherapy Technicians; Speech-Language Patholo-gists; Therapists, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Medical Radiologic Technology/Science—Radiation Therapist. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Medicine and Dentistry;Customer and Personal Service; Psychology; Biolo-gy; Physics; Mathematics.

Registered Nurses) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 27.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 215,000

) Annual Earnings: $49,550

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.2%

) Part-Time: 22.0%

Assess patient health problems and needs, developand implement nursing care plans, and maintainmedical records. Administer nursing care to ill,injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. Mayadvise patients on health maintenance and diseaseprevention or provide case management. Licensingor registration required. Includes advance practicenurses such as: nurse practitioners, clinical nursespecialists, certified nurse midwives, and certifiedregistered nurse anesthetists. Advanced practicenursing is practiced by RNs who have specializedformal, post-basic education and who function inhighly autonomous and specialized roles. Maintainaccurate, detailed reports and records. Monitor,record and report symptoms and changes inpatients’ conditions. Record patients’ medical infor-

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mation and vital signs. Modify patient treatmentplans as indicated by patients’ responses and condi-tions. Consult and coordinate with health care teammembers to assess, plan, implement and evaluatepatient care plans. Order, interpret, and evaluatediagnostic tests to identify and assess patient’s con-dition. Monitor all aspects of patient care, includingdiet and physical activity. Direct and supervise lessskilled nursing/health care personnel, or supervise aparticular unit on one shift. Prepare patients for, andassist with, examinations and treatments. Observenurses and visit patients to ensure that proper nurs-ing care is provided. Assess the needs of individuals,families and/or communities, including assessmentof individuals’ home and/or work environments toidentify potential health or safety problems. Instructindividuals, families and other groups on topicssuch as health education, disease prevention andchildbirth, and develop health improvement pro-grams. Prepare rooms, sterile instruments, equip-ment and supplies, and ensure that stock of suppliesis maintained. Inform physician of patient’s condi-tion during anesthesia. Deliver infants and provideprenatal and postpartum care and treatment underobstetrician’s supervision. Administer local, inhala-tion, intravenous, and other anesthetics. Providehealth care, first aid, immunizations and assistancein convalescence and rehabilitation in locations suchas schools, hospitals, and industry. Perform physicalexaminations, make tentative diagnoses, and treatpatients en route to hospitals or at disaster site triagecenters. Conduct specified laboratory tests. Handitems to surgeons during operations. Prescribe orrecommend drugs, medical devices or other formsof treatment, such as physical therapy, inhalationtherapy, or related therapeutic procedures. Directand coordinate infection control programs, advisingand consulting with specified personnel about nec-essary precautions. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness;Service Orientation; Instructing; Time Manage-ment; Critical Thinking; Learning Strategies; Coor-dination; Active Learning; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;

Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists; PharmacyAides; Pharmacy Technicians; Physician Assistants;Physicians and Surgeons, All Other; Psychiatrists;Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Adult Health Nurse/Nursing; Clinical Nurse Spe-cialist; Critical Care Nursing; Family PracticeNurse/Nurse Practitioner; Maternal/Child Healthand Neonatal Nurse/Nursing; Nurse Anesthetist;Nurse Midwife/Nursing Midwifery; Nursing—Registered Nurse Training (RN, ASN, BSN, MSN); Nursing Science (MS, PhD); Nursing,Other; Occupational and Environmental HealthNursing; Pediatric Nurse/Nursing; Perioperative/Operating Room and Surgical Nurse/Nursing; Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse/Nursing; PublicHealth/Community Nurse/Nursing. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Psychology; Medi-cine and Dentistry; Customer and Personal Service;Therapy and Counseling; Sociology and Anthropol-ogy; Philosophy and Theology.

Secondary SchoolTeachers, ExceptSpecial and VocationalEducation) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 18.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 118,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,580

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 8.8%

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Instruct students in secondary public or privateschools in one or more subjects at the secondarylevel, such as English, mathematics, or social stud-ies. May be designated according to subject matterspecialty, such as typing instructors, commercialteachers, or English teachers. Instruct through lec-tures, discussions, and demonstrations in one ormore subjects such as English, mathematics, orsocial studies. Prepare, administer, and grade testsand assignments to evaluate students’ progress.Assign and grade class work and homework. Adaptteaching methods and instructional materials tomeet students’ varying needs and interests. Conferwith other staff members to plan and schedule les-sons promoting learning, following approved curric-ula. Confer with parents or guardians, otherteachers, counselors, and administrators in order toresolve students’ behavioral and academic problems.Enforce all administration policies and rules govern-ing students. Establish and enforce rules for behav-ior and procedures for maintaining order among thestudents for whom they are responsible. Guide andcounsel students with adjustment and/or academicproblems, or special academic interests. Instruct andmonitor students in the use and care of equipmentand materials, in order to prevent injuries and dam-age. Maintain accurate and complete studentrecords as required by laws, district policies, andadministrative regulations. Establish clear objectivesfor all lessons, units, and projects, and communicatethose objectives to students. Meet with other pro-fessionals to discuss individual students’ needs andprogress. Meet with parents and guardians to discusstheir children’s progress, and to determine their pri-orities for their children and their resource needs.Observe and evaluate students’ performance, behav-ior, social development, and physical health. Planand conduct activities for a balanced program ofinstruction, demonstration, and work time that pro-vides students with opportunities to observe, ques-tion, and investigate. Plan and supervise classprojects, field trips, visits by guest speakers, or otherexperiential activities, and guide students in learningfrom those activities. Prepare and implement reme-

dial programs for students requiring extra help. Pre-pare for assigned classes, and show written evidenceof preparation upon request of immediate supervi-sors. Prepare materials and classrooms for class activ-ities. SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Instructing;Speaking; Social Perceptiveness; Mathematics;Reading Comprehension; Monitoring; ActiveLearning.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-

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ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Teacher Education; Art Teacher Educa-tion; Biology Teacher Education; Business TeacherEducation; Chemistry Teacher Education; Comput-er Teacher Education; Drama and Dance TeacherEducation; Driver and Safety Teacher Education;English/Language Arts Teacher Education; Familyand Consumer Sciences/Home Economics TeacherEducation; Foreign Language Teacher Education;French Language Teacher Education; GeographyTeacher Education; German Language TeacherEducation; Health Occupations Teacher Education;Health Teacher Education; History Teacher Educa-tion; Junior High/Intermediate/Middle SchoolEducation and Teaching; Latin Teacher Education;Mathematics Teacher Education; Music TeacherEducation; Physical Education Teaching andCoaching; Physics Teacher Education; ReadingTeacher Education; Sales and Marketing Opera-tions/Marketing and Distribution Teacher Educa-tion; Science Teacher Education/General Science

Teacher Education; Secondary Education andTeaching; Social Science Teacher Education; SocialStudies Teacher Education; Spanish LanguageTeacher Education; Speech Teacher Education;Teacher Education and Professional Development,Specific Subject Areas, Other; Teacher Education,Multiple Levels; Technology Teacher Education/Industrial Arts Teacher Education. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education andTraining; Therapy and Counseling; English Lan-guage; History and Archeology; Sociology andAnthropology; Geography.

Security Guards) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 31.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 228,000

) Annual Earnings: $19,660

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.9%

) Part-Time: 15.1%

Guard, patrol, or monitor premises to preventtheft, violence, or infractions of rules. Patrol indus-trial and commercial premises to prevent and detectsigns of intrusion and ensure security of doors, win-dows, and gates. Answer alarms and investigate dis-turbances. Monitor and authorize entrance anddeparture of employees, visitors, and other personsto guard against theft and maintain security ofpremises. Write reports of daily activities and irreg-ularities, such as equipment or property damage,theft, presence of unauthorized persons, or unusualoccurrences. Call police or fire departments in casesof emergency, such as fire or presence of unautho-rized persons. Circulate among visitors, patrons,and employees to preserve order and protect prop-erty. Answer telephone calls to take messages,answer questions, and provide information during

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non-business hours or when switchboard is closed.Warn persons of rule infractions or violations, andapprehend or evict violators from premises, usingforce when necessary. Operate detecting devices toscreen individuals and prevent passage of prohibitedarticles into restricted areas. Escort or drive motorvehicle to transport individuals to specified loca-tions and to provide personal protection. Inspectand adjust security systems, equipment, andmachinery to ensure operational use and to detectevidence of tampering. Drive and guard armoredvehicle to transport money and valuables to preventtheft and ensure safe delivery. SKILLS—Social Per-ceptiveness; Negotiation; Learning Strategies;Speaking; Time Management; Monitoring; ActiveListening; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Highway PatrolPilots; Immigration and Customs Inspectors; Life-guards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protec-tive Service Workers; Parking EnforcementWorkers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers; PoliceDetectives; Police Identification and Records Offi-cers; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectives andInvestigators; Protective Service Workers, All Other;Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs; Transit and RailroadPolice.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Securities Services Administration/Management;Security and Loss Prevention Services. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety andSecurity; Customer and Personal Service; Law andGovernment; Clerical Studies; Telecommunica-tions; English Language.

Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 40.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,820

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 19.9%

) Part-Time: 41.0%

Teach or instruct courses other than those thatnormally lead to an occupational objective ordegree. Courses may include self-improvement,nonvocational, and nonacademic subjects. Teach-ing may or may not take place in a traditional edu-cational institution. Review instructional content,methods, and student evaluations in order to assessstrengths and weaknesses, and to develop recom-mendations for course revision, development, orelimination. Attend professional meetings, confer-ences, and workshops in order to maintain andimprove professional competence. Attend staffmeetings, and serve on committees as required.Meet with parents and guardians to discuss theirchildren’s progress, and to determine their prioritiesfor their children. Observe and evaluate the per-formance of other instructors. Organize and super-vise games and other recreational activities topromote physical, mental, and social development.Participate in publicity planning and studentrecruitment. Schedule class times to ensure maxi-mum attendance. Select, order, and issue books,materials, and supplies for courses or projects. Writeinstructional articles on designated subjects. Usecomputers, audiovisual aids, and other equipmentand materials to supplement presentations. Con-duct classes, workshops, and demonstrations, andprovide individual instruction to teach topics andskills such as cooking, dancing, writing, physical fit-ness, photography, personal finance, and flying.

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Instruct students individually and in groups, usingvarious teaching methods such as lectures, discus-sions, and demonstrations. Adapt teaching methodsand instructional materials to meet students’ varyingneeds and interests. Assign and grade class work andhomework. Confer with other teachers and profes-sionals to plan and schedule lessons promotinglearning and development. Enforce policies andrules governing students. Establish clear objectivesfor all lessons, units, and projects, and communicatethose objectives to students. Instruct and monitorstudents in use and care of equipment and materi-als, in order to prevent injury and damage. Maintainaccurate and complete student records as requiredby administrative policy. Meet with other instruc-tors to discuss individual students and theirprogress. Monitor students’ performance in order tomake suggestions for improvement, and to ensurethat they satisfy course standards, training require-ments, and objectives. SKILLS—Instructing; Writ-ing; Speaking; Learning Strategies; ServiceOrientation; Systems Evaluation; Reading Compre-hension; Active Listening; Judgment and DecisionMaking; Management of Material Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary;Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Biological Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Business Teachers,Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary;Child Care Workers; Communications Teachers,Postsecondary; Computer Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Criminal Justice and Law EnforcementTeachers, Postsecondary; Curators; EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Education Teachers, Post-secondary; Education, Training, and Library Work-ers, All Other; Educational Psychologists;

Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors;Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Educa-tion; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary; EnglishLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Farm and Home Management Advisors; ForeignLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; Gradu-ate Teaching Assistants; Health Specialties Teachers,Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary;Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kinder-garten Teachers, Except Special Education; LawTeachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assis-tants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; MuseumTechnicians and Conservators; Nannies; NursingInstructors and Teachers, Postsecondary; PersonalFinancial Advisors; Philosophy and Religion Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary; Recreation and Fitness StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; Social Sci-ences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other; SocialWork Teachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers,Postsecondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other;Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary;Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School;Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Educa-tion and Training; English Language; Philosophyand Theology; Sociology and Anthropology; Histo-ry and Archeology; Economics and Accounting.

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Sheriffs and DeputySheriffs) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 24.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 67,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,020

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.4%

Enforce law and order in rural or unincorporateddistricts or serve legal processes of courts. Maypatrol courthouse, guard court or grand jury, orescort defendants. Investigate illegal or suspiciousactivities. Notify patrol units to take violators intocustody or to provide needed assistance or medicalaid. Question individuals entering secured areas todetermine their business, directing and reroutingindividuals as necessary. Record daily activities, andsubmit logs and other related reports and paperworkto appropriate authorities. Serve statements ofclaims, subpoenas, summonses, jury summonses,orders to pay alimony, and other court orders. Takecontrol of accident scenes to maintain traffic flow, toassist accident victims, and to investigate causes.Verify that the proper legal charges have been madeagainst law offenders. Patrol and guard courthouses,grand jury rooms, or assigned areas, in order to pro-vide security, enforce laws, maintain order, andarrest violators. Locate and confiscate real or per-sonal property, as directed by court order. Managejail operations, and tend to jail inmates. Place peo-ple in protective custody. Drive vehicles or patrolspecific areas to detect law violators, issue citations,and make arrests. Execute arrest warrants, locatingand taking persons into custody. Transport or escortprisoners and defendants en route to courtrooms,prisons or jails, attorneys’ offices, or medical facili-ties. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Service Orien-tation; Active Listening; Speaking; Coordination;

Judgment and Decision Making; Writing; CriticalThinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Highway PatrolPilots; Immigration and Customs Inspectors; Life-guards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protec-tive Service Workers; Parking EnforcementWorkers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers; PoliceDetectives; Police Identification and Records Offi-cers; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectives andInvestigators; Protective Service Workers, All Other;Security Guards; Transit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety and Security; Law andGovernment; Psychology; Geography; Sociologyand Anthropology; Clerical Studies.

Social and CommunityService Managers) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 27.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 19,000

) Annual Earnings: $45,450

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 6.6%

) Part-Time: 10.7%

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Plan, organize, or coordinate the activities of asocial service program or community outreachorganization. Oversee the program or organiza-tion’s budget and policies regarding participantinvolvement, program requirements, and benefits.Work may involve directing social workers, coun-selors, or probation officers. Establish and maintainrelationships with other agencies and organizationsin community in order to meet community needsand to ensure that services are not duplicated. Pre-pare and maintain records and reports, such asbudgets, personnel records, or training manuals.Direct activities of professional and technical staffmembers and volunteers. Evaluate the work of staffand volunteers in order to ensure that programs areof appropriate quality and that resources are usedeffectively. Establish and oversee administrative pro-cedures to meet objectives set by boards of directorsor senior management. Participate in the determi-nation of organizational policies regarding suchissues as participant eligibility, program require-ments, and program benefits. Research and analyzemember or community needs in order to determineprogram directions and goals. Speak to communitygroups to explain and interpret agency purposes,programs, and policies. Recruit, interview, and hireor sign up volunteers and staff. Represent organiza-tions in relations with governmental and mediainstitutions. Plan and administer budgets for pro-grams, equipment and support services. Analyzeproposed legislation, regulations, or rule changes inorder to determine how agency services could beimpacted. Act as consultants to agency staff andother community programs regarding the interpre-tation of program-related federal, state, and countyregulations and policies. Implement and evaluatestaff training programs. Direct fund-raising activi-ties and the preparation of public relations materi-als. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; ServiceOrientation; Negotiation; Management of Person-nel Resources; Persuasion; Instructing; Monitoring;Learning Strategies; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.01. Managerial Work in Edu-

cation and Social Service. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Education Administrators, All Other; Edu-cation Administrators, Elementary and SecondarySchool; Education Administrators, Postsecondary;Education Administrators, Preschool and ChildCare Center/Program; Instructional Coordinators;Park Naturalists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, Gener-al; Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Business/Commerce, Gen-eral; Community Organization and Advocacy;Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies; HumanServices, General; Non-Profit/Public/Organization-al Management; Public Administration. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Sociology and Anthropology; Psy-chology; Education and Training; Clerical Studies;Therapy and Counseling.

Social and HumanService Assistants) Personality Code: SC

) Growth: 48.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 63,000

) Annual Earnings: $23,860

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.2%

) Part-Time: 10.6%

Assist professionals from a wide variety of fields,such as psychology, rehabilitation, or social work,to provide client services, as well as support forfamilies. May assist clients in identifying availablebenefits and social and community services andhelp clients obtain them. May assist social workerswith developing, organizing, and conducting pro-grams to prevent and resolve problems relevant to

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substance abuse, human relationships, rehabilita-tion, or adult daycare. Provide information on andrefer individuals to public or private agencies andcommunity services for assistance. Keep records andprepare reports for owner or management concern-ing visits with clients. Visit individuals in homes orattend group meetings to provide information onagency services, requirements and procedures.Advise clients regarding food stamps, child care,food, money management, sanitation, and house-keeping. Submit to and review reports and problemswith superior. Oversee day-to-day group activities ofresidents in institution. Interview individuals andfamily members to compile information on social,educational, criminal, institutional, or drug history.Meet with youth groups to acquaint them with con-sequences of delinquent acts. Transport and accom-pany clients to shopping area and to appointments,using automobile. Explain rules established byowner or management, such as sanitation and main-tenance requirements, and parking regulations.Observe and discuss meal preparation and suggestalternate methods of food preparation. Demon-strate use and care of equipment for tenant use.Consult with supervisor concerning programs forindividual families. Monitor free, supplementarymeal program to ensure cleanliness of facility andthat eligibility guidelines are met for persons receiv-ing meals. Observe clients’ food selections and rec-ommend alternate economical and nutritional foodchoices. Inform tenants of facilities, such as laun-dries and playgrounds. Care for children in client’shome during client’s appointments. Assist in locat-ing housing for displaced individuals. Assist clientswith preparation of forms, such as tax or rent forms.Assist in planning of food budget, utilizing chartsand sample budgets. SKILLS—Social Perceptive-ness; Service Orientation; Management of FinancialResources; Time Management; Instructing; Learn-ing Strategies; Active Listening; Speaking; CriticalThinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.02. Social Services. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Child, Family, and

School Social Workers; Clergy; Clinical Psycholo-gists; Clinical, Counseling, and School Psycholo-gists; Community and Social Service Specialists, AllOther; Counseling Psychologists; Counselors, AllOther; Directors, Religious Activities and Educa-tion; Marriage and Family Therapists; Medical andPublic Health Social Workers; Mental Health andSubstance Abuse Social Workers; Mental HealthCounselors; Probation Officers and CorrectionalTreatment Specialists; Rehabilitation Counselors;Religious Workers, All Other; Residential Advisors;Social Workers, All Other; Substance Abuse andBehavioral Disorder Counselors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Mental and Social Health Services and Allied Pro-fessions, Other. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy and Counseling; Psycholo-gy; Customer and Personal Service; Clerical Studies;Sociology and Anthropology; Philosophy and The-ology.

Sociology Teachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,770

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach courses in sociology. Evaluate and grade stu-dents’ class work, assignments, and papers. Prepareand deliver lectures to undergraduate and/or gradu-ate students on topics such as race and ethnic rela-tions, measurement and data collection, andworkplace social relations. Advise students on aca-demic and vocational curricula, and on career issues.

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Compile, administer, and grade examinations, orassign this work to others. Compile bibliographiesof specialized materials for outside reading assign-ments. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroomdiscussions. Keep abreast of developments in theirfield by reading current literature, talking with col-leagues, and participating in professional confer-ences. Maintain regularly scheduled office hours inorder to advise and assist students. Maintain studentattendance records, grades, and other requiredrecords. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, coursecontent, and course materials and methods ofinstruction. Prepare course materials such as syllabi,homework assignments, and handouts. Select andobtain materials and supplies such as textbooks andlaboratory equipment. Supervise students’ laborato-ry and field work. Supervise undergraduate and/orgraduate teaching, internship, and research work.Act as advisers to student organizations. Collaboratewith colleagues to address teaching and researchissues. Conduct research in a particular field ofknowledge, and publish findings in professionaljournals, books, and/or electronic media. Participatein campus and community events. Participate instudent recruitment, registration, and placementactivities. Perform administrative duties such asserving as department head. Provide professionalconsulting services to government and/or industry.Serve on academic or administrative committeesthat deal with institutional policies, departmentalmatters, and academic issues. Write grant proposalsto procure external research funding. SKILLS—Instructing; Learning Strategies; Reading Compre-hension; Active Learning; Speaking; Writing;Science; Active Listening; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and Music

Teachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; Special Edu-cation Teachers, Middle School; Special EducationTeachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary

________________________________________________Social Jobs: Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary

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School; Special Education Teachers, SecondarySchool; Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors,All Other; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Social Science Teacher Education; Sociology.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sociol-ogy and Anthropology; History and Archeology;Education and Training; Psychology; Economicsand Accounting; English Language.

Special EducationTeachers, Middle School) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 30.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 59,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,010

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 9.3%

Teach middle school subjects to educationally andphysically handicapped students. Includes teacherswho specialize and work with audibly and visuallyhandicapped students and those who teach basicacademic and life processes skills to the mentallyimpaired. Observe and evaluate students’ perform-ance, behavior, social development, and physicalhealth. Organize and label materials, and displaystudents’ work. Organize and supervise games andother recreational activities to promote physical,mental, and social development. Plan and conductactivities for a balanced program of instruction,demonstration, and work time that provides stu-dents with opportunities to observe, question, andinvestigate. Plan and supervise class projects, field

trips, visits by guest speakers, or other experientialactivities, and guide students in learning from thoseactivities. Prepare for assigned classes, and showwritten evidence of preparation upon request ofimmediate supervisors. Prepare materials and class-rooms for class activities. Prepare objectives and out-lines for courses of study, following curriculumguidelines or requirements of states and schools.Prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignmentsto evaluate students’ progress. Provide additionalinstruction in vocational areas. Provide interpreta-tion and transcription of regular classroom materialsthrough Braille and sign language. Develop andimplement strategies to meet the needs of studentswith a variety of handicapping conditions. Instructstudents in daily living skills required for independ-ent maintenance and self-sufficiency, such ashygiene, safety, and food preparation. Instructthrough lectures, discussions, and demonstrationsin one or more subjects such as English, mathemat-ics, or social studies. Confer with parents, adminis-trators, testing specialists, social workers, andprofessionals to develop individual educationalplans designed to promote students’ educational,physical, and social development. Employ specialeducational strategies and techniques duringinstruction to improve the development of sensory-and perceptual-motor skills, language, cognition,and memory. Modify the general education curricu-lum for special-needs students based upon a varietyof instructional techniques and instructional tech-nology. Confer with other staff members to planand schedule lessons promoting learning, followingapproved curricula. SKILLS—Learning Strategies;Social Perceptiveness; Instructing; Monitoring;Speaking; Active Listening; Writing; Service Orien-tation; Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-

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ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;

Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and ElementarySchool; Special Education Teachers, SecondarySchool; Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors,All Other; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Special Education and Teaching, General. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy andCounseling; Education and Training; Psychology;Medicine and Dentistry; English Language; Cus-tomer and Personal Service.

Special EducationTeachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, andElementary School) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 30.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 59,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,920

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 9.3%

Teach elementary and preschool school subjects toeducationally and physically handicapped stu-dents. Includes teachers who specialize and workwith audibly and visually handicapped studentsand those who teach basic academic and lifeprocesses skills to the mentally impaired. Developand implement strategies to meet the needs of stu-

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dents with a variety of handicapping conditions.Instruct students in academic subjects, using a vari-ety of techniques such as phonetics, multisensorylearning, and repetition, in order to reinforce learn-ing and to meet students’ varying needs and inter-ests. Prepare objectives and outlines for courses ofstudy, following curriculum guidelines or require-ments of states and schools. Prepare students forlater grades by encouraging them to explore learningopportunities and to persevere with challengingtasks. Prepare, administer, and grade tests andassignments to evaluate students’ progress. Provideinterpretation and transcription of regular class-room materials through Braille and sign language.Supervise, evaluate, and plan assignments forteacher assistants and volunteers. Teach sociallyacceptable behavior, employing techniques such asbehavior modification and positive reinforcement.Teach students personal development skills such asgoal setting, independence, and self-advocacy.Administer standardized ability and achievementtests, and interpret results to determine students’strengths and areas of need. Attend professionalmeetings, educational conferences, and teachertraining workshops in order to maintain andimprove professional competence. Attend staffmeetings, and serve on committees as required. Col-laborate with other teachers and administrators inthe development, evaluation, and revision of pre-school, kindergarten, or elementary school pro-grams. Instruct students in daily living skillsrequired for independent maintenance and self-suf-ficiency, such as hygiene, safety, and food prepara-tion. Confer with parents, administrators, testingspecialists, social workers, and professionals todevelop individual educational plans designed topromote students’ educational, physical, and socialdevelopment. Modify the general education cur-riculum for special-needs students based upon avariety of instructional techniques and technologies.Confer with other staff members to plan and sched-ule lessons promoting learning, following approvedcurricula. SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Social Per-ceptiveness; Instructing; Monitoring; Speaking;

Active Listening; Writing; Service Orientation;Complex Problem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-

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phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Education/Teaching of Individuals with Autism;Education/Teaching of Individuals with EmotionalDisturbances; Education/Teaching of Individualswith Hearing Impairments, Including Deafness;Education/Teaching of Individuals with MentalRetardation; Education/Teaching of Individualswith Multiple Disabilities; Education/Teaching ofIndividuals with Orthopedic and Other PhysicalHealth Impairments; Education/Teaching of Indi-viduals with Specific Learning Disabilities; Educa-tion/Teaching of Individuals with Speech orLanguage Impairments; Education/Teaching ofIndividuals with Traumatic Brain Injuries; Educa-tion/Teaching of Individuals with Vision Impair-ments, Including Blindness; Special Education andTeaching, General; Special Education and Teaching,Other. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy and Counseling; Education and Training;Psychology; Medicine and Dentistry; English Lan-guage; Customer and Personal Service.

Special EducationTeachers, SecondarySchool) Personality Code: SA

) Growth: 30.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 59,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,240

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 9.3%

Teach secondary school subjects to educationallyand physically handicapped students. Includesteachers who specialize and work with audibly andvisually handicapped students and those who teachbasic academic and life processes skills to the men-tally impaired. Establish clear objectives for all les-sons, units, and projects, and communicate thoseobjectives to students. Guide and counsel studentswith adjustment and/or academic problems, or spe-cial academic interests. Instruct and monitor stu-dents in the use and care of equipment andmaterials, in order to prevent injuries and damage.Maintain accurate and complete student records,and prepare reports on children and activities, asrequired by laws, district policies, and administra-tive regulations. Meet with other professionals todiscuss individual students’ needs and progress.Meet with parents and guardians to discuss theirchildren’s progress, and to determine their prioritiesfor their children and their resource needs. Meetwith parents and guardians to provide guidance inusing community resources, and to teach skills fordealing with students’ impairments. Observe andevaluate students’ performance, behavior, socialdevelopment, and physical health. Plan and conductactivities for a balanced program of instruction,demonstration, and work time that provides stu-dents with opportunities to observe, question, and

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investigate. Plan and supervise class projects, fieldtrips, visits by guest speakers, or other experientialactivities, and guide students in learning from thoseactivities. Prepare for assigned classes, and showwritten evidence of preparation upon request ofimmediate supervisors. Develop and implementstrategies to meet the needs of students with a vari-ety of handicapping conditions. Instruct students indaily living skills required for independent mainte-nance and self-sufficiency, such as hygiene, safety,and food preparation. Instruct through lectures, dis-cussions, and demonstrations in one or more sub-jects such as English, mathematics, or social studies.Confer with parents, administrators, testing special-ists, social workers, and professionals to developindividual educational plans designed to promotestudents’ educational, physical, and social develop-ment. Modify the general education curriculum forspecial-needs students, based upon a variety ofinstructional techniques and technologies.SKILLS—Learning Strategies; Social Perceptive-ness; Instructing; Monitoring; Speaking; Active Lis-tening; Writing; Service Orientation; ComplexProblem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-

gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Special Education and Teaching, General. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Therapy andCounseling; Education and Training; Psychology;Medicine and Dentistry; English Language; Cus-tomer and Personal Service.

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Speech-LanguagePathologists) Personality Code: SI

) Growth: 27.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $50,050

) Education/Training Required: Master’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 8.2%

) Part-Time: 28.1%

Assess and treat persons with speech, language,voice, and fluency disorders. May select alternativecommunication systems and teach their use. Mayperform research related to speech and languageproblems. Monitor patients’ progress and adjusttreatments accordingly. Evaluate hearing andspeech/language test results and medical or back-ground information to diagnose and plan treatmentfor speech, language, fluency, voice, and swallowingdisorders. Administer hearing or speech/languageevaluations, tests, or examinations to patients to col-lect information on type and degree of impairments,using written and oral tests and special instruments.Record information on the initial evaluation, treat-ment, progress, and discharge of clients. Developand implement treatment plans for problems suchas stuttering, delayed language, swallowing disor-ders, and inappropriate pitch or harsh voice prob-lems, based on own assessments andrecommendations of physicians, psychologists, andsocial workers. Develop individual or group pro-grams in schools to deal with speech or languageproblems. Instruct clients in techniques for moreeffective communication, including sign language,lip reading, and voice improvement. Teach clients tocontrol or strengthen tongue, jaw, face muscles, andbreathing mechanisms. Develop speech exerciseprograms to reduce disabilities. Consult with andadvise educators or medical staff on speech or hear-

ing topics such as communication strategies andspeech and language stimulation. Instruct patientsand family members in strategies to cope with oravoid communication-related misunderstandings.Design, develop, and employ alternative diagnosticor communication devices and strategies. Conductlessons and direct educational or therapeutic gamesto assist teachers dealing with speech problems.Refer clients to additional medical or educationalservices if needed. Participate in conferences ortraining, or publish research results, to share knowl-edge of new hearing or speech disorder treatmentmethods or technologies. Communicate with non-speaking students, using sign language or computertechnology. Provide communication instruction todialect speakers or students with limited Englishproficiency. Use computer applications to identifyand assist with communication disabilities.SKILLS—Instructing; Social Perceptiveness; Learn-ing Strategies; Service Orientation; Time Manage-ment; Active Learning; Coordination; Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.06. Medical Therapy. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Audiologists; HealthDiagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other;Massage Therapists; Occupational Therapist Aides;Occupational Therapist Assistants; OccupationalTherapists; Physical Therapist Aides; Physical Ther-apist Assistants; Physical Therapists; RadiationTherapists; Recreational Therapists; RespiratoryTherapists; Respiratory Therapy Technicians; Ther-apists, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Audiology/Audiologist and Speech-LanguagePathology/Pathologist; Communication DisordersSciences and Services, Other; Communication Dis-orders, General; Speech-Language Pathology/Pathologist. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Therapy and Counseling; Psychology; Educa-tion and Training; English Language; Sociology andAnthropology; Medicine and Dentistry.

____________________________________________________Social Jobs: Speech-Language Pathologists

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Teacher Assistants) Personality Code: SC

) Growth: 23.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 259,000

) Annual Earnings: $19,000

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 41.1%

Perform duties that are instructional in nature ordeliver direct services to students or parents. Servein a position for which a teacher or another pro-fessional has ultimate responsibility for the designand implementation of educational programs andservices. Provide disabled students with assistivedevices, supportive technology, and assistanceaccessing facilities such as restrooms. Requisitionand stock teaching materials and supplies. Type, file,and duplicate materials. Use computers, audiovisualaids, and other equipment and materials to supple-ment presentations. Discuss assigned duties withclassroom teachers in order to coordinate instruc-tional efforts. Prepare lesson materials, bulletinboard displays, exhibits, equipment, and demon-strations. Present subject matter to students underthe direction and guidance of teachers, using lec-tures, discussions, or supervised role-playing meth-ods. Tutor and assist children individually or insmall groups in order to help them master assign-ments and to reinforce learning concepts presentedby teachers. Supervise students in classrooms, halls,cafeterias, school yards, and gymnasiums, or on fieldtrips. Conduct demonstrations to teach such skillsas sports, dancing, and handicrafts. Distributeteaching materials such as textbooks, workbooks,papers, and pencils to students. Distribute tests andhomework assignments, and collect them whenthey are completed. Enforce administration policiesand rules governing students. Grade homework andtests, and compute and record results, using answersheets or electronic marking devices. Instruct and

monitor students in the use and care of equipmentand materials, in order to prevent injuries and dam-age. Observe students’ performance, and record rel-evant data to assess progress. Organize and labelmaterials, and display students’ work in a mannerappropriate for their eye levels and perceptual skills.Organize and supervise games and other recreation-al activities to promote physical, mental, and socialdevelopment. Participate in teacher-parent confer-ences regarding students’ progress or problems.Plan, prepare, and develop various teaching aidssuch as bibliographies, charts, and graphs. Preparelesson outlines and plans in assigned subject areas,and submit outlines to teachers for review. Provideextra assistance to students with special needs, suchas non-English-speaking students or those withphysical and mental disabilities. SKILLS—Instruct-ing; Learning Strategies; Service Orientation; Speak-ing; Active Listening; Social Perceptiveness; ReadingComprehension; Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;

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English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teachers and Instructors, All Other; VocationalEducation Teachers, Postsecondary; VocationalEducation Teachers, Middle School; VocationalEducation Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Teacher Assistant/Aide; Teaching Assistants/Aides,Other. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education and Training; English Language; Historyand Archeology; Psychology; Sociology and Anthro-pology; Philosophy and Theology.

Training andDevelopment Specialists) Personality Code: SE

) Growth: 27.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,160

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.8%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Conduct training and development programs foremployees. Keep up with developments in area ofexpertise by reading current journals, books andmagazine articles. Present information, using a vari-ety of instructional techniques and formats such asrole playing, simulations, team exercises, group dis-cussions, videos and lectures. Schedule classes basedon availability of classrooms, equipment, andinstructors. Organize and develop, or obtain, train-ing procedure manuals and guides and course mate-rials such as handouts and visual materials. Offerspecific training programs to help workers maintainor improve job skills. Monitor, evaluate and recordtraining activities and program effectiveness. Attendmeetings and seminars to obtain information for usein training programs, or to inform management oftraining program status. Coordinate recruitmentand placement of training program participants.Evaluate training materials prepared by instructors,such as outlines, text, and handouts. Develop alter-native training methods if expected improvementsare not seen. Assess training needs through surveys,interviews with employees, focus groups, and/orconsultation with managers, instructors or customerrepresentatives. Screen, hire, and assign workers topositions based on qualifications. Select and assigninstructors to conduct training. Devise programs todevelop executive potential among employees inlower-level positions. Design, plan, organize anddirect orientation and training for employees or cus-

______________________________________________Social Jobs: Training and Development Specialists

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tomers of industrial or commercial establishment.Negotiate contracts with clients, including desiredtraining outcomes, fees and expenses. Superviseinstructors, evaluate instructor performance, andrefer instructors to classes for skill development.Monitor training costs to ensure budget is notexceeded, and prepare budget reports to justifyexpenditures. Refer trainees to employer relationsrepresentatives, to locations offering job placementassistance, or to appropriate social services agenciesif warranted. SKILLS—Service Orientation;Instructing; Social Perceptiveness; Writing; Persua-sion; Active Learning; Speaking; Time Manage-ment.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers,Private or Public Employment Service; Employ-ment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists;Financial Analysts; Human Resources, Training,and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other; Insur-ance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; Insur-ance Appraisers, Auto Damage; InsuranceUnderwriters; Loan Counselors; Loan Officers;Logisticians; Management Analysts; MarketResearch Analysts; Personnel Recruiters; PurchasingAgents and Buyers, Farm Products; PurchasingAgents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Prod-ucts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except FarmProducts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Management/Personnel Admin-istration, General; Organizational Behavior Studies.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Psychology; Sociology

and Anthropology; Personnel and HumanResources; Education and Training; Clerical Stud-ies; Public Safety and Security.

Vocational EducationTeachers,Postsecondary) Personality Code: SR

) Growth: 38.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 216,000

) Annual Earnings: $39,740

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 27.7%

Teach or instruct vocational or occupational sub-jects at the postsecondary level (but at less than thebaccalaureate) to students who have graduated orleft high school. Includes correspondence schoolinstructors; industrial, commercial and govern-ment training instructors; and adult educationteachers and instructors who prepare persons tooperate industrial machinery and equipment andtransportation and communications equipment.Teaching may take place in public or privateschools whose primary business is education or ina school associated with an organization whose pri-mary business is other than education. Conducton-the-job training, classes, or training sessions toteach and demonstrate principles, techniques, pro-cedures, and/or methods of designated subjects. Pre-sent lectures and conduct discussions to increasestudents’ knowledge and competence, using visualaids such as graphs, charts, videotapes, and slides.Administer oral, written, or performance tests inorder to measure progress, and to evaluate trainingeffectiveness. Advise students on course selection,

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career decisions, and other academic and vocationalconcerns. Determine training needs of students orworkers. Develop curricula, and plan course contentand methods of instruction. Integrate academic andvocational curricula so that students can obtain avariety of skills. Observe and evaluate students’work to determine progress, provide feedback, andmake suggestions for improvement. Participate inconferences, seminars, and training sessions to keepabreast of developments in the field; and integraterelevant information into training programs. Pre-pare outlines of instructional programs and trainingschedules, and establish course goals. Provide indi-vidualized instruction and tutorial and/or remedialinstruction. Select and assemble books, materials,supplies, and equipment for training, courses, orprojects. Supervise and monitor students’ use oftools and equipment. Supervise independent orgroup projects, field placements, laboratory work,or other training. Arrange for lectures by experts indesignated fields. Develop teaching aids such asinstructional software, multimedia visual aids, orstudy materials. Prepare reports and maintainrecords such as student grades, attendance rolls, andtraining activity details. Review enrollment applica-tions, and correspond with applicants to obtainadditional information. Serve on faculty and schoolcommittees concerned with budgeting, curriculumrevision, and course and diploma requirements.SKILLS—Instructing; Service Orientation; Writ-ing; Speaking; Learning Strategies; Judgment andDecision Making; Active Listening; Reading Com-prehension; Complex Problem Solving; TechnologyDesign.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,

Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary;Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Biological Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Business Teachers,Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary;Child Care Workers; Communications Teachers,Postsecondary; Computer Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Criminal Justice and Law EnforcementTeachers, Postsecondary; Curators; EconomicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Education Teachers, Post-secondary; Education, Training, and Library Work-ers, All Other; Educational Psychologists;Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors;Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Educa-tion; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary; EnglishLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Farm and Home Management Advisors; ForeignLanguage and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary;Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Geography Teachers, Postsecondary; Gradu-ate Teaching Assistants; Health Specialties Teachers,Postsecondary; History Teachers, Postsecondary;Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Kinder-garten Teachers, Except Special Education; LawTeachers, Postsecondary; Librarians; Library Assis-tants, Clerical; Library Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Library Technicians; Mathematical ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; MuseumTechnicians and Conservators; Nannies; NursingInstructors and Teachers, Postsecondary; PersonalFinancial Advisors; Philosophy and Religion Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary;Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary; Postsec-ondary Teachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers,Except Special Education; Psychology Teachers,Postsecondary; Recreation and Fitness StudiesTeachers, Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers,Except Special and Vocational Education; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers; Social SciencesTeachers, Postsecondary, All Other; Social WorkTeachers, Postsecondary; Sociology Teachers, Post-secondary; Special Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Special Education Teachers, Preschool,Kindergarten, and Elementary School; Special Edu-

________________________________________Social Jobs: Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary

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cation Teachers, Secondary School; Teacher Assis-tants; Teachers and Instructors, All Other; Vocation-al Education Teachers, Middle School; VocationalEducation Teachers, Secondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Teacher Education; Business TeacherEducation; Health Occupations Teacher Education;Sales and Marketing Operations/Marketing andDistribution Teacher Education; Teacher Education

and Professional Development, Specific SubjectAreas, Other; Technical Teacher Education; Tech-nology Teacher Education/Industrial Arts TeacherEducation; Trade and Industrial Teacher Education.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Educa-tion and Training; English Language; Philosophyand Theology; Sociology and Anthropology; Com-munications and Media; Administration and Man-agement.

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Enterprising Jobs

Administrative ServicesManagers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 19.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 40,000

) Annual Earnings: $56,940

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 0.2%

) Part-Time: 4.6%

Plan, direct, or coordinate supportive services of anorganization, such as recordkeeping, mail distribu-tion, telephone operator/receptionist, and otheroffice support services. May oversee facilities plan-ning and maintenance and custodial operations.Monitor the facility to ensure that it remains safe,secure, and well-maintained. Direct or coordinatethe supportive services department of a business,agency, or organization. Set goals and deadlines forthe department. Prepare and review operationalreports and schedules to ensure accuracy and effi-ciency. Analyze internal processes and recommendand implement procedural or policy changes toimprove operations, such as supply changes or thedisposal of records. Acquire, distribute, and storesupplies. Plan, administer, and control budgets forcontracts, equipment, and supplies. Oversee con-struction and renovation projects to improve effi-ciency and to ensure that facilities meetenvironmental, health, and security standards andcomply with government regulations. Hire and ter-minate clerical and administrative personnel. Over-see the maintenance and repair of machinery,equipment, and electrical and mechanical systems.Manage leasing of facility space. SKILLS—Man-

agement of Personnel Resources; Service Orienta-tion; Coordination; Management of FinancialResources; Monitoring; Social Perceptiveness;Speaking; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.01. Managerial Work in Business Detail.Other Jobs in This Work Group: First-Line Super-visors, Administrative Support; First-Line Supervi-sors, Customer Service; First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative SupportWorkers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, Gener-al; Business/Commerce, General; Medical/HealthManagement and Clinical Assistant/Specialist; Pub-lic Administration; Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Personnel andHuman Resources; Clerical Studies; Customer andPersonal Service; Economics and Accounting;Administration and Management; Public Safety andSecurity; Law and Government.

Agents and BusinessManagers of Artists,Performers, andAthletes) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 27.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $54,640

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 27.0%

) Part-Time: 15.2%

____________________Enterprising Jobs: Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes

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Represent and promote artists, performers, andathletes to prospective employers. May handlecontract negotiation and other business mattersfor clients. Arrange meetings concerning issuesinvolving their clients. Collect fees, commissions, orother payments, according to contract terms. Con-duct auditions or interviews in order to evaluatepotential clients. Confer with clients to developstrategies for their careers, and to explain actionstaken on their behalf. Develop contacts with indi-viduals and organizations, and apply effective strate-gies and techniques to ensure their clients’ success.Keep informed of industry trends and deals. Man-age business and financial affairs for clients, such asarranging travel and lodging, selling tickets, anddirecting marketing and advertising activities.Negotiate with managers, promoters, union offi-cials, and other persons regarding clients’ contractu-al rights and obligations. Obtain information aboutand/or inspect performance facilities, equipment,and accommodations to ensure that they meet spec-ifications. Schedule promotional or performanceengagements for clients. Advise clients on financialand legal matters such as investments and taxes.Hire trainers or coaches to advise clients on per-formance matters such as training techniques orperformance presentations. Prepare periodicaccounting statements for clients. SKILLS—Nego-tiation; Management of Financial Resources; Man-agement of Personnel Resources; TimeManagement; Service Orientation; Speaking; Coor-dination; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.01. Managerial Work inArts, Entertainment, and Media. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Art Directors; Athletes andSports Competitors; Coaches and Scouts; Enter-tainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers,All Other; Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors;Producers; Producers and Directors; Program Direc-tors; Technical Directors/Managers; Umpires, Ref-erees, and Other Sports Officials.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Arts Management; Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Mar-keting; Economics and Accounting; Personnel andHuman Resources; Administration and Manage-ment; Fine Arts; Law and Government.

Child Support, MissingPersons, andUnemploymentInsurance FraudInvestigators) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 22.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,390

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.5%

Conduct investigations to locate, arrest, and returnfugitives and persons wanted for non-payment ofsupport payments and unemployment insurancefraud, and to locate missing persons. Serves war-rants and makes arrests to return persons sought inconnection with crimes or for non-payment of childsupport. Computes amount of child support pay-ments. Testifies in court to present evidence regard-ing cases. Examines medical and dental X rays,fingerprints, and other information to identify bod-ies held in morgue. Examines case file to determinethat divorce decree and court-ordered judgment forpayment are in order. Completes reports to docu-ment information acquired during criminal and

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child support cases, and actions taken. Monitorschild support payments awarded by court to ensurecompliance and enforcement of child support laws.Determines types of court jurisdiction, according tofacts and circumstances surrounding case, and filescourt action. Confers with prosecuting attorney toprepare court case and with court clerk to obtainarrest warrant and schedule court date. Interviewsclient to obtain information, such as relocation ofabsent parent, amount of child support awarded,and names of witnesses. Interviews and discussescase with parent charged with nonpayment of sup-port to resolve issues in lieu of filing court proceed-ings. Reviews files and criminal records to developpossible leads, such as previous addresses and alias-es. Prepares file indicating data, such as wage recordsof accused, witnesses, and blood test results. Obtainsextradition papers to bring about return of fugitive.Contacts employers, neighbors, relatives, and lawenforcement agencies to locate person sought andverify information gathered about case. SKILLS—Negotiation; Active Listening; Speaking; CriticalThinking; Reading Comprehension; Judgment andDecision Making; Writing; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; CorrectionalOfficers and Jailers; Criminal Investigators and Spe-cial Agents; Crossing Guards; Detectives and Crim-inal Investigators; Fire Investigators; Fish and GameWardens; Forensic Science Technicians; GamingSurveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators;Highway Patrol Pilots; Immigration and CustomsInspectors; Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recre-ational Protective Service Workers; Parking Enforce-ment Workers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers;Police Detectives; Police Identification and RecordsOfficers; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectivesand Investigators; Protective Service Workers, AllOther; Security Guards; Sheriffs and Deputy Sher-iffs; Transit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Law and Government; Public Safetyand Security; Geography; English Language; Eco-nomics and Accounting; Sociology and Anthropol-ogy.

Compensation andBenefits Managers) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 19.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $68,800

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 3.7%

Plan, direct, or coordinate compensation and ben-efits activities and staff of an organization. Advisemanagement on such matters as equal employmentopportunity, sexual harassment and discrimination.Direct preparation and distribution of written andverbal information to inform employees of benefits,compensation, and personnel policies. Administer,direct, and review employee benefit programs,including the integration of benefit programs fol-lowing mergers and acquisition. Plan and conductnew employee orientations to foster positive attitudetoward organizational objectives. Plan, direct, super-vise, and coordinate work activities of subordinatesand staff relating to employment, compensation,labor relations, and employee relations. Identify andimplement benefits to increase the quality of life foremployees, by working with brokers and researchingbenefits issues. Design, evaluate and modify benefitspolicies to ensure that programs are current, com-petitive and in compliance with legal requirements.

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Analyze compensation policies, government regula-tions, and prevailing wage rates to develop compet-itive compensation plan. Formulate policies,procedures and programs for recruitment, testing,placement, classification, orientation, benefits andcompensation, and labor and industrial relations.Mediate between benefits providers and employees,such as by assisting in handling employees’ benefits-related questions or taking suggestions. Fulfill allreporting requirements of all relevant governmentrules and regulations, including the EmployeeRetirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Maintainrecords and compile statistical reports concerningpersonnel-related data such as hires, transfers, per-formance appraisals, and absenteeism rates. Analyzestatistical data and reports to identify and determinecauses of personnel problems and develop recom-mendations for improvement of organization’s per-sonnel policies and practices. Develop methods toimprove employment policies, processes, and prac-tices, and recommend changes to management.Negotiate bargaining agreements. Investigate andreport on industrial accidents for insurance carriers.Represent organization at personnel-related hear-ings and investigations. SKILLS—Management ofPersonnel Resources; Management of FinancialResources; Time Management; Social Perceptive-ness; Monitoring; Instructing; Management ofMaterial Resources; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Farm, Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers;Financial Managers; Financial Managers, Branch orDepartment; Financial Specialists, All Other;Funeral Directors; General and Operations Man-agers; Government Service Executives; HumanResources Managers; Human Resources Managers,All Other; Legislators; Managers, All Other; Post-masters and Mail Superintendents; Private SectorExecutives; Property, Real Estate, and CommunityAssociation Managers; Public Relations Managers;

Purchasing Managers; Storage and DistributionManagers; Training and Development Managers;Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Man-agers; Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief FinancialOfficers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Management/Personnel Admin-istration, General; Labor and Industrial Relations.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Person-nel and Human Resources; Clerical Studies; Admin-istration and Management; Economics andAccounting; Law and Government; Education andTraining.

Computer andInformation SystemsManagers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 36.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $89,740

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 1.1%

) Part-Time: 1.8%

Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fieldsas electronic data processing, information systems,systems analysis, and computer programming.Manage backup, security and user help systems.Consult with users, management, vendors, andtechnicians to assess computing needs and systemrequirements. Direct daily operations of depart-ment, analyzing workflow, establishing priorities,developing standards and setting deadlines. Assignand review the work of systems analysts, program-mers, and other computer-related workers. Stay

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abreast of advances in technology. Develop comput-er information resources, providing for data securityand control, strategic computing, and disasterrecovery. Review and approve all systems charts andprograms prior to their implementation. Evaluatethe organization’s technology use and needs and rec-ommend improvements, such as hardware and soft-ware upgrades. Control operational budget andexpenditures. Meet with department heads, man-agers, supervisors, vendors, and others, to solicitcooperation and resolve problems. Develop andinterpret organizational goals, policies, and proce-dures. Recruit, hire, train and supervise staff, and/orparticipate in staffing decisions. Review projectplans in order to plan and coordinate project activi-ty. Evaluate data processing proposals to assess proj-ect feasibility and requirements. Prepare and reviewoperational reports or project progress reports. Pur-chase necessary equipment. SKILLS—Manage-ment of Financial Resources; Negotiation;Operations Analysis; Persuasion; Programming;Management of Material Resources; Systems Analy-sis; Technology Design; Systems Evaluation.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.01. Managerial Work inScience, Math, and Engineering. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Engineering Managers; NaturalSciences Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Computer and Information Sciences, General;Computer Science; Information Resources Manage-ment/CIO Training; Information Science/Studies;Knowledge Management; Management Informa-tion Systems, General; Operations Managementand Supervision; System Administration/Adminis-trator. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Computers and Electronics;Economics and Accounting; Engineering and Tech-nology; Administration and Management; Design.

Construction Managers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 12.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 47,000

) Annual Earnings: $66,470

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 46.9%

) Part-Time: 3.6%

Plan, direct, coordinate, or budget, usually throughsubordinate supervisory personnel, activities con-cerned with the construction and maintenance ofstructures, facilities, and systems. Participate in theconceptual development of a construction projectand oversee its organization, scheduling, andimplementation. Confer with supervisory person-nel, owners, contractors, and design professionals todiscuss and resolve matters such as work procedures,complaints, and construction problems. Plan, organ-ize, and direct activities concerned with the con-struction and maintenance of structures, facilities,and systems. Schedule the project in logical steps andbudget time required to meet deadlines. Determinelabor requirements and dispatch workers to con-struction sites. Inspect and review projects to moni-tor compliance with building and safety codes, andother regulations. Interpret and explain plans andcontract terms to administrative staff, workers, andclients, representing the owner or developer. Preparecontracts and negotiate revisions, changes and addi-tions to contractual agreements with architects, con-sultants, clients, suppliers and subcontractors.Obtain all necessary permits and licenses. Direct andsupervise workers. Study job specifications to deter-mine appropriate construction methods. Select, con-tract, and oversee workers who complete specificpieces of the project, such as painting or plumbing.Requisition supplies and materials to complete con-struction projects. Prepare and submit budget esti-mates and progress and cost tracking reports.Develop and implement quality control programs.Take actions to deal with the results of delays, bad

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weather, or emergencies at construction site. Investi-gate damage, accidents, or delays at constructionsites, to ensure that proper procedures are being car-ried out. Evaluate construction methods and deter-mine cost-effectiveness of plans, using computers.SKILLS—Coordination; Negotiation; Trou-bleshooting; Installation; Repairing; Instructing;Management of Material Resources; Persuasion;Management of Financial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.01. ManagerialWork in Construction, Mining, and Drilling.Other Jobs in This Work Group: First-Line Super-visors and Manager/Supervisors—ConstructionTrades Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Manag-er/Supervisors—Extractive Workers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Construction Trades andExtraction Workers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, Gener-al; Business/Commerce, General; ConstructionEngineering Technology/Technician; OperationsManagement and Supervision. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Building and Con-struction; Design; Administration and Manage-ment; Public Safety and Security; Customer andPersonal Service; Mechanical Devices.

Criminal Investigatorsand Special Agents) Personality Code: EI

) Growth: 22.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,390

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.5%

Investigate alleged or suspected criminal violationsof federal, state, or local laws to determine if evi-dence is sufficient to recommend prosecution.Collaborate with other offices and agencies in orderto exchange information and coordinate activities.Collect and record physical information aboutarrested suspects, including fingerprints, height andweight measurements, and photographs. Comparecrime scene fingerprints with those from suspects orfingerprint files to identify perpetrators, using com-puters. Investigate organized crime, public corrup-tion, financial crime, copyright infringement, civilrights violations, bank robbery, extortion, kidnap-ping, and other violations of federal or state statutes.Manage security programs designed to protect per-sonnel, facilities, and information. Record evidenceand documents, using equipment such as camerasand photocopy machines. Search for and collect evi-dence such as fingerprints, using investigative equip-ment. Serve subpoenas or other official papers.Testify before grand juries concerning criminalactivity investigations. Administer counter-terror-ism and counter-narcotics reward programs. Issuesecurity clearances. Determine scope, timing, anddirection of investigations. Develop relationshipswith informants in order to obtain informationrelated to cases. Examine records in order to locatelinks in chains of evidence or information. Identifycase issues and evidence needed, based on analysis ofcharges, complaints, or allegations of law violations.Obtain and use search and arrest warrants. Obtainand verify evidence by interviewing and observingsuspects and witnesses, or by analyzing records. Per-form undercover assignments and maintain surveil-lance, including monitoring authorized wiretaps.Prepare reports that detail investigation findings.Analyze evidence in laboratories, or in the field.Collaborate with other authorities on activities suchas surveillance, transcription and research. Provideprotection for individuals such as government lead-ers, political candidates and visiting foreign digni-taries. Train foreign civilian police. SKILLS—SocialPerceptiveness; Speaking; Persuasion; Active Listen-ing; Writing; Critical Thinking; Coordination;Judgment and Decision Making.

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GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Crossing Guards; Detectives and CriminalInvestigators; Fire Investigators; Fish and GameWardens; Forensic Science Technicians; GamingSurveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators;Highway Patrol Pilots; Immigration and CustomsInspectors; Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recre-ational Protective Service Workers; Parking Enforce-ment Workers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers;Police Detectives; Police Identification and RecordsOfficers; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectivesand Investigators; Protective Service Workers, AllOther; Security Guards; Sheriffs and Deputy Sher-iffs; Transit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety and Security; Law andGovernment; Psychology; Sociology and Anthro-pology; Telecommunications; Geography.

EducationAdministrators,Postsecondary) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 25.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 19,000

) Annual Earnings: $66,640

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 2.6%

) Part-Time: 7.2%

Plan, direct, or coordinate research, instructional,student administration and services, and othereducational activities at postsecondary institu-tions, including universities, colleges, and juniorand community colleges. Direct activities ofadministrative departments such as admissions, reg-istration, and career services. Direct, coordinate, andevaluate the activities of personnel engaged inadministering academic institutions, departments,and/or alumni organizations. Establish operationalpolicies and procedures and make any necessarymodifications, based on analysis of operations,demographics, and other research information.Appoint individuals to faculty positions, and evalu-ate their performance. Confer with other academicstaff to explain and formulate admission require-ments and course credit policies. Develop curricula,and recommend curricula revisions and additions.Participate in faculty and college committee activi-ties. Participate in student recruitment, selection,and admission, making admissions recommenda-tions when required to do so. Plan, administer, andcontrol budgets, maintain financial records, andproduce financial reports. Provide assistance to fac-ulty and staff in duties such as teaching classes, con-ducting orientation programs, issuing transcripts,and scheduling events. Recruit, hire, train, and ter-minate departmental personnel. Represent institu-tions at community and campus events, in meetingswith other institution personnel, and during accred-itation processes. Review registration statistics, andconsult with faculty officials to develop registrationpolicies. Audit the financial status of student organ-izations and facility accounts. Coordinate the pro-duction and dissemination of universitypublications such as course catalogs and class sched-ules. Determine course schedules, and coordinateteaching assignments and room assignments inorder to ensure optimum use of buildings andequipment. Direct and participate in institutionalfundraising activities, and encourage alumni partic-ipation in such activities. Direct scholarship, fellow-ship, and loan programs, performing activities suchas selecting recipients and distributing aid. Plan and

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promote sporting events and social, cultural, andrecreational activities. Review student misconductreports requiring disciplinary action, and counselstudents regarding such reports. SKILLS—Manage-ment of Financial Resources; Systems Evaluation;Management of Personnel Resources; Managementof Material Resources; Coordination; Negotiation;Systems Analysis; Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.01. Managerial Work in Edu-cation and Social Service. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Education Administrators, All Other; Edu-cation Administrators, Elementary and SecondarySchool; Education Administrators, Preschool andChild Care Center/Program; Instructional Coordi-nators; Park Naturalists; Social and CommunityService Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Community College Education; EducationalAdministration and Supervision, Other; Education-al Leadership and Administration, General; Educa-tional, Instructional, and Curriculum Supervision;Higher Education/Higher Education Administra-tion. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education and Training; Administration andManagement; Economics and Accounting; Person-nel and Human Resources; Law and Government;English Language.

Engineering Managers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 9.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 16,000

) Annual Earnings: $94,470

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 0.1%

) Part-Time: 1.0%

Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fieldsas architecture and engineering or research anddevelopment in these fields. Confer with manage-ment, production, and marketing staff to discussproject specifications and procedures. Coordinateand direct projects, making detailed plans to accom-plish goals and directing the integration of technicalactivities. Analyze technology, resource needs, andmarket demand, to plan and assess the feasibility ofprojects. Plan and direct the installation, testing,operation, maintenance, and repair of facilities andequipment. Direct, review, and approve productdesign and changes. Recruit employees); assign,direct, and evaluate their work); and oversee thedevelopment and maintenance of staff competence.Prepare budgets, bids, and contracts, and direct thenegotiation of research contracts. Develop andimplement policies, standards and procedures forthe engineering and technical work performed inthe department, service, laboratory or firm. Performadministrative functions such as reviewing and writ-ing reports, approving expenditures, enforcing rules,and making decisions about the purchase of materi-als or services. Review and recommend or approvecontracts and cost estimates. Present and explainproposals, reports, and findings to clients. Consultor negotiate with clients to prepare project specifi-cations. Set scientific and technical goals withinbroad outlines provided by top management.Administer highway planning, construction, andmaintenance. Direct the engineering of water con-trol, treatment, and distribution projects. Plan,direct, and coordinate survey work with other staffactivities, certifying survey work, and writing landlegal descriptions. Confer with and report to offi-cials and the public to provide information andsolicit support for projects. SKILLS—TechnologyDesign; Operations Analysis; Science; Managementof Financial Resources; Installation; Negotiation;Persuasion; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.01. Managerial Work inScience, Math, and Engineering. Other Jobs in

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This Work Group: Computer and Information Sys-tems Managers; Natural Sciences Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engi-neering; Agricultural/Biological Engineering andBioengineering; Architectural Engineering; Archi-tecture (BArch, BA/BS, MArch, MA/MS, PhD);Biomedical/Medical Engineering; Ceramic Sciencesand Engineering; Chemical Engineering;City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning;Civil Engineering, General; Civil Engineering,Other; Computer Engineering, General; ComputerEngineering, Other; Computer Hardware Engi-neering; Computer Software Engineering; Con-struction Engineering; Electrical, Electronics andCommunications Engineering; EngineeringMechanics; Engineering Physics; Engineering Sci-ence; Engineering, General; Engineering, Other;Environmental Design/Architecture; Environmen-tal/Environmental Health Engineering; ForestEngineering; Geological/Geophysical Engineering;Geotechnical Engineering; Industrial Engineering;Interior Architecture; Landscape Architecture (BS,BSLA, BLA, MSLA, MLA, PhD); ManufacturingEngineering; Materials Engineering; Materials Sci-ence; Mechanical Engineering; Metallurgical Engi-neering; Mining and Mineral Engineering; NavalArchitecture and Marine Engineering; NuclearEngineering; Ocean Engineering; Petroleum Engi-neering; Polymer/Plastics Engineering; StructuralEngineering; Surveying Engineering; Systems Engi-neering; Textile Sciences and Engineering; Trans-portation and Highway Engineering; WaterResources Engineering. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Engineering and Technology;Design; Physics; Mathematics; Personnel andHuman Resources; Administration and Manage-ment; Building and Construction.

Financial Managers,Branch or Department) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $77,300

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 4.8%

Direct and coordinate financial activities of work-ers in a branch, office, or department of an estab-lishment, such as branch bank, brokerage firm,risk and insurance department, or credit depart-ment. Examine, evaluate, and process loan applica-tions. Monitor order flow and transactions thatbrokerage firm executes on the floor of exchange.Recruit staff members, and oversee training pro-grams. Review collection reports to determine thestatus of collections and the amounts of outstandingbalances. Review reports of securities transactionsand price lists in order to analyze market conditions.Submit delinquent accounts to attorneys or outsideagencies for collection. Analyze and classify risksand investments to determine their potentialimpacts on companies. Approve or reject, or coordi-nate the approval and rejection of, lines of credit andcommercial, real estate, and personal loans. Developand analyze information to assess the current andfuture financial status of firms. Establish proceduresfor custody and control of assets, records, loan col-lateral, and securities, in order to ensure safekeeping.Evaluate data pertaining to costs in order to planbudgets. Evaluate financial reporting systems,accounting and collection procedures, and invest-ment activities, and make recommendations forchanges to procedures, operating systems, budgets,and other financial control functions. Networkwithin communities to find and attract new busi-

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ness. Oversee the flow of cash and financial instru-ments. Plan, direct, and coordinate risk and insur-ance programs of establishments to control risks andlosses. Plan, direct, and coordinate the activities ofworkers in branches, offices, or departments of suchestablishments as branch banks, brokerage firms,risk and insurance departments, or credit depart-ments. Prepare financial and regulatory reportsrequired by laws, regulations, and boards of direc-tors. Prepare operational and risk reports for man-agement analysis. Communicate with stockholdersand other investors to provide information, and toraise capital. Direct floor operations of brokeragefirm engaged in buying and selling securities atexchange. Direct insurance negotiations, selectinsurance brokers and carriers, and place insurance.Establish and maintain relationships with individualand business customers, and provide assistance withproblems these customers may encounter.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Management of Personnel Resources; SystemsAnalysis; Systems Evaluation; Judgment and Deci-sion Making; Monitoring; Writing; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers; Gov-ernment Service Executives; Human ResourcesManagers; Human Resources Managers, All Other;Legislators; Managers, All Other; Postmasters andMail Superintendents; Private Sector Executives;Property, Real Estate, and Community AssociationManagers; Public Relations Managers; PurchasingManagers; Storage and Distribution Managers;Training and Development Managers; Transporta-tion, Storage, and Distribution Managers; Treasur-ers, Controllers, and Chief Financial Officers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting and Business/Management; Account-ing and Finance; Credit Management; Finance andFinancial Management Services, Other; Finance,General; International Finance; Public Finance.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Eco-nomics and Accounting; Administration and Man-agement; Law and Government; Mathematics;Personnel and Human Resources; Psychology.

First-Line Supervisors andManager/Supervisors—Construction TradesWorkers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 14.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 67,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,730

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 20.1%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of con-struction trades workers and their helpers. Manag-er/Supervisors are generally found in smallerestablishments where they perform both supervi-sory and management functions, such as account-ing, marketing, and personnel work and may alsoengage in the same construction trades work as theworkers they supervise. Supervises and coordinatesactivities of construction trades workers. Directs andleads workers engaged in construction activities.Assigns work to employees, using material andworker requirements data. Confers with staff and

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worker to ensure production and personnel prob-lems are resolved. Suggests and initiates personnelactions, such as promotions, transfers, and hires.Analyzes and resolves worker problems and recom-mends motivational plans. Examines and inspectswork progress, equipment and construction sites toverify safety and ensure that specifications are met.Estimates material and worker requirements tocomplete job. Reads specifications, such as blue-prints and data, to determine construction require-ments. Analyzes and plans installation andconstruction of equipment and structures. Locates,measures, and marks location and placement ofstructures and equipment. Records information,such as personnel, production, and operational data,on specified forms and reports. Trains workers inconstruction methods and operation of equipment.Recommends measures to improve productionmethods and equipment performance to increaseefficiency and safety. Assists workers engaged inconstruction activities, using hand tools and equip-ment. SKILLS—Management of PersonnelResources; Management of Material Resources;Installation; Time Management; Coordination; Per-suasion; Instructing; Quality Control Analysis; Sys-tems Evaluation.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.01. ManagerialWork in Construction, Mining, and Drilling.Other Jobs in This Work Group: ConstructionManagers; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades andExtraction Workers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Building/Construction Finishing, Management,and Inspection, Other; Building/Construction Site Management/Manager; Building/Home/Construction Inspection/Inspector; Building/Property Maintenance and Management; Carpen-try/Carpenter; Concrete Finishing/Concrete Finish-er; Construction Trades, Other; DrywallInstallation/Drywaller; Electrical and Power Trans-

mission Installation/Installer, General; Electricaland Power Transmission Installers, Other; Electri-cian; Glazier; Lineworker; Mason/Masonry; Paint-ing/Painter and Wall Coverer; PlumbingTechnology/Plumber; Roofer; Well Drilling/Driller.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Build-ing and Construction; Personnel and HumanResources; Administration and Management;Design; Engineering and Technology; MechanicalDevices.

First-Line Supervisors andManager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 14.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 67,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,730

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 20.1%

) Part-Time: 2.1%

Directly supervise and coordinate activities ofextractive workers and their helpers.Manager/Supervisors are generally found in small-er establishments where they perform both super-visory and management functions, such asaccounting, marketing, and personnel work, andmay also engage in the same extractive work as theworkers they supervise. Supervises and coordinatesactivities of workers engaged in the extraction ofgeological materials. Directs and leads workersengaged in extraction of geological materials.Assigns work to employees, using material andworker requirements data. Confers with staff and

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workers to ensure production personnel problemsare resolved. Analyzes and resolves worker problemsand recommends motivational plans. Analyzes andplans extraction process of geological materials.Trains workers in construction methods and opera-tion of equipment. Examines and inspects equip-ment, site, and materials, to verify specifications aremet. Recommends measures to improve productionmethods and equipment performance to increaseefficiency and safety. Suggests and initiates person-nel actions, such as promotions, transfers, and hires.Records information, such as personnel, produc-tion, and operational data on specified forms.Assists workers engaged in extraction activities,using hand tools and equipment. Locates, measures,and marks, materials and site location, using meas-uring and marking equipment. Orders materials,supplies and repair of equipment and machinery.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Instructing; Management of Material Resources;Systems Evaluation; Coordination; Systems Analy-sis; Time Management; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 06. Construction, Mining,and Drilling. Work Group: 06.01. ManagerialWork in Construction, Mining, and Drilling.Other Jobs in This Work Group: ConstructionManagers; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Tradesand Extraction Workers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Blasting/Blaster; Well Drilling/Driller. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Personnel andHuman Resources; Administration and Manage-ment; Engineering and Technology; Physics; Pro-duction and Processing; Mechanical Devices;Education and Training.

First-Line Supervisors,Administrative Support) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 6.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 140,000

) Annual Earnings: $39,490

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0.9%

) Part-Time: 6.7%

Supervise and coordinate activities of workersinvolved in providing administrative support.Trains employees in work and safety procedures andcompany policies. Computes figures, such as bal-ances, totals, and commissions. Analyzes financialactivities of establishment or department and assistsin planning budget. Inspects equipment for defectsand notifies maintenance personnel or outside serv-ice contractors for repairs. Plans layout of stock-room, warehouse, or other storage areas, consideringturnover, size, weight, and related factors pertainingto items stored. Compiles reports and informationrequired by management or governmental agencies.Identifies and resolves discrepancies or errors. Main-tains records of such matters as inventory, person-nel, orders, supplies, and machine maintenance.Examines procedures and recommends changes tosave time, labor, and other costs and to improvequality control and operating efficiency. Participatesin work of subordinates to facilitate productivity orovercome difficult aspects of work. Supervises andcoordinates activities of workers engaged in clericalor administrative support activities. Plans, prepares,and revises work schedules and duty assignmentsaccording to budget allotments, customer needs,problems, work-loads, and statistical forecasts. Veri-fies completeness and accuracy of subordinates’work, computations, and records. Interviews,selects, and discharges employees. Oversees, coordi-

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nates, or performs activities associated with ship-ping, receiving, distribution, and transportation.Evaluates subordinate job performance and confor-mance to regulations, and recommends appropriatepersonnel action. Consults with supervisor andother personnel to resolve problems, such as equip-ment performance, output quality, and work sched-ules. Requisitions supplies. Reviews records andreports pertaining to such activities as production,operation, pay roll, customer accounts, and ship-ping. SKILLS—Management of PersonnelResources; Management of Financial Resources;Management of Material Resources; Social Percep-tiveness; Time Management; Monitoring; Instruct-ing; Systems Evaluation.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.01. Managerial Work in Business Detail.Other Jobs in This Work Group: AdministrativeServices Managers; First-Line Supervisors, Cus-tomer Service; First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofOffice and Administrative Support Workers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Business Technology; Customer ServiceManagement; Medical/Health Management andClinical Assistant/Specialist; Office Managementand Supervision. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Personnel andHuman Resources; Transportation; Economics andAccounting; Administration and Management; Lawand Government.

First-LineSupervisors/Managersof Food Preparation andServing Workers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 15.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 154,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,700

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 4.5%

) Part-Time: 14.7%

Supervise workers engaged in preparing and serv-ing food. Compile and balance cash receipts at theend of the day or shift. Resolve customer complaintsregarding food service. Train workers in food prepa-ration, and in service, sanitation, and safety proce-dures. Inspect supplies, equipment, and work areasin order to ensure efficient service and conformanceto standards. Control inventories of food, equip-ment, smallware, and liquor, and report shortages todesignated personnel. Observe and evaluate workersand work procedures in order to ensure quality stan-dards and service. Assign duties, responsibilities, andwork stations to employees in accordance with workrequirements. Estimate ingredients and suppliesrequired to prepare a recipe. Perform personnelactions such as hiring and firing staff, consultingwith other managers as necessary. Analyze opera-tional problems, such as theft and wastage, andestablish procedures to alleviate these problems.Specify food portions and courses, production andtime sequences, and workstation and equipmentarrangements. Recommend measures for improvingwork procedures and worker performance in orderto increase service quality and enhance job safety.Greet and seat guests, and present menus and winelists. Present bills and accept payments. Forecast

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staff, equipment, and supply requirements based ona master menu. Perform serving duties such as carv-ing meat, preparing flambe dishes, or serving wineand liquor. Record production and operational dataon specified forms. Purchase or requisition suppliesand equipment needed to ensure quality and timelydelivery of services. Collaborate with other person-nel in order to plan menus, serving arrangements,and related details. Supervise and check the assem-bly of regular and special diet trays and the deliveryof food trolleys to hospital patients. Schedule partiesand take reservations. Develop departmental objec-tives, budgets, policies, procedures, and strategies.Develop equipment maintenance schedules andarrange for repairs. Evaluate new products for use-fulness and suitability. SKILLS—Management ofPersonnel Resources; Management of FinancialResources; Instructing; Equipment Maintenance;Learning Strategies; Monitoring; Service Orienta-tion; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 11. Recreation, Travel, andOther Personal Services. Work Group: 11.01. Man-agerial Work in Recreation, Travel, and Other Per-sonal Services. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Housekeeping and Janito-rial Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers ofPersonal Service Workers; Food Service Managers;Gaming Managers; Gaming Supervisors; House-keeping Supervisors; Janitorial Supervisors; LodgingManagers; Meeting and Convention Planners.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cooking and Related Culinary Arts, General; Food-service Systems Administration/Management;Restaurant, Culinary, and Catering Manage-ment/Manager. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service; FoodProduction; Administration and Management; Salesand Marketing; Personnel and Human Resources;Education and Training.

First-LineSupervisors/Managersof Mechanics,Installers, andRepairers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 15.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 42,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,620

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0.1%

) Part-Time: 1.3%

Supervise and coordinate the activities of mechan-ics, installers, and repairers. Determine schedules,sequences, and assignments for work activities,based on work priority, quantity of equipment andskill of personnel. Patrol and monitor work areasand examine tools and equipment in order to detectunsafe conditions or violations of procedures orsafety rules. Monitor employees’ work levels andreview work performance. Examine objects, sys-tems, or facilities); and analyze information to deter-mine needed installations, services, or repairs.Participate in budget preparation and administra-tion, coordinating purchasing and documentation,and monitoring departmental expenditures. Coun-sel employees about work-related issues and assistemployees to correct job-skill deficiencies. Requisi-tion materials and supplies, such as tools, equip-ment, and replacement parts. Compute estimatesand actual costs of factors such as materials, labor,and outside contractors. Interpret specifications,blueprints, and job orders in order to construct tem-plates and lay out reference points for workers. Con-duct or arrange for worker training in safety, repair,and maintenance techniques); operational proce-

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dures); and equipment use. Investigate accidentsand injuries, and prepare reports of findings. Conferwith personnel, such as management, engineering,quality control, customer, and union workers’ repre-sentatives, in order to coordinate work activities,resolve employee grievances, and identify and reviewresource needs. Recommend or initiate personnelactions, such as hires, promotions, transfers, dis-charges, and disciplinary measures. Perform skilledrepair and maintenance operations, using equip-ment such as hand and power tools, hydraulic press-es and shears, and welding equipment. Compileoperational and personnel records, such as time andproduction records, inventory data, repair andmaintenance statistics, and test results. Develop,implement, and evaluate maintenance policies andprocedures. Monitor tool inventories and the condi-tion and maintenance of shops in order to ensureadequate working conditions. Inspect, test, andmeasure completed work, using devices such ashand tools and gauges to verify conformance tostandards and repair requirements. SKILLS—Man-agement of Personnel Resources; Installation; Man-agement of Financial Resources; Management ofMaterial Resources; Repairing; Equipment Mainte-nance; Negotiation; Troubleshooting.

GOE—Interest Area: 05. Mechanics, Installers, andRepairers. Work Group: 05.01. Managerial Work inMechanics, Installers, and Repairers. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: None.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Operations Management and Supervision. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—MechanicalDevices; Building and Construction; Personnel andHuman Resources; Design; Administration andManagement; Customer and Personal Service.

First-LineSupervisors/Managersof Non-Retail SalesWorkers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 6.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 72,000

) Annual Earnings: $55,690

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 44.7%

) Part-Time: 5.7%

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of salesworkers other than retail sales workers. May per-form duties, such as budgeting, accounting, andpersonnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.Analyze details of sales territories to assess theirgrowth potential, and to set quotas. Direct andsupervise employees engaged in sales, inventory-tak-ing, reconciling cash receipts, or performing specif-ic services such as pumping gasoline for customers.Hire, train, and evaluate personnel. Inventory stock,and reorder when inventories drop to specified lev-els. Keep records pertaining to purchases, sales, andrequisitions. Listen to and resolve customer com-plaints regarding services, products, or personnel.Monitor sales staff performance to ensure that goalsare met. Plan and prepare work schedules, andassign employees to specific duties. Prepare sales andinventory reports for management and budgetdepartments. Provide staff with assistance in per-forming difficult or complicated duties. Attendcompany meetings to exchange product informa-tion and coordinate work activities with otherdepartments. Confer with company officials todevelop methods and procedures to increase sales,expand markets, and promote business. Coordinatesales promotion activities, and prepare merchandise

________________________Enterprising Jobs: First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers

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displays and advertising copy. Examine merchandiseto ensure correct pricing and display, and that itfunctions as advertised. Examine products pur-chased for resale or received for storage to determineproduct condition. Formulate pricing policies onmerchandise according to profitability require-ments. Prepare rental or lease agreements, specifyingcharges and payment procedures for use of machin-ery, tools, or other items. Visit retailers and sales rep-resentatives to promote products and gatherinformation. SKILLS—Management of PersonnelResources; Management of Financial Resources;Management of Material Resources; Systems Evalu-ation; Systems Analysis; Negotiation; Coordination;Social Perceptiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.01. Managerial Work in Sales andMarketing. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Advertising and Promotions Managers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Retail Sales Workers; Mar-keting Managers; Sales Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; General Merchandising,Sales, and Related Marketing Operations, Other;Special Products Marketing Operations; SpecializedMerchandising, Sales, and Related Marketing Oper-ations, Other. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Economics andAccounting; Personnel and Human Resources;Administration and Management; Mathematics;Customer and Personal Service.

First-LineSupervisors/Managersof Police and Detectives) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 15.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 14,000

) Annual Earnings: $62,350

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 1.4%

Supervise and coordinate activities of members ofpolice force. Explain police operations to subordi-nates to assist them in performing their job duties.Inform personnel of changes in regulations andpolicies, implications of new or amended laws, andnew techniques of police work. Supervise and coor-dinate the investigation of criminal cases, offeringguidance and expertise to investigators, and ensur-ing that procedures are conducted in accordancewith laws and regulations. Investigate and resolvepersonnel problems within organization and chargesof misconduct against staff. Train staff in properpolice work procedures. Maintain logs, preparereports, and direct the preparation, handling, andmaintenance of departmental records. Monitor andevaluate the job performance of subordinates, andauthorize promotions and transfers. Direct collec-tion, preparation, and handling of evidence and per-sonal property of prisoners. Develop, implementand revise departmental policies and procedures.Conduct raids and order detention of witnesses andsuspects for questioning. Prepare work schedulesand assign duties to subordinates. Discipline stafffor violation of department rules and regulations.Cooperate with court personnel and officials fromother law enforcement agencies and testify in courtas necessary. Review contents of written orders toensure adherence to legal requirements. Inspect

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facilities, supplies, vehicles, and equipment toensure conformance to standards. Prepare newsreleases and respond to police correspondence. Req-uisition and issue equipment and supplies. Meetwith civic, educational, and community groups todevelop community programs and events, and todiscuss law enforcement subjects. Direct release ortransfer of prisoners. Prepare budgets and manageexpenditures of department funds. SKILLS—Man-agement of Personnel Resources; Persuasion; Nego-tiation; Social Perceptiveness; Service Orientation;Monitoring; Instructing; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.01. ManagerialWork in Law, Law Enforcement, and Public Safety.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Emergency Man-agement Specialists; First-Line Supervisors/Man-agers of Correctional Officers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Fire Fighting and Preven-tion Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managers,Protective Service Workers, All Other; Forest FireFighting and Prevention Supervisors; MunicipalFire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Corrections; Criminal Justice/Law EnforcementAdministration; Criminal Justice/Safety Studies.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—PublicSafety and Security; Psychology; Law and Govern-ment; Customer and Personal Service; Personneland Human Resources; Education and Training.

First-LineSupervisors/Managersof Production andOperating Workers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 9.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 66,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,720

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 2.2%

) Part-Time: 1.9%

Supervise and coordinate the activities of produc-tion and operating workers, such as inspectors,precision workers, machine setters and operators,assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system oper-ators. Calculate labor and equipment requirementsand production specifications, using standard for-mulas. Confer with management or subordinates toresolve worker problems, complaints, or grievances.Confer with other supervisors to coordinate opera-tions and activities within or between departments.Demonstrate equipment operations and work andsafety procedures to new employees, or assignemployees to experienced workers for training.Direct and coordinate the activities of employeesengaged in the production or processing of goods,such as inspectors, machine setters, and fabricators.Inspect materials, products, or equipment to detectdefects or malfunctions. Interpret specifications,blueprints, job orders, and company policies andprocedures for workers. Maintain operations datasuch as time, production, and cost records, and pre-pare management reports of production results.Observe work, and monitor gauges, dials, and otherindicators to ensure that operators conform to pro-duction or processing standards. Plan and establishwork schedules, assignments, and production

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sequences to meet production goals. Recommend orimplement measures to motivate employees and toimprove production methods, equipment perform-ance, product quality, or efficiency. Requisitionmaterials, supplies, equipment parts, or repair serv-ices. Determine standards, budgets, productiongoals, and rates, based on company policies, equip-ment and labor availability, and workloads. Enforcesafety and sanitation regulations. Plan and developnew products and production processes. Read andanalyze charts, work orders, production schedules,and other records and reports, in order to determineproduction requirements and to evaluate currentproduction estimates and outputs. Recommendpersonnel actions such as hirings and promotions.Set up and adjust machines and equipment.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Management of Material Resources; Systems Analy-sis; Negotiation; Coordination; Management ofFinancial Resources; Social Perceptiveness; Instruct-ing; Operation Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 08. Industrial Production.Work Group: 08.01. Managerial Work in Industri-al Production. Other Jobs in This Work Group:First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Labor-ers, and Material Movers, Hand; Industrial Produc-tion Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Operations Management and Supervision. RELAT-ED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Production andProcessing; Personnel and Human Resources;Administration and Management; Economics andAccounting; Psychology; Mathematics.

Government ServiceExecutives) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 16.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 63,000

) Annual Earnings: $134,740

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 14.6%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Determine and formulate policies and provideoverall direction of federal, state, local, or interna-tional government activities. Plan, direct, andcoordinate operational activities at the highestlevel of management with the help of subordinatemanagers. Directs organization charged withadministering and monitoring regulated activities tointerpret and clarify laws and ensure compliancewith laws. Administers, interprets, and explainspolicies, rules, regulations, and laws to organizationsand individuals under authority of commission orapplicable legislation. Develops, plans, organizes,and administers policies and procedures for organi-zation to ensure administrative and operationalobjectives are met. Directs and coordinates activitiesof workers in public organization to ensure contin-uing operations, maximize returns on investments,and increase productivity. Negotiates contracts andagreements with federal and state agencies and otherorganizations and prepares budget for funding andimplementation of programs. Implements correc-tive action plan to solve problems. Reviews and ana-lyzes legislation, laws, and public policy andrecommends changes to promote and support inter-ests of general population, as well as special groups.Develops, directs, and coordinates testing, hiring,training, and evaluation of staff personnel. Estab-lishes and maintains comprehensive and currentrecord keeping system of activities and operationalprocedures in business office. Testifies in court,

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before control or review board, or at legislature. Par-ticipates in activities to promote business andexpand services, and provides technical assistance inconducting of conferences, seminars, and work-shops. Delivers speeches, writes articles, and pres-ents information for organization at meetings orconventions to promote services, exchange ideas,and accomplish objectives. Plans, promotes, organ-izes, and coordinates public community service pro-gram and maintains cooperative workingrelationships among public and agency participants.Conducts or directs investigations or hearings toresolve complaints and violations of laws. Prepares,reviews, and submits reports concerning activities,expenses, budget, government statutes and rulings,and other items affecting business or program serv-ices. Directs, coordinates, and conducts activitiesbetween United States government and foreign entities to provide information to promote interna-tional interest and harmony. SKILLS—Manage-ment of Financial Resources; Systems Evaluation;Coordination; Systems Analysis; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Judgment and Decision Mak-ing; Negotiation; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Managers, Branch or Depart-ment; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers;Human Resources Managers; Human ResourcesManagers, All Other; Legislators; Managers, AllOther; Postmasters and Mail Superintendents; Pri-vate Sector Executives; Property, Real Estate, andCommunity Association Managers; Public Rela-tions Managers; Purchasing Managers; Storage andDistribution Managers; Training and DevelopmentManagers; Transportation, Storage, and Distribu-tion Managers; Treasurers, Controllers, and ChiefFinancial Officers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, General;Business/Commerce, General; Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies; International Business/Trade/Commerce; Public Administration; PublicAdministration and Social Service Professions,Other; Public Policy Analysis. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Administration andManagement; Law and Government; Personnel andHuman Resources; Economics and Accounting;Education and Training; Psychology.

Hosts and Hostesses,Restaurant, Lounge,and Coffee Shop) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 16.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 95,000

) Annual Earnings: $15,380

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.6%

) Part-Time: 66.9%

Welcome patrons, seat them at tables or in lounge,and help ensure quality of facilities and service.Provide guests with menus. Greet guests and seatthem at tables or in waiting areas. Assign patrons totables suitable for their needs. Inspect dining andserving areas to ensure cleanliness and proper setup.Speak with patrons to ensure satisfaction with foodand service, and to respond to complaints. Receiveand record patrons’ dining reservations. Maintaincontact with kitchen staff, management, servingstaff, and customers to ensure that dining details arehandled properly and customers’ concerns areaddressed. Inform patrons of establishment special-ties and features. Direct patrons to coatrooms and

__________________________Enterprising Jobs: Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop

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waiting areas such as lounges. Operate cash registersto accept payments for food and beverages. Preparecash receipts after establishments close, and makebank deposits. Supervise and coordinate activities ofdining room staff to ensure that patrons receiveprompt and courteous service. Prepare staff workschedules. Order or requisition supplies and equip-ment for tables and serving stations. Hire, train, andsupervise food and beverage service staff. Plan par-ties or other special events and services. Confer withother staff to help plan establishments’ menus. Per-form marketing and advertising services. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Persuasion; Instructing; SocialPerceptiveness; Negotiation; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 11. Recreation, Travel, andOther Personal Services. Work Group: 11.05. Foodand Beverage Services. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Bakers; Bakers, Bread and Pastry; Bar-tenders; Butchers and Meat Cutters; Chefs andHead Cooks; Combined Food Preparation andServing Workers, Including Fast Food; Cooks, AllOther; Cooks, Fast Food; Cooks, Institution andCafeteria; Cooks, Restaurant; Cooks, Short Order;Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession,and Coffee Shop; Dining Room and CafeteriaAttendants and Bartender Helpers; Dishwashers;Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, AllOther; Food Preparation Workers; Food Servers,Nonrestaurant; Waiters and Waitresses.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Food Service, Waiter/Waitress, and Dining RoomManagement/Manager. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Ser-vice; Food Production; Sales and Marketing;Administration and Management; Public Safety andSecurity.

Human ResourcesManagers) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 19.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $68,800

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 3.7%

Plan, direct, and coordinate human resource man-agement activities of an organization to maximizethe strategic use of human resources and maintainfunctions such as employee compensation, recruit-ment, personnel policies, and regulatory compli-ance. Administer compensation, benefits andperformance management systems, and safety andrecreation programs. Identify staff vacancies andrecruit, interview and select applicants. Allocatehuman resources, ensuring appropriate matchesbetween personnel. Provide current and prospectiveemployees with information about policies, jobduties, working conditions, wages, opportunities forpromotion and employee benefits. Perform difficultstaffing duties, including dealing with under-staffing, refereeing disputes, firing employees, andadministering disciplinary procedures. Advise man-agers on organizational policy matters such as equalemployment opportunity and sexual harassment,and recommend needed changes. Analyze and mod-ify compensation and benefits policies to establishcompetitive programs and ensure compliance withlegal requirements. Plan and conduct new employ-ee orientation to foster positive attitude towardorganizational objectives. Serve as a link betweenmanagement and employees by handling questions,interpreting and administering contracts and help-ing resolve work-related problems. Plan, direct,supervise, and coordinate work activities of subordi-nates and staff relating to employment, compensa-

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tion, labor relations, and employee relations. Ana-lyze training needs to design employee develop-ment, language training and health and safetyprograms. Maintain records and compile statisticalreports concerning personnel-related data such ashires, transfers, performance appraisals, and absen-teeism rates. Analyze statistical data and reports toidentify and determine causes of personnel prob-lems and develop recommendations for improve-ment of organization’s personnel policies andpractices. Plan, organize, direct, control or coordi-nate the personnel, training, or labor relations activ-ities of an organization. Conduct exit interviews toidentify reasons for employee termination. Investi-gate and report on industrial accidents for insurancecarriers. Represent organization at personnel-relatedhearings and investigations. Negotiate bargainingagreements and help interpret labor contracts.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Negotiation; Persuasion; Time Management; SocialPerceptiveness; Learning Strategies; Active Listen-ing; Management of Financial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Managers, Branch or Depart-ment; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers; Gov-ernment Service Executives; Human ResourcesManagers, All Other; Legislators; Managers, AllOther; Postmasters and Mail Superintendents; Pri-vate Sector Executives; Property, Real Estate, andCommunity Association Managers; Public Rela-tions Managers; Purchasing Managers; Storage andDistribution Managers; Training and DevelopmentManagers; Transportation, Storage, and Distribu-tion Managers; Treasurers, Controllers, and ChiefFinancial Officers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Development; Human Resources

Management/Personnel Administration, General;Labor and Industrial Relations; Labor Studies.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Person-nel and Human Resources; Clerical Studies; Educa-tion and Training; Law and Government; Customerand Personal Service; Economics and Accounting.

Insurance Adjusters,Examiners, andInvestigators) Personality Code: EI

) Growth: 14.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 31,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,040

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.9%

) Part-Time: 4.9%

Investigate, analyze, and determine the extent ofinsurance company’s liability concerning personal,casualty, or property loss or damages, and attemptto effect settlement with claimants. Correspondwith or interview medical specialists, agents, wit-nesses, or claimants to compile information. Cal-culate benefit payments and approve payment ofclaims within a certain monetary limit. Interviewor correspond with claimant and witnesses, consultpolice and hospital records, and inspect propertydamage to determine extent of liability. Investigateand assess damage to property. Examine claims formand other records to determine insurance coverage.Analyze information gathered by investigation andreport findings and recommendations. Negotiateclaim settlements and recommend litigation whensettlement cannot be negotiated. Prepare report offindings of investigation. Collect evidence to sup-port contested claims in court. Interview or corre-

________________________________Enterprising Jobs: Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators

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spond with agents and claimants to correct errors oromissions and to investigate questionable claims.Refer questionable claims to investigator or claimsadjuster for investigation or settlement. Examinetitles to property to determine validity and act ascompany agent in transactions with property own-ers. Obtain credit information from banks andother credit services. Communicate with formerassociates to verify employment record and toobtain background information regarding personsor businesses applying for credit. SKILLS—Negoti-ation; Persuasion; Time Management; Judgmentand Decision Making; Social Perceptiveness; ServiceOrientation; Management of Financial Resources;Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers,Private or Public Employment Service; Employ-ment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists;Financial Analysts; Human Resources, Training,and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other; Insur-ance Appraisers, Auto Damage; Insurance Under-writers; Loan Counselors; Loan Officers;Logisticians; Management Analysts; MarketResearch Analysts; Personnel Recruiters; PurchasingAgents and Buyers, Farm Products; PurchasingAgents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Prod-ucts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Health/Medical Claims Examiner; Insurance.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Clerical Studies; Com-

puters and Electronics; Law and Government; Eng-lish Language; Mathematics.

Lawn Service Managers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 21.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 18,000

) Annual Earnings: $33,770

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 34.7%

) Part-Time: 5.9%

Plan, direct, and coordinate activities of workersengaged in pruning trees and shrubs, cultivatinglawns, and applying pesticides and other chemicalsaccording to service contract specifications. Super-vises workers who provide grounds-keeping serviceson a contract basis. Investigates customer com-plaints. Prepares work activity and personnelreports. Suggests changes in work procedures andorders corrective work done. Spot checks completedwork to improve quality of service and to ensurecontract compliance. Schedules work for crewaccording to weather conditions, availability ofequipment, and seasonal limitations. Reviews con-tracts to ascertain service, machine, and work forcerequirements for job. Prepares service cost estimatesfor customers. Answers customers’ questions aboutgrounds-keeping care requirements. SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources; Time Man-agement; Management of Financial Resources;Coordination; Systems Evaluation; Management ofMaterial Resources; Negotiation; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 03. Plants and Animals.Work Group: 03.01. Managerial Work in Plantsand Animals. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Agricultural Crop Farm Managers; Farm LaborContractors; Farmers and Ranchers; First-LineSupervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Agricultur-

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________________________________________________________________Enterprising Jobs: Lawyers

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al Crop Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Man-ager/Supervisors—Animal Care Workers, ExceptLivestock; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Animal Husbandry Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Fishery Workers; First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Horticultural Workers;First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Landscaping Workers; First-Line Supervisors andManager/Supervisors—Logging Workers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Farming, Fishing, andForestry Workers; First-Line Supervisors/Managersof Landscaping, Lawn Service, and GroundskeepingWorkers; Fish Hatchery Managers; Nursery andGreenhouse Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Landscaping and Groundskeeping; OrnamentalHorticulture; Turf and Turfgrass Management.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Administration and Management; Personnel andHuman Resources; Customer and Personal Service;Economics and Accounting; Sales and Marketing;Geography.

Lawyers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 17.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 53,000

) Annual Earnings: $91,490

) Education/Training Required: First professional degree

) Self-Employed: 26.8%

) Part-Time: 6.2%

Represent clients in criminal and civil litigationand other legal proceedings, draw up legal docu-ments, and manage or advise clients on legal trans-actions. May specialize in a single area or maypractice broadly in many areas of law. Advise

clients concerning business transactions, claim lia-bility, advisability of prosecuting or defending law-suits, or legal rights and obligations. Interpret laws,rulings and regulations for individuals and business-es. Analyze the probable outcomes of cases, usingknowledge of legal precedents. Present and summa-rize cases to judges and juries. Evaluate findings anddevelop strategies and arguments in preparation forpresentation of cases. Gather evidence to formulatedefense or to initiate legal actions, by such means asinterviewing clients and witnesses to ascertain thefacts of a case. Represent clients in court or beforegovernment agencies. Examine legal data to deter-mine advisability of defending or prosecuting law-suit. Select jurors, argue motions, meet with judgesand question witnesses during the course of a trial.Present evidence to defend clients or prosecutedefendants in criminal or civil litigation. StudyConstitution, statutes, decisions, regulations, andordinances of quasi-judicial bodies to determineramifications for cases. Prepare and draft legal doc-uments, such as wills, deeds, patent applications,mortgages, leases, and contracts. Prepare legal briefsand opinions, and file appeals in state and federalcourts of appeal. Negotiate settlements of civil dis-putes. Confer with colleagues with specialties inappropriate areas of legal issue to establish and veri-fy bases for legal proceedings. Search for and exam-ine public and other legal records to write opinionsor establish ownership. Supervise legal assistants.Perform administrative and management functionsrelated to the practice of law. Act as agent, trustee,guardian, or executor for businesses or individuals.Probate wills and represent and advise executors andadministrators of estates. Help develop federal andstate programs, draft and interpret laws and legisla-tion, and establish enforcement procedures. Workin environmental law, representing public interestgroups, waste disposal companies, or constructionfirms in their dealings with state and federal agen-cies. SKILLS—Persuasion; Negotiation; CriticalThinking; Active Learning; Social Perceptiveness;Writing; Judgment and Decision Making; TimeManagement.

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GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.02. Law. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Administrative LawJudges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers; Arbitra-tors, Mediators, and Conciliators; Judges, MagistrateJudges, and Magistrates; Law Clerks; Legal SupportWorkers, All Other; Paralegals and Legal Assistants;Title Examiners and Abstractors; Title Examiners,Abstractors, and Searchers; Title Searchers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Advanced Legal Research/Studies, General (LL.M.,M.C.L., M.L.I., M.S.L., J.S.D./S.J.D.); Ameri-can/U.S. Law/Legal Studies/Jurisprudence (LL.M.,M.C.J., J.S.D./S.J.D.); Banking, Corporate,Finance, and Securities Law (LL.M., J.S.D./S.J.D.);Canadian Law/Legal Studies/Jurisprudence (LL.M.,M.C.J., J.S.D./S.J.D.); Comparative Law (LL.M.,M.C.L., J.S.D./S.J.D.); Energy, Environment, andNatural Resources Law (LL.M., M.S.,J.S.D./S.J.D.); Health Law (LL.M., M.J.,J.S.D./S.J.D.); International Business, Trade, andTax Law (LL.M., J.S.D./S.J.D.); International Lawand Legal Studies (LL.M., J.S.D./S.J.D.); Law(LL.B., J.D.); Legal Professions and Studies, Other;Legal Research and Advanced Professional Studies,Other; Programs for Foreign Lawyers (LL.M.,M.C.L.); Tax Law/Taxation (LL.M., J.S.D./S.J.D.).RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Lawand Government; English Language; Customer andPersonal Service; Personnel and Human Resources;Administration and Management; Psychology.

Loan Officers) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 18.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 30,000

) Annual Earnings: $46,640

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.3%

) Part-Time: 5.0%

Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval ofcommercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise bor-rowers on financial status and methods of pay-ments. Includes mortgage loan officers and agents,collection analysts, loan servicing officers, and loanunderwriters. Approve loans within specified limits,and refer loan applications outside those limits tomanagement for approval. Meet with applicants toobtain information for loan applications and toanswer questions about the process. Analyze appli-cants’ financial status, credit, and property evalua-tions to determine feasibility of granting loans.Explain to customers the different types of loans andcredit options that are available, as well as the termsof those services. Obtain and compile copies of loanapplicants’ credit histories, corporate financial state-ments, and other financial information. Review andupdate credit and loan files. Review loan agreementsto ensure that they are complete and accurate accord-ing to policy. Compute payment schedules. Stayabreast of new types of loans and other financial serv-ices and products in order to better meet customers’needs. Submit applications to credit analysts for ver-ification and recommendation. Handle customercomplaints and take appropriate action to resolvethem. Work with clients to identify their financialgoals and to find ways of reaching those goals. Con-fer with underwriters to aid in resolving mortgageapplication problems. Negotiate payment arrange-ments with customers who have delinquent loans.Market bank products to individuals and firms, pro-moting bank services that may meet customers’

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needs. Supervise loan personnel. Set credit policies,credit lines, procedures and standards in conjunctionwith senior managers. Provide special services such asinvestment banking for clients with more specializedneeds. Analyze potential loan markets and developreferral networks in order to locate prospects forloans. Prepare reports to send to customers whoseaccounts are delinquent, and forward irreconcilableaccounts for collector action. Arrange for mainte-nance and liquidation of delinquent properties.Interview, hire, and train new employees. Petitioncourts to transfer titles and deeds of collateral tobanks. SKILLS—Persuasion; Social Perceptiveness;Service Orientation; Instructing; Negotiation;Learning Strategies; Complex Problem Solving;Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Management andSupport. Work Group: 13.02. Management Sup-port. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accountants;Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers and Assessorsof Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate; Assessors;Auditors; Budget Analysts; Business Operations Spe-cialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, andInvestigators; Claims Examiners, Property and Casu-alty Insurance; Compensation, Benefits, and JobAnalysis Specialists; Cost Estimators; Credit Ana-lysts; Employment Interviewers, Private or PublicEmployment Service; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Logisticians; Management Analysts; MarketResearch Analysts; Personnel Recruiters; PurchasingAgents and Buyers, Farm Products; PurchasingAgents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Prod-ucts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Credit Management; Finance, General. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Economics andAccounting; Sales and Marketing; Customer and

Personal Service; Law and Government; EnglishLanguage; Mathematics.

Management Analysts) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 30.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 78,000

) Annual Earnings: $62,580

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 29.8%

) Part-Time: 14.0%

Conduct organizational studies and evaluations,design systems and procedures, conduct work sim-plifications and measurement studies, and prepareoperations and procedures manuals to assist man-agement in operating more efficiently and effec-tively. Includes program analysts and managementconsultants. Review forms and reports, and conferwith management and users about format, distribu-tion, and purpose, and to identify problems andimprovements. Develop and implement recordsmanagement program for filing, protection, andretrieval of records, and assure compliance with pro-gram. Interview personnel and conduct on-siteobservation to ascertain unit functions, work per-formed, and methods, equipment, and personnelused. Prepare manuals and train workers in use ofnew forms, reports, procedures or equipment,according to organizational policy. Design, evaluate,recommend, and approve changes of forms andreports. Recommend purchase of storage equip-ment, and design area layout to locate equipment inspace available. Plan study of work problems andprocedures, such as organizational change, commu-nications, information flow, integrated productionmethods, inventory control, or cost analysis. Gatherand organize information on problems or proce-dures. Analyze data gathered and develop solutions

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or alternative methods of proceeding. Documentfindings of study and prepare recommendations forimplementation of new systems, procedures, ororganizational changes. Confer with personnel con-cerned to ensure successful functioning of newlyimplemented systems or procedures. SKILLS—Sys-tems Evaluation; Management of PersonnelResources; Systems Analysis; Management of Mate-rial Resources; Operations Analysis; Judgment andDecision Making; Monitoring; Complex ProblemSolving.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers,Private or Public Employment Service; Employ-ment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists;Financial Analysts; Human Resources, Training,and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other; Insur-ance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; Insur-ance Appraisers, Auto Damage; InsuranceUnderwriters; Loan Counselors; Loan Officers;Logisticians; Market Research Analysts; PersonnelRecruiters; Purchasing Agents and Buyers, FarmProducts; Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale,Retail, and Farm Products; Tax Examiners, Collec-tors, and Revenue Agents; Training and Develop-ment Specialists; Wholesale and Retail Buyers,Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, Gener-al; Business/Commerce, General. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Administration andManagement; Personnel and Human Resources;Education and Training; Economics and Account-ing; Clerical Studies; English Language.

Marketing Managers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 21.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 30,000

) Annual Earnings: $83,210

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 4.7%

Determine the demand for products and servicesoffered by a firm and its competitors and identifypotential customers. Develop pricing strategieswith the goal of maximizing the firm’s profits orshare of the market while ensuring the firm’s cus-tomers are satisfied. Oversee product developmentor monitor trends that indicate the need for newproducts and services. Develop pricing strategies,balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction.Identify, develop, and evaluate marketing strategy,based on knowledge of establishment objectives,market characteristics, and cost and markup factors.Evaluate the financial aspects of product develop-ment, such as budgets, expenditures, research anddevelopment appropriations, and return-on-invest-ment and profit-loss projections. Formulate, directand coordinate marketing activities and policies topromote products and services, working with adver-tising and promotion managers. Direct the hiring,training, and performance evaluations of marketingand sales staff and oversee their daily activities.Negotiate contracts with vendors and distributors tomanage product distribution, establishing distribu-tion networks and developing distribution strate-gies. Consult with product development personnelon product specifications such as design, color, andpackaging. Compile lists describing product or serv-ice offerings. Use sales forecasting and strategicplanning to ensure the sale and profitability of prod-ucts, lines, or services, analyzing business develop-ments and monitoring market trends. Selectproducts and accessories to be displayed at trade or

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special production shows. Confer with legal staff toresolve problems, such as copyright infringementand royalty sharing with outside producers and dis-tributors. Coordinate and participate in promotion-al activities and trade shows, working withdevelopers, advertisers, and production managers,to market products and services. Advise businessand other groups on local, national, and interna-tional factors affecting the buying and selling ofproducts and services. Initiate market research stud-ies and analyze their findings. Consult with buyingpersonnel to gain advice regarding the types of prod-ucts or services expected to be in demand. Conducteconomic and commercial surveys to identifypotential markets for products and services.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Management of Personnel Resources; Negotiation;Operations Analysis; Persuasion; Coordination;Instructing; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.01. Managerial Work in Sales andMarketing. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Advertising and Promotions Managers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers;First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail SalesWorkers; Sales Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Apparel and Textile Marketing Management; Con-sumer Merchandising/Retailing Management;International Marketing; Marketing Research; Mar-keting, Other; Marketing/Marketing Management,General. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Sales and Marketing; Customer and PersonalService; Administration and Management; Person-nel and Human Resources; Education and Training;English Language.

Medical and HealthServices Managers) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 29.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 33,000

) Annual Earnings: $64,550

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 5.3%

) Part-Time: 5.4%

Plan, direct, or coordinate medicine and healthservices in hospitals, clinics, managed care organi-zations, public health agencies, or similar organi-zations. Direct, supervise and evaluate workactivities of medical, nursing, technical, clerical,service, maintenance, and other personnel. Establishobjectives and evaluative or operational criteria forunits they manage. Direct or conduct recruitment,hiring and training of personnel. Develop andmaintain computerized record management systemsto store and process data, such as personnel activitiesand information, and to produce reports. Developand implement organizational policies and proce-dures for the facility or medical unit. Conduct andadminister fiscal operations, including accounting,planning budgets, authorizing expenditures, estab-lishing rates for services, and coordinating financialreporting. Establish work schedules and assign-ments for staff, according to workload, space andequipment availability. Maintain communicationbetween governing boards, medical staff, anddepartment heads by attending board meetings andcoordinating interdepartmental functioning. Moni-tor the use of diagnostic services, inpatient beds,facilities, and staff to ensure effective use ofresources and assess the need for additional staff,equipment, and services. Maintain awareness ofadvances in medicine, computerized diagnostic andtreatment equipment, data processing technology,government regulations, health insurance changes,

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and financing options. Manage change in integrat-ed health care delivery systems, such as workrestructuring, technological innovations, and shiftsin the focus of care. Prepare activity reports toinform management of the status and implementa-tion plans of programs, services, and quality initia-tives. Plan, implement and administer programsand services in a health care or medical facility,including personnel administration, training, andcoordination of medical, nursing and physical plantstaff. Consult with medical, business, and commu-nity groups to discuss service problems, respond tocommunity needs, enhance public relations, coordi-nate activities and plans, and promote health pro-grams. Inspect facilities and recommend building orequipment modifications to ensure emergencyreadiness and compliance to access, safety, and sani-tation regulations. SKILLS—Persuasion; Manage-ment of Personnel Resources; Service Orientation;Management of Material Resources; Monitoring;Social Perceptiveness; Management of FinancialResources; Critical Thinking; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.01. Managerial Work inMedical and Health Services. Other Jobs in ThisWork Group: Coroners.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Community Health and Preventive Medicine;Health and Medical Administrative Services, Other;Health Information/Medical Records Administra-tion/Administrator; Health Services Administration;Health Unit Manager/Ward Supervisor;Health/Health Care Administration/Management;Hospital and Health Care Facilities Administra-tion/Management; Medical Staff Services Technolo-gy/Technician; Nursing Administration (MSN, MS,PhD); Public Health, General (MPH, DPH).RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Thera-py and Counseling; Customer and Personal Service;Personnel and Human Resources; Medicine andDentistry; Psychology; Sociology and Anthropology;Education and Training; Philosophy and Theology.

Paralegals and LegalAssistants) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 28.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $37,930

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 2.3%

) Part-Time: 10.8%

Assist lawyers by researching legal precedent,investigating facts, or preparing legal documents.Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, toformulate a defense, or to initiate legal action. Pre-pare legal documents, including briefs, pleadings,appeals, wills, contracts, and real estate closing state-ments. Prepare affidavits or other documents, main-tain document file, and file pleadings with courtclerk. Gather and analyze research data, such asstatutes, decisions, and legal articles, codes, and doc-uments. Investigate facts and law of cases to deter-mine causes of action and to prepare cases. Callupon witnesses to testify at hearing. Direct andcoordinate law office activity, including delivery ofsubpoenas. Arbitrate disputes between parties andassist in real estate closing process. Keep and moni-tor legal volumes to ensure that law library is up-to-date. Appraise and inventory real and personalproperty for estate planning. SKILLS—Time Man-agement; Instructing; Active Listening; Writing;Speaking; Monitoring; Social Perceptiveness; Ser-vice Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.02. Law. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Administrative LawJudges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers; Arbitra-tors, Mediators, and Conciliators; Judges, Magis-trate Judges, and Magistrates; Law Clerks; Lawyers;Legal Support Workers, All Other; Title Examinersand Abstractors; Title Examiners, Abstractors, andSearchers; Title Searchers.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Legal Assistant/Paralegal. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Law andGovernment; Customer and Personal Service; Com-puters and Electronics; English Language; Personneland Human Resources.

Personnel Recruiters) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 27.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 29,000

) Annual Earnings: $40,770

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.8%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Seek out, interview, and screen applicants to fillexisting and future job openings and promotecareer opportunities within an organization. Estab-lish and maintain relationships with hiring man-agers to stay abreast of current and future hiring andbusiness needs. Interview applicants to obtain infor-mation on work history, training, education, andjob skills. Maintain current knowledge of EqualEmployment Opportunity (EEO) and affirmativeaction guidelines and laws, such as the Americanswith Disabilities Act. Perform searches for qualifiedcandidates according to relevant job criteria, usingcomputer databases, networking, Internet recruitingresources, cold calls, media, recruiting firms, andemployee referrals. Prepare and maintain employ-ment records. Contact applicants to inform them ofemployment possibilities, consideration, and selec-tion. Inform potential applicants about facilities,operations, benefits, and job or career opportunitiesin organizations. Screen and refer applicants to hir-ing personnel in the organization, making hiringrecommendations when appropriate. Arrange forinterviews and provide travel arrangements as neces-sary. Advise managers and employees on staffing

policies and procedures. Review and evaluate appli-cant qualifications or eligibility for specified licens-ing, according to established guidelines anddesignated licensing codes. Hire applicants andauthorize paperwork assigning them to positions.Conduct reference and background checks on appli-cants. Evaluate recruitment and selection criteria toensure conformance to professional, statistical, andtesting standards, recommending revision as need-ed. Recruit applicants for open positions, arrangingjob fairs with college campus representatives. Advisemanagement on organizing, preparing, and imple-menting recruiting and retention programs. Super-vise personnel clerks performing filing, typing andrecord-keeping duties. Project yearly recruitmentexpenditures for budgetary consideration and con-trol. SKILLS—Management of PersonnelResources; Negotiation; Persuasion; Service Orien-tation; Time Management; Management of Finan-cial Resources; Monitoring; Social Perceptiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Management andSupport. Work Group: 13.02. Management Sup-port. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accountants;Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers and Assessorsof Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate; Assessors;Auditors; Budget Analysts; Business Operations Spe-cialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, andInvestigators; Claims Examiners, Property and Casu-alty Insurance; Compensation, Benefits, and JobAnalysis Specialists; Cost Estimators; Credit Ana-lysts; Employment Interviewers, Private or PublicEmployment Service; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Purchasing Agents andBuyers, Farm Products; Purchasing Agents, ExceptWholesale, Retail, and Farm Products; Tax Examin-ers, Collectors, and Revenue Agents; Training andDevelopment Specialists; Wholesale and Retail Buy-ers, Except Farm Products.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Management/Personnel Admin-istration, General; Labor and Industrial Relations.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Person-nel and Human Resources; Clerical Studies; Educa-tion and Training; Sales and Marketing;Administration and Management; Computers andElectronics.

Police Detectives) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 22.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,390

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.5%

Conduct investigations to prevent crimes or solvecriminal cases. Examine crime scenes to obtainclues and evidence, such as loose hairs, fibers, cloth-ing, or weapons. Secure deceased body and obtainevidence from it, preventing bystanders from tam-pering with it prior to medical examiner’s arrival.Obtain evidence from suspects. Provide testimonyas a witness in court. Analyze completed policereports to determine what additional informationand investigative work is needed. Prepare charges orresponses to charges, or information for court cases,according to formalized procedures. Note, mark,and photograph location of objects found, such asfootprints, tire tracks, bullets and bloodstains, andtake measurements of the scene. Obtain facts orstatements from complainants, witnesses, andaccused persons and record interviews, using record-ing device. Obtain summary of incident from offi-cer in charge at crime scene, taking care to avoiddisturbing evidence. Examine records and govern-mental agency files to find identifying data about

suspects. Prepare and serve search and arrest war-rants. Block or rope off scene and check perimeterto ensure that entire scene is secured. Summonmedical help for injured individuals and alert med-ical personnel to take statements from them. Pro-vide information to lab personnel concerning thesource of an item of evidence and tests to be per-formed. Monitor conditions of victims who areunconscious so that arrangements can be made totake statements if consciousness is regained. Securepersons at scene, keeping witnesses from conversingor leaving the scene before investigators arrive. Pre-serve, process, and analyze items of evidenceobtained from crime scenes and suspects, placingthem in proper containers and destroying evidenceno longer needed. Record progress of investigation,maintain informational files on suspects, and sub-mit reports to commanding officer or magistrate toauthorize warrants. Take photographs from allangles of relevant parts of a crime scene, includingentrance and exit routes and streets and intersec-tions. Organize scene search, assigning specific tasksand areas of search to individual officers and obtain-ing adequate lighting as necessary. SKILLS—Per-suasion; Negotiation; Social Perceptiveness;Coordination; Service Orientation; Active Listen-ing; Speaking; Critical Thinking; Time Manage-ment.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Highway PatrolPilots; Immigration and Customs Inspectors; Life-guards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protec-tive Service Workers; Parking EnforcementWorkers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers; PoliceIdentification and Records Officers; Police PatrolOfficers; Private Detectives and Investigators; Pro-

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tective Service Workers, All Other; Security Guards;Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs; Transit and RailroadPolice.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety and Security; Law andGovernment; Psychology; Customer and PersonalService; Education and Training; Philosophy andTheology.

Private SectorExecutives) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 16.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 63,000

) Annual Earnings: $134,740

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 14.6%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Determine and formulate policies and businessstrategies and provide overall direction of privatesector organizations. Plan, direct, and coordinateoperational activities at the highest level of man-agement with the help of subordinate managers.Directs, plans, and implements policies and objec-tives of organization or business in accordance withcharter and board of directors. Directs activities oforganization to plan procedures, establish responsi-bilities, and coordinate functions among depart-ments and sites. Analyzes operations to evaluateperformance of company and staff and to determineareas of cost reduction and program improvement.Confers with board members, organization officials,and staff members to establish policies and formu-late plans. Reviews financial statements and salesand activity reports to ensure that organization’s

objectives are achieved. Assigns or delegates respon-sibilities to subordinates. Directs and coordinatesactivities of business involved with buying and sell-ing investment products and financial services.Establishes internal control procedures. Presidesover or serves on board of directors, managementcommittees, or other governing boards. Directsinservice training of staff. Administers program forselection of sites, construction of buildings, and pro-vision of equipment and supplies. Screens, selects,hires, transfers, and discharges employees. Promotesobjectives of institution or business before associa-tions, public, government agencies, or communitygroups. Negotiates or approves contracts with sup-pliers and distributors, and with maintenance, jani-torial, and security providers. Prepares reports andbudgets. Directs non-merchandising departmentsof business, such as advertising, purchasing, credit,and accounting. Directs and coordinates activities ofbusiness or department concerned with production,pricing, sales, and/or distribution of products.Directs and coordinates organization’s financial andbudget activities to fund operations, maximizeinvestments, and increase efficiency. SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources; Systems Eval-uation; Systems Analysis; Management of PersonnelResources; Coordination; Judgment and DecisionMaking; Management of Material Resources; Nego-tiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Managers, Branch or Depart-ment; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers; Gov-ernment Service Executives; Human ResourcesManagers; Human Resources Managers, All Other;Legislators; Managers, All Other; Postmasters andMail Superintendents; Property, Real Estate, andCommunity Association Managers; Public Rela-tions Managers; Purchasing Managers; Storage and

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Distribution Managers; Training and DevelopmentManagers; Transportation, Storage, and Distribu-tion Managers; Treasurers, Controllers, and ChiefFinancial Officers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, General;Business/Commerce, General; Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies; International Business/Trade/Commerce; Public Administration; PublicAdministration and Social Service Professions,Other; Public Policy Analysis. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Economics andAccounting; Production and Processing; Adminis-tration and Management; Sales and Marketing; Per-sonnel and Human Resources; Psychology.

Program Directors) Personality Code: EA

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,200

) Education/Training Required: Work expe-rience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 32.8%

) Part-Time: 9.1%

Direct and coordinate activities of personnelengaged in preparation of radio or television sta-tion program schedules and programs such assports or news. Check completed program logs foraccuracy and conformance with FCC rules and reg-ulations and resolve program log inaccuracies. Con-fer with directors and production staff to discussissues such as production and casting problems,budgets, policies, and news coverage. Coordinateactivities between departments, such as news andprogramming. Cue announcers, actors, performers,and guests. Develop promotions for current pro-grams and specials. Direct and coordinate activitiesof personnel engaged in broadcast news, sports, or

programming. Establish work schedules and assignwork to staff members. Evaluate new and existingprogramming for suitability and in order to assessthe need for changes, using information such asaudience surveys and feedback. Monitor and reviewprogramming in order to ensure that schedules aremet, guidelines are adhered to, and performancesare of adequate quality. Monitor network transmis-sions for advisories concerning daily program sched-ules, program content, special feeds, and/orprogram changes. Perform personnel duties such ashiring staff and evaluating work performance. Planand schedule programming and event coveragebased on broadcast length, time availability, andother factors such as community needs, ratings data,and viewer demographics. Act as a liaison betweentalent and directors, providing information that per-formers/guests need to prepare for appearances andcommunicating relevant information from guests,performers, or staff to directors. Conduct interviewsfor broadcasts. Develop budgets for programmingand broadcasting activities and monitor expendi-tures to ensure that they remain within budgetarylimits. Develop ideas for programs and features thata station could produce. Operate and maintain on-air and production audio equipment. Prepare copyand edit tape so that material is ready for broadcast-ing. Read news, read and/or record public serviceand promotional announcements, and otherwiseparticipate as a member of an on-air shift asrequired. Review information about programs andschedules in order to ensure accuracy and providesuch information to local media outlets as necessary.SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources;Coordination; Management of Financial Resources;Management of Material Resources; Writing; TimeManagement; Active Learning; Reading Compre-hension.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.01. Managerial Work inArts, Entertainment, and Media. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Agents and Business Managersof Artists, Performers, and Athletes; Art Directors;Athletes and Sports Competitors; Coaches and

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Scouts; Entertainers and Performers, Sports andRelated Workers, All Other; Fitness Trainers andAerobics Instructors; Producers; Producers andDirectors; Technical Directors/Managers; Umpires,Referees, and Other Sports Officials.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cinematography and Film/Video Production;Directing and Theatrical Production; Drama andDramatics/Theatre Arts, General; Dramatic/TheatreArts and Stagecraft, Other; Film/Cinema Studies;Radio and Television; Theatre/Theatre Arts Manage-ment. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Communications and Media; Administration andManagement; Personnel and Human Resources;Economics and Accounting; Telecommunications;English Language.

Public RelationsSpecialists) Personality Code: EA

) Growth: 32.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 28,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,590

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 6.1%

) Part-Time: 12.5%

Engage in promoting or creating good will forindividuals, groups, or organizations by writing orselecting favorable publicity material and releasingit through various communications media. Mayprepare and arrange displays, and make speeches.Prepare or edit organizational publications for inter-nal and external audiences, including employeenewsletters and stockholders’ reports. Respond torequests for information from the media or desig-nate another appropriate spokesperson or informa-tion source. Establish and maintain cooperative

relationships with representatives of community,consumer, employee, and public interest groups.Plan and direct development and communicationof informational programs to maintain favorablepublic and stockholder perceptions of an organiza-tion’s accomplishments and agenda. Confer withproduction and support personnel to produce orcoordinate production of advertisements and pro-motions. Arrange public appearances, lectures, con-tests, or exhibits for clients to increase product andservice awareness and to promote goodwill. Studythe objectives, promotional policies and needs oforganizations to develop public relations strategiesthat will influence public opinion or promote ideas,products and services. Confer with other managersto identify trends and key group interests and con-cerns or to provide advice on business decisions.Consult with advertising agencies or staff to arrangepromotional campaigns in all types of media forproducts, organizations, or individuals. Coach clientrepresentatives in effective communication with thepublic and with employees. Prepare and deliverspeeches to further public relations objectives. Pur-chase advertising space and time as required to pro-mote client’s product or agenda. Plan and conductmarket and public opinion research to test productsor determine potential for product success, commu-nicating results to client or management.SKILLS—Persuasion; Service Orientation; Negoti-ation; Social Perceptiveness; Coordination; Manage-ment of Financial Resources; Monitoring; Writing;Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.03. News, Broadcastingand Public Relations. Other Jobs in This WorkGroup: Broadcast News Analysts; Caption Writers;Interpreters and Translators; Reporters and Corre-spondents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Communication Studies/Speech Communicationand Rhetoric; Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communication; Health Com-munication; Political Communication; Public Relations/Image Management. RELATED

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KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Market-ing; Customer and Personal Service; Communica-tions and Media; Administration and Management;Clerical Studies; English Language.

Retail Salespersons) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 14.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 1,014,000

) Annual Earnings: $18,090

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.3%

) Part-Time: 32.6%

Sell merchandise, such as furniture, motor vehi-cles, appliances, or apparel in a retail establish-ment. Greet customers and ascertain what eachcustomer wants or needs. Open and close cash reg-isters, performing tasks such as counting money,separating charge slips, coupons, and vouchers, bal-ancing cash drawers, and making deposits. Maintainknowledge of current sales and promotions, policiesregarding payment and exchanges, and securitypractices. Compute sales prices, total purchases andreceive and process cash or credit payment. Main-tain records related to sales. Watch for and recognizesecurity risks and thefts, and know how to preventor handle these situations. Recommend, select, andhelp locate or obtain merchandise based on cus-tomer needs and desires. Answer questions regard-ing the store and its merchandise. Describemerchandise and explain use, operation, and care ofmerchandise to customers. Ticket, arrange and dis-play merchandise to promote sales. Prepare salesslips or sales contracts. Place special orders or callother stores to find desired items. Demonstrate useor operation of merchandise. Clean shelves, coun-ters, and tables. Exchange merchandise for cus-tomers and accept returns. Bag or package

purchases, and wrap gifts. Help customers try on orfit merchandise. Inventory stock and requisitionnew stock. Prepare merchandise for purchase orrental. Sell or arrange for delivery, insurance, financ-ing, or service contracts for merchandise. Estimateand quote trade-in allowances. SKILLS—SocialPerceptiveness; Writing; Speaking; Critical Think-ing; Negotiation; Instructing; Management of Per-sonnel Resources; Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.03. General Sales. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Parts Salespersons; Real EstateBrokers; Real Estate Sales Agents; Sales and RelatedWorkers, All Other; Sales Representatives, Whole-sale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Sci-entific Products; Service Station Attendants; StockClerks, Sales Floor; Travel Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management;Retailing and Retail Operations; Sales, Distribution,and Marketing Operations, General; Selling Skillsand Sales Operations. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Administration andManagement; Education and Training; Personneland Human Resources; Clerical Studies.

Sales Agents, FinancialServices) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 13.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $60,530

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 12.8%

) Part-Time: 6.0%

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Sell financial services, such as loan, tax, and securi-ties counseling to customers of financial institu-tions and business establishments. Contactprospective customers in order to present informa-tion and explain available services. Determine cus-tomers’ financial services needs, and prepareproposals to sell services that address these needs.Develop prospects from current commercial cus-tomers, referral leads, and sales and trade meetings.Prepare forms or agreements to complete sales. Sellservices and equipment, such as trusts, investments,and check processing services. Evaluate costs andrevenue of agreements in order to determine con-tinued profitability. Make presentations on financialservices to groups in order to attract new clients.Review business trends in order to advise customersregarding expected fluctuations. SKILLS—Persua-sion; Systems Analysis; Management of FinancialResources; Service Orientation; Negotiation; Sys-tems Evaluation; Active Learning; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Securities andCommodities; Sales and Related Workers, AllOther; Sales Representatives, Agricultural; SalesRepresentatives, Chemical and Pharmaceutical;Sales Representatives, Electrical/Electronic; SalesRepresentatives, Instruments; Sales Representatives,Mechanical Equipment and Supplies; Sales Repre-sentatives, Medical; Sales Representatives, Services,All Other; Sales Representatives, Wholesale andManufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products;Securities, Commodities, and Financial ServicesSales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business and Personal/Financial Services MarketingOperations; Financial Planning and Services; Invest-ments and Securities. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Economics and Accounting;Sales and Marketing; Computers and Electronics;Mathematics; Law and Government; Communica-tions and Media.

Sales Agents, Securitiesand Commodities) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 13.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $60,530

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 12.8%

) Part-Time: 6.0%

Buy and sell securities in investment and tradingfirms and develop and implement financial plansfor individuals, businesses, and organizations.Record transactions accurately, and keep clientsinformed about transactions. Analyze market condi-tions in order to determine optimum times to exe-cute securities transactions. Review financialperiodicals, stock and bond reports, business publi-cations and other material in order to identifypotential investments for clients and to keep abreastof trends affecting market conditions. Read corpo-rate reports and calculate ratios to determine bestprospects for profit on stock purchases and to mon-itor client accounts. Interview clients to determineclients’ assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance cover-age, tax status, and financial objectives. Review allsecurities transactions to ensure accuracy of infor-mation and that trades conform to regulations ofgoverning agencies. Prepare documents needed toimplement plans selected by clients. Complete salesorder tickets and submit for processing of clientrequested transactions. Inform and advise con-cerned parties regarding fluctuations and securitiestransactions affecting plans or accounts. Preparefinancial reports to monitor client or corporatefinances. Identify potential clients, using advertisingcampaigns, mailing lists, and personal contacts.Contact prospective customers to determine cus-tomer needs, present information, and explain avail-able services. Explain stock market terms and

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trading practices to clients. Offer advice on the pur-chase or sale of particular securities. Supply the lat-est price quotes on any security, as well asinformation on the activities and financial positionsof the corporations issuing these securities. Calcu-late costs for billings and commissions purposes.Develop financial plans based on analysis of clients’financial status, and discuss financial options withclients. Relay buy or sell orders to securitiesexchanges or to firm trading departments.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Systems Analysis; Systems Evaluation; Persuasion;Service Orientation; Negotiation; Active Learning;Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales and Related Workers, All Other; SalesRepresentatives, Agricultural; Sales Representatives,Chemical and Pharmaceutical; Sales Representa-tives, Electrical/Electronic; Sales Representatives,Instruments; Sales Representatives, MechanicalEquipment and Supplies; Sales Representatives,Medical; Sales Representatives, Services, All Other;Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufactur-ing, Technical and Scientific Products; Securities,Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business and Personal/Financial Services MarketingOperations; Financial Planning and Services; Invest-ments and Securities. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Economics and Accounting;Sales and Marketing; Mathematics; Computers andElectronics; Customer and Personal Service; Person-nel and Human Resources.

Sales Engineers) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 19.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 7,000

) Annual Earnings: $67,790

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0.6%

) Part-Time: 0.8%

Sell business goods or services, the selling of whichrequires a technical background equivalent to a bac-calaureate degree in engineering. Arrange fordemonstrations or trial installations of equipment.Attend company training seminars to become famil-iar with product lines. Collaborate with sales teamsto understand customer requirements, to promotethe sale of company products, and to provide salessupport. Confer with customers and engineers toassess equipment needs, and to determine systemrequirements. Create sales or service contracts forproducts or services. Develop sales plans to introduceproducts in new markets. Develop, present, orrespond to proposals for specific customer require-ments, including request for proposal responses andindustry-specific solutions. Identify resale opportu-nities, and support them to achieve sales plans. Keepinformed on industry news and trends, products,services, competitors, relevant information aboutlegacy, existing, and emerging technologies, and thelatest product-line developments. Plan and modifyproduct configurations to meet customer needs. Pre-pare and deliver technical presentations that explainproducts or services to customers and prospectivecustomers. Recommend improved materials ormachinery to customers, documenting how suchchanges will lower costs or increase production.Research and identify potential customers for prod-ucts or services. Secure and renew orders and arrangedelivery. Sell products requiring extensive technicalexpertise and support for installation and use, such asmaterial handling equipment, numerical-control

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machinery, and computer systems. Visit prospectivebuyers at commercial, industrial, or other establish-ments to show samples or catalogs, and to informthem about product pricing, availability, and advan-tages. Attend trade shows and seminars to promoteproducts or to learn about industry developments.Diagnose problems with installed equipment. Docu-ment account activities, generate reports, and keeprecords of business transactions with customers andsuppliers. Maintain sales forecasting reports. Provideinformation needed for the development of custom-made machinery. Provide technical and non-techni-cal support and services to clients or other staffmembers regarding the use, operation, and mainte-nance of equipment. SKILLS—Technology Design;Troubleshooting; Operations Analysis; Persuasion;Negotiation; Management of Material Resources;Service Orientation; Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.07. Engineering. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Aerospace Engineers;Agricultural Engineers; Architects, Except Land-scape and Naval; Biomedical Engineers; ChemicalEngineers; Civil Engineers; Computer HardwareEngineers; Computer Software Engineers, Applica-tions; Computer Software Engineers, Systems Soft-ware; Electrical Engineers; Electronics Engineers,Except Computer; Engineers, All Other; Environ-mental Engineers; Fire-Prevention and ProtectionEngineers; Health and Safety Engineers, ExceptMining Safety Engineers and Inspectors; IndustrialEngineers; Industrial Safety and Health Engineers;Landscape Architects; Marine Architects; MarineEngineers; Marine Engineers and Naval Architects;Materials Engineers; Mechanical Engineers; Miningand Geological Engineers, Including Mining SafetyEngineers; Nuclear Engineers; Petroleum Engineers;Product Safety Engineers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Selling Skills and Sales Operations. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Market-ing; Design; Engineering and Technology; Produc-tion and Processing; Physics; Customer andPersonal Service.

Sales Managers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 30.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 54,000

) Annual Earnings: $80,470

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 3.0%

) Part-Time: 4.7%

Direct the actual distribution or movement of aproduct or service to the customer. Coordinatesales distribution by establishing sales territories,quotas, and goals and establish training programsfor sales representatives. Analyze sales statisticsgathered by staff to determine sales potential andinventory requirements and monitor the prefer-ences of customers. Resolve customer complaintsregarding sales and service. Monitor customer pref-erences to determine focus of sales efforts. Directand coordinate activities involving sales of manufac-tured products, services, commodities, real estate orother subjects of sale. Determine price schedulesand discount rates. Review operational records andreports to project sales and determine profitability.Direct, coordinate, and review activities in sales andservice accounting and record keeping, and inreceiving and shipping operations. Confer or con-sult with department heads to plan advertising serv-ices and to secure information on equipment andcustomer specifications. Advise dealers and distribu-tors on policies and operating procedures to ensurefunctional effectiveness of business. Prepare budgetsand approve budget expenditures. Represent com-pany at trade association meetings to promote prod-ucts. Plan and direct staffing, training, andperformance evaluations to develop and controlsales and service programs. Visit franchised dealersto stimulate interest in establishment or expansionof leasing programs. Confer with potential cus-tomers regarding equipment needs and advise cus-tomers on types of equipment to purchase. Oversee

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regional and local sales managers and their staffs.Direct clerical staff to keep records of export corre-spondence, bid requests, and credit collections, andto maintain current information on tariffs, licenses,and restrictions. Direct foreign sales and service out-lets of an organization. SKILLS—Negotiation; Ser-vice Orientation; Persuasion; Management ofPersonnel Resources; Time Management; Monitor-ing; Instructing; Social Perceptiveness.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.01. Managerial Work in Sales andMarketing. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Advertising and Promotions Managers; First-LineSupervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers;First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail SalesWorkers; Marketing Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, Gener-al; Business/Commerce, General; ConsumerMerchandising/Retailing Management; Marketing,Other; Marketing/Marketing Management, Gener-al. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Salesand Marketing; Computers and Electronics; Math-ematics; Customer and Personal Service; Adminis-tration and Management; Law and Government.

Sales Representatives,Agricultural) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 44,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,120

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Sell agricultural products and services, such as ani-mal feeds, farm and garden equipment, and dairy,poultry, and veterinarian supplies. Solicits ordersfrom customers in person or by phone. Demon-strates use of agricultural equipment or machines.Recommends changes in customer use of agricul-tural products to improve production. Preparesreports of business transactions. Informs customerof estimated delivery schedule, service contracts,warranty, or other information pertaining to pur-chased products. Displays or shows customer agri-cultural related products. Compiles lists ofprospective customers for use as sales leads. Preparessales contracts for orders obtained. Consults withcustomer regarding installation, set-up, or layout ofagricultural equipment and machines. Quotesprices and credit terms. SKILLS—Persuasion;Negotiation; Speaking; Writing; Active Listening;Mathematics; Instructing; Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities;Sales and Related Workers, All Other; Sales Repre-sentatives, Chemical and Pharmaceutical; SalesRepresentatives, Electrical/Electronic; Sales Repre-sentatives, Instruments; Sales Representatives,Mechanical Equipment and Supplies; Sales Repre-sentatives, Medical; Sales Representatives, Services,All Other; Sales Representatives, Wholesale andManufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products;Securities, Commodities, and Financial ServicesSales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Selling Skills and SalesOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Economics andAccounting; Mathematics; Food Production;Telecommunications; Communications and Media.

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Sales Representatives,Chemical andPharmaceutical) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 44,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,120

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Sell chemical or pharmaceutical products or servic-es, such as acids, industrial chemicals, agriculturalchemicals, medicines, drugs, and water treatmentsupplies. Promotes and sells pharmaceutical andchemical products to potential customers. Explainswater treatment package benefits to customer andsells chemicals to treat and resolve water processproblems. Estimates and advises customer of servicecosts to correct water-treatment process problems.Discusses characteristics and clinical studies pertain-ing to pharmaceutical products with physicians,dentists, hospitals, and retail/wholesale establish-ments. Distributes drug samples to customer andtakes orders for pharmaceutical supply items fromcustomer. Inspects, tests, and observes chemicalchanges in water system equipment, utilizing testkit, reference manual, and knowledge of chemicaltreatment. SKILLS—Persuasion; Science; Speak-ing; Social Perceptiveness; Negotiation; Active Lis-tening; Critical Thinking; Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities;Sales and Related Workers, All Other; Sales Repre-sentatives, Agricultural; Sales Representatives, Elec-

trical/Electronic; Sales Representatives, Instruments;Sales Representatives, Mechanical Equipment andSupplies; Sales Representatives, Medical; Sales Rep-resentatives, Services, All Other; Sales Representa-tives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical andScientific Products; Securities, Commodities, andFinancial Services Sales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Selling Skills and SalesOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Chemistry;Biology; Mathematics; Medicine and Dentistry;Economics and Accounting.

Sales Representatives,Electrical/Electronic) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 44,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,120

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Sell electrical, electronic, or related products orservices, such as communication equipment, radi-ographic-inspection equipment and services, ultra-sonic equipment, electronics parts, computers, andEDP systems. Analyzes communication needs ofcustomer and consults with staff engineers regardingtechnical problems. Trains establishment personnelin equipment use, utilizing knowledge of electronicsand product sold. Recommends equipment to meetcustomer requirements, considering salable features,such as flexibility, cost, capacity, and economy ofoperation. Negotiates terms of sale and services withcustomer. Sells electrical or electronic equipment,

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such as computers, data processing and radiographicequipment to businesses and industrial establish-ments. SKILLS—Persuasion; Negotiation; Instruct-ing; Operations Analysis; Active Listening;Equipment Selection; Speaking; Technology Design.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities;Sales and Related Workers, All Other; Sales Repre-sentatives, Agricultural; Sales Representatives,Chemical and Pharmaceutical; Sales Representa-tives, Instruments; Sales Representatives, Mechani-cal Equipment and Supplies; Sales Representatives,Medical; Sales Representatives, Services, All Other;Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufactur-ing, Technical and Scientific Products; Securities,Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Selling Skills and SalesOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Sales and Marketing; Computers and Electron-ics; Education and Training; Economics andAccounting; Telecommunications; Mathematics.

Sales Representatives,Instruments) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 44,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,120

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Sell precision instruments, such as dynamometersand spring scales, and laboratory, navigation, andsurveying instruments. Assists customer with prod-uct selection, utilizing knowledge of engineeringspecifications and catalog resources. Evaluates cus-tomer needs and emphasizes product features basedon technical knowledge of product capabilities andlimitations. Sells weighing and other precisioninstruments, such as spring scales, dynamometers,and laboratory, navigational, and surveying instru-ments to customer. SKILLS—Persuasion; ServiceOrientation; Active Listening; Speaking; Negotia-tion; Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities;Sales and Related Workers, All Other; Sales Repre-sentatives, Agricultural; Sales Representatives,Chemical and Pharmaceutical; Sales Representa-tives, Electrical/Electronic; Sales Representatives,Mechanical Equipment and Supplies; Sales Repre-sentatives, Medical; Sales Representatives, Services,All Other; Sales Representatives, Wholesale andManufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products;Securities, Commodities, and Financial ServicesSales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Selling Skills and SalesOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Engineeringand Technology; Customer and Personal Service.

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Sales Representatives,Mechanical Equipmentand Supplies) Personality Code: ER

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 44,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,120

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Sell mechanical equipment, machinery, materials,and supplies, such as aircraft and railroad equip-ment and parts, construction machinery, material-handling equipment, industrial machinery, andwelding equipment. Recommends and sells textile,industrial, construction, railroad, and oil fieldmachinery, equipment, materials, and supplies, andservices utilizing knowledge of machine operations.Computes installation or production costs, esti-mates savings, and prepares and submits bid specifi-cations to customer for review and approval.Submits orders for product and follows-up on orderto verify material list accuracy and delivery schedulemeets project deadline. Appraises equipment andverifies customer credit rating to establish trade-invalue and contract terms. Reviews existing machin-ery/equipment placement and diagrams proposal toillustrate efficient space utilization, using standardmeasuring devices and templates. Attends sales andtrade meetings and reads related publications toobtain current market condition information, busi-ness trends, and industry developments. Inspectsestablishment premises to verify installation feasibil-ity, and obtains building blueprints and elevatorspecifications to submit to engineering departmentfor bid. Demonstrates and explains use of installedequipment and production processes. Arranges forinstallation and test-operation of machinery andrecommends solutions to product-related problems.

Contacts current and potential customers, visitsestablishments to evaluate needs, and promotes saleof products and services. SKILLS—OperationsAnalysis; Persuasion; Negotiation; EquipmentSelection; Instructing; Active Listening; Speaking;Reading Comprehension.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities;Sales and Related Workers, All Other; Sales Repre-sentatives, Agricultural; Sales Representatives,Chemical and Pharmaceutical; Sales Representa-tives, Electrical/Electronic; Sales Representatives,Instruments; Sales Representatives, Medical; SalesRepresentatives, Services, All Other; Sales Represen-tatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technicaland Scientific Products; Securities, Commodities,and Financial Services Sales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Selling Skills and SalesOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Mathematics;Economics and Accounting; Design; Telecommuni-cations; Engineering and Technology.

Sales Representatives,Medical) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 44,000

) Annual Earnings: $57,120

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

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Sell medical equipment, products, and services.Does not include pharmaceutical sales representa-tives. Promotes sale of medical and dental equip-ment, supplies, and services to doctors, dentists,hospitals, medical schools, and retail establishments.Writes specifications to order custom-made surgicalappliances, using customer measurements andphysician prescriptions. Advises customer regardingoffice layout, legal and insurance regulations, costanalysis, and collection methods. Designs and fabri-cates custom-made medical appliances. Selects sur-gical appliances from stock and fits and sellsappliance to customer. Studies data describing newproducts to accurately recommend purchase ofequipment and supplies. SKILLS—TechnologyDesign; Persuasion; Negotiation; Operations Analy-sis; Active Listening; Writing; Speaking; ServiceOrientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.02. Sales Technology. Other Jobsin This Work Group: Advertising Sales Agents;Insurance Sales Agents; Sales Agents, Financial Ser-vices; Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities;Sales and Related Workers, All Other; Sales Repre-sentatives, Agricultural; Sales Representatives,Chemical and Pharmaceutical; Sales Representa-tives, Electrical/Electronic; Sales Representatives,Instruments; Sales Representatives, MechanicalEquipment and Supplies; Sales Representatives, Ser-vices, All Other; Sales Representatives, Wholesaleand Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Prod-ucts; Securities, Commodities, and Financial Ser-vices Sales Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Selling Skills and SalesOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Design; Mathe-matics; Economics and Accounting; Engineeringand Technology; Medicine and Dentistry.

Sales Representatives,Wholesale andManufacturing, ExceptTechnical and ScientificProducts) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 19.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 160,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,860

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 4.6%

) Part-Time: 8.1%

Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers tobusinesses or groups of individuals. Work requiressubstantial knowledge of items sold. Answer cus-tomers’ questions about products, prices, availabili-ty, product uses, and credit terms. Arrange anddirect delivery and installation of products andequipment. Contact regular and prospective cus-tomers to demonstrate products, explain productfeatures, and solicit orders. Estimate or quote prices,credit or contract terms, warranties, and deliverydates. Forward orders to manufacturers. Identifyprospective customers by using business directories,following leads from existing clients, participatingin organizations and clubs, and attending tradeshows and conferences. Monitor market conditions,product innovations, and competitors’ products,prices, and sales. Negotiate details of contracts andpayments, and prepare sales contracts and orderforms. Prepare drawings, estimates, and bids thatmeet specific customer needs. Provide customerswith product samples and catalogs. Recommendproducts to customers, based on customers’ needsand interests. Buy products from manufacturers orbrokerage firms, and distribute them to wholesale

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and retail clients. Check stock levels and reordermerchandise as necessary. Consult with clients aftersales or contract signings in order to resolve prob-lems and to provide ongoing support. Negotiatewith retail merchants to improve product exposuresuch as shelf positioning and advertising. Obtaincredit information about prospective customers.Perform administrative duties, such as preparingsales budgets and reports, keeping sales records, andfiling expense account reports. Plan, assemble, andstock product displays in retail stores, or make rec-ommendations to retailers regarding product dis-plays, promotional programs, and advertising. Traincustomers’ employees to operate and maintain newequipment. SKILLS—Negotiation; Managementof Material Resources; Persuasion; Service Orienta-tion; Speaking; Social Perceptiveness; Instructing;Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 10. Sales and Marketing.Work Group: 10.03. General Sales. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Parts Salespersons; Real EstateBrokers; Real Estate Sales Agents; Retail Salesper-sons; Sales and Related Workers, All Other; ServiceStation Attendants; Stock Clerks, Sales Floor; Trav-el Agents.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Apparel and Accessories Marketing Operations;Business, Management, Marketing, and RelatedSupport Services, Other; Fashion Merchandising;General Merchandising, Sales, and Related Market-ing Operations, Other; Sales, Distribution, andMarketing Operations, General; Special ProductsMarketing Operations; Specialized Merchandising,Sales, and Related Marketing Operations, Other.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Salesand Marketing; Customer and Personal Service;Communications and Media; Transportation; Eco-nomics and Accounting; Psychology.

Storage andDistribution Managers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 19.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 13,000

) Annual Earnings: $63,590

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 1.1%

) Part-Time: 2.4%

Plan, direct, and coordinate the storage and distri-bution operations within an organization or theactivities of organizations that are engaged in stor-ing and distributing materials and products.Supervise the activities of workers engaged in receiv-ing, storing, testing, and shipping products or mate-rials. Plan, develop, and implement warehousesafety and security programs and activities. Reviewinvoices, work orders, consumption reports, anddemand forecasts in order to estimate peak deliveryperiods and to issue work assignments. Scheduleand monitor air or surface pickup, delivery, or dis-tribution of products or materials. Interview, select,and train warehouse and supervisory personnel.Confer with department heads to coordinate ware-house activities, such as production, sales, recordscontrol, and purchasing. Respond to customers’ orshippers’ questions and complaints regarding stor-age and distribution services. Inspect physical con-ditions of warehouses, vehicle fleets and equipment,and order testing, maintenance, repair, or replace-ment as necessary. Develop and document standardand emergency operating procedures for receiving,handling, storing, shipping, or salvaging products ormaterials. Examine products or materials in order toestimate quantities or weight and type of containerrequired for storage or transport. Negotiate withcarriers, warehouse operators and insurance compa-ny representatives for services and preferential rates.Issue shipping instructions and provide routing

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information to ensure that delivery times and loca-tions are coordinated. Examine invoices and ship-ping manifests for conformity to tariff and customsregulations. Prepare and manage departmentalbudgets. Prepare or direct preparation of correspon-dence, reports, and operations, maintenance, andsafety manuals. Arrange for necessary shipping doc-umentation, and contact customs officials in orderto effect release of shipments. Advise sales andbilling departments of transportation charges forcustomers’ accounts. Evaluate freight costs and theinventory costs associated with transit times in orderto ensure that costs are appropriate. Participate insetting transportation and service rates. Track andtrace goods while they are en route to their destina-tions, expediting orders when necessary. SKILLS—Management of Personnel Resources; OperationsAnalysis; Monitoring; Persuasion; Service Orienta-tion; Management of Material Resources; SocialPerceptiveness; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Managers, Branch or Depart-ment; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers; Gov-ernment Service Executives; Human ResourcesManagers; Human Resources Managers, All Other;Legislators; Managers, All Other; Postmasters andMail Superintendents; Private Sector Executives;Property, Real Estate, and Community AssociationManagers; Public Relations Managers; PurchasingManagers; Training and Development Managers;Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Man-agers; Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief FinancialOfficers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Tech-nology, General; Aviation/Airway Management and

Operations; Business Administration and Manage-ment, General; Business/Commerce, General;Logistics and Materials Management; PublicAdministration. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service;Administration and Management; Sales and Mar-keting; Personnel and Human Resources; Educationand Training; Production and Processing.

Training andDevelopment Managers) Personality Code: ES

) Growth: 19.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 21,000

) Annual Earnings: $68,800

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 3.7%

Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and devel-opment activities and staff of an organization.Conduct orientation sessions and arrange on-the-job training for new hires. Evaluate instructor per-formance and the effectiveness of training programs,providing recommendations for improvement.Develop testing and evaluation procedures. Con-duct or arrange for ongoing technical training andpersonal development classes for staff members.Confer with management and conduct surveys toidentify training needs based on projected produc-tion processes, changes, and other factors. Developand organize training manuals, multimedia visualaids, and other educational materials. Plan, develop,and provide training and staff development pro-grams, using knowledge of the effectiveness ofmethods such as classroom training, demonstra-tions, on-the-job training, meetings, conferences,and workshops. Analyze training needs to develop

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new training programs or modify and improve exist-ing programs. Review and evaluate training andapprenticeship programs for compliance with gov-ernment standards. Train instructors and supervi-sors in techniques and skills for training and dealingwith employees. Coordinate established courseswith technical and professional courses provided bycommunity schools and designate training proce-dures. Prepare training budget for department ororganization. SKILLS—Management of PersonnelResources; Management of Financial Resources;Learning Strategies; Negotiation; Instructing; Ser-vice Orientation; Social Perceptiveness; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Managers, Branch or Depart-ment; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers; Gov-ernment Service Executives; Human ResourcesManagers; Human Resources Managers, All Other;Legislators; Managers, All Other; Postmasters andMail Superintendents; Private Sector Executives;Property, Real Estate, and Community AssociationManagers; Public Relations Managers; PurchasingManagers; Storage and Distribution Managers;Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Man-agers; Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief FinancialOfficers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Human Resources Development; HumanResources Management/Personnel Administration,General. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Clerical Studies; Personnel and HumanResources; Administration and Management; Edu-cation and Training; Psychology; Computers andElectronics.

TransportationManagers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 19.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 13,000

) Annual Earnings: $63,590

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 1.1%

) Part-Time: 2.4%

Plan, direct, and coordinate the transportationoperations within an organization or the activitiesof organizations that provide transportation servic-es. Direct activities related to dispatching, routing,and tracking transportation vehicles, such as aircraftand railroad cars. Plan, organize and manage thework of subordinate staff to ensure that the work isaccomplished in a manner consistent with organiza-tional requirements. Direct investigations to verifyand resolve customer or shipper complaints. Serve ascontact persons for all workers within assigned ter-ritories. Implement schedule and policy changes.Collaborate with other managers and staff membersin order to formulate and implement policies, pro-cedures, goals, and objectives. Monitor operationsto ensure that staff members comply with adminis-trative policies and procedures, safety rules, unioncontracts, and government regulations. Promotesafe work activities by conducting safety audits,attending company safety meetings, and meetingwith individual staff members. Develop criteria,application instructions, procedural manuals, andcontracts for federal and state public transportationprograms. Monitor spending to ensure that expens-es are consistent with approved budgets. Direct andcoordinate, through subordinates, activities of oper-ations department in order to obtain use of equip-ment, facilities, and human resources. Directactivities of staff performing repairs and mainte-nance to equipment, vehicles, and facilities. Con-

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duct investigations in cooperation with governmentagencies to determine causes of transportation acci-dents and to improve safety procedures. Analyzeexpenditures and other financial information inorder to develop plans, policies, and budgets forincreasing profits and improving services. Negotiateand authorize contracts with equipment and mate-rials suppliers, and monitor contract fulfillment.Supervise workers assigning tariff classifications andpreparing billing. Set operations policies and stan-dards, including determination of safety proceduresfor the handling of dangerous goods. Recommendor authorize capital expenditures for acquisition ofnew equipment or property in order to increase effi-ciency and services of operations department. Pre-pare management recommendations, such asproposed fee and tariff increases or schedulechanges. SKILLS—Negotiation; Time Manage-ment; Coordination; Instructing; Monitoring; Crit-ical Thinking; Management of Financial Resources;Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 07. Transportation. WorkGroup: 07.01. Managerial Work in Transportation.Other Jobs in This Work Group: First-Line Super-visors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators; RailroadConductors and Yardmasters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Tech-nology, General; Aviation/Airway Management andOperations; Business Administration and Manage-ment, General; Business/Commerce, General;Logistics and Materials Management; PublicAdministration. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Customer and Per-sonal Service; Clerical Studies; Sales and Marketing;Administration and Management; Psychology.

Treasurers, Controllers,and Chief FinancialOfficers) Personality Code: EC

) Growth: 18.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 71,000

) Annual Earnings: $77,300

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 4.8%

Plan, direct, and coordinate the financial activitiesof an organization at the highest level of manage-ment. Includes financial reserve officers. Coordi-nate and direct the financial planning, budgeting,procurement, or investment activities of all or partof an organization. Develop internal control poli-cies, guidelines, and procedures for activities such asbudget administration, cash and credit manage-ment, and accounting. Prepare or direct preparationof financial statements, business activity reports,financial position forecasts, annual budgets, and/orreports required by regulatory agencies. Advise man-agement on short-term and long-term financialobjectives, policies, and actions. Analyze the finan-cial details of past, present, and expected operationsin order to identify development opportunities andareas where improvement is needed. Delegateauthority for the receipt, disbursement, banking,protection, and custody of funds, securities, andfinancial instruments. Evaluate needs for procure-ment of funds and investment of surpluses, andmake appropriate recommendations. Lead stafftraining and development in budgeting and finan-cial management areas. Maintain current knowledgeof organizational policies and procedures, federaland state policies and directives, and currentaccounting standards. Supervise employees per-

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forming financial reporting, accounting, billing,collections, payroll, and budgeting duties. Conductor coordinate audits of company accounts andfinancial transactions to ensure compliance withstate and federal requirements and statutes. Developand maintain relationships with banking, insurance,and non-organizational accounting personnel inorder to facilitate financial activities. Monitor andevaluate the performance of accounting and otherfinancial staff; recommend and implement person-nel actions such as promotions and dismissals.Monitor financial activities and details such asreserve levels to ensure that all legal and regulatoryrequirements are met. Perform tax planning work.Provide direction and assistance to other organiza-tional units regarding accounting and budgetingpolicies and procedures, and efficient control andutilization of financial resources. Receive and recordrequests for disbursements; authorize disbursementsin accordance with policies and procedures.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Systems Analysis; Systems Evaluation; Judgmentand Decision Making; Complex Problem Solving;Mathematics; Management of Personnel Resources;Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.01. General Man-

agement Work and Management of Support Func-tions. Other Jobs in This Work Group: BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Chief Executives;Compensation and Benefits Managers; Farm,Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers; FinancialManagers; Financial Managers, Branch or Depart-ment; Financial Specialists, All Other; FuneralDirectors; General and Operations Managers; Gov-ernment Service Executives; Human ResourcesManagers; Human Resources Managers, All Other;Legislators; Managers, All Other; Postmasters andMail Superintendents; Private Sector Executives;Property, Real Estate, and Community AssociationManagers; Public Relations Managers; PurchasingManagers; Storage and Distribution Managers;Training and Development Managers; Transporta-tion, Storage, and Distribution Managers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting and Business/Management; Account-ing and Finance; Credit Management; Finance andFinancial Management Services, Other; Finance,General; International Finance; Public Finance.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Eco-nomics and Accounting; Administration and Man-agement; Law and Government; Mathematics;English Language; Personnel and HumanResources.

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Conventional Jobs

Accountants) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 119,000

) Annual Earnings: $49,060

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 10.6%

) Part-Time: 8.8%

Analyze financial information and prepare finan-cial reports to determine or maintain record ofassets, liabilities, profit and loss, tax liability, orother financial activities within an organization.Prepare, examine, and analyze accounting records,financial statements, and other financial reports toassess accuracy, completeness, and conformance toreporting and procedural standards. Compute taxesowed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliancewith payment, reporting, and other tax require-ments. Analyze business operations, trends, costs,revenues, financial commitments, and obligationsto project future revenues and expenses or to pro-vide advice. Report to management regarding thefinances of establishment. Establish tables ofaccounts and assign entries to proper accounts.Develop, maintain, and analyze budgets, preparingperiodic reports that compare budgeted costs toactual costs. Develop, implement, modify, and doc-ument record-keeping and accounting systems,making use of current computer technology. Pre-pare forms and manuals for accounting and book-keeping personnel and direct their work activities.Survey operations to ascertain accounting needs andto recommend, develop, and maintain solutions tobusiness and financial problems. Work as InternalRevenue Service agents. Advise management about

issues such as resource utilization, tax strategies, andthe assumptions underlying budget forecasts. Pro-vide internal and external auditing services for busi-nesses and individuals. Advise clients in areas such ascompensation, employee health care benefits, thedesign of accounting and data processing systems,and long-range tax and estate plans. Investigatebankruptcies and other complex financial transac-tions and prepare reports summarizing the findings.Represent clients before taxing authorities and pro-vide support during litigation involving financialissues. Appraise, evaluate, and inventory real prop-erty and equipment, recording information such asthe property’s description, value, and location.Maintain and examine the records of governmentagencies. SKILLS—Management of FinancialResources; Systems Evaluation; Systems Analysis;Operations Analysis; Judgment and Decision Mak-ing; Time Management; Monitoring; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants and Auditors; Appraisers and Assessors of RealEstate; Appraisers, Real Estate; Assessors; Auditors;Budget Analysts; Business Operations Specialists,All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Inves-tigators; Claims Examiners, Property and CasualtyInsurance; Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analy-sis Specialists; Cost Estimators; Credit Analysts;Employment Interviewers, Private or PublicEmployment Service; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting; Accounting and Business/Manage-ment; Accounting and Computer Science;Accounting and Finance; Auditing; Taxation.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Eco-nomics and Accounting; Clerical Studies; Mathe-matics; Law and Government; Customer andPersonal Service; Computers and Electronics.

Actuaries) Personality Code: CI

) Growth: 14.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $72,520

) Education/Training Required: Work experience plus degree

) Self-Employed: 1.4%

) Part-Time: 6.4%

Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident,sickness, disability, and retirement rates and con-struct probability tables to forecast risk and liabili-ty for payment of future benefits. May ascertainpremium rates required and cash reserves necessaryto ensure payment of future benefits. Ascertain pre-mium rates required and cash reserves and liabilitiesnecessary to ensure payment of future benefits. Ana-lyze statistical information to estimate mortality,accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates.Design, review, and help administer insurance,annuity and pension plans, determining financialsoundness and calculating premiums. Collaboratewith programmers, underwriters, accounts, claimsexperts, and senior management to help companiesdevelop plans for new lines of business or improvingexisting business. Determine or help determine com-pany policy, and explain complex technical mattersto company executives, government officials, share-holders, policyholders, and/or the public. Testifybefore public agencies on proposed legislation affect-

ing businesses. Provide advice to clients on a contractbasis, working as a consultant. Testify in court asexpert witness or to provide legal evidence on mat-ters such as the value of potential lifetime earnings ofa person who is disabled or killed in an accident.Construct probability tables for events such as fires,natural disasters, and unemployment, based onanalysis of statistical data and other pertinent infor-mation. Determine policy contract provisions foreach type of insurance. SKILLS—Mathematics;Programming; Active Learning; Complex ProblemSolving; Critical Thinking; Operations Analysis;Monitoring; Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.06. Mathematics andComputers. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other;Mathematical Technicians; Mathematicians; Opera-tions Research Analysts; Statistical Assistants; Statis-ticians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Actuarial Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Mathematics; Economics andAccounting; Computers and Electronics; Sales andMarketing; English Language; Personnel andHuman Resources.

Adjustment Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 24.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 419,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,500

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.5%

) Part-Time: 14.8%

Investigate and resolve customers’ inquiries con-cerning merchandise, service, billing, or credit rat-

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ing. Examine pertinent information to determineaccuracy of customers’ complaints and responsibil-ity for errors. Notify customers and appropriatepersonnel of findings, adjustments, and recom-mendations, such as exchange of merchandise,refund of money, credit to customers’ accounts, oradjustment to customers’ bills. Reviews claimsadjustments with dealer, examines parts claimed tobe defective and approves or disapproves of dealer’sclaim. Notifies customer and designated personnelof findings and recommendations, such as exchang-ing merchandise or refunding money, or adjustmentof bill. Examines weather conditions, number ofdays in billing period, and reviews meter accountsfor errors which might explain high utility charges.Writes work order. Prepares reports showing vol-ume, types, and disposition of claims handled.Compares merchandise with original requisitionand information on invoice and prepares invoice forreturned goods. Orders tests to detect product mal-function and determines if defect resulted fromfaulty construction. Trains dealers or service person-nel in construction of products, service operations,and customer service. SKILLS—Instructing; Speak-ing; Writing; Service Orientation; Active Listening;Persuasion; Negotiation; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Bill and Account Collectors;Cashiers; Counter and Rental Clerks; CustomerService Representatives; Customer Service Repre-sentatives, Utilities; Gaming Cage Workers; Gam-ing Change Persons and Booth Cashiers; NewAccounts Clerks; Order Clerks; Receptionists andInformation Clerks; Tellers; Travel Clerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Customer Service Support/Call Center/TeleserviceOperation; Receptionist. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Economics and Accounting;Clerical Studies; Education and Training; Customerand Personal Service.

Air Traffic Controllers) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 12.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $96,260

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 3.6%

Control air traffic on and within vicinity of airportand movement of air traffic between altitude sec-tors and control centers according to establishedprocedures and policies. Authorize, regulate, andcontrol commercial airline flights according togovernment or company regulations to expediteand ensure flight safety. Analyze factors such asweather reports, fuel requirements, and maps inorder to determine air routes. Check conditions andtraffic at different altitudes in response to pilots’requests for altitude changes. Conduct pre-flightbriefings on weather conditions, suggested routes,altitudes, indications of turbulence, and other flightsafety information. Contact pilots by radio to pro-vide meteorological, navigational, and other infor-mation. Determine the timing and procedures forflight vector changes. Direct ground traffic, includ-ing taxiing aircraft, maintenance and baggage vehi-cles, and airport workers. Direct pilots to runwayswhen space is available, or direct them to maintaina traffic pattern until there is space for them to land.Inform pilots about nearby planes as well as poten-tially hazardous conditions such as weather, speedand direction of wind, and visibility problems. Issuelanding and take-off authorizations and instruc-tions. Maintain radio and telephone contact withadjacent control towers, terminal control units, andother area control centers in order to coordinate air-craft movement. Monitor aircraft within a specificairspace, using radar, computer equipment, andvisual references. Monitor and direct the movement

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of aircraft within an assigned air space and on theground at airports to minimize delays and maximizesafety. Organize flight plans and traffic managementplans to prepare for planes about to enter assignedairspace. Provide flight path changes or directions toemergency landing fields for pilots traveling in badweather or in emergency situations. Compile infor-mation about flights from flight plans, pilot reports,radar, and observations. Relay to control centerssuch air traffic information as courses, altitudes, andexpected arrival times. Transfer control of departingflights to traffic control centers and accept control ofarriving flights. Complete daily activity reports andkeep records of messages from aircraft. Initiate andcoordinate searches for missing aircraft. Inspect,adjust, and control radio equipment and airportlights. Review records and reports for clarity andcompleteness, and maintain records and reports asrequired under federal law. SKILLS—Operationand Control; Operation Monitoring; Active Listen-ing; Coordination; Critical Thinking; Active Learn-ing; Troubleshooting; Judgment and DecisionMaking; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 07. Transportation. WorkGroup: 07.02. Vehicle Expediting and Coordinat-ing. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AirfieldOperations Specialists; Railroad Brake, Signal, andSwitch Operators; Traffic Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—AirTraffic Controller. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Physics; Telecommu-nications; Geography; Computers and Electronics;Clerical Studies.

Assessors) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 17.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $43,610

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 34.8%

) Part-Time: 8.9%

Appraise real and personal property to determineits fair value. May assess taxes in accordance withprescribed schedules. Determine taxability andvalue of properties, using methods such as fieldinspection, structural measurement, calculation,sales analysis, market trend studies, and income andexpense analysis. Inspect new construction andmajor improvements to existing structures in orderto determine values. Explain assessed values to prop-erty owners and defend appealed assessments atpublic hearings. Inspect properties, considering fac-tors such as market value, location, and building orreplacement costs to determine appraisal value. Pre-pare and maintain current data on each parcelassessed, including maps of boundaries, inventoriesof land and structures, property characteristics, andany applicable exemptions. Identify the ownershipof each piece of taxable property. Conduct regularreviews of property within jurisdictions in order todetermine changes in property due to constructionor demolition. Complete and maintain assessmentrolls that show the assessed values and status of allproperty in a municipality. Issue notices of assess-ments and taxes. Review information about trans-fers of property to ensure its accuracy, checkingbasic information on buyers, sellers, and sales pricesand making corrections as necessary. Maintainfamiliarity with aspects of local real estate markets.Analyze trends in sales prices, construction costs,and rents, in order to assess property values and/ordetermine the accuracy of assessments. Approveapplications for property tax exemptions or deduc-

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tions. Establish uniform and equitable systems forassessing all classes and kinds of property. Write andsubmit appraisal and tax reports for public record.Serve on assessment review boards. Hire staff mem-bers. Provide sales analyses to be used for equaliza-tion of school aid. Calculate tax bills for propertiesby multiplying assessed values by jurisdiction taxrates. SKILLS—Negotiation; Social Perceptiveness;Persuasion; Mathematics; Active Listening; Speak-ing; Service Orientation; Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Auditors; Budget Analysts; Business OperationsSpecialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners,and Investigators; Claims Examiners, Property andCasualty Insurance; Compensation, Benefits, andJob Analysis Specialists; Cost Estimators; CreditAnalysts; Employment Interviewers, Private or Pub-lic Employment Service; Employment, Recruit-ment, and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Real Estate. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Customer and Personal Service; ClericalStudies; Building and Construction; Law and Gov-ernment; Mathematics; Computers and Electronics.

Audio and VideoEquipment Technicians) Personality Code: CS

) Growth: 26.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 5,000

) Annual Earnings: $30,810

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 9.1%

) Part-Time: 12.5%

Set up or set up and operate audio and videoequipment including microphones, sound speak-ers, video screens, projectors, video monitors,recording equipment, connecting wires and cables,sound and mixing boards, and related electronicequipment for concerts, sports events, meetingsand conventions, presentations, and news confer-ences. May also set up and operate associated spot-lights and other custom lighting systems. Notifysupervisors when major equipment repairs are need-ed. Monitor incoming and outgoing pictures andsound feeds to ensure quality, and notify directors ofany possible problems. Mix and regulate soundinputs and feeds, or coordinate audio feeds with tel-evision pictures. Install, adjust, and operate elec-tronic equipment used to record, edit, and transmitradio and television programs, cable programs, andmotion pictures. Design layouts of audio and videoequipment, and perform upgrades and mainte-nance. Perform minor repairs and routine cleaningof audio and video equipment. Diagnose andresolve media system problems in classrooms.Switch sources of video input from one camera orstudio to another, from film to live programming,or from network to local programming. Meet withdirectors and senior members of camera crews todiscuss assignments and determine filmingsequences, camera movements, and picture compo-sition. Construct and position properties, sets, light-ing equipment, and other equipment. Compress,

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digitize, duplicate, and store audio and video data.Obtain, set up, and load videotapes for scheduledproductions or broadcasts. Edit videotapes by eras-ing and removing portions of programs and addingvideo and/or sound as required. Direct and coordi-nate activities of assistants and other personnel dur-ing production. Plan and develop pre-productionideas into outlines, scripts, story boards, and graph-ics, using own ideas or specifications of assignments.Maintain inventories of audio and video tapes andrelated supplies. Determine formats, approaches,content, levels, and mediums to effectively meetobjectives within budgetary constraints, utilizingresearch, knowledge, and training. Record and editaudio material such as movie soundtracks, usingaudio recording and editing equipment. Informusers of audio and videotaping service policies andprocedures. Obtain and preview musical perform-ance programs prior to events in order to becomefamiliar with the order and approximate times ofpieces. Produce rough and finished graphics andgraphic designs. Locate and secure settings, proper-ties, effects, and other production necessities.SKILLS—Troubleshooting; Installation; Equip-ment Maintenance; Operation and Control; ServiceOrientation; Operation Monitoring; Repairing;Technology Design; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 01. Arts, Entertainment, andMedia. Work Group: 01.08. Media Technology.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Broadcast Tech-nicians; Camera Operators, Television, Video, andMotion Picture; Film and Video Editors; Media andCommunication Equipment Workers, All Other;Photographers; Professional Photographers; RadioOperators; Sound Engineering Technicians.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Agricultural Communication/Journalism; Photo-graphic and Film/Video Technology/Technicianand Assistant; Recording Arts Technology/Techni-cian. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Computers and Electronics; Telecommunications;Engineering and Technology; Communications andMedia; Mechanical Devices; Customer and Person-al Service.

Audio-Visual CollectionsSpecialists) Personality Code: CS

) Growth: 16.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 2,000

) Annual Earnings: $32,590

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 3.1%

) Part-Time: 16.5%

Prepare, plan, and operate audio-visual teachingaids for use in education. May record, catalogue,and file audio-visual materials. Set up, adjust, andoperate audiovisual equipment such as cameras, filmand slide projectors, and recording equipment, formeetings, events, classes, seminars and video confer-ences. Offer presentations and workshops on therole of multimedia in effective presentations. Attendconventions and conferences, read trade journals,and communicate with industry insiders in order tokeep abreast of industry developments. Instructusers in the selection, use, and design of audiovisualmaterials, and assist them in the preparation ofinstructional materials and the rehearsal of presenta-tions. Maintain hardware and software, includingcomputers, scanners, color copiers, and color laserprinters. Confer with teachers in order to selectcourse materials and to determine which trainingaids are best suited to particular grade levels. Per-form simple maintenance tasks such as cleaningmonitors and lenses and changing batteries andlight bulbs. Develop manuals, texts, workbooks, orrelated materials for use in conjunction with pro-duction materials. Direct and coordinate activitiesof assistants and other personnel during production.Determine formats, approaches, content, levels, andmediums necessary to meet production objectiveseffectively and within budgetary constraints.Acquire, catalog, and maintain collections of audio-visual material such as films, video- and audio-tapes,

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photographs, and software programs. Narrate pre-sentations and productions. Construct and positionproperties, sets, lighting equipment, and otherequipment. Develop preproduction ideas and incor-porate them into outlines, scripts, story boards, andgraphics. SKILLS—Troubleshooting; Instructing;Technology Design; Installation; Equipment Selec-tion; Operations Analysis; Writing; Active Learning.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Business Teachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Child Care Workers; Communi-cations Teachers, Postsecondary; Computer ScienceTeachers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; EducationTeachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Assistants, Clerical; Library Sci-ence Teachers, Postsecondary; Library Technicians;Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary;

Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Voca-tional Education; Museum Technicians and Conser-vators; Nannies; Nursing Instructors and Teachers,Postsecondary; Personal Financial Advisors; Philoso-phy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary; PhysicsTeachers, Postsecondary; Political Science Teachers,Postsecondary; Postsecondary Teachers, All Other;Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education; Psy-chology Teachers, Postsecondary; Recreation andFitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary; SecondarySchool Teachers, Except Special and VocationalEducation; Self-Enrichment Education Teachers;Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other;Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary; SociologyTeachers, Postsecondary; Special Education Teach-ers, Middle School; Special Education Teachers,Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School;Special Education Teachers, Secondary School;Teacher Assistants; Teachers and Instructors, AllOther; Vocational Education Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Vocational Education Teachers, MiddleSchool; Vocational Education Teachers, SecondarySchool.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Education and Training; Customerand Personal Service; Communications and Media;Computers and Electronics; Telecommunications;Clerical Studies.

Auditors) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 19.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 119,000

) Annual Earnings: $49,060

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 10.6%

) Part-Time: 8.8%

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Examine and analyze accounting records to deter-mine financial status of establishment and preparefinancial reports concerning operating procedures.Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls,duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-com-pliance with laws, regulations, and managementpolicies. Report to management about asset utiliza-tion and audit results, and recommend changes inoperations and financial activities. Prepare detailedreports on audit findings. Review data about materi-al assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus,income, and expenditures. Inspect account booksand accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness,and use of accepted accounting procedures to recordtransactions. Examine and evaluate financial andinformation systems, recommending controls toensure system reliability and data integrity. Superviseauditing of establishments, and determine scope ofinvestigation required. Prepare, analyze, and verifyannual reports, financial statements, and otherrecords, using accepted accounting and statisticalprocedures to assess financial condition and facilitatefinancial planning. Confer with company officialsabout financial and regulatory matters. Inspect cashon hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiablesecurities, and canceled checks to confirm records areaccurate. Examine inventory to verify journal andledger entries. Examine whether the organization’sobjectives are reflected in its management activities,and whether employees understand the objectives.Examine records and interview workers to ensurerecording of transactions and compliance with lawsand regulations. Direct activities of personnelengaged in filing, recording, compiling and trans-mitting financial records. Produce up-to-the-minuteinformation, using internal computer systems, toallow management to base decisions on actual, nothistorical, data. Conduct pre-implementation auditsto determine if systems and programs under devel-opment will work as planned. SKILLS—Manage-ment of Financial Resources; Time Management;Instructing; Negotiation; Service Orientation; Writ-ing; Critical Thinking; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Management andSupport. Work Group: 13.02. Management Sup-port. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accountants;

Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers and Assessorsof Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate; Assessors;Budget Analysts; Business Operations Specialists, AllOther; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investiga-tors; Claims Examiners, Property and CasualtyInsurance; Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analy-sis Specialists; Cost Estimators; Credit Analysts;Employment Interviewers, Private or PublicEmployment Service; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting; Accounting and Business/Manage-ment; Accounting and Computer Science;Accounting and Finance; Auditing; Taxation.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Eco-nomics and Accounting; Customer and PersonalService; Mathematics; Sales and Marketing; Lawand Government; Computers and Electronics.

Bill and AccountCollectors) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 24.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 76,000

) Annual Earnings: $27,000

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.9%

) Part-Time: 11.3%

__________________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Bill and Account Collectors

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Locate and notify customers of delinquentaccounts by mail, telephone, or personal visit tosolicit payment. Duties include receiving paymentand posting amount to customer’s account; prepar-ing statements to credit department if customerfails to respond; initiating repossession proceed-ings or service disconnection; keeping records ofcollection and status of accounts. Receive paymentsand post amounts paid to customer accounts.Locate and monitor overdue accounts, using com-puters and a variety of automated systems. Recordinformation about financial status of customers andstatus of collection efforts. Locate and notify cus-tomers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone,or personal visits in order to solicit payment. Con-fer with customers by telephone or in person todetermine reasons for overdue payments and toreview the terms of sales, service, or credit contracts.Advise customers of necessary actions and strategiesfor debt repayment. Persuade customers to payamounts due on credit accounts, damage claims, ornonpayable checks, or to return merchandise. Sortand file correspondence, and perform miscellaneousclerical duties such as answering correspondenceand writing reports. Perform various administrativefunctions for assigned accounts, such as recordingaddress changes and purging the records of deceasedcustomers. Arrange for debt repayment or establishrepayment schedules, based on customers’ financialsituations. Negotiate credit extensions when neces-sary. Trace delinquent customers to new addressesby inquiring at post offices, telephone companies,credit bureaus, or through the questioning of neigh-bors. Notify credit departments, order merchandiserepossession or service disconnection, and turn overaccount records to attorneys when customers fail torespond to collection attempts. SKILLS—SocialPerceptiveness; Time Management; Management ofFinancial Resources; Service Orientation; Persua-sion; Management of Personnel Resources; Speak-ing; Instructing; Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Adjustment Clerks; Cashiers;

Counter and Rental Clerks; Customer Service Rep-resentatives; Customer Service Representatives,Utilities; Gaming Cage Workers; Gaming ChangePersons and Booth Cashiers; New Accounts Clerks;Order Clerks; Receptionists and InformationClerks; Tellers; Travel Clerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Banking and Financial Support Services. RE-LATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—ClericalStudies; Customer and Personal Service; Computersand Electronics; Law and Government; Economicsand Accounting; Personnel and Human Resources.

Billing, Cost, and RateClerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 7.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 78,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,290

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 2.2%

) Part-Time: 16.1%

Compile data, compute fees and charges, and pre-pare invoices for billing purposes. Duties includecomputing costs and calculating rates for goods,services, and shipment of goods; posting data; andkeeping other relevant records. May involve use ofcomputer or typewriter, calculator, and adding andbookkeeping machines. Verify accuracy of billingdata and revise any errors. Operate typing, adding,calculating, and billing machines. Prepare itemizedstatements, bills, or invoices; and record amountsdue for items purchased or services rendered.Review documents such as purchase orders, salestickets, charge slips, or hospital records in order tocompute fees and charges due. Perform bookkeep-ing work, including posting data and keeping other

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records concerning costs of goods and services andthe shipment of goods. Keep records of invoices andsupport documents. Resolve discrepancies inaccounting records. Type billing documents, ship-ping labels, credit memorandums, and credit forms,using typewriters or computers. Contact customersin order to obtain or relay account information.Compute credit terms, discounts, shipment charges,and rates for goods and services in order to completebilling documents. Answer mail and telephoneinquiries regarding rates, routing, and procedures.Track accumulated hours and dollar amountscharged to each client job in order to calculate clientfees for professional services such as legal andaccounting services. Review compiled data on oper-ating costs and revenues in order to set rates. Com-pile reports of cost factors, such as labor,production, storage, and equipment. Consultsources such as rate books, manuals, and insurancecompany representatives in order to determine spe-cific charges and information such as rules, regula-tions, and government tax and tariff information.Update manuals when rates, rules, or regulations areamended. Estimate market value of products orservices. SKILLS—Instructing; Service Orienta-tion; Active Listening; Social Perceptiveness; Writ-ing; Reading Comprehension; Negotiation;Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.03. Bookkeeping, Auditing, andAccounting. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators;Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks;Brokerage Clerks; Office and Administrative Sup-port Workers, All Other; Payroll and TimekeepingClerks; Statement Clerks; Tax Preparers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeep-ing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Computers and Electronics;Customer and Personal Service; Economics andAccounting; English Language; Mathematics.

Billing, Posting, andCalculating MachineOperators) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 7.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 78,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,290

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 2.2%

) Part-Time: 16.1%

Operate machines that automatically performmathematical processes, such as addition, subtrac-tion, multiplication, and division, to calculate andrecord billing, accounting, statistical, and othernumerical data. Duties include operating specialbilling machines to prepare statements, bills, andinvoices, and operating bookkeeping machines tocopy and post data, make computations, and com-pile records of transactions. Assign purchase ordernumbers to invoices, requisitions, and formal andinformal bids. Bundle sorted documents to preparethose drawn on other banks for collection. Cleanmachines, and replace ribbons, film, and tape. Com-pile, code, and verify requisition, production, statis-tical, mileage, and other reports which requirespecialized knowledge in selecting the totals used.Compute and record inventory data from audiotranscription, using transcribing machines and cal-culators. Maintain ledgers and registers, postingcharges and refunds to individual funds, and com-puting and verifying balances. Prepare transmittalreports for changes to assessment and tax rolls,redemption file changes, and for warrants, deposits,and invoices. Sort and list items for proof or collec-tion. Train other calculating machine operators, andreview their work. Verify and post to ledgers pur-chase orders, reports of goods received, invoices, paidvouchers, and other information. Operate book-

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keeping machines to copy and post data, make com-putations, and compile records of transactions. Bal-ance and reconcile batch control totals with sourcedocuments or computer listings in order to locateerrors, encode correct amounts, or prepare correctionrecords. Compute monies due on personal and realproperty, inventories, redemption payments andother amounts, applying specialized knowledge oftax rates, formulas, interest rates, and other relevantinformation. Compute payroll and retirementamounts, applying knowledge of payroll deductions,actuarial tables, disability factors, and survivorallowances. Encode and add amounts of transactiondocuments, such as checks or money orders, usingencoding machines. Enter into machines all infor-mation needed for bill generation. Observe opera-tion of sorters to locate documents that machinescannot read, and manually record amounts of thesedocuments. Reconcile and post receipts for cashreceived by various departments. Send completedbills to billing clerks for information verification.Sort and microfilm transaction documents, such aschecks, using sorting machines. Transcribe data fromoffice records, using specified forms, billingmachines, and transcribing machines. SKILLS—Mathematics; Management of Financial Resources;Operation and Control; Operation Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.09. Clerical Machine Operation. OtherJobs in This Work Group: Automatic TellerMachine Servicers; Computer Operators; DataEntry Keyers; Duplicating Machine Operators;Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, ExceptPostal Service; Mail Machine Operators, Prepara-tion and Handling; Office and Administrative Sup-port Workers, All Other; Office MachineOperators, Except Computer; Postal Service Clerks;Typesetting and Composing Machine Operatorsand Tenders; Word Processors and Typists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeep-ing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Economics and Accounting;Computers and Electronics; Mathematics.

Bookkeeping,Accounting, andAuditing Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 3.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 274,000

) Annual Earnings: $27,760

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 7.9%

) Part-Time: 25.0%

Compute, classify, and record numerical data tokeep financial records complete. Perform any com-bination of routine calculating, posting, and veri-fying duties to obtain primary financial data foruse in maintaining accounting records. May alsocheck the accuracy of figures, calculations, andpostings pertaining to business transactionsrecorded by other workers. Check figures, postings,and documents for correct entry, mathematicalaccuracy, and proper codes. Operate computers pro-grammed with accounting software to record, store,and analyze information. Comply with federal,state, and company policies, procedures, and regula-tions. Debit, credit, and total accounts on comput-er spreadsheets and databases, using specializedaccounting software. Classify, record, and summa-rize numerical and financial data in order to compileand keep financial records, using journals andledgers or computers. Calculate, prepare, and issuebills, invoices, account statements, and other finan-cial statements according to established procedures.Compile statistical, financial, accounting or audit-ing reports and tables pertaining to such matters ascash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable andreceivable, and profits and losses. Code documentsaccording to company procedures. Access comput-erized financial information to answer general ques-tions as well as those related to specific accounts.

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Operate 10-key calculators, typewriters, and copymachines to perform calculations and produce doc-uments. Reconcile or note and report discrepanciesfound in records. Perform financial calculationssuch as amounts due, interest charges, balances, dis-counts, equity, and principal. Perform general officeduties such as filing, answering telephones, and han-dling routine correspondence. Prepare bankdeposits by compiling data from cashiers, verifyingand balancing receipts, and sending cash, checks, orother forms of payment to banks. Receive, record,and bank cash, checks, and vouchers. Calculate andprepare checks for utilities, taxes, and other pay-ments. Compare computer printouts to manuallymaintained journals in order to determine if theymatch. Reconcile records of bank transactions. Pre-pare trial balances of books. Monitor status of loansand accounts to ensure that payments are up todate. Transfer details from separate journals to gen-eral ledgers and/or data processing sheets. Compilebudget data and documents, based on estimatedrevenues and expenses and previous budgets.SKILLS—Management of Financial Resources;Time Management; Instructing; Critical Thinking;Negotiation; Active Learning; Persuasion; Mathe-matics; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.03. Bookkeeping, Auditing, andAccounting. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators;Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks; Brokerage Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks; StatementClerks; Tax Preparers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting and Related Services, Other; Account-ing Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cleri-cal Studies; Economics and Accounting; Computersand Electronics; Mathematics; Customer and Per-sonal Service; English Language.

Budget Analysts) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 14.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $54,520

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 4.7%

Examine budget estimates for completeness, accu-racy, and conformance with procedures and regu-lations. Analyze budgeting and accounting reportsfor the purpose of maintaining expenditure con-trols. Analyze monthly department budgeting andaccounting reports to maintain expenditure con-trols. Direct the preparation of regular and specialbudget reports. Consult with managers to ensurethat budget adjustments are made in accordancewith program changes. Match appropriations forspecific programs with appropriations for broaderprograms, including items for emergency funds.Provide advice and technical assistance with costanalysis, fiscal allocation, and budget preparation.Summarize budgets and submit recommendationsfor the approval or disapproval of funds requests.Seek new ways to improve efficiency and increaseprofits. Review operating budgets to analyze trendsaffecting budget needs. Examine budget estimatesfor completeness, accuracy, and conformance withprocedures and regulations. Perform cost-benefitsanalyses to compare operating programs, reviewfinancial requests, and explore alternative financingmethods. Interpret budget directives and establishpolicies for carrying out directives. Compile andanalyze accounting records and other data to deter-mine the financial resources required to implementa program. Testify before examining and fund-granting authorities, clarifying and promoting theproposed budgets. SKILLS—Management ofFinancial Resources; Operations Analysis; Mathe-

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matics; Service Orientation; Negotiation; TimeManagement; Active Learning; Monitoring.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Business Operations Specialists,All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Inves-tigators; Claims Examiners, Property and CasualtyInsurance; Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analy-sis Specialists; Cost Estimators; Credit Analysts;Employment Interviewers, Private or PublicEmployment Service; Employment, Recruitment,and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting; Finance, General. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Economics andAccounting; Administration and Management;Clerical Studies; Computers and Electronics; Math-ematics; English Language.

Cargo and FreightAgents) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 15.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 8,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,990

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.1%

) Part-Time: 5.5%

Expedite and route movement of incoming andoutgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline,train, and trucking terminals, and shipping docks.Take orders from customers and arrange pickup offreight and cargo for delivery to loading platform.Prepare and examine bills of lading to determineshipping charges and tariffs. Advise clients ontransportation and payment methods. Arrangeinsurance coverage for goods. Check import/exportdocumentation to determine cargo contents, andclassify goods into different fee or tariff groups,using a tariff coding system. Contact vendors and/orclaims adjustment departments in order to resolveproblems with shipments, or contact service depotsto arrange for repairs. Determine method of ship-ment, and prepare bills of lading, invoices, andother shipping documents. Direct delivery trucks toshipping doors or designated marshalling areas, andhelp load and unload goods safely. Direct or partic-ipate in cargo loading in order to ensure complete-ness of load and even distribution of weight. Entershipping information into a computer by hand orby using a hand-held scanner that reads bar codeson goods. Estimate freight or postal rates, andrecord shipment costs and weights. Inspect andcount items received and check them against invoic-es or other documents, recording shortages andrejecting damaged goods. Keep records of all goodsshipped, received, and stored. Negotiate and arrangetransport of goods with shipping or freight compa-

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nies. Notify consignees, passengers, or customers ofthe arrival of freight or baggage, and arrange fordelivery. Retrieve stored items and trace lost ship-ments as necessary. Route received goods to firstavailable flight or to appropriate storage areas ordepartments, using forklifts, handtrucks, or otherequipment. Assemble containers and crates used totransport items such as machines or vehicles. Attachaddress labels, identification codes, and shippinginstructions to containers. Coordinate and superviseactivities of workers engaged in packing and ship-ping merchandise. Inspect trucks and vans to ensurecleanliness when shipping such items as grain, flour,and milk. Install straps, braces, and padding to loadsin order to prevent shifting or damage during ship-ment. Maintain a supply of packing materials.Obtain flight numbers, airplane numbers, andnames of crew members from dispatchers andrecord data on airplane flight papers. Open cargocontainers and unwrap contents, using steel cutters,crowbars, or other hand tools. SKILLS—ServiceOrientation; Operation and Control; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.08. Records and Materials Processing.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Couriers andMessengers; Mail Clerks, Except Mail MachineOperators and Postal Service; Marking Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Order Fillers, Wholesale and Retail Sales;Postal Service Mail Carriers; Postal Service MailSorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Opera-tors; Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks; StockClerks and Order Fillers; Stock Clerks—Stockroom,Warehouse, or Storage Yard; Weighers, Measurers,Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Trans-portation; Geography; Clerical Studies; Telecom-munications; Customer and Personal Service.

Cartographers andPhotogrammetrists) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 15.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 1,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,170

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 3.3%

) Part-Time: 7.7%

Collect, analyze, and interpret geographic infor-mation provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photo-graphs, and satellite data. Research, study, andprepare maps and other spatial data in digital orgraphic form for legal, social, political, education-al, and design purposes. May work with Geo-graphic Information Systems (GIS). May designand evaluate algorithms, data structures, and userinterfaces for GIS and mapping systems. Identify,scale, and orient geodetic points, elevations, andother planimetric or topographic features, applyingstandard mathematical formulas. Collect informa-tion about specific features of the Earth, using aeri-al photography and other digital remote sensingtechniques. Revise existing maps and charts, makingall necessary corrections and adjustments. Compiledata required for map preparation, including aerialphotographs, survey notes, records, reports, andoriginal maps. Inspect final compositions in order toensure completeness and accuracy. Determine mapcontent and layout, as well as production specifica-tions such as scale, size, projection, and colors, anddirect production in order to ensure that specifica-tions are followed. Examine and analyze data fromground surveys, reports, aerial photographs, andsatellite images in order to prepare topographicmaps, aerial-photograph mosaics, and related charts.Select aerial photographic and remote sensing tech-niques and plotting equipment needed to meetrequired standards of accuracy. Delineate aerial pho-

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tographic detail, such as control points, hydrogra-phy, topography, and cultural features, using preci-sion stereoplotting apparatus or draftinginstruments. Build and update digital databases.Prepare and alter trace maps, charts, tables, detaileddrawings, and three-dimensional optical models ofterrain, using stereoscopic plotting and computergraphics equipment. Determine guidelines thatspecify which source material is acceptable for use.Study legal records in order to establish boundariesof local, national, and international properties. Trav-el over photographed areas in order to observe, iden-tify, record, and verify all relevant features.SKILLS—Active Learning; Technology Design;Science; Mathematics; Troubleshooting; CriticalThinking; Reading Comprehension; ComplexProblem Solving.

GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Cal-ibration and Instrumentation Technicians; CivilDrafters; Civil Engineering Technicians; Construc-tion and Building Inspectors; Drafters, All Other;Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians;Electrical and Electronics Drafters; ElectricalDrafters; Electrical Engineering Technicians; Elec-tro-Mechanical Technicians; Electronic Drafters;Electronics Engineering Technicians; EngineeringTechnicians, Except Drafters, All Other; Environ-mental Engineering Technicians; Industrial Engi-neering Technicians; Mapping Technicians;Mechanical Drafters; Mechanical Engineering Tech-nicians; Numerical Tool and Process Control Pro-grammers; Pressure Vessel Inspectors; Surveying andMapping Technicians; Surveying Technicians; Sur-veyors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cartography; Surveying Technology/Surveying.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Geog-raphy; Design; Computers and Electronics; Engi-neering and Technology; Mathematics; Productionand Processing.

Cashiers) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 13.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 1,221,000

) Annual Earnings: $15,760

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.0%

) Part-Time: 44.8%

Receive and disburse money in establishmentsother than financial institutions. Usually involvesuse of electronic scanners, cash registers, or relatedequipment. Often involved in processing credit ordebit card transactions and validating checks.Receive payment by cash, check, credit cards,vouchers, or automatic debits. Issue receipts,refunds, credits, or change due to customers. Countmoney in cash drawers at the beginning of shifts toensure that amounts are correct and that there isadequate change. Greet customers entering estab-lishments. Maintain clean and orderly checkoutareas. Establish or identify prices of goods, servicesor admission, and tabulate bills using calculators,cash registers, or optical price scanners. Issue tradingstamps, and redeem food stamps and coupons.Resolve customer complaints. Answer customers’questions, and provide information on proceduresor policies. Cash checks for customers. Weigh itemssold by weight in order to determine prices. Calcu-late total payments received during a time period,and reconcile this with total sales. Compute andrecord totals of transactions. Sell tickets and otheritems to customers. Keep periodic balance sheets ofamounts and numbers of transactions. Bag, box,wrap, or gift-wrap merchandise, and prepare pack-ages for shipment. Sort, count, and wrap currencyand coins. Process merchandise returns andexchanges. Pay company bills by cash, vouchers, orchecks. Request information or assistance using pag-ing systems. Stock shelves, and mark prices onshelves and items. Compile and maintain non-mon-

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etary reports and records. Monitor checkout sta-tions to ensure that they have adequate cash avail-able and that they are staffed appropriately. Postcharges against guests’ or patients’ accounts. Offercustomers carry-out service at the completion oftransactions. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness; Ser-vice Orientation; Learning Strategies; Managementof Personnel Resources; Instructing; Negotiation;Persuasion; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Adjustment Clerks; Bill andAccount Collectors; Counter and Rental Clerks;Customer Service Representatives; Customer Ser-vice Representatives, Utilities; Gaming Cage Work-ers; Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers;New Accounts Clerks; Order Clerks; Receptionistsand Information Clerks; Tellers; Travel Clerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Retailing and Retail Operations. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Education and Training; Foreign Lan-guage; English Language; Administration andManagement; Mathematics.

Claims Examiners,Property and CasualtyInsurance) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 14.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 31,000

) Annual Earnings: $44,040

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.9%

) Part-Time: 4.9%

Review settled insurance claims to determine thatpayments and settlements have been made inaccordance with company practices and proce-dures. Report overpayments, underpayments, andother irregularities. Confer with legal counsel onclaims requiring litigation. Resolve complex, severeexposure claims, using high service oriented filehandling. Supervise claims adjusters to ensure thatadjusters have followed proper methods. Verify andanalyze data used in settling claims to ensure thatclaims are valid and that settlements are madeaccording to company practices and procedures.Conduct detailed bill reviews to implement soundlitigation management and expense control. Enterclaim payments, reserves and new claims on com-puter system, inputting concise yet sufficient filedocumentation. Maintain claim files, such asrecords of settled claims and an inventory of claimsrequiring detailed analysis. Prepare reports to besubmitted to company’s data processing depart-ment. Adjust reserves and provide reserve recom-mendations to ensure reserving activities consistentwith corporate policies. Communicate with reinsur-ance brokers to obtain information necessary forprocessing claims. Confer with legal counsel onclaims requiring litigation. Contact and/or inter-view claimants, doctors, medical specialists, oremployers to get additional information. Examineclaims investigated by insurance adjusters, furtherinvestigating questionable claims to determinewhether to authorize payments. Investigate, evaluateand settle claims, applying technical knowledge andhuman relations skills to effect fair and prompt dis-posal of cases and to contribute to a reduced lossratio. Pay and process claims within designatedauthority level. Present cases and participate in theirdiscussion at claim committee meetings. Reportoverpayments, underpayments, and other irregular-ities. SKILLS—Mathematics; Reading Compre-hension; Writing; Judgment and Decision Making;Monitoring; Critical Thinking; Systems Evaluation;Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. Management

______________________________Conventional Jobs: Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty Insurance

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Support. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Compensation, Bene-fits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estimators;Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers, Privateor Public Employment Service; Employment,Recruitment, and Placement Specialists; FinancialAnalysts; Human Resources, Training, and LaborRelations Specialists, All Other; InsuranceAdjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; InsuranceAppraisers, Auto Damage; Insurance Underwriters;Loan Counselors; Loan Officers; Logisticians; Man-agement Analysts; Market Research Analysts; Per-sonnel Recruiters; Purchasing Agents and Buyers,Farm Products; Purchasing Agents, Except Whole-sale, Retail, and Farm Products; Tax Examiners,Collectors, and Revenue Agents; Training andDevelopment Specialists; Wholesale and Retail Buy-ers, Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Health/Medical Claims Examiner; Insurance.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Lawand Government; Mathematics; Economics andAccounting; Communications and Media.

Construction andBuilding Inspectors) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 13.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $42,650

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 8.1%

) Part-Time: 5.9%

Inspect structures using engineering skills to deter-mine structural soundness and compliance withspecifications, building codes, and other regula-tions. Inspections may be general in nature or maybe limited to a specific area, such as electrical sys-tems or plumbing. Use survey instruments, meter-ing devices, tape measures, and test equipment, suchas concrete strength measurers, to perform inspec-tions. Inspect bridges, dams, highways, buildings,wiring, plumbing, electrical circuits, sewers, heatingsystems, and foundations during and after construc-tion for structural quality, general safety and confor-mance to specifications and codes. Maintain dailylogs and supplement inspection records with photo-graphs. Review and interpret plans, blueprints, sitelayouts, specifications, and construction methods toensure compliance to legal requirements and safetyregulations. Inspect and monitor construction sitesto ensure adherence to safety standards, buildingcodes, and specifications. Measure dimensions andverify level, alignment, and elevation of structuresand fixtures to ensure compliance to building plansand codes. Issue violation notices and stop-workorders, conferring with owners, violators, andauthorities to explain regulations and recommendrectifications. Issue permits for construction, reloca-tion, demolition and occupancy. Approve and signplans that meet required specifications. Computeestimates of work completed or of needed renova-tions or upgrades, and approve payment for con-tractors. Monitor installation of plumbing, wiring,equipment, and appliances to ensure that installa-tion is performed properly and is in compliancewith applicable regulations. Examine lifting andconveying devices, such as elevators, escalators,moving sidewalks, lifts and hoists, inclined railways,ski lifts, and amusement rides to ensure safety andproper functioning. Train, direct and superviseother construction inspectors. Evaluate premises forcleanliness, including proper garbage disposal andlack of vermin infestation. SKILLS—Persuasion;Time Management; Mathematics; Coordination;Active Learning; Instructing; Negotiation; CriticalThinking.

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GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Cal-ibration and Instrumentation Technicians;Cartographers and Photogrammetrists; CivilDrafters; Civil Engineering Technicians; Drafters,All Other; Electrical and Electronic EngineeringTechnicians; Electrical and Electronics Drafters;Electrical Drafters; Electrical Engineering Techni-cians; Electro-Mechanical Technicians; ElectronicDrafters; Electronics Engineering Technicians;Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, AllOther; Environmental Engineering Technicians;Industrial Engineering Technicians; Mapping Tech-nicians; Mechanical Drafters; Mechanical Engineer-ing Technicians; Numerical Tool and ProcessControl Programmers; Pressure Vessel Inspectors;Surveying and Mapping Technicians; SurveyingTechnicians; Surveyors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Building/Home/Construction Inspection/Inspector.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Build-ing and Construction; Design; Engineering andTechnology; Public Safety and Security; Customerand Personal Service; Administration and Manage-ment; Computers and Electronics.

Cost Estimators) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 18.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 25,000

) Annual Earnings: $48,290

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.7%

) Part-Time: 5.9%

Prepare cost estimates for product manufacturing,construction projects, or services to aid manage-ment in bidding on or determining price of prod-uct or service. May specialize according toparticular service performed or type of productmanufactured. Analyze blueprints and other docu-mentation to prepare time, cost, materials, andlabor estimates. Assess cost effectiveness of products,projects or services, tracking actual costs relative tobids as the project develops. Consult with clients,vendors, personnel in other departments or con-struction foremen to discuss and formulate esti-mates and resolve issues. Confer with engineers,architects, owners, contractors and subcontractorson changes and adjustments to cost estimates. Pre-pare estimates used by management for purposessuch as planning, organizing, and scheduling work.Prepare estimates for use in selecting vendors or sub-contractors. Review material and labor require-ments, to decide whether it is more cost-effective toproduce or purchase components. Prepare cost andexpenditure statements and other necessary docu-mentation at regular intervals for the duration of theproject. Prepare and maintain a directory of suppli-ers, contractors and subcontractors. Set up costmonitoring and reporting systems and procedures.Establish and maintain tendering process, and con-duct negotiations. Conduct special studies to devel-op and establish standard hour and related cost dataor to effect cost reduction. Visit site and recordinformation about access, drainage and topography,and availability of services such as water and elec-tricity. SKILLS—Management of FinancialResources; Negotiation; Coordination; Manage-ment of Personnel Resources; Persuasion; TimeManagement; Mathematics; Active Listening.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Management andSupport. Work Group: 13.02. Management Sup-port. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accountants;Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers and Assessorsof Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate; Assessors;Auditors; Budget Analysts; Business Operations Spe-cialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters, Examiners, andInvestigators; Claims Examiners, Property and Casu-

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alty Insurance; Compensation, Benefits, and JobAnalysis Specialists; Credit Analysts; EmploymentInterviewers, Private or Public Employment Service;Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Special-ists; Financial Analysts; Human Resources, Training,and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other; InsuranceAdjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; InsuranceAppraisers, Auto Damage; Insurance Underwriters;Loan Counselors; Loan Officers; Logisticians; Man-agement Analysts; Market Research Analysts; Per-sonnel Recruiters; Purchasing Agents and Buyers,Farm Products; Purchasing Agents, Except Whole-sale, Retail, and Farm Products; Tax Examiners, Col-lectors, and Revenue Agents; Training andDevelopment Specialists; Wholesale and Retail Buy-ers, Except Farm Products.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Business Administration and Management, General;Business/Commerce, General; Construction Engi-neering; Construction Engineering Technology/Technician; Manufacturing Engineering; MaterialsEngineering; Mechanical Engineering. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Administration andManagement; Sales and Marketing; Production andProcessing; Clerical Studies; Economics andAccounting; Personnel and Human Resources;Mathematics.

Counter and RentalClerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 26.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 144,000

) Annual Earnings: $17,640

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.3%

) Part-Time: 35.9%

Receive orders for repairs, rentals, and services.May describe available options, compute cost, andaccept payment. Compute charges for merchandiseor services and receive payments. Prepare merchan-dise for display, or for purchase or rental. Recom-mend and provide advice on a wide variety ofproducts and services. Answer telephones to provideinformation and receive orders. Greet customersand discuss the type, quality and quantity of mer-chandise sought for rental. Keep records of transac-tions, and of the number of customers entering anestablishment. Prepare rental forms, obtaining cus-tomer signature and other information, such asrequired licenses. Receive, examine, and tag articlesto be altered, cleaned, stored, or repaired. Inspectand adjust rental items to meet needs of customer.Explain rental fees, policies and procedures. Reserveitems for requested times and keep records of itemsrented. Receive orders for services, such as rentals,repairs, dry cleaning, and storage. Rent items,arrange for provision of services to customers andaccept returns. Provide information about rentalitems, such as availability, operation or description.Advise customers on use and care of merchandise.SKILLS—Instructing; Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Adjustment Clerks; Bill andAccount Collectors; Cashiers; Customer ServiceRepresentatives; Customer Service Representatives,Utilities; Gaming Cage Workers; Gaming ChangePersons and Booth Cashiers; New Accounts Clerks;Order Clerks; Receptionists and InformationClerks; Tellers; Travel Clerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Selling Skills and Sales Operations. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Administration andManagement; Food Production; Sales and Market-ing; Personnel and Human Resources; English Lan-guage; Clerical Studies; Mathematics.

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Court Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 12.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 14,000

) Annual Earnings: $27,450

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 2.6%

) Part-Time: 8.3%

Perform clerical duties in court of law; preparedocket of cases to be called; secure information forjudges; and contact witnesses, attorneys, and liti-gants to obtain information for court. Preparedockets or calendars of cases to be called, using type-writers or computers. Record case dispositions,court orders, and arrangements made for paymentof court fees. Answer inquiries from the generalpublic regarding judicial procedures, court appear-ances, trial dates, adjournments, outstanding war-rants, summonses, subpoenas, witness fees, andpayment of fines. Prepare and issue orders of thecourt, including probation orders, release documen-tation, sentencing information, and summonses.Prepare documents recording the outcomes of courtproceedings. Instruct parties about timing of courtappearances. Explain procedures or forms to partiesin cases or to the general public. Search files, andcontact witnesses, attorneys, and litigants, in orderto obtain information for the court. Follow proce-dures to secure courtrooms and exhibits such asmoney, drugs, and weapons. Amend indictmentswhen necessary, and endorse indictments with per-tinent information. Read charges and related infor-mation to the court and, if necessary, recorddefendants’ pleas. Swear in jury members, inter-preters, witnesses and defendants. Collect court feesor fines, and record amounts collected. Direct sup-port staff in handling of paperwork processed byclerks’ offices. Prepare and mark all applicable courtexhibits and evidence. Examine legal documentssubmitted to courts for adherence to laws or courtprocedures. Record court proceedings, using record-

ing equipment, or record minutes of court proceed-ings using stenotype machines or shorthand. Pre-pare courtrooms with paper, pens, water, easels, andelectronic equipment, and ensure that recordingequipment is working. Conduct roll calls, and polljurors. Open courts, calling them to order andannouncing judges. Meet with judges, lawyers,parole officers, police, and social agency officials inorder to coordinate the functions of the court.SKILLS—Instructing; Service Orientation; ActiveListening; Coordination; Critical Thinking; Learn-ing Strategies; Time Management; Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.02. Administrative Detail. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Claims Takers, UnemploymentBenefits; Court, Municipal, and License Clerks; Eli-gibility Interviewers, Government Programs; Execu-tive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants;Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan; Legal Sec-retaries; License Clerks; Loan Interviewers andClerks; Medical Secretaries; Municipal Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Exec-utive; Welfare Eligibility Workers and Interviewers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cleri-cal Studies; Customer and Personal Service; Lawand Government; Computers and Electronics; Eng-lish Language; Public Safety and Security.

Credit Analysts) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 18.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 9,000

) Annual Earnings: $45,020

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 4.1%

__________________________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Credit Analysts

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Analyze current credit data and financial state-ments of individuals or firms to determine thedegree of risk involved in extending credit or lend-ing money. Prepare reports with this credit infor-mation for use in decision-making. Analyze creditdata and financial statements to determine thedegree of risk involved in extending credit or lend-ing money. Prepare reports that include the degreeof risk involved in extending credit or lendingmoney. Evaluate customer records and recommendpayment plans based on earnings, savings data, pay-ment history, and purchase activity. Confer withcredit association and other business representativesto exchange credit information. Complete loanapplications, including credit analyses and sum-maries of loan requests, and submit to loan com-mittees for approval. Generate financial ratios, usingcomputer programs, to evaluate customers’ financialstatus. Review individual or commercial customerfiles to identify and select delinquent accounts forcollection. Compare liquidity, profitability, andcredit histories of establishments being evaluatedwith those of similar establishments in the sameindustries and geographic locations. Consult withcustomers to resolve complaints and verify financialand credit transactions. Analyze financial data suchas income growth, quality of management, andmarket share to determine expected profitability ofloans. SKILLS—Speaking; Negotiation; Writing;Instructing; Social Perceptiveness; Active Listening;Monitoring; Service Orientation; OperationsAnalysis; Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Employment Interviewers, Private or PublicEmployment Service; Employment, Recruitment,

and Placement Specialists; Financial Analysts;Human Resources, Training, and Labor RelationsSpecialists, All Other; Insurance Adjusters, Examin-ers, and Investigators; Insurance Appraisers, AutoDamage; Insurance Underwriters; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting; Credit Management; Finance, General.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Eco-nomics and Accounting; Clerical Studies; Mathe-matics; Customer and Personal Service;Administration and Management; English Lan-guage; Law and Government.

Customer ServiceRepresentatives,Utilities) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 24.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 419,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,500

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.5%

) Part-Time: 14.8%

Interview applicants for water, gas, electric, or tele-phone service. Talk with customer by phone or inperson and receive orders for installation, turn-on,discontinuance, or change in services. Determinescharges for service requested and collects deposits.

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Solicits sale of new or additional utility services.Resolves billing or service complaints and refersgrievances to designated departments for investiga-tion. Confers with customer by phone or in personto receive orders for installation, turn-on, discontin-uance, or change in service. Completes contractforms, prepares change of address records, and issuesdiscontinuance orders, using computer. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Active Listening; Speaking;Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Adjustment Clerks; Bill andAccount Collectors; Cashiers; Counter and RentalClerks; Customer Service Representatives; GamingCage Workers; Gaming Change Persons and BoothCashiers; New Accounts Clerks; Order Clerks;Receptionists and Information Clerks; Tellers; Trav-el Clerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Customer Service Support/Call Center/TeleserviceOperation; Receptionist. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Sales and Marketing; Cus-tomer and Personal Service; Economics andAccounting; Clerical Studies; Telecommunications.

Dispatchers, ExceptPolice, Fire, andAmbulance) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 14.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 28,000

) Annual Earnings: $30,390

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.6%

) Part-Time: 8.5%

Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equip-ment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materi-als, freight, or passengers, or for normalinstallation, service, or emergency repairs renderedoutside the place of business. Duties may includeusing radio, telephone, or computer to transmitassignments and compiling statistics and reportson work progress. Schedule and dispatch workers,work crews, equipment, or service vehicles to appro-priate locations according to customer requests,specifications, or needs, using radios or telephones.Arrange for necessary repairs in order to restore serv-ice and schedules. Relay work orders, messages, andinformation to or from work crews, supervisors, andfield inspectors using telephones or two-way radios.Confer with customers or supervising personnel inorder to address questions, problems, and requestsfor service or equipment. Prepare daily work andrun schedules. Receive or prepare work orders.Oversee all communications within specificallyassigned territories. Monitor personnel and/orequipment locations and utilization in order tocoordinate service and schedules. Record and main-tain files and records of customer requests, work orservices performed, charges, expenses, inventory,and other dispatch information. Determine types oramounts of equipment, vehicles, materials, or per-sonnel required according to work orders or specifi-cations. Advise personnel about traffic problemssuch as construction areas, accidents, congestion,weather conditions, and other hazards. Ensure time-ly and efficient movement of trains according totrain orders and schedules. Order supplies andequipment, and issue them to personnel. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Operations Analysis; Manage-ment of Personnel Resources; Critical Thinking;Learning Strategies; Instructing; Social Perceptive-ness; Troubleshooting; Time Management.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.06. Communications. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Central Office Operators; Com-munications Equipment Operators, All Other;Directory Assistance Operators; Police, Fire, andAmbulance Dispatchers; Switchboard Operators,Including Answering Service; Telephone Operators.

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EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Clerical Studies;Public Safety and Security; Customer and PersonalService; Computers and Electronics; Geography;Communications and Media.

Executive Secretariesand AdministrativeAssistants) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 8.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 210,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,080

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.6%

) Part-Time: 17.5%

Provide high-level administrative support by con-ducting research, preparing statistical reports, han-dling information requests, and performingclerical functions such as preparing correspon-dence, receiving visitors, arranging conferencecalls, and scheduling meetings. May also train andsupervise lower-level clerical staff. Manage andmaintain executives’ schedules. Prepare invoices,reports, memos, letters, financial statements andother documents, using word processing, spread-sheet, database, and/or presentation software. Readand analyze incoming memos, submissions, andreports in order to determine their significance andplan their distribution. Open, sort, and distributeincoming correspondence, including faxes andemail. File and retrieve corporate documents,records, and reports. Greet visitors and determinewhether they should be given access to specific indi-viduals. Prepare responses to correspondence con-

taining routine inquiries. Perform general officeduties such as ordering supplies, maintainingrecords management systems, and performing basicbookkeeping work. Prepare agendas and makearrangements for committee, board, and othermeetings. Make travel arrangements for executives.Conduct research, compile data, and prepare papersfor consideration and presentation by executives,committees and boards of directors. Compile, tran-scribe, and distribute minutes of meetings. Attendmeetings in order to record minutes. Coordinateand direct office services, such as records and budg-et preparation, personnel, and housekeeping, inorder to aid executives. Meet with individuals, spe-cial interest groups and others on behalf of execu-tives, committees and boards of directors. Set upand oversee administrative policies and proceduresfor offices and/or organizations. Supervise and trainother clerical staff. Review operating practices andprocedures in order to determine whether improve-ments can be made in areas such as workflow,reporting procedures, or expenditures. Interpretadministrative and operating policies and proce-dures for employees. SKILLS—Time Management;Active Listening; Writing; Speaking; Instructing;Service Orientation; Management of FinancialResources; Critical Thinking; Management ofMaterial Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.02. Administrative Detail. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Claims Takers, UnemploymentBenefits; Court Clerks; Court, Municipal, andLicense Clerks; Eligibility Interviewers, GovernmentPrograms; Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan;Legal Secretaries; License Clerks; Loan Interviewersand Clerks; Medical Secretaries; Municipal Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Exec-utive; Welfare Eligibility Workers and Interviewers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science,General; Executive Assistant/Executive Secretary;Medical Administrative/Executive Assistant andMedical Secretary. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/

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__________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks

COURSES—Clerical Studies; Customer and Per-sonal Service; English Language; Computers andElectronics; Communications and Media; Adminis-tration and Management; Personnel and HumanResources.

Freight Inspectors) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 7.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 5,000

) Annual Earnings: $49,590

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 3.2%

Inspect freight for proper storage according to spec-ifications. Inspects shipment to ascertain that freightis securely braced and blocked. Observes loading offreight to ensure that crews comply with procedures.Monitors temperature and humidity of freight stor-age area. Records freight condition and handling,and notifies crews to reload freight or insert addi-tional bracing or packing. Measures height andwidth of loads that will pass over bridges or throughtunnels. Notifies workers of special treatmentrequired for shipments. Prepares and submits reportafter trip. Posts warning signs on vehicles containingexplosives or inflammatory or radioactive materials.SKILLS—Writing; Mathematics; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 07. Transportation. WorkGroup: 07.08. Support Work. Other Jobs in ThisWork Group: Railroad Yard Workers; Stevedores,Except Equipment Operators; Train Crew Mem-bers; Transportation Inspectors; TransportationWorkers, All Other.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Transportation; Public Safety andSecurity; Production and Processing; Geography.

Hotel, Motel, andResort Desk Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 23.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 46,000

) Annual Earnings: $17,450

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 27.2%

Accommodate hotel, motel, and resort patrons byregistering and assigning rooms to guests, issuingroom keys, transmitting and receiving messages,keeping records of occupied rooms and guests’accounts, making and confirming reservations,and presenting statements to and collecting pay-ments from departing guests. Greet, register, andassign rooms to guests of hotels or motels. Verifycustomers’ credit, and establish how the customerwill pay for the accommodation. Keep records ofroom availability and guests’ accounts, manually orusing computers. Compute bills, collect payments,and make change for guests. Perform simple book-keeping activities, such as balancing cash accounts.Issue room keys and escort instructions to bellhops.Review accounts and charges with guests during thecheck out process. Post charges, such those forrooms, food, liquor, or telephone calls, to ledgersmanually, or by using computers. Transmit andreceive messages, using telephones or telephoneswitchboards. Contact housekeeping or mainte-nance staff when guests report problems. Make andconfirm reservations. Answer inquiries pertaining tohotel services, registration of guests, and shopping,dining, entertainment, and travel directions. Recordguest comments or complaints, referring customersto managers as necessary. Advise housekeeping staffwhen rooms have been vacated and are ready forcleaning. Arrange tours, taxis, and restaurants forcustomers. Deposit guests’ valuables in hotel safes or

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safe-deposit boxes. Date-stamp, sort, and rackincoming mail and messages. SKILLS—ServiceOrientation; Instructing; Critical Thinking; Learn-ing Strategies; Social Perceptiveness; Persuasion;Negotiation; Active Listening.

GOE—Interest Area: 11. Recreation, Travel, andOther Personal Services. Work Group: 11.03.Transportation and Lodging Services. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Baggage Porters and Bellhops;Concierges; Flight Attendants; Reservation andTransportation Ticket Agents; Reservation andTransportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks;Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Atten-dants and Baggage Porters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Selling Skills and Sales Operations. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Clerical Studies; Sales and Marketing;Computers and Electronics; Administration andManagement; Geography.

Human ResourcesAssistants, ExceptPayroll andTimekeeping) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 19.3%

) Annual Job Openings: 36,000

) Annual Earnings: $31,060

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 15.1%

Compile and keep personnel records. Record datafor each employee, such as address, weekly earn-

ings, absences, amount of sales or production,supervisory reports on ability, and date of and rea-son for termination. Compile and type reportsfrom employment records. File employmentrecords. Search employee files and furnish informa-tion to authorized persons. Explain company per-sonnel policies, benefits, and procedures toemployees or job applicants. Process, verify, andmaintain documentation relating to personnel activ-ities such as staffing, recruitment, training, griev-ances, performance evaluations, and classifications.Record data for each employee, including such infor-mation as addresses, weekly earnings, absences,amount of sales or production, supervisory reportson performance, and dates of and reasons for termi-nations. Process and review employment applica-tions in order to evaluate qualifications or eligibilityof applicants. Answer questions regarding examina-tions, eligibility, salaries, benefits, and other perti-nent information. Examine employee files to answerinquiries and provide information for personnelactions. Gather personnel records from other depart-ments and/or employees. Search employee files inorder to obtain information for authorized personsand organizations, such as credit bureaus and financecompanies. Interview job applicants to obtain andverify information used to screen and evaluate them.Request information from law enforcement officials,previous employers, and other references in order todetermine applicants’ employment acceptability.Compile and prepare reports and documents per-taining to personnel activities. Inform job applicantsof their acceptance or rejection of employment.Select applicants meeting specified job requirementsand refer them to hiring personnel. Arrange for in-house and external training activities. Arrange foradvertising or posting of job vacancies, and notifyeligible workers of position availability. Provide assis-tance in administering employee benefit programsand worker’s compensation plans. Prepare badges,passes, and identification cards, and perform othersecurity-related duties. Administer and score appli-cant and employee aptitude, personality, and interestassessment instruments. SKILLS—Active Listening;

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Social Perceptiveness; Time Management; Manage-ment of Personnel Resources; Service Orientation;Instructing; Writing; Critical Thinking.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.07. Records Processing. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Correspondence Clerks; CourtReporters; Credit Authorizers; Credit Authorizers,Checkers, and Clerks; Credit Checkers; File Clerks;Information and Record Clerks, All Other; Insur-ance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks; InsuranceClaims Clerks; Insurance Policy Processing Clerks;Medical Records and Health Information Techni-cians; Medical Transcriptionists; Office and Admin-istrative Support Workers, All Other; Office Clerks,General; Procurement Clerks; Proofreaders andCopy Markers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—ClericalStudies; Personnel and Human Resources; Customerand Personal Service; Computers and Electronics;Education and Training; English Language.

Immigration andCustoms Inspectors) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 22.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,390

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.5%

Investigate and inspect persons, common carriers,goods, and merchandise, arriving in or departingfrom the United States or between states to detectviolations of immigration and customs laws and

regulations. Investigate applications for dutyrefunds, and petition for remission or mitigation ofpenalties when warranted. Locate and seize contra-band, undeclared merchandise, and vehicles, air-craft, or boats that contain such merchandise.Record and report job-related activities, findings,transactions, violations, discrepancies, and deci-sions. Collect samples of merchandise for examina-tion, appraisal, or testing. Institute civil andcriminal prosecutions, and cooperate with other lawenforcement agencies in the investigation and pros-ecution of those in violation of immigration or cus-toms laws. Testify regarding decisions atimmigration appeals or in federal court. Detain per-sons found to be in violation of customs or immi-gration laws, and arrange for legal action such asdeportation. Determine duty and taxes to be paidon goods. Examine immigration applications, visas,and passports, and interview persons in order todetermine eligibility for admission, residence, andtravel in U.S. Inspect cargo, baggage, and personalarticles entering or leaving U.S. for compliance withrevenue laws and U.S. Customs Service regulations.Interpret and explain laws and regulations to travel-ers, prospective immigrants, shippers, and manufac-turers. SKILLS—Writing; Speaking; Negotiation;Judgment and Decision Making; Systems Analysis.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Highway PatrolPilots; Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreation-al Protective Service Workers; Parking EnforcementWorkers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers; PoliceDetectives; Police Identification and Records Offi-cers; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectives andInvestigators; Protective Service Workers, All Other;

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Security Guards; Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs; Tran-sit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Law and Government; Geography;Public Safety and Security; Foreign Language;Transportation; Communications and Media.

Insurance Claims Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 3.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 41,000

) Annual Earnings: $28,520

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 10.3%

Obtain information from insured or designatedpersons for purpose of settling claim with insur-ance carrier. Apply insurance rating systems. Calcu-late amount of claim. Contact insured or otherinvolved persons to obtain missing information.Post or attach information to claim file. Prepare andreview insurance-claim forms and related docu-ments for completeness. Provide customer service,such as giving limited instructions on how to pro-ceed with claims or providing referrals to auto repairfacilities or local contractors. Review insurance pol-icy to determine coverage. Transmit claims for pay-ment or further investigation. Organize and workwith detailed office or warehouse records, usingcomputers to enter, access, search and retrieve data.Pay small claims. SKILLS—Speaking; Active Lis-tening; Reading Comprehension; Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.07. Records Processing. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Correspondence Clerks; CourtReporters; Credit Authorizers; Credit Authorizers,Checkers, and Clerks; Credit Checkers; File Clerks;Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll andTimekeeping; Information and Record Clerks, AllOther; Insurance Claims and Policy ProcessingClerks; Insurance Policy Processing Clerks; MedicalRecords and Health Information Technicians; Med-ical Transcriptionists; Office and AdministrativeSupport Workers, All Other; Office Clerks, Gener-al; Procurement Clerks; Proofreaders and CopyMarkers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cleri-cal Studies; Law and Government; Economics andAccounting; Telecommunications; Geography;Mathematics.

Insurance PolicyProcessing Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 3.6%

) Annual Job Openings: 41,000

) Annual Earnings: $28,520

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.3%

) Part-Time: 10.3%

Process applications for, changes to, reinstatementof, and cancellation of insurance policies. Dutiesinclude reviewing insurance applications to ensurethat all questions have been answered, compilingdata on insurance policy changes, changing policyrecords to conform to insured party’s specifica-

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tions, compiling data on lapsed insurance policiesto determine automatic reinstatement according tocompany policies, canceling insurance policies asrequested by agents, and verifying the accuracy ofinsurance company records. Modify, update, andprocess existing policies and claims to reflect anychange in beneficiary, amount of coverage, or typeof insurance. Process and record new insurance poli-cies and claims. Review and verify data, such as age,name, address, and principal sum and value of prop-erty on insurance applications and policies. Orga-nize and work with detailed office or warehouserecords, maintaining files for each policyholder,including policies that are to be reinstated or can-celled. Examine letters from policyholders or agents,original insurance applications, and other companydocuments to determine if changes are needed andeffects of changes. Correspond with insured or agentto obtain information or inform them account sta-tus or changes. Transcribe data to worksheets andenter data into computer for use in preparing docu-ments and adjusting accounts. Notify insuranceagent and accounting department of policy cancel-lation. Interview clients and take their calls in orderto provide customer service and obtain informationon claims. Compare information from applicationto criteria for policy reinstatement and approve rein-statement when criteria are met. Process, prepare,and submit business or government forms, such assubmitting applications for coverage to insurancecarriers. Collect initial premiums and issue receipts.Calculate premiums, refunds, commissions, adjust-ments, and new reserve requirements, using insur-ance rate standards. Obtain computer printout ofpolicy cancellations or retrieve cancellation cardsfrom file. Compose business correspondence forsupervisors, managers and professionals. Checkcomputations of interest accrued, premiums due,and settlement surrender on loan values. SKILLS—Critical Thinking; Social Perceptiveness; LearningStrategies; Service Orientation; Instructing; ActiveLearning; Coordination; Reading Comprehension.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.07. Records Processing. Other Jobs in

This Work Group: Correspondence Clerks; CourtReporters; Credit Authorizers; Credit Authorizers,Checkers, and Clerks; Credit Checkers; File Clerks;Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll andTimekeeping; Information and Record Clerks, AllOther; Insurance Claims and Policy ProcessingClerks; Insurance Claims Clerks; Medical Recordsand Health Information Technicians; Medical Tran-scriptionists; Office and Administrative SupportWorkers, All Other; Office Clerks, General; Pro-curement Clerks; Proofreaders and Copy Markers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cleri-cal Studies; Customer and Personal Service; Com-puters and Electronics; Sales and Marketing;Economics and Accounting; Production and Pro-cessing.

Insurance Underwriters) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 10.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 12,000

) Annual Earnings: $47,330

) Education/Training Required: Bachelor’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.0%

) Part-Time: 4.5%

Review individual applications for insurance toevaluate degree of risk involved and determineacceptance of applications. Examine documents todetermine degree of risk from such factors as appli-cant financial standing and value and condition ofproperty. Decline excessive risks. Write to field rep-resentatives, medical personnel, and others to obtainfurther information, quote rates, or explain compa-ny underwriting policies. Evaluate possibility oflosses due to catastrophe or excessive insurance.

____________________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Insurance Underwriters

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Decrease value of policy when risk is substandardand specify applicable endorsements or apply ratingto ensure safe profitable distribution of risks, usingreference materials. Review company records todetermine amount of insurance in force on singlerisk or group of closely related risks. Authorize rein-surance of policy when risk is high. SKILLS—Ser-vice Orientation; Writing; Active Learning;Learning Strategies; Persuasion; Active Listening;Monitoring; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 13. General Managementand Support. Work Group: 13.02. ManagementSupport. Other Jobs in This Work Group: Accoun-tants; Accountants and Auditors; Appraisers andAssessors of Real Estate; Appraisers, Real Estate;Assessors; Auditors; Budget Analysts; BusinessOperations Specialists, All Other; Claims Adjusters,Examiners, and Investigators; Claims Examiners,Property and Casualty Insurance; Compensation,Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists; Cost Estima-tors; Credit Analysts; Employment Interviewers,Private or Public Employment Service; Employ-ment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists;Financial Analysts; Human Resources, Training,and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other; Insur-ance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators; Insur-ance Appraisers, Auto Damage; Loan Counselors;Loan Officers; Logisticians; Management Analysts;Market Research Analysts; Personnel Recruiters;Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products; Pur-chasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and FarmProducts; Tax Examiners, Collectors, and RevenueAgents; Training and Development Specialists;Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Prod-ucts.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Insurance. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURS-ES—Customer and Personal Service; ClericalStudies; Sales and Marketing; Economics andAccounting; Computers and Electronics; Law andGovernment.

Interviewers, ExceptEligibility and Loan) Personality Code: CS

) Growth: 28.0%

) Annual Job Openings: 46,000

) Annual Earnings: $22,590

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.7%

) Part-Time: 30.4%

Interview persons by telephone, by mail, in per-son, or by other means for the purpose of com-pleting forms, applications, or questionnaires. Askspecific questions, record answers, and assist per-sons with completing form. May sort, classify, andfile forms. Ask questions in accordance withinstructions to obtain various specified information,such as person’s name, address, age, religious prefer-ence, and state of residency. Identify and resolveinconsistencies in interviewees’ responses by meansof appropriate questioning and/or explanation.Compile, record and code results and data frominterview or survey, using computer or specifiedform. Review data obtained from interview forcompleteness and accuracy. Contact individuals tobe interviewed at home, place of business, or fieldlocation, by telephone, mail, or in person. Assistindividuals in filling out applications or question-naires. Ensure payment for services by verifyingbenefits with the person’s insurance provider orworking out financing options. Identify and reportproblems in obtaining valid data. Explain surveyobjectives and procedures to interviewees, and inter-pret survey questions to help interviewees’ compre-hension. Perform patient services, such as answeringthe telephone and assisting patients with financialand medical questions. Prepare reports to provideanswers in response to specific problems. Locate andlist addresses and households. Perform other officeduties as needed, such as telemarketing and cus-

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tomer service inquiries, billing patients and receiv-ing payments. Meet with supervisor daily to submitcompleted assignments and discuss progress. Collectand analyze data, such as studying old records, tally-ing the number of outpatients entering each day orweek, or participating in federal, state, or local pop-ulation surveys as a Census Enumerator. SKILLS—Service Orientation; Social Perceptiveness;Speaking; Persuasion; Active Listening; Negotia-tion; Learning Strategies; Writing; Critical Think-ing.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.02. Administrative Detail. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Claims Takers, UnemploymentBenefits; Court Clerks; Court, Municipal, andLicense Clerks; Eligibility Interviewers, Govern-ment Programs; Executive Secretaries and Adminis-trative Assistants; Legal Secretaries; License Clerks;Loan Interviewers and Clerks; Medical Secretaries;Municipal Clerks; Office and Administrative Sup-port Workers, All Other; Secretaries, Except Legal,Medical, and Executive; Welfare Eligibility Workersand Interviewers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Receptionist. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service;Therapy and Counseling; Sales and Marketing;Education and Training; Psychology; Philosophyand Theology.

Legal Secretaries) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 18.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $35,660

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 1.7%

) Part-Time: 17.5%

Perform secretarial duties utilizing legal terminol-ogy, procedures, and documents. Prepare legalpapers and correspondence, such as summonses,complaints, motions, and subpoenas. May alsoassist with legal research. Prepare and process legaldocuments and papers, such as summonses, sub-poenas, complaints, appeals, motions, and pretrialagreements. Mail, fax, or arrange for delivery of legalcorrespondence to clients, witnesses, and court offi-cials. Receive and place telephone calls. Scheduleand make appointments. Make photocopies of cor-respondence, document, and other printed matter.Organize and maintain law libraries and documentand case files. Assist attorneys in collecting informa-tion such as employment, medical, and otherrecords. Attend legal meetings, such as client inter-views, hearings, or depositions, and take notes.Draft and type office memos. Review legal publica-tions and perform data base searches to identify lawsand court decisions relevant to pending cases. Sub-mit articles and information from searches to attor-neys for review and approval for use. Completevarious forms, such as accident reports, trial andcourtroom requests, and applications for clients.SKILLS—Time Management; Writing; Social Per-ceptiveness; Reading Comprehension; Negotiation;Learning Strategies; Persuasion; Active Learning;Instructing.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.02. Administrative Detail. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Claims Takers, UnemploymentBenefits; Court Clerks; Court, Municipal, andLicense Clerks; Eligibility Interviewers, Govern-ment Programs; Executive Secretaries and Adminis-trative Assistants; Interviewers, Except Eligibilityand Loan; License Clerks; Loan Interviewers andClerks; Medical Secretaries; Municipal Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Exec-utive; Welfare Eligibility Workers and Interviewers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Legal Administrative Assistant/Secretary. RE-LATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—ClericalStudies; Law and Government; Customer and Per-

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sonal Service; Economics and Accounting; Com-puters and Electronics; English Language.

Library Assistants,Clerical) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 21.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 27,000

) Annual Earnings: $19,930

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.1%

) Part-Time: 50.4%

Compile records, sort and shelve books, and issueand receive library materials such as pictures,cards, slides and microfilm. Locate library materi-als for loan and replace material in shelving area,stacks, or files according to identification numberand title. Register patrons to permit them to bor-row books, periodicals, and other library materials.Lend and collect books, periodicals, videotapes, andother materials at circulation desks. Enter andupdate patrons’ records on computers. Process newmaterials including books, audiovisual materials,and computer software. Sort books, publications,and other items according to established procedureand return them to shelves, files, or other designat-ed storage areas. Locate library materials for patrons,including books, periodicals, tape cassettes, Braillevolumes, and pictures. Instruct patrons on how touse reference sources, card catalogs, and automatedinformation systems. Inspect returned books forcondition and due-date status, and compute anyapplicable fines. Answer routine inquiries, and referpatrons in need of professional assistance to librari-ans. Maintain records of items received, stored,issued, and returned, and file catalog cards accord-ing to system used. Perform clerical activities such asfiling, typing, word processing, photocopying and

mailing out material, and mail sorting. Provideassistance to librarians in the maintenance of collec-tions of books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers,and audiovisual and other materials. Take action todeal with disruptive or problem patrons. Classifyand catalog items according to content and purpose.Register new patrons and issue borrower identifica-tion cards that permit patrons to borrow books andother materials. Send out notices and accept finepayments for lost or overdue books. Operate smallbranch libraries, under the direction of off-sitelibrarian supervisors. Prepare, store, and retrieveclassification and catalog information, lecture notes,or other information related to stored documents,using computers. Schedule and supervise clericalworkers, volunteers, and student assistants. Operateand maintain audiovisual equipment. Reviewrecords, such as microfilm and issue cards, in orderto identify titles of overdue materials and delinquentborrowers. Select substitute titles when requestedmaterials are unavailable following criteria such asage, education, and interests. Repair books, usingmending tape, paste, and brushes. SKILLS—Ser-vice Orientation; Instructing; Reading Comprehen-sion; Time Management; Learning Strategies; SocialPerceptiveness; Active Listening; Writing.

GOE—Interest Area: 12. Education and Social Ser-vice. Work Group: 12.03. Educational Services.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Adult Literacy,Remedial Education, and GED Teachers andInstructors; Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,Postsecondary; Architecture Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Archivists; Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Stud-ies Teachers, Postsecondary; Art, Drama, and MusicTeachers, Postsecondary; Atmospheric, Earth,Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Audio-Visual Collections Specialists; Bio-logical Science Teachers, Postsecondary; BusinessTeachers, Postsecondary; Chemistry Teachers, Post-secondary; Child Care Workers; CommunicationsTeachers, Postsecondary; Computer Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Criminal Justice and LawEnforcement Teachers, Postsecondary; Curators;Economics Teachers, Postsecondary; Education

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Teachers, Postsecondary; Education, Training, andLibrary Workers, All Other; Educational Psycholo-gists; Educational, Vocational, and School Coun-selors; Elementary School Teachers, Except SpecialEducation; Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary;English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Environmental Science Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Farm and Home Management Advisors;Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Forestry and Conservation Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Geography Teachers,Postsecondary; Graduate Teaching Assistants;Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary; HistoryTeachers, Postsecondary; Home Economics Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Kindergarten Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Law Teachers, Postsecondary;Librarians; Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary;Library Technicians; Mathematical Science Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Middle School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Museum Techni-cians and Conservators; Nannies; Nursing Instruc-tors and Teachers, Postsecondary; Personal FinancialAdvisors; Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Post-secondary; Physics Teachers, Postsecondary; Politi-cal Science Teachers, Postsecondary; PostsecondaryTeachers, All Other; Preschool Teachers, ExceptSpecial Education; Psychology Teachers, Postsec-ondary; Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,Postsecondary; Secondary School Teachers, ExceptSpecial and Vocational Education; Self-EnrichmentEducation Teachers; Social Sciences Teachers, Post-secondary, All Other; Social Work Teachers, Post-secondary; Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary;Special Education Teachers, Middle School; SpecialEducation Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, andElementary School; Special Education Teachers,Secondary School; Teacher Assistants; Teachers andInstructors, All Other; Vocational Education Teach-ers, Postsecondary; Vocational Education Teachers,Middle School; Vocational Education Teachers, Sec-ondary School.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Library Assistant/Technician. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies;Computers and Electronics; Customer and Person-

al Service; English Language; History and Archeol-ogy; Geography; Communications and Media.

Licensing Examinersand Inspectors) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 9.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 20,000

) Annual Earnings: $46,780

) Education/Training Required: Long-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.9%

) Part-Time: 5.3%

Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for,conformity with, or liability under licenses or per-mits. Administer oral, written, road, or flight teststo license applicants. Advise licensees and otherindividuals or groups concerning licensing, permit,or passport regulations. Evaluate applications,records, and documents in order to gather informa-tion about eligibility or liability issues. Issue licensesto individuals meeting standards. Prepare corre-spondence to inform concerned parties of licensingdecisions and of appeals processes. Prepare reportsof activities, evaluations, recommendations, anddecisions. Report law or regulation violations toappropriate boards and agencies. Score tests andobserve equipment operation and control in orderto rate ability of applicants. Confer with and inter-view officials, technical or professional specialists,and applicants, in order to obtain information or toclarify facts relevant to licensing decisions. Visitestablishments to verify that valid licenses and per-mits are displayed, and that licensing standards arebeing upheld. Warn violators of infractions orpenalties. SKILLS—Speaking; Monitoring; Read-ing Comprehension; Active Listening; Writing;Judgment and Decision Making; Critical Thinking;Mathematics.

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__________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Licensing Examiners and Inspectors

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GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.04. Public Safe-ty. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AgriculturalInspectors; Aviation Inspectors; Compliance Offi-cers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health andSafety, and Transportation; Emergency MedicalTechnicians and Paramedics; Environmental Com-pliance Inspectors; Equal Opportunity Representa-tives and Officers; Financial Examiners; FireFighters; Fire Inspectors; Fire Inspectors and Inves-tigators; Forest Fire Fighters; Forest Fire Inspectorsand Prevention Specialists; Government PropertyInspectors and Investigators; Marine Cargo Inspec-tors; Municipal Fire Fighters; Nuclear MonitoringTechnicians; Occupational Health and Safety Spe-cialists; Occupational Health and Safety Techni-cians; Protective Service Workers, All Other; PublicTransportation Inspectors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—No data available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Law and Government; Transporta-tion; Clerical Studies; English Language; Commu-nications and Media.

Mapping Technicians) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 23.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 10,000

) Annual Earnings: $29,520

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 5.5%

) Part-Time: 7.0%

Calculate mapmaking information from fieldnotes, and draw and verify accuracy of topograph-ical maps. Monitor mapping work and the updat-ing of maps in order to ensure accuracy, theinclusion of new and/or changed information, andcompliance with rules and regulations. Produce and

update overlay maps in order to show informationboundaries, water locations, and topographic fea-tures on various base maps and at different scales.Redraw and correct maps, such as revising parcelmaps to reflect tax code area changes, using infor-mation from official records and surveys. Trace con-tours and topographic details in order to generatemaps that denote specific land and property loca-tions and geographic attributes. Trim, align, andjoin prints in order to form photographic mosaics,maintaining scaled distances between referencepoints. Complete detailed source and method notesdetailing the location of routine and complex landparcels. Create survey description pages and histori-cal records related to the mapping activities andspecifications of section plats. Determine scales, linesizes, and colors to be used for hard copies of com-puterized maps, using plotters. Enter GPS data,legal deeds, field notes, and land survey reports intoGIS workstations so that information can be trans-formed into graphic land descriptions, such as mapsand drawings. Identify and compile database infor-mation in order to create maps in response torequests. Identify, research, and resolve anomalies inlegal land descriptions, referring issues to title andsurvey experts as appropriate. Analyze aerial photo-graphs in order to detect and interpret significantmilitary, industrial, resource, or topographical data.Calculate latitudes, longitudes, angles, areas, andother information for mapmaking, using surveyfield notes and reference tables. Check all layers ofmaps in order to ensure accuracy, identifying andmarking errors and making corrections. Comparetopographical features and contour lines withimages from aerial photographs, old maps, andother reference materials in order to verify the accu-racy of their identification. Compute and measurescaled distances between reference points in order toestablish relative positions of adjoining prints andenable the creation of photographic mosaics.SKILLS—Mathematics; Technology Design; Man-agement of Personnel Resources; Operations Analy-sis; Active Learning; Monitoring.

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GOE—Interest Area: 02. Science, Math, and Engi-neering. Work Group: 02.08. Engineering Technol-ogy. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AerospaceEngineering and Operations Technicians; Architec-tural and Civil Drafters; Architectural Drafters; Cal-ibration and Instrumentation Technicians;Cartographers and Photogrammetrists; CivilDrafters; Civil Engineering Technicians; Construc-tion and Building Inspectors; Drafters, All Other;Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians;Electrical and Electronics Drafters; ElectricalDrafters; Electrical Engineering Technicians; Elec-tro-Mechanical Technicians; Electronic Drafters;Electronics Engineering Technicians; EngineeringTechnicians, Except Drafters, All Other; Environ-mental Engineering Technicians; Industrial Engi-neering Technicians; Mechanical Drafters;Mechanical Engineering Technicians; NumericalTool and Process Control Programmers; PressureVessel Inspectors; Surveying and Mapping Techni-cians; Surveying Technicians; Surveyors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Cartography; Surveying Technology/Surveying.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Geog-raphy; Design; Mathematics; Computers and Elec-tronics; Administration and Management;Engineering and Technology.

Marine CargoInspectors) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 7.7%

) Annual Job Openings: 5,000

) Annual Earnings: $49,590

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 3.2%

Inspect cargoes of seagoing vessels to certify com-pliance with health and safety regulations in cargohandling and stowage. Inspects loaded cargo inholds and cargo-handling devices to determinecompliance with regulations and need for mainte-nance. Reads vessel documents to ascertain cargocapabilities according to design and cargo regula-tions. Calculates gross and net tonnage, hold capac-ities, volume of stored fuel and water, cargo weight,and ship stability factors, using mathematical for-mulas. Determines type of license and safety equip-ment required and computes applicable tolls andwharfage fees. Examines blueprints of ship and takesphysical measurements to determine capacity anddepth of vessel in water, using measuring instru-ments. Writes certificates of admeasurement, listingdetails such as design, length, depth, and breadth ofvessel and method of propulsion. Issues certificate ofcompliance when violations are not detected or rec-ommends remedial procedures to correct deficien-cies. Times roll of ship, using stopwatch. Analyzesdata, formulates recommendations, and writesreports of findings. Advises crew in techniques ofstowing dangerous and heavy cargo according toknowledge of hazardous cargo. SKILLS—Mathe-matics; Writing; Systems Evaluation; Reading Com-prehension; Speaking; Critical Thinking;Persuasion; Judgment and Decision Making.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.04. Public Safe-ty. Other Jobs in This Work Group: AgriculturalInspectors; Aviation Inspectors; Compliance Offi-cers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health andSafety, and Transportation; Emergency MedicalTechnicians and Paramedics; Environmental Com-pliance Inspectors; Equal Opportunity Representa-tives and Officers; Financial Examiners; FireFighters; Fire Inspectors; Fire Inspectors and Inves-tigators; Forest Fire Fighters; Forest Fire Inspectorsand Prevention Specialists; Government PropertyInspectors and Investigators; Licensing Examinersand Inspectors; Municipal Fire Fighters; NuclearMonitoring Technicians; Occupational Health andSafety Specialists; Occupational Health and Safety

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Technicians; Protective Service Workers, All Other;Public Transportation Inspectors.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Nodata available. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Public Safety and Security; Mathe-matics; Transportation; Design; Physics; Law andGovernment.

Medical Records andHealth InformationTechnicians) Personality Code: C

) Growth: 46.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 24,000

) Annual Earnings: $24,520

) Education/Training Required: Associate’sdegree

) Self-Employed: 1.1%

) Part-Time: 17.6%

Compile, process, and maintain medical records ofhospital and clinic patients in a manner consistentwith medical, administrative, ethical, legal, andregulatory requirements of the health care system.Process, maintain, compile, and report patientinformation for health requirements and stan-dards. Protect the security of medical records toensure that confidentiality is maintained. Processpatient admission and discharge documents. Reviewrecords for completeness, accuracy and compliancewith regulations. Compile and maintain patients’medical records to document condition and treat-ment and to provide data for research or cost con-trol and care improvement efforts. Enter data, suchas demographic characteristics, history and extent ofdisease, diagnostic procedures and treatment intocomputer. Release information to persons and agen-cies according to regulations. Plan, develop, main-

tain and operate a variety of health record indexesand storage and retrieval systems to collect, classify,store and analyze information. Manage the depart-ment and supervise clerical workers, directing andcontrolling activities of personnel in the medicalrecords department. Transcribe medical reports.Identify, compile, abstract and code patient data,using standard classification systems. Resolve/clarifycodes and diagnoses with conflicting, missing, orunclear information by consulting with doctors orothers to get additional information and by partici-pating in the coding team’s regular meetings. Trainmedical records staff. Assign the patient to one ofseveral hundred “diagnosis-related groups,” orDRGs, using appropriate computer software. Postmedical insurance billings. Process and prepare busi-ness and government forms. Contact dischargedpatients, their families, and physicians to maintainregistry with follow-up information, such as qualityof life and length of survival of cancer patients. Pre-pare statistical reports, narrative reports and graphicpresentations of information such as tumor registrydata for use by hospital staff, researchers, and otherusers. Consult classification manuals to locate infor-mation about disease processes. Compile medicalcare and census data for statistical reports on dis-eases treated, surgery performed, and use of hospitalbeds. Develop in-service educational materials.SKILLS—Instructing; Systems Evaluation; TimeManagement; Active Listening; Critical Thinking;Learning Strategies; Service Orientation; ReadingComprehension; Active Learning; Social Perceptive-ness.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.07. Records Processing. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Correspondence Clerks; CourtReporters; Credit Authorizers; Credit Authorizers,Checkers, and Clerks; Credit Checkers; File Clerks;Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll andTimekeeping; Information and Record Clerks, AllOther; Insurance Claims and Policy ProcessingClerks; Insurance Claims Clerks; Insurance PolicyProcessing Clerks; Medical Transcriptionists; Officeand Administrative Support Workers, All Other;

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Office Clerks, General; Procurement Clerks; Proof-readers and Copy Markers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Health Information/Medical Records Technolo-gy/Technician; Medical Insurance CodingSpecialist/Coder. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Customer and Per-sonal Service; Personnel and Human Resources;Medicine and Dentistry; Administration and Man-agement; Computers and Electronics.

Medical Secretaries) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 17.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 50,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,000

) Education/Training Required:Postsecondary vocational training

) Self-Employed: 1.6%

) Part-Time: 17.5%

Perform secretarial duties utilizing specific knowl-edge of medical terminology and hospital, clinic,or laboratory procedures. Duties include schedul-ing appointments, billing patients, and compilingand recording medical charts, reports, and corre-spondence. Schedule and confirm patient diagnos-tic appointments, surgeries and medicalconsultations. Compile and record medical charts,reports, and correspondence, using typewriter orpersonal computer. Answer telephones, and directcalls to appropriate staff. Receive and route messagesand documents such as laboratory results to appro-priate staff. Greet visitors, ascertain purpose of visit,and direct them to appropriate staff. Interviewpatients in order to complete documents, case his-tories, and forms such as intake and insuranceforms. Maintain medical records, technical libraryand correspondence files. Operate office equipment

such as voice mail messaging systems, and use wordprocessing, spreadsheet, and other software applica-tions to prepare reports, invoices, financial state-ments, letters, case histories and medical records.Transmit correspondence and medical records bymail, e-mail, or fax. Perform various clerical andadministrative functions, such as ordering andmaintaining an inventory of supplies. Arrange hos-pital admissions for patients. Transcribe recordedmessages and practitioners’ diagnoses and recom-mendations into patients’ medical records. Performbookkeeping duties, such as credits and collections,preparing and sending financial statements andbills, and keeping financial records. Complete insur-ance and other claim forms. Prepare correspondenceand assist physicians or medical scientists withpreparation of reports, speeches, articles and confer-ence proceedings. SKILLS—Social Perceptiveness;Instructing; Active Listening; Time Management;Writing; Management of Personnel Resources;Reading Comprehension; Speaking; Managementof Material Resources.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.02. Administrative Detail. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Claims Takers, UnemploymentBenefits; Court Clerks; Court, Municipal, andLicense Clerks; Eligibility Interviewers, Govern-ment Programs; Executive Secretaries and Adminis-trative Assistants; Interviewers, Except Eligibilityand Loan; Legal Secretaries; License Clerks; LoanInterviewers and Clerks; Municipal Clerks; Officeand Administrative Support Workers, All Other;Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive;Welfare Eligibility Workers and Interviewers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Medical Administrative/Executive Assistant andMedical Secretary; Medical Insurance Specialist/Medical Biller; Medical Office Assistant/Specialist.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Personal Service; Clerical studies;Telecommunications; English Language; Com-puters and Electronics; Communications andMedia.

________________________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Medical Secretaries

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Office Clerks, General) Personality Code: C

) Growth: 10.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 550,000

) Annual Earnings: $22,450

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.5%

) Part-Time: 25.7%

Perform duties too varied and diverse to be classi-fied in any specific office clerical occupation,requiring limited knowledge of office managementsystems and procedures. Clerical duties may beassigned in accordance with the office proceduresof individual establishments and may include acombination of answering telephones, bookkeep-ing, typing or word processing, stenography, officemachine operation, and filing. Collect, count, anddisburse money, do basic bookkeeping and com-plete banking transactions. Communicate with cus-tomers, employees, and other individuals to answerquestions, disseminate or explain information, takeorders and address complaints. Answer telephones,direct calls and take messages. Compile, copy, sort,and file records of office activities, business transac-tions, and other activities. Complete and mail bills,contracts, policies, invoices, or checks. Operateoffice machines, such as photocopiers and scanners,facsimile machines, voice mail systems and personalcomputers. Compute, record, and proofread dataand other information, such as records or reports.Maintain and update filing, inventory, mailing, anddatabase systems, either manually or using a com-puter. Open, sort and route incoming mail, answercorrespondence, and prepare outgoing mail. Reviewfiles, records, and other documents to obtain infor-mation to respond to requests. Deliver messages andrun errands. Inventory and order materials, sup-plies, and services. Complete work schedules, man-age calendars and arrange appointments. Processand prepare documents, such as business or govern-

ment forms and expense reports. Monitor anddirect the work of lower-level clerks. Type, format,proofread and edit correspondence and other docu-ments, from notes or dictating machines, usingcomputers or typewriters. Count, weigh, measure,and/or organize materials. Train other staff membersto perform work activities, such as using computerapplications. Prepare meeting agendas, attend meet-ings, and record and transcribe minutes. Trou-bleshoot problems involving office equipment, suchas computer hardware and software. SKILLS—Active Listening; Reading Comprehension; SocialPerceptiveness; Service Orientation; Writing; Speak-ing; Time Management; Learning Strategies.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.07. Records Processing. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Correspondence Clerks; CourtReporters; Credit Authorizers; Credit Authorizers,Checkers, and Clerks; Credit Checkers; File Clerks;Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll andTimekeeping; Information and Record Clerks, AllOther; Insurance Claims and Policy ProcessingClerks; Insurance Claims Clerks; Insurance PolicyProcessing Clerks; Medical Records and HealthInformation Technicians; Medical Transcriptionists;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Procurement Clerks; Proofreaders and CopyMarkers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Cleri-cal Studies; Customer and Personal Service; Eco-nomics and Accounting; Personnel and HumanResources; Computers and Electronics; EnglishLanguage.

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Pharmacy Technicians) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 28.8%

) Annual Job Openings: 39,000

) Annual Earnings: $22,760

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 23.0%

Prepare medications under the direction of a phar-macist. May measure, mix, count out, label, andrecord amounts and dosages of medications.Receive written prescription or refill requests andverify that information is complete and accurate.Maintain proper storage and security conditions fordrugs. Answer telephones, responding to questionsor requests. Fill bottles with prescribed medicationsand type and affix labels. Assist customers by answer-ing simple questions, locating items or referringthem to the pharmacist for medication information.Price and file prescriptions that have been filled.Clean, and help maintain, equipment and workareas, and sterilize glassware according to prescribedmethods. Establish and maintain patient profiles,including lists of medications taken by individualpatients. Order, label, and count stock of medica-tions, chemicals, and supplies, and enter inventorydata into computer. Receive and store incoming sup-plies, verify quantities against invoices, and informsupervisors of stock needs and shortages. Transfermedication from vials to the appropriate number ofsterile, disposable syringes, using aseptic techniques.Add measured drugs or nutrients to intravenoussolutions under sterile conditions to prepare intra-venous (IV) packs under pharmacist supervision.Supply and monitor robotic machines that dispensemedicine into containers, and label the containers.Prepare and process medical insurance claim formsand records. Mix pharmaceutical preparationsaccording to written prescriptions. Operate cash reg-isters to accept payment from customers. Compute

charges for medication and equipment dispensed tohospital patients, and enter data in computer. Deliv-er medications and pharmaceutical supplies topatients, nursing stations or surgery. Price stock andmark items for sale. Maintain and merchandisehome health-care products and services. SKILLS—Instructing; Service Orientation; Active Listening;Active Learning; Critical Thinking; Speaking; Math-ematics; Troubleshooting.

GOE—Interest Area: 14. Medical and Health Ser-vices. Work Group: 14.02. Medicine and Surgery.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Anesthesiologists;Family and General Practitioners; Healthcare Sup-port Workers, All Other; Internists, General; Med-ical Assistants; Obstetricians and Gynecologists;Pediatricians, General; Pharmacists; PharmacyAides; Physician Assistants; Physicians and Sur-geons, All Other; Psychiatrists; Registered Nurses;Surgeons; Surgical Technologists.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Pharmacy Technician/Assistant. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Chemistry; Medicine and Dentistry;Mathematics; Clerical Studies; Therapy and Coun-seling.

Police Identificationand Records Officers) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: 22.4%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $52,390

) Education/Training Required: Work experience in a related occupation

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 0.5%

Collect evidence at crime scene, classify and iden-tify fingerprints, and photograph evidence for use

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in criminal and civil cases. Photograph crime oraccident scenes for evidence records. Testify in courtand present evidence. Dust selected areas of crimescene and lift latent fingerprints, adhering to properpreservation procedures. Look for trace evidence,such as fingerprints, hairs, fibers, or shoe impres-sions, using alternative light sources when necessary.Analyze and process evidence at crime scenes and inthe laboratory, wearing protective equipment andusing powders and chemicals. Package, store andretrieve evidence. Serve as technical advisor andcoordinate with other law enforcement workers toexchange information on crime scene collectionactivities. Perform emergency work during off-hours. Submit evidence to supervisors. Process filmand prints from crime or accident scenes. Identify,classify, and file fingerprints, using systems such asthe Henry Classification system. SKILLS—Persua-sion; Negotiation; Service Orientation; Judgmentand Decision Making; Social Perceptiveness; Criti-cal Thinking; Time Management; Learning Strate-gies; Coordination.

GOE—Interest Area: 04. Law, Law Enforcement,and Public Safety. Work Group: 04.03. LawEnforcement. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Animal Control Workers; Bailiffs; Child Support,Missing Persons, and Unemployment InsuranceFraud Investigators; Correctional Officers and Jail-ers; Criminal Investigators and Special Agents;Crossing Guards; Detectives and Criminal Investi-gators; Fire Investigators; Fish and Game Wardens;Forensic Science Technicians; Gaming SurveillanceOfficers and Gaming Investigators; Highway PatrolPilots; Immigration and Customs Inspectors; Life-guards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protec-tive Service Workers; Parking EnforcementWorkers; Police and Sheriff ’s Patrol Officers; PoliceDetectives; Police Patrol Officers; Private Detectivesand Investigators; Protective Service Workers, AllOther; Security Guards; Sheriffs and Deputy Sher-iffs; Transit and Railroad Police.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Criminal Justice/Police Science; Criminalistics andCriminal Science. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Law and Government; Customer and

Personal Service; Public Safety and Security;Telecommunications; Computers and Electronics;Psychology; English Language.

Postal Service MailCarriers) Personality Code: CR

) Growth: –0.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 20,000

) Annual Earnings: $39,620

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0%

) Part-Time: 6.5%

Sort mail for delivery. Deliver mail on establishedroute by vehicle or on foot. Bundle mail in prepa-ration for delivery or transportation to relay boxes.Deliver mail to residences and business establish-ments along specified routes by walking and/ordriving, using a combination of satchels, carts, cars,and small trucks. Enter change of address ordersinto computers that process forwarding addressstickers. Hold mail for customers who are awayfrom delivery locations. Leave notices tellingpatrons where to collect mail that could not bedelivered. Maintain accurate records of deliveries.Meet schedules for the collection and return of mail.Record address changes and redirect mail for thoseaddresses. Return incorrectly addressed mail tosenders. Return to the post office with mail collect-ed from homes, businesses, and public mailboxes.Sign for cash-on-delivery and registered mail beforeleaving the post office. Sort mail for delivery, arrang-ing it in delivery sequence. Travel to post offices topick up the mail for routes and/or pick up mailfrom postal relay boxes. Turn in money and receiptscollected along mail routes. Answer customers’questions about postal services and regulations.Complete forms that notify publishers of address

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changes. Obtain signed receipts for registered, certi-fied, and insured mail; collect associated charges;and complete any necessary paperwork. Providecustomers with change of address cards and otherforms. Register, certify, and insure parcels and let-ters. Report any unusual circumstances concerningmail delivery, including the condition of street letterboxes. Sell stamps and money orders. SKILLS—None met the criteria.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.08. Records and Materials Processing.Other Jobs in This Work Group: Cargo andFreight Agents; Couriers and Messengers; MailClerks, Except Mail Machine Operators and PostalService; Marking Clerks; Office and AdministrativeSupport Workers, All Other; Order Fillers, Whole-sale and Retail Sales; Postal Service Mail Sorters,Processors, and Processing Machine Operators;Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks; StockClerks and Order Fillers; Stock Clerks—Stockroom,Warehouse, or Storage Yard; Weighers, Measurers,Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services.RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Trans-portation; Geography; Clerical Studies.

Production, Planning,and Expediting Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 14.1%

) Annual Job Openings: 51,000

) Annual Earnings: $34,820

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 0.4%

) Part-Time: 9.3%

Coordinate and expedite the flow of work andmaterials within or between departments of anestablishment according to production schedule.Duties include reviewing and distributing produc-tion, work, and shipment schedules; conferringwith department supervisors to determine progressof work and completion dates; and compilingreports on progress of work, inventory levels, costs,and production problems. Maintains files, such asmaintenance records, bills of lading, and costreports. Arranges for delivery and distributes suppliesand parts to expedite flow of materials to meet pro-duction schedules. Examines documents, materials,and products, and monitors work processes for com-pleteness, accuracy, and conformance to standardsand specifications. Completes status reports, such asproduction progress, customer information, andmaterials inventory. Confers with establishment per-sonnel, vendors, and customers to coordinate pro-cessing and shipping, and to resolve complaints.Reviews documents, such as production schedules,staffing tables, and specifications to obtain informa-tion, such as materials, priorities, and personnelrequirements. Compiles schedules and orders, suchas personnel assignments, production, work flow,transportation, and maintenance and repair. Moni-tors work progress, provides services, such as fur-nishing permits, tickets, and union information, anddirects workers to expedite work flow. Requisitionsand maintains inventory of materials and supplies tomeet production demands. Calculates figures, suchas labor and materials amounts, manufacturingcosts, and wages, using pricing schedules, addingmachine, or calculator. SKILLS—Management ofMaterial Resources; Management of PersonnelResources; Management of Financial Resources; Sys-tems Analysis; Time Management; Systems Evalua-tion; Service Orientation; Negotiation.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.04. Material Control. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Meter Readers, Utilities.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Parts, Warehousing, and Inventory ManagementOperations. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/

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COURSES—Clerical Studies; Production and Pro-cessing; Economics and Accounting; Mathematics;Computers and Electronics; Administration andManagement.

Receptionists andInformation Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 29.5%

) Annual Job Openings: 296,000

) Annual Earnings: $21,320

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.2%

) Part-Time: 31.5%

Answer inquiries and obtain information for gen-eral public, customers, visitors, and other interest-ed parties. Provide information regarding activitiesconducted at establishment; location of depart-ments, offices, and employees within organization.Operate telephone switchboard to answer, screenand forward calls, providing information, takingmessages and scheduling appointments. Receivepayment and record receipts for services. Performadministrative support tasks such as proofreading,transcribing handwritten information, and operat-ing calculators or computers to work with payrecords, invoices, balance sheets and other docu-ments. Greet persons entering establishment, deter-mine nature and purpose of visit, and direct orescort them to specific destinations. Hear andresolve complaints from customers and public. Fileand maintain records. Transmit information or doc-uments to customers, using computer, mail, or fac-simile machine. Schedule appointments, andmaintain and update appointment calendars. Ana-lyze data to determine answers to questions fromcustomers or members of the public. Provide infor-

mation about establishment, such as location ofdepartments or offices, employees within the organ-ization, or services provided. Keep a current recordof staff members’ whereabouts and availability. Col-lect, sort, distribute and prepare mail, messages andcourier deliveries. Calculate and quote rates fortours, stocks, insurance policies, and other productsand services. Take orders for merchandise or materi-als and send them to the proper departments to befilled. Process and prepare memos, correspondence,travel vouchers, or other documents. Schedule spaceand equipment for special programs and preparelists of participants. Enroll individuals to participatein programs and notify them of their acceptance.SKILLS—Service Orientation; Social Perceptive-ness; Active Listening; Writing; Critical Thinking;Reading Comprehension; Speaking; Persuasion.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Adjustment Clerks; Bill andAccount Collectors; Cashiers; Counter and RentalClerks; Customer Service Representatives; Cus-tomer Service Representatives, Utilities; GamingCage Workers; Gaming Change Persons and BoothCashiers; New Accounts Clerks; Order Clerks;Tellers; Travel Clerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—General Office Occupations and Clerical Services;Health Unit Coordinator/Ward Clerk; MedicalReception/Receptionist; Receptionist. RELATEDKNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Customer and Per-sonal Service; Clerical Studies; Computers and Elec-tronics; Transportation; Administration andManagement; English Language.

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__________________________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Statement Clerks

Reservation andTransportation TicketAgents) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 12.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,220

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.1%

) Part-Time: 15.7%

Make and confirm reservations for passengers andsell tickets for transportation agencies such as air-lines, bus companies, railroads, and steamshiplines. May check baggage and direct passengers todesignated concourse, pier, or track. Determineswhether space is available on travel dates requestedby customer. Arranges reservations and routing forpassengers at request of Ticket Agent. Examines pas-senger ticket or pass to direct passenger to specifiedarea for loading. Plans route and computes ticketcost, using schedules, rate books, and computer.Reads coded data on tickets to ascertain destination,marks tickets, and assigns boarding pass. Assists pas-sengers requiring special assistance to board ordepart conveyance. Informs travel agents in otherlocations of space reserved or available. Sells travelinsurance. Announces arrival and departure infor-mation, using public-address system. Telephonescustomer or Ticket Agent to advise of changes withtravel conveyance or to confirm reservation. Sellsand assembles tickets for transmittal or mailing tocustomers. Answers inquiries made to travel agen-cies or transportation firms, such as airlines, buscompanies, railroad companies, and steamship lines.Checks baggage and directs passenger to designatedlocation for loading. Assigns specified space to cus-tomers and maintains computerized inventory ofpassenger space available. SKILLS—Service Orien-tation; Active Listening; Speaking.

GOE—Interest Area: 11. Recreation, Travel, andOther Personal Services. Work Group: 11.03.Transportation and Lodging Services. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Baggage Porters and Bellhops;Concierges; Flight Attendants; Hotel, Motel, andResort Desk Clerks; Reservation and TransportationTicket Agents and Travel Clerks; TransportationAttendants, Except Flight Attendants and BaggagePorters.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Selling Skills and Sales Operations; Tourism andTravel Services Marketing Operations; Tourism Pro-motion Operations. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Geography; Transportation;Sales and Marketing; Clerical Studies; Computersand Electronics; Foreign Language; Telecommuni-cations; Communications and Media.

Statement Clerks) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 7.9%

) Annual Job Openings: 78,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,290

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 2.2%

) Part-Time: 16.1%

Prepare and distribute bank statements to cus-tomers, answer inquiries, and reconcile discrepan-cies in records and accounts. Compare previouslyprepared bank statements with canceled checks, andreconcile discrepancies. Encode and cancel checks,using bank machines. Load machines with state-ments, cancelled checks, and envelopes in order toprepare statements for distribution to customers, orstuff envelopes by hand. Maintain files of canceledchecks and customers’ signatures. Match statementswith batches of canceled checks by account num-bers. Monitor equipment in order to ensure proper

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operation. Retrieve checks returned to customers inerror, adjusting customer accounts and answeringinquiries about errors as necessary. Route statementsfor mailing or over-the-counter delivery to cus-tomers. Verify signatures and required informationon checks. Weigh envelopes containing statementsin order to determine correct postage and affixpostage using stamps or metering equipment. Fixminor problems, such as equipment jams, and noti-fy repair personnel of major equipment problems.Post stop-payment notices in order to prevent pay-ment of protested checks. Take orders for imprintedchecks. SKILLS—Active Listening; Reading Com-prehension; Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.03. Bookkeeping, Auditing, andAccounting. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators;Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks; Bookkeeping,Accounting, and Auditing Clerks; Brokerage Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other; Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks; Tax Preparers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeep-ing. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Clerical Studies; Computers and Electronics;Economics and Accounting; Telecommunications.

Tax Preparers) Personality Code: CE

) Growth: 23.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 11,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,530

) Education/Training Required: Moderate-term on-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 26.2%

) Part-Time: 20.3%

Prepare tax returns for individuals or small busi-nesses but do not have the background or respon-sibilities of an accredited or certified publicaccountant. Check data input or verify totals onforms prepared by others to detect errors in arith-metic, data entry, or procedures. Compute taxesowed or overpaid, using adding machines or per-sonal computers, and complete entries on forms,following tax form instructions and tax tables. Inter-view clients to obtain additional information ontaxable income and deductible expenses andallowances. Prepare or assist in preparing simple tocomplex tax returns for individuals or small busi-nesses. Review financial records such as incomestatements and documentation of expenditures inorder to determine forms needed to prepare taxreturns. Use all appropriate adjustments, deduc-tions, and credits to keep clients’ taxes to a mini-mum. Calculate form preparation fees according toreturn complexity and processing time required.Consult tax law handbooks or bulletins in order todetermine procedures for preparation of atypicalreturns. Furnish taxpayers with sufficient informa-tion and advice in order to ensure correct tax formcompletion. SKILLS—Mathematics; ReadingComprehension; Active Listening; Speaking; ActiveLearning; Judgment and Decision Making; Moni-toring; Service Orientation.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.03. Bookkeeping, Auditing, andAccounting. Other Jobs in This Work Group:Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators;Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks; Bookkeeping,Accounting, and Auditing Clerks; Brokerage Clerks;Office and Administrative Support Workers, AllOther; Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks; StatementClerks.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeep-ing; Taxation. RELATED KNOWLEDGE/COURSES—Economics and Accounting; Law andGovernment; Clerical Studies; Mathematics; Com-puters and Electronics.

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Travel Clerks) Personality Code: CS

) Growth: 12.2%

) Annual Job Openings: 35,000

) Annual Earnings: $26,220

) Education/Training Required: Short-termon-the-job training

) Self-Employed: 1.1%

) Part-Time: 15.7%

Provide tourists with travel information, such aspoints of interest, restaurants, rates, and emer-gency service. Duties include answering inquiries,offering suggestions, and providing literature per-taining to trips, excursions, sporting events, con-certs and plays. May make reservations, delivertickets, arrange for visas, or contact individuals andgroups to inform them of package tours. Providescustomers with travel suggestions and informationsuch as guides, directories, brochures, and maps.Contacts motel, hotel, resort, and travel operatorsby mail or telephone to obtain advertising literature.Studies maps, directories, routes, and rate tables todetermine travel route and cost and availability ofaccommodations. Calculates estimated travel ratesand expenses, using items such as rate tables and cal-culators. Informs client of travel dates, times, con-nections, baggage limits, medical and visarequirements, and emergency information. Obtains

reservations for air, train, or car travel and hotel orother housing accommodations. Confirms travelarrangements and reservations. Assists client inpreparing required documents and forms for travel,such as visas. Plans itinerary for travel and accom-modations, using knowledge of routes, types of car-riers, and regulations. Provides informationconcerning fares, availability of travel, and accom-modations, either orally or by using guides,brochures, and maps. Confers with customers bytelephone, writing, or in person to answer questionsregarding services and determine travel preferences.SKILLS—Service Orientation; Speaking; ActiveListening; Social Perceptiveness; Coordination;Mathematics.

GOE—Interest Area: 09. Business Detail. WorkGroup: 09.05. Customer Service. Other Jobs inThis Work Group: Adjustment Clerks; Bill andAccount Collectors; Cashiers; Counter and RentalClerks; Customer Service Representatives; Cus-tomer Service Representatives, Utilities; GamingCage Workers; Gaming Change Persons and BoothCashiers; New Accounts Clerks; Order Clerks;Receptionists and Information Clerks; Tellers.

EDUCATION/TRAINING PROGRAM(S)—Selling Skills and Sales Operations; Tourism andTravel Services Marketing Operations; Tourism Pro-motion Operations. RELATED KNOWL-EDGE/COURSES—Geography; Transportation;Customer and Personal Service; Clerical Studies;Telecommunications.

____________________________________________________________Conventional Jobs: Travel Clerks

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PART V

Appendixes

Appendix A:Occupations Ordered by Two-Letter Personality Codes

Appendix B: Definitions of Skills

Appendix C: GOE Interest Fields and Groups

Appendix D: Definitions of Related Knowledge/Courses

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Appendix A: Occupations Ordered

by Two-Letter Personality Codes

This listing is based on the coding used by the O*NET database of the U.S. Departmentof Labor. Other publishers may not create the exact same set of linkages between personality codes and occupations. For example, some sales jobs that are coded as Social by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., the publisher of the Self-Directed Search,are coded as Enterprising by O*NET.

RealisticPersonality

Code Job

R Brattice BuildersR Brickmasons and BlockmasonsR Ceiling Tile InstallersR Cement Masons and Concrete

FinishersR Construction CarpentersR Drywall InstallersR Pipe FittersR Pipelaying FittersR PlumbersR Refractory Materials Repairers, Except

BrickmasonsR RoofersR Sheet Metal WorkersR Ship Carpenters and JoinersR Telecommunications Line Installers and

RepairersR Truck Drivers, HeavyR Welders, Production

RA Technical Directors/ManagersRC Automotive Master MechanicsRC Automotive Specialty TechniciansRC Boat Builders and ShipwrightsRC BrazersRC Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel

Engine SpecialistsRC Calibration and Instrumentation

TechniciansRC Carpenter Assemblers and RepairersRC Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper

OperatorsRC Heating and Air Conditioning MechanicsRC Maintenance and Repair Workers,

GeneralRC Pressure Vessel InspectorsRC Radiologic TechniciansRC Refrigeration MechanicsRC Rough CarpentersRC SolderersRC Tractor-Trailer Truck DriversRC Welders and Cutters

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RE Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers

RE First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Landscaping Workers

RE Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors

RE Highway Patrol PilotsRE Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention

SupervisorsRI Civil EngineersRI Electrical Engineering TechniciansRI ElectriciansRI Electronics Engineering TechniciansRI Operating EngineersRI Radiologic TechnologistsRI Welder-FittersRS Correctional Officers and JailersRS Forest Fire FightersRS Municipal Fire FightersRS Surgical Technologists

InvestigativePersonality

Code Job

I Family and General PractitionersI Internists, GeneralI Obstetricians and GynecologistsI Pediatricians, GeneralIA Clinical PsychologistsIA PsychiatristsIC Compensation, Benefits, and Job

Analysis SpecialistsIC Computer Science Teachers,

PostsecondaryIC Computer Support SpecialistsIC Computer Systems AnalystsIC Database AdministratorsIC Financial AnalystsIC PharmacistsIE EconomistsIE Market Research AnalystsIE Natural Sciences Managers

IR AnesthesiologistsIR BiochemistsIR BiophysicistsIR ChemistsIR ChiropractorsIR Computer Hardware EngineersIR Computer ProgrammersIR Computer Security SpecialistsIR Computer Software Engineers,

ApplicationsIR Computer Software Engineers, Systems

SoftwareIR Dentists, GeneralIR Electrical EngineersIR Electronics Engineers, Except

ComputerIR Engineering Teachers, PostsecondaryIR Environmental Scientists and

Specialists, Including HealthIR Medical and Clinical Laboratory

TechnologistsIR Medical Scientists, Except

EpidemiologistsIR Network Systems and Data

Communications AnalystsIR OptometristsIR Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeonsIR OrthodontistsIR ProsthodontistsIR Respiratory TherapistsIR SurgeonsIR VeterinariansIS Agricultural Sciences Teachers,

PostsecondaryIS Biological Science Teachers,

PostsecondaryIS Chemistry Teachers, PostsecondaryIS Educational PsychologistsIS Forestry and Conservation Science

Teachers, PostsecondaryIS Health Specialties Teachers,

Postsecondary

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__________________________________ Appendix A: Occupations Ordered by Two-Letter Personality Codes

IS Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary

IS Physician AssistantsIS Physics Teachers, Postsecondary

ArtisticPersonality

Code Job

A ComposersA Creative WritersA Film and Video EditorsA Music Arrangers and OrchestratorsA Musicians, InstrumentalAC LibrariansAE ActorsAE Advertising and Promotions ManagersAE Art DirectorsAE CartoonistsAE Copy WritersAE Directors—Stage, Motion Pictures,

Television, and RadioAE Fashion DesignersAE Graphic DesignersAE Interior DesignersAE ModelsAE ProducersAE SingersAE Talent DirectorsAI CuratorsAI Poets and LyricistsAI Reporters and CorrespondentsAI Technical WritersAR Architects, Except Landscape and

NavalAR Camera Operators, Television, Video,

and Motion PictureAR Commercial and Industrial DesignersAR Costume AttendantsAR Exhibit DesignersAR Floral DesignersAR Landscape Architects

AR Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance

AR Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers

AR Museum Technicians and ConservatorsAR Painters and IllustratorsAR Photographers, ScientificAR Photographic Retouchers and RestorersAR Professional PhotographersAR SculptorsAR Set DesignersAR Sketch ArtistsAS Art, Drama, and Music Teachers,

PostsecondaryAS Broadcast News AnalystsAS Caption WritersAS ChoreographersAS EditorsAS English Language and Literature

Teachers, PostsecondaryAS Foreign Language and Literature

Teachers, PostsecondaryAS Interpreters and TranslatorsAS Music DirectorsAS Radio and Television Announcers

SocialPersonality

Code Job

S Child, Family, and School Social Workers

SA Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors

SA Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education

SA Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education

SA Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education

SA Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education

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SA Self-Enrichment Education TeachersSA Special Education Teachers, Middle

SchoolSA Special Education Teachers, Preschool,

Kindergarten, and Elementary SchoolSA Special Education Teachers, Secondary

SchoolSC Dental HygienistsSC Medical AssistantsSC Social and Human Service AssistantsSC Teacher AssistantsSE Education Administrators, Elementary

and Secondary SchoolSE Employment Interviewers, Private or

Public Employment ServiceSE Personal Financial AdvisorsSE Security GuardsSE Sheriffs and Deputy SheriffsSE Social and Community Service

ManagersSE Training and Development SpecialistsSI Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

PostsecondarySI Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies

Teachers, PostsecondarySI Counseling PsychologistsSI Economics Teachers, PostsecondarySI Graduate Teaching AssistantsSI History Teachers, PostsecondarySI Instructional CoordinatorsSI Medical and Public Health Social

WorkersSI Mental Health and Substance Abuse

Social WorkersSI Nursing Instructors and Teachers,

PostsecondarySI Political Science Teachers,

PostsecondarySI Psychology Teachers, PostsecondarySI Registered NursesSI Sociology Teachers, PostsecondarySI Speech-Language PathologistsSR Dental Assistants

SR Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics

SR Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors

SR Home Health AidesSR Licensed Practical and Licensed

Vocational NursesSR Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and

AttendantsSR Occupational Therapist AssistantsSR Occupational TherapistsSR Personal and Home Care AidesSR Physical Therapist AssistantsSR Physical TherapistsSR Police Patrol OfficersSR Radiation TherapistsSR Vocational Education Teachers,

Postsecondary

EnterprisingPersonality

Code Job

EA Public Relations SpecialistsEC Administrative Services ManagersEC Computer and Information Systems

ManagersEC Financial Managers, Branch or

DepartmentEC First-Line Supervisors, Administrative

SupportEC First-Line Supervisors/Managers of

Non-Retail Sales WorkersEC Government Service ExecutivesEC Industrial Production ManagersEC LawyersEC Management AnalystsEC Marketing ManagersEC Paralegals and Legal AssistantsEC Private Sector ExecutivesEC Sales Agents, Financial Services

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__________________________________ Appendix A: Occupations Ordered by Two-Letter Personality Codes

EC Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities

EC Sales ManagersEC Storage and Distribution ManagersEC Transportation ManagersEC Treasurers, Controllers, and Chief

Financial OfficersEI Criminal Investigators and Special

AgentsEI Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and

InvestigatorsER Construction ManagersER Engineering ManagersER First-Line Supervisors and Manager/

Supervisors—Construction Trades Workers

ER First-Line Supervisors and Manager/Supervisors—Extractive Workers

ER First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers

ER First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers

ER First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers

ER Lawn Service ManagersER Sales EngineersER Sales Representatives, AgriculturalER Sales Representatives,

Electrical/ElectronicER Sales Representatives, InstrumentsER Sales Representatives, Mechanical

Equipment and SuppliesES Agents and Business Managers of

Artists, Performers, and AthletesES Child Support, Missing Persons, and

Unemployment Insurance Fraud Investigators

ES Compensation and Benefits ManagersES Education Administrators,

PostsecondaryES First-Line Supervisors/Managers of

Police and DetectivesES Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant,

Lounge, and Coffee Shop

ES Human Resources ManagersES Loan OfficersES Medical and Health Services ManagersES Personnel RecruitersES Police DetectivesES Retail SalespersonsES Sales Representatives, Chemical and

PharmaceuticalES Sales Representatives, MedicalES Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products

ES Training and Development Managers

ConventionalPersonality

Code Job

C Medical Records and Health Information Technicians

C Office Clerks, GeneralCE AccountantsCE Adjustment ClerksCE AssessorsCE AuditorsCE Bill and Account CollectorsCE Billing, Cost, and Rate ClerksCE Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing

ClerksCE Budget AnalystsCE CashiersCE Claims Examiners, Property and

Casualty InsuranceCE Cost EstimatorsCE Counter and Rental ClerksCE Court ClerksCE Credit AnalystsCE Customer Service Representatives,

UtilitiesCE Executive Secretaries and

Administrative AssistantsCE Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks

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CE Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping

CE Immigration and Customs InspectorsCE Insurance Claims ClerksCE Insurance Policy Processing ClerksCE Insurance UnderwritersCE Legal SecretariesCE Licensing Examiners and InspectorsCE Medical SecretariesCE Production, Planning, and Expediting

ClerksCE Receptionists and Information ClerksCE Reservation and Transportation Ticket

AgentsCE Statement ClerksCE Tax PreparersCI ActuariesCR Air Traffic ControllersCR Billing, Posting, and Calculating

Machine Operators

CR Cargo and Freight AgentsCR Cartographers and PhotogrammetristsCR Construction and Building InspectorsCR Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and

AmbulanceCR Freight InspectorsCR Library Assistants, ClericalCR Mapping TechniciansCR Pharmacy TechniciansCR Police Identification and Records

OfficersCR Postal Service Mail CarriersCS Audio and Video Equipment TechniciansCS Audio-Visual Collections SpecialistsCS Interviewers, Except Eligibility and LoanCS Library TechniciansCS Travel Clerks

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Appendix B: Definitions of Skills

This table provides definitions for the skills in the job descriptions in Part IV.

Skill Definition

Basic Skills—Content Background structures needed to work with and acquire more specific skills in a variety of different domains.

Active Listening Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.

Mathematics Using mathematics to solve problems.Reading Comprehension Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.Science Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.Speaking Talking to others to convey information effectively.Writing Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the

audience.Basic Skills—Process Procedures that contribute to the more rapid acquisition of knowledge and

skill across a variety of domains.Active Learning Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future

problem-solving and decision-making.Critical Thinking Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alterna-

tive solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.Learning Strategies Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate

for the situation when learning or teaching new things.Monitoring Monitoring/assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organiza-

tions to make improvements or take corrective action.Social Skills Developed capacities used to work with people to achieve goals.Coordination Adjusting actions in relation to others’ actions.Instructing Teaching others how to do something.Negotiation Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.Persuasion Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.Service Orientation Actively looking for ways to help people.Social Perceptiveness Being aware of others’ reactions and understanding why they react as they do.Complex Problem-Solving Skills Developed capacities used to solve novel, ill-defined problems in complex,

real-world settings.Complex Problem Solving Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop

and evaluate options and implement solutions.

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Skill Definition

Technical Skills Developed capacities used to design, set up, operate, and correct malfunc-tions involving application of machines or technological systems.

Equipment Maintenance Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.

Equipment Selection Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.Installation Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.Operation and Control Controlling operations of equipment or systems.Operation Monitoring Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working

properly.Operations Analysis Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.Programming Writing computer programs for various purposes.Quality Control Analysis Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to

evaluate quality or performance.Repairing Repairing machines or systems, using the needed tools.Technology Design Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.Troubleshooting Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about them.Systems Skills Developed capacities used to understand, monitor, and improve socio-

technical systems.Judgment and Decision Making Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the

most appropriate one.Systems Analysis Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions,

operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.Systems Evaluation Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions

needed to improve or correct performance relative to the goals of the system.Time Management Managing one’s own time and the time of others.Resource Management Skills Developed capacities used to allocate resources efficiently.Management of Financial Determining how money will be spent to get the work done and accounting Resources for these expenditures.Management of Material Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and Resources materials needed to do certain work.Management of Personnel Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best Resources people for the job.

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Appendix C: GOE InterestFields and Groups

This table provides descriptions of the GOE interest fields and groups.

Field/Group Code Field/Group Name Definition

01 Arts, Entertainment, and Media An interest in creatively expressing feelings or ideas, in com-municating news or information, or in performing.

01.01 Managerial Work in Arts, These workers manage people who work in the field of arts,Entertainment, and Media entertainment, and media. They oversee performers and perform-

ances in the arts and sports. They work for radio, television, and motion picture production companies and for artists and athletes.

01.02 Writing and Editing These workers write or edit prose or poetry. Some use knowledge of a technical field to write manuals. Most work for publishers, in radio and television studios, and in the theatre and motion picture industries. Some are self-employed and sell their stories and plays directly to publishers.

01.03 News, Broadcasting, and These workers write, edit, translate, and report factual or Public Relations persuasive information. They use their language skills and knowl-

edge of special writing techniques to communicate facts or con-vince people of a point of view. They find employment with radio and television stations, newspapers, publishing firms, and adver-tising agencies. Some translators travel with visiting foreign businesspeople or diplomats; others work in courtrooms and law firms.

01.04 Visual Arts These workers draw, paint, or sculpt works of art or design con-sumer goods in which visual appeal is important. They work for advertising agencies, printing and publishing firms, television and motion picture studios, museums, and restoration laboratories. They also work for manufacturers and in retail and wholesale trade. Many operate their own commercial art studios or do free-lance work.

01.05 Performing Arts These workers direct or perform for the public in works of drama, music, dance, or spectacle. They are employed by motion picture, television, and radio studios; stock companies; nightclubs; the-aters; orchestras; bands; choral groups; music publishing and recording companies; traveling carnivals or circuses; and perma-

(continued)

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Field/Group Code Field/Group Name Definition

nently located amusement parks. They may compose, arrange, or orchestrate musical compositions; choreograph dance routines; or plan the presentation of performances. Besides the time spent on stage, performers must spend a large portion of their time practicing their craft, auditioning for parts, and rehearsing their performances.

01.06 Craft Arts These workers create visually appealing objects from clay, glass, fabric, and other materials. Their jobs demand considerable skill. Some are employed by manufacturing firms, but many are self-employed, selling items they have made through galleries and gift shops.

01.07 Graphic Arts These workers produce printed materials, specializing in text, in pictures, or in combining both. Some of them use precision engraving and etching equipment and use considerable manual dexterity. Others use computerized or photographic equipment and rely more on technical skills. All of them have a good sense of what is visually appealing. They are employed by manufac-turing firms, printing and publishing companies, and the publica-tions departments in businesses of all kinds.

01.08 Media Technology These workers perform the technical tasks that create the photo-graphs, movies and videos, radio and television broadcasts, and sound recordings that provide entertainment and information for all of us. They are employed by local and network broadcasters, film studios and independent film or video production companies, recording studios, and photography studios.

01.09 Modeling and Personal These workers pose before a camera or a live audience or theyAppearance prepare the makeup or costuming for models or performers.

Models display clothing, hairstyles, and commercial products; appear in fashion shows and other public or private product exhibitions; and pose for artists and photographers. They and their makeup artists work for manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Some are employed by motion picture and television studios; others work in nightclubs. Many models are self-employed or get jobs through model agencies or unions. Makeupartists and costume attendants who attend to performers work for theaters and motion picture and television studios.

01.10 Sports: Coaching, Instructing, These workers participate in professional sporting events suchOfficiating, and Performing as football, baseball, and horse racing. Included are contestants,

trainers, coaches, referees, and umpires. Some work at private recreational facilities such as ski resorts, tennis courts, and gymnasiums.

02 Science, Math, and Engineering An interest in discovering, collecting, and analyzing informationabout the natural world; in applying scientific research findings; in imagining and manipulating quantitative data; and in applying technology.

(continued)

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____________________________________________________Appendix C: GOE Interest Fields and Groups

Field/Group Code Field/Group Name Definition

02.01 Managerial Work in Science, These workers manage scientists who are doing research andMath, and Engineering engineers who are applying scientific principles to solve real-

world problems. They set goals, oversee financial and technical resources, and evaluate outcomes. They work for industries, government agencies, universities, and hospitals.

02.02 Physical Sciences These workers are concerned mostly with non-living things, such as chemicals, rocks, metals, and movements of the earth and stars. They conduct scientific studies and perform other activities requiring a knowledge of math, physics, or chemistry. Some workers investigate, discover, and test new theories. Some develop new or improved materials or processes for use in production and construction. Some do research in such fields as geology, astronomy, oceanography, and meteorology. Workers base their conclusions on information that can be measured or proved. Industries, government agencies, and large universities employ most of these workers in research facilities.

02.03 Life Sciences These workers do research and conduct experiments to find out more about plants, animals, and other living things. Some study methods of producing better species of plants or animals; some work to find ways of preserving the natural balance in the environment. Others conduct research to improve medicine, health, and living conditions for human beings. These jobs are found in manufacturing plants, government agencies, univer-sities, and hospitals.

02.04 Social Sciences These workers gather, study, and analyze information about indi-viduals, groups, or entire societies. They conduct research into all aspects of human behavior, including abnormal behavior, language, work, politics, lifestyle, and cultural expression. They are employed by schools and colleges, government agencies, businesses, museums, and private research foundations.

02.05 Laboratory Technology These workers use special laboratory techniques and equipment to perform tests in such fields as chemistry, biology, and physics; then they record information resulting from their experiments and tests. These reports are used by scientists, medical doctors, researchers, and engineers. Hospitals, government agencies, universities, and private industries employ these workers in their laboratories and research activities.

02.06 Mathematics and Computers These workers use advanced math, statistics, and computer pro-grams to solve problems and conduct research. They analyze and interpret numerical data for planning and decision making. Some of these workers determine how computers may best be used to solve problems or process information. Businesses and indus-tries, colleges, research organizations, and government agencies

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hire these workers. Some programmers work as consultants on changing assignments.

02.07 Engineering These workers plan, design, and direct the development and construction of buildings, bridges, roads, airports, dams, sewage systems, air conditioning systems, mining machinery, and other structures and equipment. They utilize scientific principles to develop processes and techniques for generating and trans-mitting electrical power, for manufacturing chemicals, for extracting metals from ores, and for controlling the quality of products being made. Workers specialize in one or more kinds of engineering, such as civil, electrical, mechanical, mining, and safety. Some are hired by industrial plants, petroleum and miningcompanies, research laboratories, and construction companies. Others find employment with federal, state, and local govern-ments.

02.08 Engineering Technology These workers perform a variety of technical tasks. They make detailed drawings and work plans; measure and prepare maps of land and water areas; operate complex communications equipment; inspect buildings and equipment for structural, mechanical, or electrical problems; and schedule and control production and transportation operations. Many work in indust-rial plants, oilfields and mines, research laboratories, and con-struction sites. Engineering firms; manufacturers; and federal, state, and local governments hire these workers.

03 Plants and Animals An interest in working with plants and animals, usually outdoors.

03.01 Managerial Work in Plants These workers operate or manage farms, ranches, hatcheries, and Animals nurseries, forests, and other plant and animal businesses. Some

breed specialty plants and animals. Others provide services to increase production or beautify land areas. Many work in rural areas or woodlands and on farms, ranches, and forest pre-serves. Others find employment with commercial nurseries, landscaping firms, business services, or government agencies located in large and small communities all over the country. Many are self-employed, operating their own large or small businesses.

03.02 Animal Care and Training These workers care for and train animals of many kinds. They work in pet shops, pet grooming parlors, testing laboratories, animal shelters, and veterinary offices. Some are employed by zoos, aquariums, circuses, and other places where animals are exhibited or used in entertainment acts. Others work for animal training or obedience schools, stables, kennels, race tracks, or riding academies. This group does not include workers

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employed on farms, ranches, or other places where animals are raised for food.

03.03 Hands-on Work in Plants These workers perform strenuous tasks with plants or animals, and Animals usually outdoors in a non-factory setting. They work with their

hands, use tools and equipment, or operate machinery. They work on farms or ranches; at logging camps or fish hatcheries; in forests or game preserves; or with commercial fishing busi-nesses, onshore or in fishing boats. In cities and towns they usually work in parks, gardens, or nurseries.

04 Law, Law Enforcement, An interest in upholding people’s rights or in protecting people and Public Safety and property by using authority, inspecting, or monitoring.

04.01 Managerial Work in Law, These workers manage fire and police departments. They setLaw Enforcement, goals and policies, oversee financial and human resources,and Public Safety evaluate outcomes, and represent their departments to the

public and the governments of the jurisdictions they serve. They work for cites and towns. Supervisors of forest fire fighters mostly work for the federal government.

04.02 Law These workers provide legal advice and representation to clients, hear and make decisions on court cases, help individuals and groups reach agreements, and conduct investigations into legal matters. Although they specialize in many different fields, all of them apply knowledge of laws and regulations to the problems they must solve. They work for law firms, courts, businesses, government agencies, and legislators.

04.03 Law Enforcement These workers enforce laws and regulations to protect people, animals, and property. They investigate suspicious persons and acts; prevent crimes; and identify the causes of fires, working for federal, state, and local governments. Some are hired by private businesses, such as factories and stores. They operate in a variety of settings, such as railroads, hotels, lumberyards, industrial plants, and amusement establishments.

04.04 Public Safety These workers protect the public by responding to emergencies and by assuring that people are not exposed to unsafe products or facilities. Some respond hastily to emergencies, stabilizing sick or injured people en route to a hospital or acting quickly to put out fires and evacuate people from burning buildings. Dealing with sudden crises requires them to have both technical skills and the ability to keep a cool head. Others investigate busi-ness practices; examine records; and inspect materials, products, workplaces, utilities, and transportation equipment for com-pliance with government regulations or conformance to company policies. They may impound records, close down businesses, or

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bring other pressures to bear against individuals or organizations which they find to be in violation of rules. Although they are not involved directly with construction, installation, or processing operations, they must know the technical principles to be able to measure and evaluate the quality of the materials and equipment they inspect.

04.05 Military These workers serve in the Armed Forces of the United States: the Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marines, Navy, and National Guard. Although workers in the Armed Forces perform almost every occupation found in the civilian workforce, the occupations in this subgroup are unique to the military and have no civilian counterparts. The purpose of workers in the military is to ensure peace and protect the nation in times of war. In unusual cases, the military must assist in national emergencies or to restore order in events of civil disobedience.

05 Mechanics, Installers, An interest in applying mechanical and electrical/electronic prin-and Repairers ciples to practical situations by use of machines or hand tools.

05.01 Managerial Work in Mechanics, These workers directly supervise and coordinate activities ofInstallers, and Repairers mechanics, repairers, and installers and their helpers. They are

generally found in smaller establishments, where they perform both supervisory and management functions, such as accounting, marketing, and personnel work, and may also engage in the same repair and installation work as the workers they supervise.

05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems These workers repair and install electrical devices and systems such as motors, transformers, appliances, and power lines and electronic devices and systems such as radios, computers, and telephone networks. They work for manufacturers, utilities, and service companies. Since electrical and electronic equipmentis used almost everywhere, they may work in almost any kind of location, as well as in repair shops.

05.03 Mechanical Work These workers install, service, and repair various kinds of machinery. Some are large, such as bodies and engines of cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and ships; furnaces and air conditioners; office machines; and home appliances. Others are small, such as locks, watches, medical instruments, power tools, and musical instruments. These workers are hired by manufacturers, service companies, and businesses that use machines.

05.04 Hands-on Work in Mechanics, These workers perform a variety of tasks requiring little skill, Installers, and Repairers such as moving materials, repairing simple machines and equip-

ment, and helping skilled workers. These jobs are found in a variety of settings, mostly other than in factories.

06 Construction, Mining, and Drilling An interest in assembling components of buildings and other structures or in using mechanical devices to drill or excavate.

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06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, These workers directly supervise and coordinate activities ofMining, and Drilling the workers who construct buildings, roads, or other structures

or who drill or dig for oil and minerals. They are responsible for setting and meeting goals and for bringing together the people and equipment needed to get the work done.

06.02 Construction These workers construct buildings and other large structures. Besides laying the foundations and putting up the framework, walls, floors, and roof, they also install plumbing and electric conduits, windows, and insulation and finish interior surfaces with paint, paper, and carpeting. Outside, they may install drive-ways, parking lots, fences, and swimming pools. They may also apply their skills to servicing or refurbishing components of buildings. General construction companies and specialized installation and service firms employ these workers.

06.03 Mining and Drilling These workers operate drilling or other excavating and pumping equipment, usually in oilfields, quarries, or mines. They are hired by large energy or extractive companies or by small drilling con-tractors that do work for the large companies.

06.04 Hands-on Work in Construction, These workers perform a variety of tasks requiring little skill,Extraction, and Maintenance such as moving materials, cleaning work areas, doing routine

installations, operating simple tools, and helping skilled workers. They work at construction sites, oilfields, quarries, and mines.

07 Transportation An interest in operations that move people or materials.07.01 Managerial Work in Transportation These workers manage transportation services. They may be

responsible for a whole airline, rail line, bus line, or subway system; they may oversee a fleet of trucks or cargo vessels; or they may coordinate the activities of the crew on one large train. They have a good knowledge of the transportation equipment for which they are responsible, and they understand how to plan for and react to factors that might affect whether the vehicles complete their routes safely, on schedule, and within budget. Most of them work within basic guidelines of policy and goals set by their employers.

07.02 Vehicle Expediting and These workers monitor and control the movements of vehicles.Coordinating They work at airports or along rail lines, routing vehicles so they

keep on schedule but also keep a safe distance from other vehi-cles. Traffic technicians work under the direction of a traffic engineer to conduct field studies of traffic volume, signals, light-ing, and other factors that influence the flow of vehicles.

07.03 Air Vehicle Operation These workers pilot airplanes or helicopters or train or supervise pilots. Most are hired by commercial airlines. Some find jobs piloting planes for private companies, such as package delivery services or crop-dusting services, or for individuals.

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07.04 Water Vehicle Operation These workers operate ships, boats, and barges. They steer them, operate motor equipment, maintain the vessel, and see that pas-sengers and/or cargo are handled well. Most are hired by freight shipping companies, although some work for cruise lines, fishing fleets, or individuals.

07.05 Truck Driving These workers drive large trucks, small trucks, or delivery vans. They may cover long distances or a familiar local route. Most of these jobs are found with trucking companies or with wholesale and retail companies that do deliveries.

07.06 Rail Vehicle Operation These workers drive locomotives, subways, and streetcars. Most of these jobs are found with railroads and city transit authorities.

07.07 Other Services Requiring Driving These workers drive ambulances, taxis, buses (city, intercity, or school), or other small vehicles, mostly to take people from place to place. Some drive a route to sell or deliver items, such as ice cream bars, take-out food, or newspapers. Some park cars on parking lots.

07.08 Support Work These workers provide support for routine operations at airports, railroads, and docks. They load and unload cargo, secure cargo inside vehicles, and refuel and clean vehicles.

08 Industrial Production An interest in repetitive, concrete, organized activities most often done in a factory setting.

08.01 Managerial Work in Industrial These workers manage industrial processing and manufacturingProduction plants. They make decisions about policy and operation in accor-

dance with overall company policy and goals. They must have working knowledge of the equipment and methods for the activity that they direct.

08.02 Production Technology These workers perform highly skilled hand and/or machine work requiring special techniques, training, and experience. Some set up machines for others to operate or set up and perform a variety of machine operations on their own. Some do precision hand-work. Some inspect and test the work of others to make sure it meets standards of quality. Production technology workers mostlyare employed on assembly lines, but the materials they work withmay be as big as airplane bodies or as small as gemstones.

08.03 Production Work These workers use hands and hand tools with skill to make or process materials, products, and parts. They follow established procedures and techniques. Although their jobs are found most often in manufacturing plants, they are also found in places we might not ordinarily think of as factories, such as printing and publishing companies, slaughterhouses, and canneries.

08.04 Metal and Plastics Machining These workers cut and grind metal and plastic parts to desiredTechnology shapes and measurements, usually following specifications that

require very precise work. They create the patterns, molds, and

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models that manufacturers then use to mass-produce products of all kinds. Most work in machine shops of manufacturing plants.

08.05 Woodworking Technology These workers follow specifications as they cut, shape, and finish wood products such as furniture and cabinets. Some create wooden models of products that will be mass-produced out of wood, metal, or plastic. Although most work in manufacturing plants, some work in homes and offices to custom-make cabinets.

08.06 Systems Operation These workers operate and maintain equipment in systems that generate and distribute electricity, provide water and process wastewater, and pump oil and gas from oil fields to storage tanks. These jobs are found in utility companies, refineries, ships, industrial plants, and large apartment houses.

08.07 Hands-on Work: Loading, These workers use their hands, machinery, tools, and otherMoving, Hoisting, and Conveying equipment to package or move products or materials. They work

in a variety of settings, including offices, mailrooms, manufac-turing plants, water treatment plants, and construction sites. They may work with small packages or computer chips or with huge containers or structural components of buildings.

09 Business Detail An interest in organized, clearly defined activities requiring accuracy and attention to details, primarily in an office setting.

09.01 Managerial Work in These workers supervise and coordinate certain high-levelBusiness Detail business activities: contracts for buying or selling goods and

services, office support services, facilities planning and mainte-nance, customer service, and administrative support. Within the general policies and goals of their organization, they make plans, oversee financial and technical resources, and evaluate outcomes. They work in the offices of every kind of business, government agency, and school.

09.02 Administrative Detail These workers do high-level clerical work requiring special skills and knowledge, as well as some low-level managerial work. They work in the offices of businesses, industries, courts of law, and government agencies, as well as in medicine, law, and other professions.

09.03 Bookkeeping, Auditing, These workers collect, organize, compute, and record theand Accounting numerical information used in business and financial trans-

actions. They use both clerical and math skills, and some use machines. They work in banks, finance companies, accounting firms, payroll and inventory control departments in business and government agencies, and other places.

09.04 Material Control These workers monitor the production of a business or the use of utilities. They examine documents or meters and maintain records of consumption or production. Some order raw materials and supplies and arrange for shipping of output. Workers find

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jobs for water works, electricity and gas suppliers, institutions, industrial plants, government agencies, factories, transportation companies, department stores, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, laundries, and dry-cleaning plants.

09.05 Customer Service These workers deal with people in person, often standing behinda window or in a booth. They may receive payment; collect infor-mation; give out change, cash, or merchandise; provide informa-tion in answer to questions; or help customers fill out forms. Many keep written records of the information or money they receive or perform other clerical duties. Private businesses, banks, institutions such as schools and hospitals, and govern-ment agencies hire them to work in offices and reception areas.

09.06 Communications These workers talk with people by telephone or by using othercommunication equipment to give and receive information. Some deal with the public; some interact only with fellow workers. Many keep written records of the information they receive or perform other clerical duties. Private businesses, hotels, telephone companies, institutions such as schools and hospitals, and government agencies hire them to work in offices.

09.07 Records Processing These workers prepare, review, file, and coordinate recorded information. Some check records and schedules for accuracy. Some schedule the activities of people or the use of equipment. Jobs in this group are found in most businesses, institutions, and government agencies.

09.08 Records and Materials These workers routinely file, sort, route, or deliver items such asProcessing letters, packages, or messages. Some of their work may be done

with machines and computer terminals. Their jobs are found inmost businesses, factories, and government agencies and in theU.S. Postal Service and various private courier services.

09.09 Clerical Machine Operation These workers use business machines to record or process data. They operate machines that type, print, sort, compute, send, or receive information. Their jobs are found in businesses, factories, and government agencies and wherever else large amounts of data are handled.

10 Sales and Marketing An interest in bringing others to a particular point of view by personal persuasion, using sales and promotional techniques.

10.01 Managerial Work in Sales These workers direct or manage various kinds of selling and/orand Marketing advertising operations—either a department within a business

or a specialized business firm that contracts to provide selling and/or advertising services. These workers usually carry out their activities according to policies and procedures determined by owners, boards of directors, administrators, and other persons with higher authority.

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10.02 Sales Technology These workers sell products such as industrial machinery, data processing equipment, and pharmaceuticals, plus services such as investment counseling, insurance, and advertising. They advise customers of the capabilities, uses, and other important features of these products and services and help customers choose those best suited to their needs. They work for manufac-turers, wholesalers, insurance companies, financial institutions, and business service establishments. Some are self-employed.

10.03 General Sales These workers sell, demonstrate, and solicit orders for products and services of many kinds. They are hired by retail and whole-sale firms, manufacturers and distributors, business services, and nonprofit organizations. Some spend all their time in a single location, such as a department store or automobile agency. Others call on businesses or individuals to sell products or services or follow up on earlier sales.

10.04 Personal Soliciting These workers appeal to people directly and sell them merchan-dise or services. In most cases they do not build a long-term relationship with the buyer. They may sell products on the street, staying in one location or moving through business and resi-dential areas. They may call potential buyers by telephone. They may demonstrate a product in a mall or other place with a lot of foot traffic.

11 Recreation, Travel, and Other An interest in catering to the personal wishes and needs ofPersonal Services others so that they may enjoy cleanliness, good food and drink,

comfortable lodging away from home, and enjoyable recreation.11.01 Managerial Work in Recreation, These workers manage, through lower-level personnel, all or

Travel, and Other Personal part of the activities in restaurants, hotels, resorts, and otherServices places where people expect good personal service. Some of

them manage services that keep a building clean. Within the guidelines of their organization, they set goals, monitor resources, and evaluate the work of others.

11.02 Recreational Services These workers provide services to help people enjoy their leisure activities. They may lead people in recreational activities such as exercise, crafts, music, or camping or they may help people engaged in recreation by performing such services as dealing cards, guiding tourists, taking tickets, or operating thrill rides.

11.03 Transportation and Lodging These workers help visitors, travelers, and customers getServices acquainted with and feel at ease in an unfamiliar setting. They

are charged with the safety and comfort of people who are travel-ing or vacationing. They may register travelers at hotels, booktrips for passengers, or carry travelers’ luggage. These workers find employment with air, rail, and water transportation com-panies; hotels and restaurants; retirement homes; and related establishments.

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11.04 Barber and Beauty Services These workers cut and style hair and provide a variety of other services to improve people’s appearance or physical condition. They may specialize in one activity or perform many different duties.

11.05 Food and Beverage Services These workers prepare and serve food. Some of them cook or do other tasks to prepare food in kitchens of restaurants or insti-tutional cafeterias. Others aid in the preparation process by cutting meat, baking bread and pastries, or decorating cakes. The various kinds of workers who serve food and drink may wait on tables, serve diners at a counter, bring meals outside at drive-ins, or tend bar. Other workers play a supporting role by greeting diners as they enter a restaurant, by washing dishes, or by keep-ing the dining room set up with clean linens and silverware.

11.06 Apparel, Shoes, Leather, These workers clean, alter, restore, and repair clothing, shoes, orand Fabric Care other items made from fabric or leather. Their jobs are found in

clothing stores; manufacturing plants; and specialty cleaning, alteration, and repair shops.

11.07 Cleaning and Building Services These workers maintain the cleanliness of houses, various kinds of buildings, vehicles, and large equipment. They use detergents and other cleaning agents, vacuum cleaners, brushes, and specialized equipment to remove dirt, spills, and trash so the living or working environment is healthy, safe, and pleasant to be in. Some cleaners also do minor repairs, such as fixing leaky faucets. In hospitals they may disinfect equipment and supplies. Some of these workers provide other services for the conven-ience of people working or seeking recreation in a building, such as retrieving people’s personal items in a locker room.

11.08 Other Personal Services These workers provide personal services to people who need a lot of attention: young children, people with chronic health prob-lems, people in mourning, or very busy people. They provide such services as companionship, bathing and grooming, simple meal preparation, organizing the household, running errands, and basic emotional support.

12 Education and Social Service An interest in teaching people or improving their social or spiritual well-being.

12.01 Managerial Work in Education These workers are employed at colleges, school districts, corpo-and Social Service rations, parks, and social service agencies. They are responsible

for planning, budgeting, evaluating results, and supervising workers. They need to balance their financial responsibilities against the educational and social service goals of their organi-zations and sometimes must make trade-offs. They enjoy helping people achieve their learning and social goals, but they are con-tent to do so behind the scenes.

12.02 Social Services These workers help people deal with their problems and major life events. They may work on a person-to-person basis or with groups of people. Workers sometimes specialize in problems that

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are personal, social, vocational, physical, educational, or spiritual in nature. Schools, rehabilitation centers, mental health clinics, guidance centers, and religious institutions employ these workers. Jobs are also found in public and private welfare and employment services, juvenile courts, and vocational rehabilita-tion programs.

12.03 Educational Services These workers do general and specialized teaching, vocational training, and advising about education, career planning, or finances. Some provide library and museum services. Jobs are found in schools, colleges, libraries, and museums.

13 General Management and Support An interest in making an organization run smoothly.13.01 General Management Work These workers are top-level and middle-level administrators

and Management of Support who direct, through lower-level personnel, all or part of theFunctions activities in business establishments, government agencies, and

labor unions. They set policies, make important decisions, and determine priorities. They use a variety of skills, including math, critical thinking, communications, insight into human nature, and computer applications. They have a good knowledge of how their industry operates and what laws and regulations they must follow.

13.02 Management Support These workers plan, manage, analyze, evaluate, and make deci-sions about personnel, purchases, and financial transactions and records. They use mathematics, logic, psychology, computerized tools, and knowledge of industry practices and government regu-lations that apply to their specific fields. They provide information and recommendations that help higher management accomplish the goals of the organization. They supervise clerical and some-times technical staff that support them.

14 Medical and Health Services An interest in helping people be healthy.14.01 Managerial Work in Medical These workers manage medical activities. Some primarily super-

and Health Services vise doctors, nurses, therapists, and other health care workers. Others provide leadership for all aspects of a hospital or nursing home, including finance and physical facilities. Some make deci-sions about how an autopsy is to be conducted. They do planning, budgeting, staffing, and evaluation of outcomes. They work for hospitals, health insurers, and government agencies.

14.02 Medicine and Surgery These workers diagnose and treat human diseases, disorders, and injuries. They work in such places as hospitals, clinics, health facilities, industrial plants, pharmacies, and government agencies. Some are professionals who make life-and-death decisions, per-form invasive procedures, and prescribe drugs. They may spe-cialize or work in general practice. Many are self-employed and have their own offices. Other workers in this group provide care under the supervision of professionals.

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14.03 Dentistry These workers provide health care for patients’ teeth and mouth tissues. Most dentists are general practitioners, performing a variety of oral care tasks. Others specialize: Orthodontists straighten teeth; prosthodontists make artificial teeth and den-tures; oral and maxillofacial surgeons operate on the mouth and jaws. Dental hygienists clean teeth and teach people how to take care of their teeth. Dental assistants provide chairside help, get the patient and equipment ready, and keep records.

14.04 Health Specialties These workers are health professionals and technicians who spe-cialize in certain parts of the human body. They are employed in private practices, vision-care chains, hospitals, and long-term health care facilities. Optometrists diagnose various diseases, disorders, and injuries of the eye, but opticians specialize in using lenses to correct imperfections in how the eye focuses. Podiatrists maintain the health of the feet and lower extremities. Chiropractors adjust the spinal column and other joints to prevent disease and correct abnormalities of the human body believed to be caused by interference with the nervous system.

14.05 Medical Technology These workers use technology mostly to detect signs of disease. They are employed by hospitals, long-term health care facilities, HMOs, physicians’ offices, and specialized diagnostic laboratories and practices. They perform tests requested by physicians, and the findings they report help the physicians to diagnose disease and formulate a therapy.

14.06 Medical Therapy These workers care for, treat, or train people to improve their physical and emotional well-being. Most persons in this group work with people who are sick, injured, or disabled. Hospitals, nursing homes, and rehabilitation centers hire workers in this group, as do schools, industrial plants, doctors’ offices, and sports organizations.

14.07 Patient Care and Assistance These workers are concerned with the physical needs and welfare of others. They may assist professional workers. These workers care for people who are very old, very young, or have handicaps, frequently helping people do the things they cannot do for them-selves. Jobs are found in hospitals, clinics, daycare centers, nur-series, schools, private homes, and centers for disabled people.

14.08 Health Protection and Promotion These workers help people maintain good health and fitness. They educate and advise people to help them live healthier lifestyles, eat well, and get into better physical condition.

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Appendix D: Definitions of RelatedKnowledge/Courses

This table provides definitions for the related knowledge/courses items in the jobdescriptions in Part IV.

Knowledge/Course Definition

Administration and Management Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic plan-ning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership techniques, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

Biology Knowledge of plant and animal organisms and their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.

Building and Construction Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.

Chemistry Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of sub-stances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.

Clerical Practices Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology.

Communications and Media Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.

Computers and Electronics Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.

Customer and Personal Service Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

Design Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

Economics and Accounting Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

Education and Training Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.

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Knowledge/Course DefinitionEngineering and Technology Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology.

This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

English Language Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language, including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.

Fine Arts Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.

Food Production Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Foreign Language Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language, including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.

Geography Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics; locations; interrelation-ships; and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

History and Archeology Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

Law and Government Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.

Mathematics Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, and statistics and their applications.

Mechanical Devices Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.

Medicine and Dentistry Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

Personnel and Human Resources Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.

Philosophy and Theology Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and impact on human culture.

Physics Knowledge and prediction of physical principles and laws and their interrela-tionships and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics and mechanical, electrical, atomic, and subatomic structures and processes.

Production and Processing Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribu-tion of goods.

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453

Knowledge/Course Definition

Psychology Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

Public Safety and Security Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to pro-mote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

Sales and Marketing Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.

Sociology and Anthropology Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, and cultures and their history and origins.

Telecommunications Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.

Therapy and Counseling Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions and for career counseling and guidance.

Transportation Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.

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IndexA

accountants, 38, 43, 48, 52, 70, 382–382activities, work, 18–24actors, 33, 46, 60, 87–88, 103–104, 113–114, 229actuaries, 38, 43, 70, 383adjustment clerks, 38, 47, 52, 68, 90–91, 383–384administrative services managers, 36, 47, 67, 98,

335advertising and promotions managers, 32, 41, 45,

50, 61, 87–88, 230agents and business managers of artists, performers,

and athletes, 37, 47, 67, 90, 98, 107–108, 116,335–336

agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary, 30,45, 49, 58, 93–94, 101, 176–177

air traffic controllers, 38, 43, 69, 83–84, 99,384–385

airline pilots, 29, 40, 57, 72–73, 121anesthesiologists, 31, 40, 50, 59, 75–76, 94, 112,

177–178anthropology and archeology teachers, post-

secondary, 34, 42, 46, 51, 64, 96–97, 105–106,275–276

architects, except landscape and naval, 32, 41, 46,60, 77, 113–114, 231

area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, post-secondary, 34, 42, 46, 51, 64, 96–97, 105–106,276–278

art directors, 33, 41, 61, 95-96, 103–104,113–114, 231–232

art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary, 32,41, 45, 50, 61, 95–96, 103–104, 232–234

Artistic personality type, 12–16Best Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or

More Part-Time Workers list, 104–105Best Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or

More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 96

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Men list, 77

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Women list, 77

Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent orMore Workers Age 16–24 list, 88

Best Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or MoreSelf-Employed Workers list, 114–115

Best Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree list,60–61

Best Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree list, 61Best Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job

Training list, 60Best Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-

Job Training list, 59Best Jobs Requiring Postsecondary Vocational

Training list, 60Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a

Related Occupation list, 60Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus

Degree list, 6150 Best Jobs list, 32–33job descriptions, 229–274Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Men

list, 77Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time

Workers list, 102–103Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-

Employed Workers list, 113Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Women

list, 76Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 16–24 list, 87Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 65 and Over list, 9520 Best-Paying Jobs list, 41

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20 Fastest-Growing Jobs list, 45–4620 Jobs with the Most Openings list, 50

assessments, 16–26assessors, 38, 43, 69, 99, 117, 385–386Associate’s degree, defined, 54audio and video equipment technicians, 38, 47,

69, 83–84, 90–91, 386–387audio-visual collections specialists, 39, 68,

108–109, 387–388auditors, 38, 43, 48, 52, 70, 388–389automotive master mechanics, 30, 49, 56, 72, 74,

85–86, 110–111, 122–123automotive specialty technicians, 30, 49, 56, 72,

74, 85–86, 110–111, 123–124

BBachelor’s degree, defined, 54Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or

More Part-Time Workers list, 104–105Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or

More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 96Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or

More Men, 77Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or

More Women, 77Best Artistic Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or

More Workers Age 16–24 list, 88Best Artistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More

Self-Employed Workers list, 114–115Best Artistic Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree

list, 60–61Best Artistic Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree

list, 61Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-

Job Training list, 60Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term

On-the-Job Training list, 59Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Postsecondary

Vocational Training list, 60Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a

Related Occupation list, 60Best Artistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus

Degree list, 61Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 15

Percent or More Part-Time Workers list, 109Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing

4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 99

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Men list, 84

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Women list, 83

Best Conventional Jobs Overall Employing 10Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 list, 91–92

Best Conventional Jobs Overall with 15 Percent orMore Self-Employed Workers list, 117

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’sDegree list, 70

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring an Associate’sDegree list, 69

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job Training list, 69

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Moderate-TermOn-the-Job Training list, 68

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring PostsecondaryVocational Training list, 69

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job Training list, 67–68

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring WorkExperience in a Related Occupation list, 69

Best Conventional Jobs Requiring WorkExperience Plus Degree list, 70

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers list, 108

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 98

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Men list, 81–82

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Women list, 80

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 list, 90

Best Enterprising Jobs Overall with 15 Percent orMore Self-Employed Workers list, 116

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’sDegree list, 66

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring a FirstProfessional Degree list, 67

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring an Associate’sDegree list, 66

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job Training list, 65

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Moderate-TermOn-the-Job Training list, 66

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job Training list, 64

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Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Work Experiencein a Related Occupation list, 65–66

Best Enterprising Jobs Requiring Work ExperiencePlus Degree list, 67

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers list,101–102

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 94–95

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Men list, 76

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Women list, 75

Best Investigative Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 list, 87

Best Investigative Jobs Overall with 15 Percent orMore Self-Employed Workers list, 111

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’sDegree list, 57–58

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a DoctoralDegree list, 59

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a FirstProfessional Degree list, 59

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degreelist, 58

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring an Associate’sDegree list, 57

Best Investigative Jobs Requiring Work ExperiencePlus Degree list, 58

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or More Part-Time Workers list, 100

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 93

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Men list, 73–74

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or More Women list, 71

Best Realistic Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or More Workers Age 16–24 list, 85–86

Best Realistic Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or MoreSelf-Employed Workers list, 111

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degreelist, 57

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degreelist, 57

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job Training list, 55

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training list, 55

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring PostsecondaryVocational Training list, 56

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job Training list, 55

Best Realistic Jobs Requiring Work Experience in aRelated Occupation list, 56

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent orMore Part-Time Workers list, 106–107

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent orMore Workers Age 65 and Over list, 97

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Men list, 79

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Women list, 78–79

Best Social Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent orMore Workers Age 16–24 list, 89

Best Social Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or MoreSelf-Employed Workers list, 115

Best Social Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree list, 63

Best Social Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree list, 64

Best Social Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degreelist, 63

Best Social Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job Training list, 62

Best Social Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training list, 62

Best Social Jobs Requiring PostsecondaryVocational Training list, 63

Best Social Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job Training list, 62

Best Social Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a Related Occupation list, 62

Best Social Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus Degree list, 64

bill and account collectors, 38, 47, 52, 67, 82–83,90–91, 389–390

billing, cost, and rate clerks, 39, 52, 68, 82–83,108–109, 390–391

billing, posting, and calculating machine operators, 39, 52, 68, 82–83, 108–109, 391–392

biochemists, 32, 59, 178–179biological science teachers, postsecondary, 31, 45,

49, 58, 93–94, 101–102, 179–181biophysicists, 32, 59, 181boat builders and shipwrights, 29, 49, 56, 72, 74,

85–86, 110–111, 124–125

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bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks, 38,52, 68, 82–83, 99, 108–109, 392–393

brattice builders, 29, 49, 55, 72, 74, 85–86,110–111, 125–126

brazers, 30, 49, 55, 72, 74, 126–127brickmasons and blockmasons, 29, 40, 56, 72–73,

85–86, 93, 110–111, 127–128broadcast news analysts, 33, 61, 87–88, 234–235budget analysts, 38, 43, 70, 393–394bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine

specialists, 30, 56, 72, 74, 129–130

Ccalibration and instrumentation technicians, 29,

40, 73–74, 130–131camera operators, 33, 59, 77, 87–88, 103–104,

113–114, 235–236caption writers, 32, 41, 50, 59, 95–96, 103–104,

113–114, 236career choice, personality-based approach, 11–12cargo and freight agents, 39, 68, 83–84, 394–395carpenter assemblers and repairers, 29, 49, 55, 72,

74, 85–86, 110–111, 131cartographers and photogrammetrists, 39, 43, 70,

83–84, 99, 395–396cartoonists, 33, 60, 95-96, 103–104, 113–114,

236–237cashiers, 39, 52, 68, 82–83, 90, 92, 108–109,

396–397ceiling tile installers, 30, 44, 55, 72, 74, 85–86,

110–111, 132cement masons and concrete finishers, 30, 44, 56,

72, 74, 85–86, 133–134chemistry teachers, postsecondary, 31, 45, 49, 58,

93–94, 101–102, 181–183child support, missing persons, and unemployment

insurance fraud investigators, 37, 47, 65, 80–81,336–337

child, family, and school social workers, 35, 63,78–79, 278–279

chiropractors, 31, 59, 75–76, 101–102, 111–112,183

choreographers, 33, 60, 76–77, 87–88, 102, 105,113–114, 237

civil engineers, 30, 40, 57, 73–74, 93, 134–135claims examiners, property and casualty

insurance, 38, 43, 69, 397–398clinical psychologists, 31, 58, 93, 95, 101–102,

111–112, 184

commercial and industrial designers, 33, 41, 61,103–104, 113–114, 237–238

compensation and benefits managers, 36, 42, 47,58, 67, 337–338

compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists, 32, 45, 185–186

composers, 33, 61, 87–88, 95–96, 102, 104,113–114, 238–239

computer and information systems managers, 36,42, 47, 67, 81, 338–339

computer hardware engineers, 32, 41, 58, 75–76,186–187

computer programmers, 31, 50, 57, 75–76,187–188

computer science teachers, postsecondary, 31, 45,49, 58, 93–94, 101–102, 188–189

computer security specialists, 31, 45, 57, 75–76,189–190

computer software engineers, applications, 30, 41,45, 49, 57, 75–76, 190–191

computer software engineers, systems software, 30,41, 45, 50, 57, 75–76, 191–192

computer support specialists, 31, 45, 49, 57,86–87, 192–193

computer systems analysts, 31, 45, 49, 57,193–194

construction and building inspectors, 38, 43, 69,83–84, 99, 398–399

construction carpenters, 29, 49, 56, 72, 74, 85–86,110–111, 135–136

construction managers, 36, 43, 52, 66, 80–81,116, 339–340

Conventional personality type, 12–16Best Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or

More Part-Time Workers list, 109Best Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or

More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 99Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or

More Men list, 84Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or

More Women list, 83Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or

More Workers Age 16–24 list, 91–92Best Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More

Self-Employed Workers list, 117Best Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree

list, 70Best Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degree

list, 69

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Best Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-JobTraining list, 69

Best Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training list, 68

Best Jobs Requiring Postsecondary VocationalTraining list, 69

Best Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-JobTraining list, 67–68

Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience in aRelated Occupation list, 69

Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience PlusDegree list, 70

50 Best Jobs list, 38–39job descriptions, 382–425Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Men

list, 83Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time

Workers list, 108Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-

Employed Workers list, 117Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Women

list, 82Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 16–24 list, 90–91Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 65 and Over list, 9920 Best-Paying Jobs list, 4320 Fastest-Growing Jobs list, 47–4820 Jobs with the Most Openings list, 52

copilots, 29, 40, 121copy writers, 32, 41, 50, 60, 95–96, 103–104,

113–114, 239–240correctional officers and jailers, 29, 44, 55, 73,

136–137cost estimators, 38, 43, 70, 83–84, 90–91, 99,

399–400costume attendants, 32, 45, 50, 59, 87–88, 95–96,

102, 104, 240counseling psychologists, 35, 42, 64, 96–97, 105,

107, 115, 279–280counter and rental clerks, 38, 47, 52, 67, 90–91,

99, 108–109, 400–401court clerks, 39, 68, 82–83, 401creative writers, 33, 41, 50, 60, 95–96, 103–104,

113–114, 241credit analysts, 38, 43, 48, 70, 90–91, 401–402criminal investigators and special agents, 37, 47,

65, 80–81, 340–341curators, 33, 61, 241–243

customer service representatives, utilities, 38, 47,52, 68, 90–91, 402–403

Ddatabase administrators, 31, 45, 57, 194–195dental assistants, 34, 46, 62, 77–78, 88–89, 105,

107, 280dental hygienists, 34, 42, 46, 63, 77–78, 105–106,

280–281dentists, general, 31, 40, 59, 75–76, 93, 95, 101,

111–112, 195–196Department of Labor, 15, 27directors—stage, motion pictures, television, and

radio, 32, 41, 46, 50, 61, 113–114, 243–244dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance,

38, 68, 90–91, 403–404Doctoral degree, defined, 54drywall installers, 30, 44, 55, 72, 74, 85–86,

110–111, 137–138

Eeconomics teachers, postsecondary, 34, 42, 46, 51,

64, 96–97, 105–106, 281–282economists, 32, 41, 57, 196–197editors, 33, 41, 50, 61, 87–88, 244education administrators, elementary and second-

ary school, 34, 42, 64, 282–283education administrators, postsecondary, 36, 43,

47, 67, 341–342education and training, 53–70educational psychologists, 31, 58, 93, 95,

101–102, 111–112, 197–198educational, vocational, and school counselors, 35,

42, 64, 89, 283–285electrical engineering technicians, 29, 40, 73–74,

138–139electrical engineers, 32, 58, 75–76, 198–199electricians, 29, 40, 44, 49, 56, 72–73, 85,

139–140electronics engineering technicians, 30, 40, 73–74,

140–141electronics engineers, except computer, 31, 41, 58,

75–76, 199–200elementary school teachers, except special

education, 35, 51, 63, 78–79, 285–286emergency medical technicians and paramedics,

35, 63, 88–89, 286–287employment interviewers, 35, 63, 287–288

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engineering managers, 37, 42, 67, 80, 82,342–343

engineering teachers, postsecondary, 30, 41, 45,49, 58, 93–94, 101, 200–201

English language and literature teachers, post-secondary, 32, 41, 45, 50, 61, 95–96, 103–104,245–246

Enterprising personality type, 12–16Best Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent or

More Part-Time Workers list, 108Best Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent or

More Workers Age 65 and Over list, 98Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or

More Men list, 81–82Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent or

More Women list, 80Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent or

More Workers Age 16–24 list, 90Best Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or More

Self-Employed Workers list, 116Best Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree

list, 66Best Jobs Requiring a First Professional Degree

list, 67Best Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degree

list, 66Best Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-Job

Training list, 65Best Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-

Job Training list, 65Best Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-Job

Training list, 64Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience in a

Related Occupation list, 65–66Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus

Degree list, 6750 Best Jobs list, 35–37job descriptions, 335–381Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 16–24 list, 90Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Men list,

80–81Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time

Workers list, 107Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-

Employed Workers list, 116Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Women

list, 80

Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WorkersAge 65 and Over list, 98

20 Best-Paying Jobs list, 42–4320 Fastest-Growing Jobs list, 4720 Jobs with the Most Openings list, 51–52

environmental scientists and specialists, includinghealth, 32, 58, 75–76, 202–203

executive secretaries and administrative assistants,38, 52, 68, 82–83, 108–109, 404–405

exhibit designers, 33, 45, 61, 103–104, 113–114,246–247

Ffamily and general practitioners, 31, 40, 50, 59,

75–76, 94, 112, 203–204fashion designers, 33, 41, 61, 103–104, 113–114,

247–24850 Best Artistic Jobs list, 32–3350 Best Conventional Jobs list, 38–3950 Best Enterprising Jobs list, 35–3750 Best Investigative Jobs list, 30–3250 Best Realistic Jobs list, 29–3050 Best Social Jobs list, 34–35film and video editors, 33, 41, 45, 61, 77, 87–88,

103–104, 113–114, 248–249financial analysts, 31, 57, 86–87, 94–95, 204–205financial managers, 36, 42, 51, 67, 343–344first professional degree, defined, 54first-line supervisors and manager/supervisors—

construction trades workers, 36, 51, 65, 80–81,116, 344–345

first-line supervisors and manager/supervisors—extractive workers, 36, 51, 65, 80–81, 116,345–346

first-line supervisors and manager/supervisors—landscaping workers, 29, 44, 56, 72, 74,110–111, 141–142

first-line supervisors, administrative support, 37,51, 66, 346–347

first-line supervisors/managers of food preparationand serving workers, 37, 51, 66, 90, 347–348

first-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,installers, and repairers, 37, 65, 80, 82, 348–349

first-line supervisors/managers of non-retail salesworkers, 37, 51, 65, 116, 349–350

first-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives, 37, 43, 66, 80, 82, 350–351

first-line supervisors/managers of production andoperating workers, 37, 52, 66, 80, 82, 351–352

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fitness trainers and aerobics instructors, 34, 46, 63,88–89, 105, 107, 289

flight engineers, 29, 40, 121floral designers, 33, 50, 59, 103–104, 113–114,

249foreign language and literature teachers, post-

secondary, 32, 41, 45, 50, 61, 95–96, 103–104,249–251

forest fire fighters, 29, 40, 44, 56, 72–73, 142–143forest fire fighting and prevention supervisors, 29,

40, 44, 56, 72–73, 143–144forestry and conservation science teachers, postsec-

ondary, 30, 45, 49, 58, 93–94, 101, 205–206freight inspectors, 39, 43, 69, 83–84, 405

Ggender prevalence in jobs, 70–84geologists, 32, 58, 75–76, 206–207government service executives, 36, 42, 52, 67,

80–81, 98, 352–353grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators, 30, 55, 72,

74, 85–86, 144–145graduate teaching assistants, 34, 46, 51, 64, 97,

105–106, 290–291graphic designers, 32, 45, 50, 60, 103–104,

113–114, 251–252

Hhealth specialties teachers, postsecondary, 31, 45,

49, 58, 93–94, 101, 207–209heating and air conditioning mechanics, 29, 44,

56, 72–73, 85, 110–111, 145–146highway patrol pilots, 29, 40, 44, 49, 56, 73,

146–147history teachers, postsecondary, 34, 42, 46, 51, 64,

97, 105–106, 291–292hobbies, 26Holland, John, 12–15home health aides, 34, 46, 51, 62, 78, 88–89, 106,

293hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and

coffee shop, 37, 51, 64, 80, 90, 107–108,353–354

hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks, 38, 47, 52, 68,90–91, 108–109, 405–406

human resources assistants, except payroll andtimekeeping, 38, 48, 67, 82–83, 90–91,108–109, 406–407

human resources managers, 36, 42, 47, 67,354–355

Iimmigration and customs inspectors, 38, 43, 48,

69, 83–84, 407–408instructional coordinators, 35, 42, 64, 106–107,

293–294insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators,

37, 65, 355–356insurance claims clerks, 39, 52, 68, 82–83, 90, 92,

408–409insurance policy processing clerks, 39, 52, 68,

82–83, 90, 92, 408–409insurance underwriters, 38, 43, 70, 409–410interior designers, 33, 45, 61, 103–104, 113–114,

252–253internists, general, 31, 40, 50, 59, 75–76, 94, 112,

209–210interpreters and translators, 33, 45, 60, 103–104,

113–114, 253–254interviewers, except eligibility and loan, 38, 47, 52,

68, 82–83, 90–91, 99, 108–109, 410–411Investigative personality type, 12–16

Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent orMore Workers Age 16–24 list, 87

Best Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent orMore Part-Time Workers list, 101–102

Best Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent orMore Workers Age 65 and Over list, 94–95

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Men list, 76

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Women list, 75

Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent orMore Workers Age 16–24 list, 87

Best Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or MoreSelf-Employed Workers list, 112

Best Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree list,57–58

Best Jobs Requiring a Doctoral Degree list, 59Best Jobs Requiring a First Professional Degree

list, 59Best Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree list, 58Best Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degree

list, 57Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience Plus

Degree list, 5850 Best Jobs list, 30–32

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job descriptions, 176–228Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Men

list, 75Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time

Workers list, 101Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-

Employed Workers list, 111–112Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Women

list, 75Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 16–24 list, 86Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 65 and Over list, 93–9420 Best-Paying Jobs list, 40–4120 Fastest-Growing Jobs list, 4520 Jobs with the Most Openings list, 49–50

J–Kjobs, matching to personality types, 25–26

Keirsey Temperament Sorter, 16kindergarten teachers, except special education, 35,

63, 77, 79, 89, 106–107, 294–296

Llandscape architects, 33, 41, 45, 61, 77, 113–114,

254–255lawn service managers, 37, 47, 66, 80, 82, 116,

356–357lawyers, 36, 42, 52, 67, 81, 98, 357–358legal secretaries, 38, 43, 48, 69, 82–83, 108–109,

411–412librarians, 33, 41, 50, 61, 76–77, 103–104,

255–256library assistants, clerical, 39, 48, 68, 82–83, 90,

92, 99, 108–109, 412–413licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses,

35, 51, 63, 79, 106–107, 296–297licensing examiners and inspectors, 38, 43, 69,

413–414loan officers, 37, 66, 358–359long-term on-the-job training, defined, 54

Mmaintenance and repair workers, general, 30, 49,

56, 72, 74, 93, 147–148

makeup artists, theatrical and performance, 33, 46,60, 76–77, 87–88, 102, 105, 113–114, 256–257

management analysts, 35, 43, 47, 51, 67, 98, 116,359–360

mapping technicians, 38, 47, 68, 83–84, 90–91,414–415

marine cargo inspectors, 39, 43, 69, 83–84,415–416

market research analysts, 31, 58, 86–87, 210–211marketing managers, 36, 42, 47, 67, 360–361Master’s degree, defined, 54mathematical science teachers, postsecondary, 31,

45, 49, 58, 94, 101–102, 211–213medical and clinical laboratory technologists, 32,

58, 75, 101–102, 213–214medical and health services managers, 36, 43, 47,

67, 361–362medical and public health social workers, 35, 63,

78–79, 297–298medical assistants, 34, 46, 62, 78, 88–89,

105–106, 298medical records and health information techni-

cians, 38, 47, 69, 82–83, 90–91, 108–109,416–417

medical scientists, except epidemiologists, 31, 59,214–215

medical secretaries, 38, 52, 69, 82–83, 108–109,417–418

mental health and substance abuse social workers,35, 64, 78–79, 299

merchandise displayers and window trimmers, 33,50, 59, 103, 105, 113–114, 257–258

models, 33, 59, 76–77, 87–88, 95–96, 102, 105,113–114, 258–259

moderate-term on-the-job training, defined, 53municipal fire fighters, 29, 40, 44, 56, 72–73, 149municipal fire fighting and prevention supervisors,

29, 40, 44, 56, 72–73, 150museum technicians and conservators, 33, 61,

259–260music arrangers and orchestrators, 33, 61, 87–88,

95–96, 102, 104, 113–114, 260–261music directors, 33, 61, 87–88, 95–96, 102, 104,

113–114, 261–262musicians, instrumental, 32, 46, 50, 60, 87–88,

95–96, 102, 104, 113–114, 262

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Nnatural sciences managers, 31, 40, 58, 86–87,

215–216network systems and data communications

analysts, 31, 45, 57, 75–76, 86–87, 111–112,216–217

nursing aides, 35, 51, 62, 78–79, 88–89, 106–107,299–300

nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary, 34,42, 46, 51, 64, 97, 105–106, 300–302

OO*NET Computerized Interest Profiler, 16–18O*NET database, 15–16obstetricians and gynecologists, 31, 40, 50, 59,

75–76, 94, 112, 217occupational therapist assistants, 35, 46, 63,

78–79, 89, 105, 107, 302–303occupational therapists, 34, 42, 63, 78, 105–106,

303office clerks, general, 39, 52, 68, 82–83, 90–91,

108–109, 418older workers, jobs with highest percentage, 92–99operating engineers, 30, 55, 72, 74, 85–86, 151optometrists, 31, 41, 59, 75–76, 93, 95, 101–102,

111–112, 218oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 31, 40, 59, 75–76,

93, 95, 101, 111–112, 218–219orthodontists, 31, 40, 59, 75–76, 93, 95, 101,

111–112, 219

P–Qpainters and illustrators, 33, 60, 95–96, 103–104,

113–114, 262–263paralegals and legal assistants, 37, 47, 66, 80,

362–363part-time workers, 100–109pediatricians, general, 31, 40, 50, 59, 75–76, 94,

112, 220personal and home care aides, 35, 46, 51, 62, 78,

89, 96–97, 105, 107, 304personal financial advisors, 34, 42, 63, 115,

304–306Personality Type Inventory, 17–26personality types. See also Artistic personality type;

Conventional personality type; Enterprising per-sonality type; Investigative personality type;Realistic personality type; Social personality type

assessments, 16describing, 12hexagon, 14jobs, matching, 25–26primary, 25–26RIASEC, 12–16secondary, 25–26

personality-based approach to career choice, 11–12personnel recruiters, 36, 47, 66, 363–364pharmacists, 31, 41, 45, 59, 93–94, 101–102,

220–221pharmacy technicians, 38, 47, 68, 82–83, 90–91,

108–109, 419photographers, scientific, 33, 50, 60, 87–88,

103–104, 113–114, 263–264photographic retouchers and restorers, 33, 59,

87–88, 103, 105, 264–266physical therapist assistants, 35, 46, 63, 78, 89,

106–107, 306–307physical therapists, 34, 42, 64, 78, 106, 307–308physician assistants, 31, 45, 57, 101–102, 222physics teachers, postsecondary, 30, 45, 49, 58, 94,

101, 222–224pipe fitters, 29, 40, 49, 56, 72–73, 85, 151–152pipelaying fitters, 29, 40, 55, 72–73, 85, 153plumbers, 29, 40, 56, 72–73, 85, 153–154poets and lyricists, 33, 41, 50, 60, 95-96,

103–104, 113–114, 266police detectives, 37, 47, 65, 80–81, 364–365police identification and records officers, 38, 43,

48, 69, 83–84, 419–420police patrol officers, 34, 62, 79, 308–309political science teachers, postsecondary, 34, 42,

46, 51, 64, 97, 105–106, 309–310postal service mail carriers, 39, 43, 68, 420–421postsecondary vocational training, defined, 54preschool teachers, except special education, 35,

51, 63, 77, 79, 89, 106–107, 310–312pressure vessel inspectors, 30, 40, 56, 155primary personality types, 25–26private sector executives, 36, 42, 52, 67, 80–81,

98, 365–366producers, 32, 41, 46, 50, 61, 113–114, 266–267production, planning, and expediting clerks, 38,

43, 52, 67, 421–422professional photographers, 33, 50, 60, 87–88,

103–104, 113–114, 267–268program directors, 37, 67, 116, 366–367prosthodontists, 31, 40, 59, 75–76, 93, 95,

101–102, 111–112, 224

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psychiatrists, 31, 40, 50, 59, 75–76, 94, 112,224–225

psychology teachers, postsecondary, 34, 42, 46, 51,64, 97, 105–106, 312–313

public relations specialists, 36, 47, 66, 90,367–368

Rradiation therapists, 35, 42, 63, 313–314radio and television announcers, 33, 59, 77,

87–88, 102, 105, 113–114, 268–269radiologic technicians, 29, 40, 44, 57, 71, 100,

155–156radiologic technologists, 29, 40, 44, 57, 71, 100,

156–157Realistic personality type, 12–16

Best Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent orMore Part-Time Workers list, 100

Best Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent orMore Workers Age 65 and Over list, 93

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Men list, 73–74

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Women list, 71

Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent orMore Workers Age 16–24 list, 85–86

Best Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or MoreSelf-Employed Workers list, 111

Best Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree list, 57

Best Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degree list, 57

Best Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-JobTraining list, 56

Best Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training list, 55

Best Jobs Requiring Postsecondary VocationalTraining list, 56

Best Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-JobTraining list, 55

Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience in aRelated Occupation list, 56

50 Best Jobs list, 29–30job descriptions, 121–175Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Men list,

72–73Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time

Workers list, 100

Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-Employed Workers list, 110

Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Womenlist, 71

Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WorkersAge 16–24 list, 85

Jobs with the Highest Percentage of WorkersAge 65 and Over list, 93

20 Best-Paying Jobs list, 4020 Fastest-Growing Jobs list, 4420 Jobs with the Most Openings list, 49

receptionists and information clerks, 38, 47, 52,67, 82–83, 90–91, 99, 108–109, 422

refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons,29, 49, 55, 72–73, 157–158

refrigeration mechanics, 29, 44, 56, 72–73, 85,110–111, 159–160

registered nurses, 34, 42, 51, 63, 78, 106, 314–315reporters and correspondents, 33, 61, 87–88, 269reservation and transportation ticket agents, 39,

68, 90, 92, 108–109, 423respiratory therapists, 32, 45, 57, 101–102,

225–226retail salespersons, 37, 51, 64, 90, 98, 107–108,

368RIASEC

assessments, 16hexagon, 14personality types, 12–16

roofers, 30, 55, 72, 74, 85–86, 110–111, 160–161rough carpenters, 29, 49, 55, 72, 74, 85–86,

110–111, 161–162

Ssales agents, financial services, 37, 66, 98, 368–369sales agents, securities and commodities, 37, 66,

98, 369–370sales engineers, 36, 43, 47, 66, 80–81, 370–371sales managers, 35, 42, 47, 52, 67, 371–372sales representatives, agricultural, 36, 52, 65, 80,

372sales representatives, chemical and pharmaceutical,

36, 52, 65, 80, 373sales representatives, electrical/electronic, 36, 52,

65, 80, 373–374sales representatives, instruments, 36, 65, 80, 374sales representatives, mechanical equipment and

supplies, 36, 65, 80, 375

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sales representatives, medical, 36, 65, 80, 375–376sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing,

except technical and scientific products, 36, 51,65, 81, 376–377

sculptors, 33, 60, 95-96, 103–104, 113–114, 270secondary personality types, 25–26secondary school teachers, except special and

vocational education, 34, 51, 63, 315–317security guards, 34, 51, 62, 79, 88–89, 96–97,

106–107, 317–318Self-Directed Search assessment, 16self-employed workers, 110–117self-enrichment education teachers, 34, 46, 62,

88–89, 97, 105–106, 115, 318–319set designers, 33, 46, 61, 103–104, 113–114,

270–271sheet metal workers, 29, 44, 55, 72–73, 85–86,

162–163sheriffs and deputy sheriffs, 34, 62, 79, 320ship carpenters and joiners, 29, 49, 55, 72, 74,

85–86, 110–111, 163–164short-term on-the-job training, defined, 53singers, 32, 50, 60, 87–88, 95–96, 102, 104,

113–114, 271sketch artists, 33, 60, 95–96, 103–104, 113–114,

272social and community service managers, 34, 42,

63, 320–321social and human service assistants, 34, 46, 62,

321–322Social personality type, 12–16

Best Jobs Overall Employing 15 Percent orMore Part-Time Workers list, 106–107

Best Jobs Overall Employing 4 Percent orMore Workers Age 65 and Over list, 97

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Men list, 79

Best Jobs Overall Employing 70 Percent orMore Women list, 78–79

Best Jobs Overall Employing 10 Percent orMore Workers Age 16–24 list, 89

Best Jobs Overall with 15 Percent or MoreSelf-Employed Workers list, 115

Best Jobs Requiring a Bachelor’s Degree list, 63

Best Jobs Requiring a Master’s Degree list, 64Best Jobs Requiring an Associate’s Degree

list, 63

Best Jobs Requiring Long-Term On-the-JobTraining list, 62

Best Jobs Requiring Moderate-Term On-the-Job Training list, 62

Best Jobs Requiring Postsecondary VocationalTraining list, 63

Best Jobs Requiring Short-Term On-the-JobTraining list, 62

Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience in aRelated Occupation list, 62

Best Jobs Requiring Work Experience PlusDegree list, 64

50 Best Jobs list, 34–35job descriptions, 275–334Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Men

list, 79Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Part-Time

Workers list, 105–106Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Self-

Employed Workers list, 115Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Women

list, 77–78Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 16–24 list, 88–89Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Workers

Age 65 and Over list, 96–9720 Best-Paying Jobs list, 4220 Fastest-Growing Jobs list, 4620 Jobs with the Most Openings list, 51

sociology teachers, 34, 42, 46, 51, 64, 97,105–106, 322–324

solderers, 30, 49, 55, 72, 74, 164–165special education teachers, middle school, 34, 63,

78, 324–325special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten,

and elementary school, 34, 63, 78, 325–327special education teachers, secondary school, 34,

63, 78, 327–328speech-language pathologists, 35, 42, 64, 77, 79,

105, 107, 329statement clerks, 39, 52, 68, 82–83, 108–109,

423–424storage and distribution managers, 36, 43, 47, 65,

80–81, 377–378surgeons, 31, 40, 59, 75–76, 94, 112, 226–227surgical technologists, 30, 44, 56, 71, 85–86, 100,

166

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Ttalent directors, 32, 41, 46, 60, 113–114, 272–273tax preparers, 39, 47, 68, 99, 108–109, 117, 424teacher assistants, 35, 51, 62, 78–79, 89, 105, 107,

330–331technical directors/managers, 29, 40, 56, 110–111,

166–167technical writers, 32, 41, 45, 60, 273–274telecommunication line installers and repairers,

29, 40, 44, 56, 72, 74, 167–168A Theory of Vocational Choice, 14tractor-trailer truck drivers, 29, 44, 49, 55, 72–73,

169training and development managers, 36, 42, 67,

378–379training and developmental specialists, 34, 63,

331–332transportation managers, 36, 43, 47, 65, 80–81,

379–380travel clerks, 39, 68, 90, 92, 108–109, 425treasurers, controllers, and chief financial officers,

36, 42, 51, 67, 380–381truck drivers, heavy, 29, 44, 49, 55, 72–73,

169–17020 Artistic Jobs with the Most Openings list, 5020 Best-Paying Artistic Jobs list, 4120 Best-Paying Conventional Jobs list, 4320 Best-Paying Enterprising Jobs list, 42–4320 Best-Paying Investigative Jobs list, 4020 Best-Paying Realistic Jobs list, 4020 Best-Paying Social Jobs list, 4220 Conventional Jobs with the Most Openings

list, 5220 Enterprising Jobs with the Most Openings

list, 51–5220 Fastest-Growing Artistic Jobs list, 45–4620 Fastest-Growing Conventional Jobs list, 47–48

20 Fastest-Growing Enterprising Jobs list, 4720 Fastest-Growing Investigative Jobs list, 4520 Fastest-Growing Realistic Jobs list, 4420 Fastest-Growing Social Jobs list, 4620 Investigative Jobs with the Most Openings list,

49–5020 Realistic Jobs with Most Openings list, 4920 Social Jobs with the Most Openings list, 51

U–VUniversity of Missouri’s Career Center Career

Interests Game, 16

veterinarians, 31, 59, 93–94, 111–112, 227–228vocational education teachers, postsecondary, 34,

46, 51, 62, 97, 105–106, 332–334volunteer work, 26

W–ZWeb sites

John Holland’s Self-Directed Search, 16Keirsey Temperament Sorter, 16O*NET Computerized Interest Profiler, 16University of Missouri’s Career Center, 16Work Interest Quiz, 16

welder-fitters, 30, 49, 56, 73–74, 170–171welders and cutters, 30, 49, 56, 73–74, 172–173welders, production, 30, 49, 55, 73–74, 173–175work activities, 18–24work experience in a related occupation,

defined, 54work experience plus degree, defined, 54Work Interest Quiz, 16

young workers, jobs with highest percentage,84–92

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