5. variable and hypothesis (2)

7/27/2019 5. Variable and Hypothesis (2)

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Variables andHypothesis

By

Dwi Novita Sari 2011120021

Erma Agus S 2011120031

Laranti Salaz - 2011120024

Nurul Noviana- 2011120025


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The importance of Studying

Relationship

Identifying relationships among variables enhancesunderstanding.

Understanding relationships helps us to explain thenature of our world.


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Variables

What is variable?

What is constant? The Example

The types of variables


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Variables (cont.)

A variable is any characteristic or quality thatvaries among the members of a particular

group. A constant is any characteristic or quality that

is the same for all members of a particulargroup.


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Variables (cont.)

Example:

studying the effects of reinforcement on student achievementvariable constant

Can be measured and vary


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The Types ofVariables

Quantitativevariable Vs.

Categoricalvariable

IndependentVs.

DependentVariables

ModeratorVariables

MediatorVariables ExtraneousVariable


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The Types of Variables (cont.)

A quantitative variable varies in amount ordegree, but not in kind.

A categorical variable varies only in kind, notin degree or amount.


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Variables (cont.)

Example

Age and amount of interest in school

Quantitative variables

Gender of teacher and subject taught

Categorical Variables

Method used to teach reading and reading achievement

? ?


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Independent versus Dependent Variable

Independentvariable

(possible cause)

Dependentvariable

(possible effect)

affects


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Example

Will students who are taught by cooperative learning method learn

better in history than those who are taught by lecturing method?

Independent variable: Teaching Methodologies

Dependent variable: amount of learning in history

Case 1: Does anxiety level affects students testperformance?


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Another terms

Experimental variable Researchers set up conditions to see the effect

Outcomes variable Dependent variable (quantitative) which presumed

to be the effect of independent variables


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Moderator Variable

Test anxietyTest

Performance

Moderator: Test taking experience

Moderator variable:

Secondary independent variable which decided to be studied to knowwhether it affects/modifies the relationship between the primary

independednt variable with the dependent variables


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Mediator Variable

Mediator Variable: The one that attempts to explain the relationshipbetween the two or more variables.

Test anxietyTest

Performance

Moderator: Test taking experience

Mediator: Socioeconomic factor


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Extranous Variables Independent variables that have notbeen controlled

Examples :The principles of high school compares the finalexamination scores of two history classes taught byteachers who use different methods.


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What are the extranous

variables?

The class differ in :

- Size of class

- Gender of students- Gender of teacher

- Age of teacher

- Time of day class meets

- Days of week class meets- Ethnicity of teacher

- Length of the class.


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Hyphotheses

Prediction of the possible outcomes of a study

Ex:

RQ : will students who are taught history by ateacher of the same gender like the subject morethan students taught by a teacher of differentgender?

Hyphothesis :

Students taught history by a teacher with the samegender will like the subject more than studentstaught history by a teacher of different gender.


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Advantages & Disadvantages of

Stating Hypotheses

A. Advantages

1. forces us to think more deeply and

specifically about the possible outcomes of astudy

2. Involves a philosophy of science

3. Helps us to see if we are or are not

investigating a relationship.


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B. Disadvantages

1. Lead to a bias

2. It may (sometimes) be unnecessary or even inappropriate

3. May prevent researcher from noticing otherphenomena that might be important to study.


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Important Hypothesis

The prediction that lead the researcher to find agreater amount of knowledge.

The information to be obtained will be more useto people in the research question.


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Directional and Non-directional

Hypothesis

Directional hypothesis is a specific prediction thatresearcher expect to emerge as a result in their research.

Usually, the researcher find the hypothesis in theliterature, in theory, or from personal experience.

Example:

The researcher want to research which method is more effectivebetween method A and method B for the students who learnHistory in the classroom. The hypothesis will be method A is moreeffective than method B for students who learn history in theclassroom


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Non-directional Hypothesis does not make a specificprediction about what direction the outcome of study willtake.

Example: The researcher want to research which method is effective between

method A and method B for the students in the classroom. The hypothesismight became There will be a difference between method A and methodB (without saying which will be more effective).


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The illustration


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What Hypothesis that you can find ?


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Remember

Directional hypothesis is riskier because it is more convincing

when confirmed.


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Hypothesis and Qualitative Research

Qualitative research not stated any hypothesis at thebeginning of the research, the hypothesis emerge as a

study progress of the research. Qualitative state their idea in the beginning of the

research but these are usually called by propositions.

Propositions viewed as flexible tools intended to help

and guide the researcher in their collection andanalysis of qualitative data.


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cont.

The reason why they did not put hypothesis isbecause, based on their conviction that

participants and situations often differ widelyand must first be understood before anyhypotheses can be suggested.

Rather than testing hypotheses as in quantitativestudies, qualitative researchers are more likely togenerate new hypotheses as a result of what theyfind as they go about their work.

5. variable and hypothesis (2)

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