5 - ultrasound - 45 mim
TRANSCRIPT
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Ultrasound
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Beginnings in the 1880s when Pierre Curie Beginnings in the 1880s when Pierre Curie introduced simple echo sounding introduced simple echo sounding methods. methods.
1913 discovery of SONAR 1913 discovery of SONAR --(Sound (Sound Navigating and Ranging)Navigating and Ranging)
First introduced to medical world in 1950sFirst introduced to medical world in 1950s
History
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Dog whistleDog whistle Bets and dolphins communication and Bets and dolphins communication and
orientationorientation SonarSonar SubmarineSubmarine--boat communication boat communication
Applications
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UltrasoundUltrasound--welding (for plastic)welding (for plastic) Materials testingMaterials testing Multiphase flow measurementMultiphase flow measurement
Applications
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Disinfection of instruments Disinfection of instruments
ImagingImaging Detection of tumors (Oncology)Detection of tumors (Oncology) AssesmentAssesment of the development of fetus of the development of fetus
(OB/GYN)(OB/GYN) Evaluation of blood flow (Cardiology)Evaluation of blood flow (Cardiology) InsertionsInsertions
TherapyTherapy
Medical Applications
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Frequency Range
Low bass notes Animals
Medical and destructive
Diagnostic
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Physics
REFLECTED WAVEINCIDENT WAVE
MEDIA 1 - water
MEDIA 2 - air
TRANSMITTED WAVE
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=16
Same frequency in both materialshttp://interactagram.com/physics/optics/refraction/
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Indices of Refraction
Animation:http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200128.htm
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Principle
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Principle
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Transducer
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Transducer
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Transducer
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Transducer
Distance equal to less than a wavelength for the minimum interference and reduced grating lobes
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Transducer
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Transducer
CRC Press - Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook
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CRC Press - Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook
Transducer
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CRC Press - Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook
Transducer
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Transducer
9.19
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Images
A-Mode
V
t
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Images
B-Mode
DLigne US Ligne US
(analogique) (Vidéo)
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Images
B-Mode: Normal Imaging
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CRC Press - Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook
Images
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Images
M-Mode (Motion-mode imaging)Image line is a function of time
Examples:• Heart valves• Cross-section of a carotid artery
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Images
M-Mode (Motion-mode imaging)
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Images
M-Mode (Motion-mode imaging)
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Images
Doppler Mode
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Images
Doppler Mode
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/doppler/doppler.html
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Images
Doppler Mode
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Images
Doppler Mode - Flow track
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Images
Doppler Mode - Flow track
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Images
3D Imaging (4D + time)
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ImagesFrame Rate
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The size of an area in a scene that is The size of an area in a scene that is represented by one pixel in the imagerepresented by one pixel in the image
Lower resolution leads to data reduction!Lower resolution leads to data reduction!
Resolution
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Tradeoff between resolution and attenuation Tradeoff between resolution and attenuation ↑↑higher frequency higher frequency ↓↓shorter wavelength shorter wavelength ↑↑ higher attenuationhigher attenuation
Power loss:Power loss:
Typical Ultrasound Frequencies: Typical Ultrasound Frequencies: Deep Body Deep Body 1.5 to 3.0 MHz1.5 to 3.0 MHzSuperficial Structures Superficial Structures 5.0 to 10.0 MHz5.0 to 10.0 MHz
Resolution
MHz cmdB 1
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Amplification
Gain compensation as fuction of the deep
Amplification lineAmplification line
Echo 1 Echo 2
1dB / 1MHz / 1cm
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Reflection coefficient
Rmuscle/blood=1,63 - 1,561,63 + 1,56
Muscle 1,63Blood 1,56FatFat 1,421,42
2)
0,00079 0,079%
(
Air 0,0004
Total reflection
1,63 - 0,00041,63 + 0,0004
Rair/muscle = )( 2
0,99887 99,88%
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Gel
No gel with gel
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Ultrasound at high energy can be used to Ultrasound at high energy can be used to ablate (kill) tissue.ablate (kill) tissue.
Cavitation (bubble formation)Cavitation (bubble formation)
Temperature increase is limited to 1Temperature increase is limited to 1ºº C for C for safety.safety.
Safety
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Block Diagram
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Block Diagram
RF AMPLIFIER FM DEMODULATOR AMPLIFIER SIGNAL PROCESSING
RECEPTOR
TRANSMITTER OSCILLATOR
BODY
SPEAKER DISPLAY
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Block Diagram
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Block Diagram
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Cell Phone Ecography
Gathering data with the phones and sending it where specialists can analyze the image
Cost: $2,000 (goal of $500)
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Therapy
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Therapy
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Phacoemulsification
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Phacoemulsification - Videos
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Kidney Stones
A biplane xA biplane x--ray apparatus is used to make sure the stone is at the focal poiray apparatus is used to make sure the stone is at the focal point of sparknt of spark--generated shock generated shock waves from the ellipsoidal reflector.waves from the ellipsoidal reflector.
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Kidney Stones - Shock Wave Lithotripsy
http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/kidney_stones_animation_000475.htmhttp://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/Kidney_stones.html
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Kidney Stones
UreteroscopyPercutaneous Nephrolithotomy
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Disinfection of Instruments
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Experience