5. sensory development

INTRODUCTION:

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Concepts related to Concepts related to development:development:

GROWTH: It refers to PHYSICAL changes given in an organism; they are quantitative, ie can be measured and tabulated.MATURATION: BIOLOGICAL changes given in the human being that will allow the acquisition of new capabilities.DEVELOPMENT: PSYCHOLOGICAL changes that affect the way you feel, think, behave and act.

Growth, Maturation and Development processes run parallel and in harmony.

Developmental and Developmental and psychological currentspsychological currents

Environmentalist psychology Mechanistic trend

Considers the person as a machine which reacts and acts as it is externally stimulated. The subjects thus conceived are not capable of reasoning or of taking decisions by themselves and their development depends on external or environmental stimuli.

This environmental psychology, this way of seeing things, comes or derives from empiricist philosophy. The development, for this trend, is a continuous process that depends on learning models that are acquired as maturation occurs in the body. Therefore, the changes that occur are quantitative.

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ENVIRONMENTALIST PSYCHOLOGY


Innatist psychology Organicist trend

Could be linked to philosophical rationalism. The individual is seen as an active organism with an active dynamic and towards one end, whose development does not rely on the exterior, but on itself. From this model was derived the innatist

psychology according to which, behavioral changes in the individual are the result of internal processes. The development isconsidered as a batch process in which the changes given are sorted qualitatively into different stages.

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INNATIST PSYCHOLOGY


Interactionist psychology

Psychological current which accepts that people, to develop, require environmental factors such as innate or hereditary factors, giving the sameimportance to both of them. This third pathway called interactionist, is a consequence of the first two and still is confined to an empiricist and rationalist way of thinking.

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INTERACTIONIST PSYCHOLOGY


Contextualist-Interactionist psychology

Or cultural context, which attempt to explain the development otherwise. According to them, the subject is conceived in development, and the environment is conceived as part of a unique system where both interact mutually: the person is an element of thepart and, therefore, a change in any element of the system affects the other elements of the same system (holistic).Developing social interactionist, subject and medium are part of a single system.

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INTERACTIONIST- CONTEXTUALIST PSYCHOLOGY


- Behaviourism J. B. WatsonEnvironmentalist B.F. Skinner

- Social Learning A. Bandura

Innatism Gestalt Wertheimer, Köhler y Kofka

Cognitivism J. Piaget Moderate Interactionism Psychoanalysis S. Freud

E. EriksonSocial (contextual) Dialectical perspective L. Vygotski Interactionism Lewinian perspective U. Bronfenbrenner

Sensory development in Sensory development in childhoodchildhood

First human´s contacts with the surrounding world (even Through senses. in the womb)

- Allow baby the contact with the medium.At birth, the senses:

- Work as receptors that help them to build as beings.

Objectives of the didactic unit: See how they will organize perceptual experiences in childhood. Analyze functional and anatomical structure of sensory systems in

childhood. Be aware of the importance of sensory stimulation in early

childhood education. Adaptations for children with sensory variations.

Sensation and perceptionSensation and perceptionFirst sensations

¿Is the baby at birth, in a state of indifferent perception?

In the womb has been subject to certain rhythms set by the biological process.

At birth must adjust and coordinate his physiological functions to the outside world.

He will experience sensations from the environment and his own body and accumulate his first experiences as an entity separated from the mother's body.

The accumulation of experience will provide a new capability: the perception.

Sensation and perceptionSensation and perceptionProcess of sensory informationProcess of sensory information

Sensation and perceptionSensation and perception Sensation Perception

It is an impression that happens in the brain by the excitation caused by sensory receptor due to stimulation by external or internal world.

It is the possibility to organize stimuli and to differentiate some objects from others.

Reference to the object.

Reference to the subject.

Is considered a basic cognitive function.

Principles of perceptual Principles of perceptual organizationorganization

Gestalt laws. Principles. The phenomenon of perception is given as a whole. Any change in any element affects the entire perceptual

phenomenon. The perception of human being is not applied on isolated elements

of the environment, but perceptual fields. The organization of the perceptual field determines the perceptual

phenomenon. Perception is originally organized and structured from the moment

of birth. There has been tested primarily on visual perception. All of these apply to the overriding concept of simplicity. Basically,

this says that the mind will try to turn visual chaos into something simple. You may look up in the sky and see a bunch of crazy clouds, but given a second your mind will start to put them in simple shapes. Look at a tree and your mind will see the overall shape of the canopy, not the millions of individual shapes the leaves make up. The whole of the shape is more important to our perception than the sum of all the little parts.

Knowing the principles of perceptual organization can help to understand the childhood perception.


Gestalt laws. Principles. Statements.

Law of Appeal or Good Shape. Law of Proximity. Law of Similarity. Law of Closure. Law of Continuity. Law of Figure and Group. Other Laws:

◦ Law of Perceptual Constancies.◦ Law of Perceptual Predisposition.


Gestalt lawsLaw of Appeal or Good Shape Basic principle that

governs all other laws.

Human perceptual organization tends to perceive a structure more simple, balanced, stable and regular as possible. Here for example we tend to see a dog rather than many other complicated forms.


Gestalt laws

Law of proximityTend to perceive together, or as a single object, the elements close in space or time.


Gestalt laws

Law of similarityItems that are similar tend to be grouped together. Here, most people see vertical columns of circles and squares.


Gestalt laws

Law of closureComplete figures are perceived when in fact they are not.


Gestalt laws


Gestalt laws

Figure and Ground LawWhen the figure-ground relation is ambiguous, perceptions of figure and background are alternate and can not be seen both images at once.

PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

Other lawsOther laws

There are another two laws that don´t appear There are another two laws that don´t appear at Gestalt, but follow the same line.at Gestalt, but follow the same line.PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY LAW:To our perception, known objects maintain constant size, shape, color, etc. despite the possible variation of the stimuli on its presentation.

Top line is perceived larger than the bottom line, though they are identical in size.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ponzo_illusion.gif

PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

Other lawsOther lawsPerceptual Expectancy law:

It is expected to perceive what fits with the preconceived ideas.

SENSATION CLASSESSENSATION CLASSES- - Exteroceptives : Exteroceptives : Receive stimuli from Receive stimuli from exterior.exterior.- - Intraceptives : Intraceptives : Stimuli come from inside Stimuli come from inside the body.the body.Propioceptives:

◦ Receptors are in muscles, tendons, joints and the vestibular apparatus.

◦ Enable perception of muscle tone, position, movement, balance ...

Gutsceptives:◦ Receptors are in the guts.◦ Human being is hardly aware of them.◦ Are essential for the homeostasis of the organism.

SENSATION CLASSESSENSATION CLASSESProtopatics

◦ Are the first sensations that affect baby.◦ Are related to their states of pleasure or

displeasure.◦ Are highly subjective.

Epicritics◦ Are higher, superior and more complex than

Protopatics.◦ They do not have so subjective nature.◦ Receive their stimuli from the outside world.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSReception and processing of

sensations.

SENSORY SYSTEMS Touch

Vestibular How it is formed. Taste How it is developed in childhood. Smell What the most common disorders are. Hearing Vision

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSTouch system Touch is which provides information about the

tangible qualities of objects.

Its receptor organ is the skin.

Skin receptors:◦ Pacini´s corpuscles Perceive the degree of pressure.◦ Meisner´s corpuscles Perceive contact

sensations.◦ Free nerve endings Perceive the pain.◦ Rufini´s corpuscles Capture the temperature (heat).◦ Krause´s corpuscles Perceive cold sensation.

The received impressions are sent to the brain cortex.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMS

TOUCH SYSTEMTOUCH SYSTEM

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSTouch systemDevelopment:

◦ The fetus is sensitive to touch and the baby has a very early tactile sensitivity. Touch is one of the first senses to develop.

◦ The newborn explores his power supply (breast or nipple) through oral sensitivity.

◦ Baby applies tactile perception, first with his mouth and then with his hands and soles of the feet.

◦ From the sixth or seventh month, he will specialize in certain areas.

Most common disorder Touch insensitivity.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSKinesthetic systemThe kinesthetic system is through which are perceived the muscle tone, body movement and disposition of its members, the weight, the relationship between the different parts of the body and its position in space.

It is made up of:

The vestibular apparatus: - Vestibular sacs. - Semicircular canals. - Vestibular nerve.

Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSKinesthetic systemDevelopment It is very early in the newborn, but perceives the

movement. Its development will be in line with psychomotor

development.

Disorders Because of congenital malformations, trauma or infection. Can have:

◦ Loss of balance.◦ Ignorance of the status or position of the body.◦ Uncoordinated movements.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSTaste

Located in the oral cavity.

Taste receptorsTaste Qualities Location of receptors Sweet and salty Tip of the tongueAcid Sides of the tongueBitter Back, throat and palate

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSTaste

Development Well developed in the baby. Discriminate taste qualities. Prefers sweet and to the 4th month begins to accept

salted food.

Disorders Hypogeusia: Decrease of the taste sensitivity. Ageusia: Lack of taste sensitivity. Parageusia: Misinterpretation of tastes.

The flavour is slightly different from taste,

because is a combination of taste

and smell.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSSmell

Smell can perceive qualitative and quantitative changes of different odors.

Olfactory apparatus is located at the top of the nostrils. Olfactory receptor cells arelocated in the yellow pituitary. Through the olfactory nerves odors reach the olfactory bulb, which is responsible for sending the information to the appropriate area of the brain.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSSmell

Development• Highly developed at birth. • Discriminate pleasant odors from unpleasant odors.• It reaches its maximum development at 3 years.

Most common disorder Insensitivity

Partial or total loss of the smelling ability.

The perceptual evolution of smell

is linked to the development of

taste.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMS The Ear The ear picks up sound vibrations from de medium and transform them

into electrical impulses that will be interpreted in the brain cortex. The ear is divided into three parts:

External ear.◦ Auricle.◦ External auditory canal.◦ Tympanic membrane.

Middle ear.◦ Tympanic box with chain hammer, anvil and stirrup.◦ Eustachian tube.◦ Oval and round windows.

The inner ear.◦ Cochlea.◦ Organ of corti. It contains hair cells (auditory receptors).◦ Acoustic or cochlear nerve.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSThe Ear

SENSORY SYSTEMS Development

• The new born: Has a hearing loss because of the maturity of the auditory nerve and occlusion of the ear canals. Can distinguish intensity, timbre and pitch of a sound. Can hear whispers. Not react to monotonous sounds and is able to locate a sound.

• At 12 hours can distinguish human language from other sounds.

• At 2 days reacts to loud sounds made close or by.

• At 7 days recognizes the voice of parents.

• At 2 months he moves his head towards a sound or noise.

• At 3 or 4 months can concentrate on the sound.

• Towards the three months reaches optimum maturity.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSDisorders

Depending on the location of the disorder:◦ Alterations in transmission.◦ Alterations in perception.

Depending on the level of operation:◦ Total deafness.◦ Hearing loss.

Depending on hearing loss:◦ Slight deafness.◦ Medium deafness.◦ Severe deafness.◦ Profound deafness.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMS SightSight is the sense for capturing the light through the visual

system. Theeye is the receptor through which visual stimuli are perceived.The eyeball is composed of:

3 Layers:◦ External layer: Formed by the sclera and cornea.◦ Middle layer or uvea: Formed by ciliary body, iris and

choroid. ◦ Inner layer or retina: It consists of the fovea, the rods

(photoreceptors) and the optic nerve disc. 3 chambers:

◦ The front and the back containing the aqueous humor.◦ The central chamber containing the vitreous humor.

Lens

SENSORY SYSTEMSSight

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMS Development

The newborn is able to distinguish light from dark, but its visual acuity is very poor (can not distinguish shapes and colors). At one month can gaze on a large object in front of him and follow 90 degrees. At 2 months can make converge and accommodate, and also follow an object with his eyes on a journey of 180 degrees. At 3 months turns his head to follow a moving object. At 4 months he has a 180 degree visual horizon. At 6 months has acquired eye-hand coordination and perceived depth. At 8 months examines objects more closely. At about 12 months the child acquires adult visual acuity.


Of refraction: - Myopia. - Hyperopia. - Astigmatism. Mobility: - Strabismus. - Reception: - Colour blindness. Severe alterations: - Amblyopia. - Blindness.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSDisorders. Myopia

Light rays converge before reaching the retina. The image is formed in front of the retina and only see objects that are nearby.

It is corrected with diverging lenses.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSDisorders. Farsightedness (hyperopia)

• The light rays converge behind the retina. The image is formed behind the retina and only see remote setting objects. • It is corrected with converging lenses.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMSDisorders. Astigmatism

The cornea does not refract light evenly, because its curvature is not uniform, so that the light rays do not converge at the point of suitable retina. Shapes are distorted and the vision is blurred.

It is corrected with cylindrical lenses.

SENSORY SYSTEMSSENSORY SYSTEMS Disorders. Strabismus

Includes the loss of normal parallellism of the eye. It can be:

◦ Unilateral or bilateral.◦ Convergent, divergent and vertical.

It is corrected :◦ Plugging the eye and exercising eye Muscle.◦ By surgery.

In the newborn there is a standard strabismus due to lack of control of the eye muscles, but if you keep after six months it can be sign of alteration.


Colour blindness. Altered colour perception due deficiencies of the cones. Amblyopia. Vision or acuity visual decreased or reduced. Blindness. Lack of vision or lack of visual perception.

5. sensory development

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