The U.S. Presidency

I. Constitutional Provisions: Exogenous Rules A. Organizational Structure1. Separate Branch/Separately Elected Autonomy2. Unitary Actor (vs. Plural Presidency) Decisiveness3. Election Rules a. Elected Separately from Congress b. Fixed Four-Year Term c. Indirect Election: Electoral College d. Difficult to Remove: Impeachment

I. B. Important Powers * Strong (Checking/Blocking & Foreign Policy Powers) 1. Veto (general and conditional) Checks Congress 2. Pardon Checks Courts 3. Commander-in-Chief of Military 4. Negotiate Treaties - Senate Ratifies 5. Receive Ambassadors * Weak (Leadership & Domestic Powers) 6. Nominate Executive/Judicial Officers - Senate Confirms 7. Inform Congress & Recommend Bills 8. Require Opinions of Departmental Officers 9. take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed 10. Convene Special Sessions/Adjourn Congress

II. Development of the Presidency Overview: Three Models of Presidential Behavior 1) Restricted Model William Taft 2) Stewardship Model Theodore Roosevelt -relies on Implied Powers Doctrine 3) Prerogative Model Abraham Lincoln A. Pre-Modern Presidency (1789-1932) 1. Baseline: Restricted passive, reactive to Congress - sign or veto bills - execute laws 2. Exceptions: Stewardship proactive leadership - in response to crises - in foreign policy matters 3. Unique: Prerogative unilateral command power - in response to Civil War - no other president made these claims *

Models of Boundaries on Presidential PowerPrerogative Model(Lincoln)StewardshipModel (T. Roosevelt)RestrictedModel(Taft)Hypothetical Space Encompassing All Possible Presidential Powers*

II. B. The Modern Presidency (1933 present)1. Franklin Roosevelt Deals with Two Crises 1) Great Depression economic crisis - Response: First 100 Days FDR calls a Special Session of Congress, lasts three months Congress enacts 15 major laws, creating the New Deal Programs - 1932 = Realigning Election: Democratic Majority New Deal Coalition 2) World War II justifies third and fourth elections2. FDRs Legacy: The Modern Presidency 1) Institutionalizes New Source of Authority: Public Approval 2) Institutionalizes New Role Expectations: The Stewardship Model

III. The Presidential Selection Process: Old and New StylesA. First Stage Nominations: - Candidates elected by delegates who are selected to attend at National Party Conventions - Delegates are selected state by state 1. Old Style Delegate Selection: Caucus/Convention System (1830s-1968)- most states: party elites nominate candidate- a few states: nonbinding primaries 2. New Style Delegate Selection: Direct Primary System (1970s-present)- voters nominate candidate by voting- voters choice is binding on delegates- candidates become self-starters- role of media becomes more important *

Changes in Presidential Nomination Rules*

The Caucus-Convention System

The Direct Primary System

Rank and file voters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

Candidates

A: 10%

B: 40%

C: 50%

III. B. Second Stage General Election: Old and New Styles Transition occurs during 1960s and 1970s 1. Campaign Organization: Old Style: Party-centered, State-oriented New Style: Candidate-centered, National-oriented 2. Campaigning Strategies: Old Style: Canvassing: volunteers, personal contact - low cost New Style: Marketing: television ads, impersonal - expensive The New New (2000s): Canvassing and Advertising

III. B. 3. Campaign Finance (3 phases) 1) Old: Unrestricted (through 1972)- Individuals can contribute as much as they want- Candidates can spend as much as they collect- Elections get more expensive due to TV (1960s) - 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) - Donor identities made public - No effect on 1972 2) New: Regulated: (1976-2000) key provisions1974 FECA Amendments: - Mandatory Contribution Limits: Hard Money - Voluntary Spending Limits: Federal Subsidy nomination: matching funds (2012: $44.2m) general election: 100% public funds (2012: $88.5m)Buckley v. Valeo (1976): Independent Spending

III. B. 3. Campaign Finance (continued) 3) Deja New: Regulatory Rollback (2000-present)Practical: Candidates develop new techniques- big donors: bundlers (Bush 2000+)- small donors: internet (Dean 2004+)Legal: Courts expand independent spending Citizens United (2010): corporations Speechnow.org (2010): individuals- Unlimited contributions - SuperPACs and 501c(4)sSpending Grows DramaticallyCandidates decline federal subsidiesIndependent Expenditures increase *

2012 Presidential SpendingSource: http://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/index.php accessed 4/16/13*

III, C. Third Stage: The Electoral College 1. Rules: 538 votes, winner must get majority (270) - Votes Cast by States: most use unit rule - No Majority: President selected by H.R., VP by Senate 2. Consequences: - Small State Advantage: Each state gets 2 electors regardless of population Big State Advantage: Unit Rule exaggerates large population states impact on outcome3. Effects: - Usual: Bonus Electoral College Margin of Victory > Popular Vote Margin of Victory Perception of Landslide, Mandate Claim - Rare: Undemocratic Electoral College Victor Loses Popular Vote (1888, 2000) *

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IV. The Presidential Institution A. Powers of the Presidency1.Defined in the Constitution - relatively few, checking powers, often ambiguous - examples: veto, nomination, treaty-making2. Defined in Laws passed by Congress - Congress often delegates duties and powers - example: 1921 Budget and Accounting Act central legislative clearance/budget making3. Defined by Precedent - One president asserts the right to exert a power - If it is unopposed, succeeding presidents use it too - examples: executive privilege, executive orders,bill-signing statements *

The Presidencys Central Legislative Clearance and Budget-Making PowerGovernment AgenciesCongressBureau of the Budget(BOB)*Requests for AuthorityRequests for MoneyThePresidencyApprovedAgendaExecutiveBudgetGovernmentAgenciesGovtAgencies*Pre-1921Post-1921* in 1970, BOB was reorganized and renamedthe Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

IV. B. Structure of the Presidency1. Pre-FDR (1789-1939) - small staff, temporary and informal arrangements2. FDR (1939) the Executive Office of the President (EOP) - permanent specialized structure with: - small staff of political advisors - larger permanent staff of neutral policy experts3. Post-FDR (1940-present) - Changes in Size: 1940s-70s: Growth; 1974-77: Decline 1978-present: Stability - Functions: Policy Advice, Political Advice, Administrative Help4. Composition: umbrella organization *

*2007 Employment

EOP Total: 1707

OMB Total: 476WHO Total: 419

Composition of the EOP, 2009PresidentWhiteHouseOfficeOffice ofManagementand BudgetNationalSecurityCouncilOffice of the Vice PresidentCouncil ofEconomicAdvisersDomesticPolicyStaffOffice ofScience andTechnologyPolicyCouncil onEnviron- mentalQualityOffice onNational DrugControl PolicyOffice of theU.S. TradeRepresentativeOffice ofAdmini- stration*NationalEconomicCouncil

IV. C. Operation of the Presidency1. Presidential Management Styles - Pyramid Model - Spokes of the Wheel Model - Patterns in Use: Wheel Pyramid2. Staff Orientations to Work - Institutional Service to the PresidencyCivil Service career term in officeEmphasizes protecting integrity of the officeViews Legal Constraints as Guidelines to Follow - Personal Service to PresidentPolitical Appointees short-term in officeEmphasizes loyalty, responsivenessViews Legal Constraints as Barriers to Overcome - Patterns in Use: Politicization *

Presidential Management StylesSPOKES OF THE WHEELPresidentStaffStaffStaffStaffStaffStaffStaff*Staff

V. The Presidency Within the Political System: Leadership A. The Nature of Presidential Leadership: Conditional1. Separated Institutions Sharing Power: Interdependence2. Different Constituencies Have Different Goals: Conflict 3. Leadership: Getting Others to Choose to Follow B. Leadership as Persuasion: Bargaining Cooperation (Richard Neustadt)1. Inter-personal, Intra-elite Process2. Find Areas of Mutual Benefit3. Overtime, On Accounts Process *

The Conflictual Nature of the Presidential Context*

V. C. Leadership as Going Public: Coercion1. Political Changes Make Bargaining Difficult Beginning in 1970s: - More Divided Government Less Mutual Benefit - More Open Process in Congress Less Anonymity - More Scrutiny by Press Less Discretion - Result: Others Are Less Willing and Able to Bargain2. Presidents Adapt by Appealing for Public Support - Outside vs. Inside Strategy - Mobilize Public to Pressure Politicians - Used More Frequently Over Time3. Impersonal, Mass Appeals Criticize Opponents 4. More Conflictual Relationship with Other Politicians

*Divided Government: When one party controls the presidency and the other party controls (has a majority of the members in) the House of Representatives, the Senate, or both.

Inside vs. Outside Strategy*PresidentPresidentCongressCongressPublicPublic - general public - special interestsThe Bargaining Model:The Going Public Model:

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