5 marks 1 1. give the steps involved for ... · 12.01.2019 · select the list and select the...
TRANSCRIPT
Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 1
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
1. Give the steps involved for replacing a given text.
Choose EditFind & Replace. The Find & Replace dialog box appears.
In the Search for box, type the text to be find in the document.
In the Replace with box, enter the replacement word.
Click Find to start the search.
To replace the found text with Replacement word, Click Replace.
To replace the all found text with Replacement word, Click Replace All.
To skip the found text and to continue the search, Click Find again.
Click Close when you have finished the search.
2. How will you select the required portion of text in a document? (Or) Explain different types of ways to
select the text in staroffice writer.
We can select the text the following ways.
1. Using Mouse
2. Using Keyboard
3. Using shortcuts
Selecting the text using mouse:
Insertion point is moved to start of the text to be selected.
The left mouse button should be click and drag.
When the mouse button is released the text is selected.
Selecting the text using keyboard:
Insertion point is moved to start of the text to be selected.
The shift key is pressed down and the arrow keys are used to select the text.
When the shift key is released, the text is selected.
Selecting the text using shortcuts:
Double click on the word - To select a word
Click once next to the line – To select a line
press Ctrl + A - To select entire document
3. What are the various types of paragraph alignments in staroffice writer?
There are four types of paragraph alignments. They are
1. Left alignment
2. Right alignment
3. Center alignment
4. Justified alignment
We can change the paragraph alignments the following methods.
1. Using formatting toolbar
2. Using Keyboard shortcuts
Change the alignment using formatting toolbar:
1. Select the paragraph(s).
2. Do one of the following
Click to left align text.
Click to right align text.
Click to center align text.
Click to justify align text.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 2
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
Change the alignment using keyboard shortcuts:
The following keyboard shortcuts can be used to change the alignment.
To make text…… Press…..
Left Aligned
Right Aligned
Center Aligned
Justified Aligned
Ctrl+L
Ctrl+R
Ctrl+E
Ctrl+J
4. How will you indent a given text by using paragraph dialog box?
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the paragraph to be indented.
Select FormatParagraph command.
The Paragraph dialog box appears.
Click the Indent & Spacing tab.
To indent from the left, type the value in the Before text spin box.
To indent from the right, type the value in the After text spin box.
The First Line option is used to indent the line of the paragraph.
If a negative value is specified in First Line option the result will be hanging indent.
Click OK button.
5. How will you create a bullets list and numbered list?
To create bulleted list:
Select the text to be bulleted.
Select the Bulleted list icon from the formatting toolbar.
The selected text will be bulleted.
Example:
Tamil
English
Computer
To create Numbered list:
Select the text to be numbered.
Select the Number list icon from the formatting toolbar.
The selected text will be numbered.
Example:
1. Tamil
2. English
3. Computer
To remove bulleted list and numbered list:
Select the list and select the Bullet icon again.
Select the list and select the Numbered icon again.
6. How would you carry out the spell check after the entire document is typed?
Select ToolsSpellingCheck command or click icon or press F7 key.
The Spellcheck dialog box appears.
Not in dictionary text area displays misspelled word and Suggestions list displays any alternative
spellings.
To skip this found word, Ignore Once button is clicked.
To skip all found word, Ignore All button is clicked.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 3
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
To replace this found word, Change button is clicked.
To replace all found word, Change All button is clicked.
To add a word to the dictionary enter the word in the Not in dictionary text area and Click Add button.
Click Close button.
7. How would you add a word in the auto correct list in staroffice writer?
Click ToolsAutoCorrect option.
The Autocorrect dialog box appears.
Now click the Replace tab.
The word to be replaced is typed in the Replace text box.
The Replacement word is typed in the With text box.
Click OK button.
When the same mistake is made staroffice writer will automatically replace the misspelled word.
8. How will you add and delete row and column in the staroffice writer table?
To add row:
The simplest way to add a row is to be press Tab key in the last row of the table. Staroffice writer adds a new
row.
To insert a row, Click the icon. Now a new row is inserted below the current row.
To insert more rows, Select TableInsertRows. The Insert Rows dialog box appears.
Enter the row value in the Amount spin box.
Click OK button.
To add column:
To insert a column, Click icon. Now a new column is inserted right of the current column.
To insert more columns, Select TableInsertColumns. The Insert Columns dialog box appears.
Enter the column value in the Amount spin box.
Click OK button.
To delete rows or columns:
Select the rows or columns to be deleted.
Select TableDeleteRows or TableDeleteColumns.
9. Explain the various icons available in the table formatting toolbar in a staroffice writer?
Table fixed
Table fixed, proportional
Table variable
Merge Cells – This icon is used to combine two or more cells into a single cell.
Split Cells – This icon is used to split a cell into two or more cells.
Optimise - This icon displays a pop-up menu with the option like Space Columns Equally, Space Rows
Equally, Optimum Row Height, Optimum Column Width.
Inserting Row - This icon is used to insert a row below the current row.
Inserting Column - This icon is used to insert a column to the right of the current column.
Delete Row - This icon is used to delete the current row(s) from the table.
Delete Column - This icon is used to delete the current column(s) from the table.
Borders - This icon displays a toolbar with different border option for the table.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 4
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
Line Style - This icon is used to choose the style of the line for the table border.
Border colour - This icon displays a colour palette that can be used as a border colour for the table.
10. Explain the methods of changing the page margins.
We can change the page margins the following methods.
1. Using page style dialog box
2. Using Rulers
Changing margin using Page Style dialog box:
Select FormatPage command.
The page style dialog box appears.
Click the Page tab.
In Margin group, type the new values in the spin boxes or use spin arrows to change the value.
Click OK button.
Changing margin using Rulers:
If the ruler is not displayed in the screen click ViewRuler option.
The gray area of the ruler indicates the margin’s top area.
The mouse pointer is then moved between the gray and white area of the ruler.
When the pointer is in the right spot, it changes into a line with arrows on both sides.
The margin guide is dragged to new location.
11. Explain creating header and footer and adding remarks in a text document.
Header and Footer:
Header is an area at the top of the page.
Footer is an area at the bottom of the page.
To create header and footer:
Select FormatPage option. The page style dialog box appears.
Select Header tab and Click Header on Check box.
Select Footer tab and Click Footer on Check box.
Click OK button.
Now the header and footer has been added in the document.
To insert page number:
Click in the header or footer area.
Click InsertFieldsPage Numbers will insert the page numbers on every page.
12. What is electronic spreadsheet? What are the advantages of using electronic spreadsheets?
Electronic spreadsheet:
An electronic spreadsheet is a worksheet used in a computer to create and quickly perform
“what if “ analysis of interrelated columnar data in workspaces.
Advantages:
Calculations are automated through the built- in mathematical functions.
We can get accurate result with decimal points possible.
Worksheet can be quite big in size.
Any part of the worksheet can be viewed or edited.
Worksheet can be saved for later use.
Any part of the worksheet can be merged with other worksheet.
Any part or whole part of the worksheet can be printed in a desired format.
Worksheet data can be viewed as graphs or charts.
Worksheet data can be transferred to word processor or to any database.
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http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/02/latest-12th-study-materials-2018.html
Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 5
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
13. How can you generate a series of values? Explain with example.
Fill command is used to generate a series of the values.
To generate a series:
Select the range.
Select EditFillSeries. The Fill Series dialog box appears.
Select the Direction and Series type.
Enter the Start value and Increment value.
Click OK button.
Now the required series will generate.
Example:
Select the range from A1:A5.
Select EditFillSeries. The Fill Series dialog box appears.
Select the Series type as Growth.
Enter the Start value as 2.
Enter the Increment value as 2.
Click OK button.
Now the series will generate in the worksheet.
14.What is function? How will you insert it in a worksheet?
Functions are predefined formulae that are available in staroffice calc.
To insert a function:
Select InsertFunction or Click Function Wizard icon from the formula bar.
The Function Wizard dialog box appears.
Select any one category from the Category box.
Click the needed function in the Function list box.
A short description will be displayed in the right side of the window.
Double click on it to insert into the worksheet.
Example:
Place the insertion point in a cell.
Click on the Function Wizard icon. The Function Wizard dialog box appears.
Choose Mathematical from Category and select the SQRT function and double click on it.
Now enter the number 64 and click OK button.
The result 8 is displayed in the cell.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 6
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
15. What are the formatting options available in staroffice calc?
Bold icon - It is used to display the data in Bold.
Italic icon - It is used to display the data in italics.
Underline icon - It is used to underline the data in highlighted cell.
Change Font icon - It is used to displays the lists of fonts that can be used.
Font Size icon - It is used to change the font size of the data.
Font Colour icon - It is used to change the font colour.
Align Left, Align Center, Align Right and Align justify icons – They are used to align the
contents of the cell.
Number Format: Currency icon – It is used to display the contents in currency format with a $ in front and
with two decimal digits.
Number Format: Percent icon – It is used to display the contents in percentage format. It multiplies the
content of the cell by 100 and displays the result with 2 decimals.
Number Format: Standard icon – It is used to display the data in default format.
Number Format: Add Decimal and Delete Decimal icons – It is used to increase or decrease the
number of decimal digits are to be displayed.
16. What are the various icons in the insert object toolbar? (Or) Explain how to insert objects in staroffice
calc.
Select ViewToolbarInsert Object. The Insert Object toolbar appears with following icons.
1. Insert Chart icon
2. Insert Formula icon
3. Insert Floating Frame icon
4. Insert Movie and Sound icon
5. Insert OLE object icon
6. Insert Applet icon
Insert Chart icon:
This icon is used to insert the chart in the worksheet.
Insert Formula icon:
This icon is used to insert the formula in the worksheet for calculations.
Insert Floating Frame icon:
This icon is used to generate a scrolling screen within a worksheet.
Insert Movie and Sound icon:
This icon is used to insert the movie and sound into the worksheet.
Insert OLE object icon:
This icon is used to insert objects from one application to another.
Insert Applet icon:
This icon is used to import the Applets written in Java programming language into the worksheet.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 7
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
17. How will you insert the Cells, Rows and Columns into a worksheet?
Select ViewToolbarInsert Cell. The Insert Cell toolbar appears with following four icons.
1. Insert Cells Down
2. Insert Cells Right
3. Insert Rows
4. Insert Columns
Insert Cells Down:
To insert an empty cell in a column and move the existing cells down, place cursor in the cell where you want
to insert the new cell and click Insert Cells Down icon.
Insert Cells Right:
To insert an empty cell in a row and move the existing cells right, place the cursor in the cell where you want
to insert the new cell and click Insert Cells Right icon.
Insert Rows:
To insert an empty row, select the row where you want to insert the new row and click Insert Rows icon.
Insert Columns:
To insert an empty column, select the column where you want to insert the new column and click Insert
Columns icon.
18. How will you insert a chart in the worksheet?
Select the data which you want to create a chart.
Click InsertChart or click on Insert Chart icon.
The cursor becomes a + sign with a small picture of the graph.
Place this cursor where you want to insert the chart and click.
The Auto Format Chart window appears.
In the first window, enter the range and click Next.
In the second window, select the type of chart. Click Next button.
In the third window, select the desired format of the chart and click Next.
In the fourth window enter the title for the chart, Titles for X and Y axes and Legends.
Click Create button.
Now the chart will display in the worksheet.
19. Explain the different types of operators in StarOffice Calc.
There are various types of operators in StarOffice Calc. They are
1. Arithmetic operator
2. Comparative operator
3. Text operator
4. Reference operator
Arithmetic operators:
These operators return numerical results.
Operator Name Example
+(plus) Addition 1+1
-(minus) Subtraction 2-1
-(Minus) Negation -5
*(asterisk) Multiplication 2*2
/(Slash) Division 9/3
%(Percent) Percent 15%
^(Caret) Exponentiation 3^2
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 8
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
Comparative operators:
These operators return either true or false.
Operators Name Example
= Equal A1=B1
> Greater than A1>B1
< Less than A1<B1
>= Greater than or equal to A1>=B1
<= Less than or equal to A1<=B1
< > Inequality A1< >B1
Text operators:
This operator combines sections of text to the entire text.
Operator Name Example
&(And) Text operator: And “Star” & “Office” yields “StarOffice”
Reference operators:
These operators combine areas.
Operator Name Example
:(Colon) Range A1:A5
!(Exclamation point) Intersection SUM(A1:B6!B5:C12)
20. What are the advantages of computerized data processing?
The Manpower is saved.
The Processing speed is fast.
The chances of errors are less.
We can store large amount of data and information in the compact storage medium.
We can share data and resources from one computer to other computer.
It is easy to edit the data.
It is used for searching, sorting and merging files.
21. What are the disadvantages of Manual data processing?
1. The efficiency and correctness of data processing are limited to the capabilities of the individual who is
processing the data.
2. Manual methods take more time.
3. In general human beings are liable to make computational and parallax errors.
4. Manual data processing involves use of the papers at each stage.
5. Implementations of corrections, changes and modifications are tedious in manual data processing.
22. What are various manipulations of a database in staroffice Base?
Searching
Sorting
Merging
Performing calculation on data
Filtering
Editing the database
Report Generation
Searching:
Searching is a process to select a desired specific data from a database.
For example, selecting the First rank student from the student database table.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 9
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
Sorting:
Sorting is a process of arranging the data in a table in some order.
For example, arranging the list of students in student data table in an alphabetical order.
Merging:
Merging is a process of joining data from two or more tables of the same or different databases.
For example, merging all the first rank students from each table (class) and making a list of first rank
students.
Performing Calculations on data:
We can perform any kind of arithmetic calculations on the data stored in a database.
For example, finding the total marks of the student.
Filtering:
The filter is a way of limiting the information that appears on the screen.
It displays records which satisfy the user’s condition.
Editing the database:
Editing is a process of performing correction on the existing data, deleting the existing data, adding new data
or changing the format of the database.
Report generation:
We can generate any desired report from the data of the database.
For example, generating the report of the students who have passed and who have failed.
23. Explain the different types of database.
Database classified as following types,
1. Flat file database
2. Relational database
3. Hierarchical database
4. Network database
5. Object oriented database
Flat file database:
It contains single data table. It is used for single user or small group user.
Example: Spreadsheet
Relational database:
It represents a database set of related tables, which are related by common fields.
A primary key is a key or a field that uniquely identifies a record in a database table.
Example: Employee No
Hierarchical database:
This database is used on Mainframe computers.
Records are organized in a tree structure.
The relationship between records types is a parent child relationship.
Network database:
This database is very similar to the hierarchical database.
Any one record type can relate to any number of other types.
Object oriented database:
It is a newer structure.
It groups data items and their associated characteristics, attributes and procedures.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 10
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
24. How will you insert a calc cell range into a text document? Explain.
Open a staroffice writer text document.
Open a staroffice calc worksheet that contains the data.
In the spreadsheet, select the cell range that you want to display as table in the text document.
Choose EditCopy or press Ctrl + C.
In the text document, Choose EditPaste Special.
The Paste Special dialog box appears.
In the Paste Special dialog box, select DDE link and then click OK button.
The copied cell range will be displayed in the text document.
1.Explain if and if….else statement with example.
Simple if:
If the condition is true, the action block will be executed, otherwise the action block will not be executed.
Syntax Example Output
if(condition)
{
action block;
}
int n=5;
if(n>0)
{
cout<<”\n Positive Number”;
}
Positive Number
if….else:
if….else statement which chooses between two alternatives, executes the chosen block based on the condition.
Syntax Example Output
if(condition)
{
action block1;
}
else
{
action block2;
}
int n=-2;
if(n>0)
{
cout<<”\n Positive Number”;
}
else
{
cout<<”\n Negative Number”;
}
Negative Number
2.Explain Nested if statement with example.
The statement sequence of if or else may contain another if statement i.e…the if….else statement can be
nested within one another.
Syntax Example Output
if(expression1)
if(expression2)
{
action block1;
}
else
{
action block2;
}
else
{
action block3;
}
int n=5;
if(n!=0)
if(n>0)
{
cout<<”\n Positive Number”;
}
else
{
cout<<”\n Negative Number”;
}
else
{
cout<<”\n The Number is Zero”;
}
Positive Number
3. Expain switch statement with example.
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 11
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
This is multiple branching statement where based on the condition, the control transferred to one of the many
possible points.
Syntax Example Output
switch(expression)
{
case 1: action block1;
break;
case 2: action block2;
break;
case 3: action block3;
break;
default: action block4;
}
int n=2;
switch(n)
{
case 1: cout<<”ONE”;
break;
case 2: cout<<”TWO”;
break;
case 3: cout<<”THREE”;
break;
default: cout<<”Invaild Number”;
break;
}
TWO
4.Explain for loop with example.
for() loop is an entry controlled loop.
It is used when an action is to be repeated for a predetermined number of times.
Syntax Example Output
for(initial value; test condition; increment)
{
action block;
}
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
cout<<’\n’<<i;
}
1
2
3
4
5
5.Explain while loop with example.
while() loop is called entry check loop. The body of the loop will be executed only if the condition is true.
The control exits the loop once the condition is evaluated to false.
Syntax Example Output
while(condition)
{
action block;
}
int i=1;
while(i<=5)
{
cout<<’\n’<<i;
i=i+1;
}
1
2
3
4
5
6.Explain do.. while with example.
do…while() loop is called exit check loop, as the condition marks the last statement of the body of the loop.
The body of the loop will execute at least one time.
Syntax Example Output
do
{
action block;
} while(condition);
int i=1;
do
{
cout<<’\n’<<i;
i=i+1;
} while(i<=5);
1
2
3
4
5
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 12
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
7.Explain call by value with example.
In call by value method, any change in the formal parameter is not reflected back to the actual parameter.
Example Output
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void change(int a)
{
a++;
cout<<’\n’<<a;
}
void main()
{
int x=1;
cout<<x;
change(x);
cout<<’\n’<<x;
}
1
2
1
In this example, the modifications made to
formal parameter(a) is not reflected in actual
parameter(x), because formal and actual parameters are
in different storage area.
8.Explain call by reference with example.
In call by value method, any change in the formal parameter is reflected back to the actual parameter.
Example Output
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void change(int &a)
{
a++;
cout<<’\n’<<a;
}
void main()
{
int x=1;
cout<<x;
change(x);
cout<<’\n’<<x;
}
1
2
2
In this example, the modifications made to
formal parameter(a) is reflected in actual parameter(x),
because formal and actual parameters are in reference
type point to same storage area.
9.Explain inline function with example.
An inline function, looks like a normal function in the source file but inserts the function’s code directly into
the calling function.
Inline function executes faster but requires more memory space.
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
inline float convert(int x)
{
return x*12;
}
void main()
{
int i=2;
cout<<convert(i);
}
output:
24
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 13
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
In the above example, the call statement to the function(convert(i)) will be replaced by the expression in the
return statement(x*12).
10.What are the different types of scope of variable in C++?
There are four types of scope of variables in C++. They are
1. Local Scope
2. Function Scope
3. File Scope
4. Class Scope
Local scope:
A local variable defined within a block.
The scope of local variable is the block in which its defined.
Function scope:
The scope of variables declared within a function is extended to the function block and all sub blocks therein.
This life time is the life time of the function block.
File scope:
A variable declared above all blocks and functions has the scope of a file.
The scope of a file scope variable is the entire program.
Class scope:
The class scope will be decided by the access specifiers private, public and protected.
The variable declares with in the class is said to class scope.
11. Explain function overloading with rules and example.
Function overloading:
The ability of the function to process the message or data in more than one form is called function overloading.
Rules:
Each overloaded function must differ either by the number of its formal paramaters or their data type.
The return type of the overloaded functions may or may not be the same data type.
The default arguments of overloaded functions are not considered by the C++ compiler as part of the
parameter list.
Do not use the same function name for two unrelated functions.
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int add(int a,int b)
{
return a+b;
}
int add(int a,int b,int c)
{
return a+b+c;
}
void main()
{
cout<<”\n Sum of the two numbers:”<<add(2,3);
cout<<”\n Sum of the three numbers:”<<add(1,2,3);
}
Output:
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Std 12 – Computer Science Vol I & II – 5 Marks 14
Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed., PGT in Computer Science, HNUPR Mat.Hr.Sec School, Nilakottai.
Sum of the two numbers:5
Sum of the three numbers:6
In the above example, the two functions of add() differ by their number of arguments. The first function has
two arguments. The second function had three arguments.
12. List out the rules for operator overloading.
Only existing operator can be overloaded. New operators cannot be created.
The overloaded operator must at least one operand of the user defined data type.
The basic definition of an operator cannot be replaced or one cannot redefine the function of an operator. One
can give additional functions to an operator.
Overloaded operators behave in the same way as the basic operators in terms of their operands.
When the binary operators are overloaded, the left hand object must be an object of the relevant class.
Binary operators overloaded through a member function take one explicit arguments.
12.Explain the different types of inheritance.
There are different types of inheritance. They are
Single Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Single Inheritance:
When the derived class inherits only one base class, it is known as single inheritance.
Base Class - Employee
Multiple Inheritance:
When a derived class inherits from the multiple base classes it known as multiple inheritance.
Multilevel Inheritance:
The transitive nature of inheritance is reflected by this form of inheritance.
When a class is derived from a class which is a derived class itself then this is referred to as multilevel
inheritance.
Derived Class - Manager
Base Class – Address Base Class - Office
Base Class - Manager
Base Class – Grand father
Derived-Father
Derived-Son
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Std 12 – C.S Volume I - 5 Marks Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed.,
1. Give the steps involved for replacing a given text.
1. Choose EditFind & Replace or press Ctrl+F. The Find & Replace dialog box appears.
2. In the Search for box, type the text that you want to find in your document.
3. In the Replace with box, enter the replacement word or phrase.
4. Click Find to start the search.
5. When StarOffice Writer finds the first instance of the word or phrase, do one of the following:
To replace the found instance of the text with what you entered in the Replace with box,
Click Replace button.
To replace all instance of the text with what you entered in the Replace with box,
Click Replace All button.
To skip the found text and to continue the search, Click Find again.
6. Click Close when you have finished the search.
2. How will you select the required portion of the text in a document?
There are three ways are used to select the text. They are
1. Selecting text with Mouse
2. Selecting text with Keyboard
3. Selecting text with Shortcuts.
Selecting text with Mouse:
1. Insertion point is moved to the start of the text to be selected.
2. The left mouse button should be clicked, held down and dragged across the text to be selected.
3. When the intended text is selected, the mouse button should be released.
Selecting text with Keyboard:
1. Insertion the point is moved to the start of the text to be selected.
2. The Shift key is pressed down and the movement keys are used to highlighting the required text.
3. When the Shift key is released, the text is selected.
Selecting text with Shortcuts:
The following shortcuts can also be used for selection.
Action to be performed To select what
1.Double click on a word
2.Click once next to the line
3.Press Ctrl+A
To select a word
To select the particular line
To select the entire document
3. How will you move a text and copy the text?
Moving the text:
1. Select the text to be moved.
2. Select EditCut or Click Cut icon in the toolbar.
3. Move the insertion point where the text is to be pasted.
4. Select EditPaste or Click Paste icon in the toolbar to paste the text in the new location.
The following keyboard shortcuts are also used to move the text.
Ctrl + X to Cut
Ctrl + V to Paste
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Copying the text:
1. Select the text to be copied.
2. Select EditCopy or Click Copy icon in the toolbar.
3. Move the insertion point where the text is to be copied.
4. Select EditPaste or Click Paste icon in the toolbar to paste the text in the new location.
The following keyboard shortcuts are also used to copy the text.
Ctrl + C to Copy
Ctrl + V to Paste
4. What are the steps involved in saving a document in staroffice writer?
The first time the document is saved, StarOffice Writer prompts for a name. Naming the file enables the
user to find and open that file again.
Steps for saving a document:
Select FileSave command or click Save icon or press Ctrl + S. The Save As dialog box appears.
To select a drive, click up one level icon Double click on the required drive.
Double click on the required folder and enter the file name in the File name list box.
Choose required document type from the Save as type list box and click Save button.
Now the document is saved and a file name appears in the title bar.
Once a file is saved under a name, to save it again the name need not be entered again.
5. What are the different types of paragraph alignments in the staroffice writer?
There are four types of paragraph alignments. They are
1. Left Alignment
2. Right Alignment
3. Center Alignment
4. Justified Alignment
We can change the paragraph alignments in two ways.
1. Using the Formatting toolbar
2. Using the Keyboard shortcuts
Using the formatting toolbar:
1. To change the alignment of one paragraph, click within the paragraph. To change the alignment of
several paragraphs, select the ones needing change.
2. Do one of the following
Click to left align text.
Click to right align text.
Click to center align text.
Click to justify align text.
Using the keyboard shortcuts:
The following keyboard shortcuts can be used to change the alignment.
To make text…… Press…..
Left Aligned
Right Aligned
Center Aligned
Justified Aligned
Ctrl+L
Ctrl+R
Ctrl+E
Ctrl+J
6. How will you indent the text with formatting toolbar?
The formatting toolbar can be used to set the indent.
Click the Increase Indent icon from the formatting toolbar, the paragraph is indented 1/2 inch from
the left margin.
The button again can be clicked to increase the indent.
Each time the button is clicked, the paragraph is indented another 1/2 inch.
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If the indent is too much or if one wants to undo the indent, the Decrease Indent icon is clicked
from the formatting toolbar to decrease of undo the indents.
7. How will you indent the text with paragraph dialog box?
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the paragraph to be indented. To indent several paragraphs,
select those paragraphs.
Select FormatParagraph command. The Paragraph dialog box appears.
Click the Indents & Spacing tab.
To indent from left, type the amount in the Before text spin box or use the spin arrows to select a value.
To indent from right, type the amount in the After text spin box or use the spin arrows to select a value.
The First line option is used to indent the line of the paragraph.
If a positive value is given in the First line option, the first line will be indented.
If a negative value is given in the First line option, the result will be hanging indent, that is the first
line will hang outside of the paragraph.
Click OK button.
8. How will you indenting the text? Explain detailed.
We can indent the text, by using the formatting toolbar or the paragraph dialog box.
Refer the Qn.No-6 and Qn.No-7
9. How will you create a bullets list and numbered list?
Bullets and Numbers are used to list the important points and message.
One way to set off a list of points or topics in a document is to create a bulleted list.
Numbered lists work well for directions or other points one want to present in sequence.
To create bulleted list:
Select the text to be bulleted.
Click on the Bullets icon from the formatting toolbar, StarOffice Writer creates a bulleted list.
Example:
Tamil
English
Computer
To create Numbered list:
Select the text to be numbered.
Click on the Numbering icon from the formatting toolbar, StarOffice Writer creates a numbered list.
Example:
1. Tamil
2. English
3. Computer
To remove bulleted list and numbered list:
Select the list and select the Bullets icon again.
Select the list and select the Numbering icon again.
To apply the different styles:
Select FormatBullets and Numbering option. The Bullets and Numbering dialog box appears.
Select any one bullet style under the Bullets tab or select any one numbering style under the Numbering
type tab and Click OK button.
10. What are formatting changes that can be made with respect to the fonts?
The formatting changes that can be made with respect to the fonts are
Changing the font type
Changing the font size
Changing the font color
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Changing the font type:
Select FormatCharacter to open the Character dialog box.
Click down arrow in the Font Combo box of Font tab in character dialog box.
From the list of available font, click the required one.
The text changes to the selected font.
Changing the font size:
Select FormatCharacter to open the Character dialog box.
Click down arrow in the Size Combo box of Font tab in character dialog box.
From the list of available size, click the required one.
The text changes to the selected font size.
Changing the font color:
To use different text colors, select the text and click the arrow in the Font Colour icon.
A colour palette is displayed from which the required color can be selected.
Alternatively, select the text and click on the Font Colour icon, to apply the current colour of the font
colour.
11. How would you carry out the spell check after the entire document is typed?
Select ToolsSpellingCheck command or click icon or press F7 key.
The Spellcheck dialog box appears on the screen.
Not in dictionary text area displays misspelled word and Suggestions list displays any alternative
spellings.
Any one of the following can be done:
To skip this occurrence but stop on the next one, Click Ignore Once button.
To skip all occurrences of this word, Click Ignore All button.
To replace this occurrence with the word is selected from the Suggestions list box, Click Change
button.
To replace all occurrences with the word is selected from the Suggestions list box, Click Change
All button.
To add a word to the dictionary, type the word in the Not in dictionary text area and Click Add
button.
Click Close button.
12. How would you add a word in the auto correct list in staroffice writer?
Click ToolsAutoCorrect option.
The AutoCorrect dialog box appears.
Now click the Replace tab.
The word to be replaced is typed in the Replace text box.
The Replacement word is typed in the With text box.
Click Replace button and Click OK button.
When the same mistake is made staroffice writer will automatically replace the misspelled word.
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13. How will you add and delete row and column in the staroffice writer table?
To add row:
The simplest way to add a row is to press Tab key in the last row of the table. StarOffice Writer adds a
new row.
To insert a row, click the icon. Now a new row is inserted below the current row.
To insert more rows, select TableInsertRows. The Insert Rows dialog box appears.
Enter the row value in the Amount spin box.
Click OK button.
To add column:
To insert a column, Click icon. Now a new column is inserted right of the current column.
To insert more columns, select TableInsertColumns. The Insert Columns dialog box appears.
Enter the column value in the Amount spin box.
Click OK button.
To delete rows or columns:
Select the rows or columns to be deleted.
Select TableDeleteRows or TableDeleteColumns command.
14. Explain the various icons available in the table formatting toolbar in a staroffice writer?
Table fixed
Table fixed, proportional
Table variable
Merge Cells – This icon combines two or more cell into a single cell.
Split Cells – This icon splits a cell into two or more cells.
Optimise – Clicking on this icon displays a pop-up menu with options like Space Columns
Equally, Space Rows Equally, Optimum Row Height and Optimum Column Width.
Inserting Row - This icon inserts a row below the current row.
Inserting Column - This icon inserts a column to the right of the current column.
Delete Row - This icon deletes the current row from the table.
Delete Column - This icon deletes the current column from the table.
Borders - This icon displays a floating toolbar with different border option for the table.
Line Style - This icon is used to choose the style of line to be used for the border.
Border colour – Clicking on this icon displays a palette of colours that can be used as a border
colour for the table.
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15. Explain the methods of changing the page margins.
There are two methods are used to change the page margins. They are
1. Using Page Style Dialog Box
2. Using Ruler
Changing margin using Page Style dialog box:
Select FormatPage command.
The Page Style dialog box appears.
Click the Page tab.
In Margin group, type the new values in the spin boxes or use spin arrows to change the value.
Click OK button.
The changes can be previewed by FilePage Preview option.
Changing margin using Ruler:
If the ruler is not displayed in the screen click ViewRuler option.
The gray area of the ruler indicates the margin’s top area.
The mouse pointer is then moved between the gray and white area of the ruler.
When the pointer is in the right spot, it changes into a line with arrows on both sides.
The margin guide is dragged to new location.
16. Explain creating header and footer and adding remarks in a text document.
Header and Footer:
Header is an area at the top of the page.
Footer is an area at the bottom of the page.
Header and Footer are some references remarks added at every page of the document of the top and
bottom margins respectively.
To create header:
Select FormatPage option. The page style dialog box appears.
Select Header tab and Click Header on Check box.
Enter the required values in Left margin, Right margin, Spacing and Height spin boxes.
Click OK button.
To create footer:
Select Formatpage option. The page style dialog box appears.
Select Footer tab and Click Footer on Check box.
Enter the required values in Left margin, Right margin, Spacing and Height spin boxes.
Click OK button.
To insert page number:
Click in the header or footer area.
Click InsertFieldsPage Numbers will insert the page numbers on every page of the document.
To change the page numbers format, select any one style from Format combo box in the Page Style
dialog box.
To add remarks:
Click in the header or footer area.
Type the remark in the header area or footer area.
The remark will be added in the every page of the document.
17. What are the advantages of using electronic spreadsheets?
Electronic spreadsheet:
An electronic spreadsheet is a worksheet used in a computer to create and quickly perform
“what if “analysis of interrelated columnar data in workspaces.
Advantages:
1. Calculations are automated through the built-in mathematical, financial and statistical functions.
2. Accurate results to any desired level of decimal points are possible.
3. Worksheets are quite big in size.
4. Any part of the worksheet can be viewed or edited.
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5. Worksheet can be saved or retrieved later.
6. Any part or whole of the worksheet can be merged with any existing or new worksheet.
7. Any part or whole of the worksheet can be printed in a desired format.
8. Worksheet data can be viewed in the form of graphs or charts.
9. The worksheet information can be transferred to any database or word processing software.
18. Explain the detail about Fill command in worksheet.
Fill command is used to copy the contents of a cell and generate a series of a data.
To copy the contents of a cell:
1. To copy the contents of a cell, click and drag the mouse to highlight the cells where you want to copy the
contents.
2. Now, select EditFillDown or Left. The content of first cell will be copied in all the highlighted cells.
Example:
To copy the contents of the cell A1 in the cells A2, A3, A4 and A5, highlight the cells A1 to A5.
Click EditFillDown. Now the content of the cell A1 will be copied to all highlighted cells.
To generate a series:
AutoFill automatically generates a data series based on a defined pattern.
Select the cells of the worksheet that you want to fill.
Select EditFillSeries. The Fill Series dialog box appears.
Select the Direction and Series type.
Enter the Start value and Increment value.
Click OK button.
Now the required series will generate.
Example:
Select the range from A1:A5.
Select EditFillSeries. The Fill Series dialog box appears.
Select the Series type as Growth.
Enter the Start value as 2.
Enter the Increment value as 2.
Click OK button.
Now the series will generate in the worksheet.
19. How can you generate a series of values? Explain with example.
Fill command is used to generate a series of the values.
To generate a series:
Select the cells of the worksheet that you want to fill.
Select EditFillSeries. The Fill Series dialog box appears.
Select the Direction and Series type.
Enter the Start value and Increment value.
Click OK button.
Now the required series will generate.
Example:
Select the range from A1:A5.
Select EditFillSeries. The Fill Series dialog box appears.
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Select the Series type as Growth.
Enter the Start value as 2.
Enter the Increment value as 2.
Click OK button.
Now the series will generate in the worksheet.
20. What is function? How will you insert it in a worksheet?
Staroffice Calc has a wide variety of functions that allow you to perform frequently done calculations.
Functions are predefined formulae that are available in staroffice calc.
To insert a function:
Select InsertFunction or Click Function Wizard icon from the formula bar.
The Function Wizard dialog box appears.
Select any one category from the Category box.
Click the needed function in the Function list box.
A short description will be displayed in the right side of the window.
Double click on it to insert into the worksheet.
Example:
Place the insertion point in a cell.
Click on the Function Wizard icon. The Function Wizard dialog box appears.
Choose Mathematical from Category and select the SQRT function and double click on it.
Now enter the number 64 and click OK button.
The result 8 is displayed in the cell.
21. What are the formatting options available in staroffice calc?
Bold icon – This icon is used to display the data in Bold. To use this icon, highlight the cells and click on the
icon.
Italic icon – This icon is used to display the data in Italics.
Underline icon – This icon is used to underline the data in highlighted cell.
Change Font icon – This icon displays list of fonts that can be used. Select the font by
clicking on it.
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Font Size icon – This icon is used to change the font size of the data. To use this icon, select the data
and click on this icon.
Font Colour icon – This icon is used to change the font colour.
Align Left, Align Center, Align Right and Align justify icons – They are used to align the
contents of cells.
Number Format: Currency icon – Clicking on this icon will display the contents of the selected cells in
currency format, that is with a $ in front and with two decimal digits.
Number Format: Percent icon – Clicking on this icon will display the current contents in percentage
format. It multiplies the contents of the cell by 100 and displays the result with 2 decimals.
Number Format: Standard icon – Clicking on this icon will display the contents of the selected cells in
default format.
Number Format: Add Decimal and Delete Decimal icons – They are is used to increase or decrease
the number of decimal digits that are to be displayed in the selected cells.
22. What are the various icons in the insert object toolbar? (Or) Explain how to insert objects in
staroffice calc.
Select ViewToolbarInsert Object. The Insert Object toolbar appears with following six icons.
1. Insert Chart icon
2. Insert Formula icon
3. Insert Floating Frame icon
4. Insert Movie and Sound icon
5. Insert OLE object icon
6. Insert Applet icon
Insert Chart icon:
This icon is used to present the data in the form of charts of different kinds such as Bar chart, Pie chart,
Lines, X – Y plot etc.,
Insert Formula icon:
This icon is used to insert a formula in the worksheet for performing calculations.
Insert Floating Frame icon:
This icon provides to generate a scrolling screen within a worksheet.
Insert Movie and Sound icon:
This icon is used to insert sound or video files into the current worksheet.
Insert OLE object icon:
This icon is used to insert objects from other application into a worksheet.
Insert Applet icon:
This icon is used to import Applets written in Java programming language into the worksheet.
23. How will you insert the Cells, Rows and Columns into a worksheet?
Select ViewToolbarInsert Cell. The Insert Cell toolbar appears with following four icons.
1. Insert Cells Down
2. Insert Cells Right
3. Insert Rows
4. Insert Columns
Insert Cells Down:
To insert an empty cell in a column and move the existing cells down, place cursor in the cell where you
want to insert the new cell and click Insert Cells Down icon.
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Example:
To insert an empty cell in A1 and move the contents of the cells A1:A2 down, select cell A1 and click the
icon. The output screen is shown below.
A B C
1 50 60
2 40 80 90
3 70
Insert Cells Right:
To insert an empty cell in a row and move the existing cells right, place the cursor in the cell where you
want to insert the new cell and click Insert Cells Right icon.
Example:
To insert an empty cell in A1 and move the contents of the cells A1:C1 right, select cell A1 and click the
icon. The output screen is shown below.
A B C D
1 40 50 60
2 70 80 90
Insert Rows:
To insert an empty row, select the row where you want to insert the new row and click Insert Rows icon.
Example:
To insert an empty row between the rows 1 and 2, select the row 2 and click the icon. The output screen is
shown below.
A B C
1 40 50 60
2
3 70 80 90
Insert Columns:
To insert an empty column, select the column where you want to insert the new column and click Insert
Columns icon.
Example:
To insert an empty column between the columns B and C, select the column C and click the icon. The
output screen is shown below.
A B C D
1 40 50 60
2 70 80 90
24. How will you insert a chart in the worksheet?
Select the data which you want to create a chart.
Click InsertChart or click on Insert Chart icon.
The cursor becomes a + sign with a small picture of the graph.
Place this cursor where you want to insert the chart and click.
The AutoFormat Chart window appears. Enter the Range and click Next button.
The next window, displays different types of charts with preview of each type. Select the type of chart.
The preview window shows the chart.
Click the Show text elements in preview check box if it is not selected and Click Next button.
The next window, there are different formats available for type of the chart. A preview of the each format
is also displayed. Here, select the desired format and click on Next.
In the next window, enter the Title for the chart, Titles for X and Y axes and Legends.
Click Create button. Now the chart will display in the worksheet.
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25. Explain the different types of operators in StarOffice Calc.
There are various types of operators in StarOffice Calc. They are
1. Arithmetic operator
2. Comparative operator
3. Text operator
4. Reference operator
Arithmetic operators:
These operators return numerical results.
Operator Name Example
+(plus) Addition 1+1
-(minus) Subtraction 2-1
-(Minus) Negation -5
*(asterisk) Multiplication 2*2
/(Slash) Division 9/3
%(Percent) Percent 15%
^(Caret) Exponentiation 3^2
Comparative operators:
These operators return either true or false.
Operators Name Example
= Equal A1=B1
> Greater than A1>B1
< Less than A1<B1
>= Greater than or equal to A1>=B1
<= Less than or equal to A1<=B1
< > Inequality A1< >B1
Text operators:
This operator combines sections of text to the entire text.
Operator Name Example
&(And) Text operator: And “Star” & “Office” yields “StarOffice”
Reference operators:
These operators combine areas.
Operator Name Example
:(Colon) Range A1:A5
!(Exclamation point) Intersection SUM(A1:B6!B5:C12)
26. What are the advantages of computerized data processing?
1. Once we collect and enter the data into a computer system, we can perform other operations with less
manual labour. So, manpower is considerable saved.
2. Though it takes some times to develop, test and put the required computer programs to use, the processing
speed is fast, reducing the processing time.
3. The changes of errors are less in computerized data processing.
4. We can store large amount of data and information in the computer storage medium, which is compact.
We need not store bundles of paper records, thus saving space.
5. Today computer networks are so common that we can share data and resources from one computer system
to the other at a very fast speed and with very little effort.
6. It is easy to edit the data including correction, changes and modifications.
7. Computerized database is highly effective for searching, sorting and merging files and for other data
manipulation activities.
27. What are the disadvantages of Manual data processing?
1. The efficiency and correctness of data processing are limited to the capabilities of the individual who is
processing the data.
2. Manual methods take more time.
3. In general human beings are liable to make computational and parallax errors.
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4. Manual data processing involves use of the papers at each stage.
5. Preservation and maintenance of large volume of papers records becomes difficult and unmanageable.
6. Implementations of corrections, changes and modifications are tedious in manual data processing.
28. What are various manipulations of a database in staroffice Base?
We can manipulate the database in the following seven ways.
Searching
Sorting
Merging
Performing calculation on data
Filtering
Editing the database
Report Generation
Searching:
Searching is a process to select a desired specific data from a database.
It is done using database commands on the relevant fields.
For example, we can select the First rank student from the student database table.
Sorting:
Sorting is a process of arranging the data in a table in some order.
For example, we can sort the student’s total marks in ascending order or descending order.
Merging:
Merging is a process of joining data from two or more tables of the same or different databases.
For example, we can merge and prepare one table that shows all the first ranking students of the each
class .
Performing Calculations on data:
We can perform any kind of arithmetic calculations on the data stored in a database.
For example, we can find the total marks of the student.
Filtering:
The filter is a way of limiting the information that appears on the screen.
It displays records which satisfy the user’s condition. Other records are hidden.
Editing the database:
Editing is a process of performing correction on the existing data, deleting the existing data, adding new
data or changing the format of the database.
Report generation:
We can generate any desired report from the data of the database.
For example, we can generate the report of passed students and failed students.
29. Explain the different types of database.
Database classified as following five types:
1. Flat file database
2. Relational database
3. Hierarchical database
4. Network database
5. Object oriented database
Flat file database:
A database file consists a single data table is called Flat file database.
It is used for single user or small group user. It does not allow more complex requests.
Example: Spreadsheet
Relational database:
A relational structure represents a database made up of a set of the related tables, which are related by
common fields. The common fields are called the Keys.
A primary key is a key or a field that uniquely identifies a record in a database table.
Example: Employee No
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It is the most prevalent database in today’s business organizations.
Hierarchical database:
This database is used on Mainframe computers.
The Records are organized in a tree structure by type.
The relationship between records types is a parent child relationship.
Network database:
This database is very similar to the hierarchical database.
In this database, any one record type can relate to any number of other record types.
Object oriented database:
It is a newer structure.It groups data items and their associated characteristics, attributes and procedures
into the complex items called objects.
Physically an object can be anything. Example: a product, a house, an appliance etc.,
An object defined by its characteristics, attributes and procedures.
30. Explain different types of filters with example.
A Filter is a type of query.
It is used to select and display records, which match a certain condition.
The remaining records are hidden from the user.
The Filters are two types. They are Auto Filter and Standard Filter.
Auto Filter:
The Auto Filter icon displays only the records, which match the value of the current fields.
Standard Filter:
Filter used with a condition is called Default Filter.
The condition can be specified by clicking on the Standard Filter icon on the toolbar.
Example:
1. Open an existing query or table. For example Query_Marklist.
2. Click the Standard Filter icon from the toolbar.
3. The Standard Filter dialog box appears.
4. Select Maths in the Field name box.
5. Select > operator in the Condition box.
6. Type 90 in the Value box.
7. Click OK button. Now the Filtered records are shown.
8. To remove the Filter, click Remove Filter / Sort icon from the toolbar.
31. How will you insert a calc cell range into a text document? Explain.
Open a staroffice writer text document.
Open a staroffice calc worksheet that contains the data.
In the spreadsheet, select the cell range that you want to display as table in the text document.
Choose EditCopy or press Ctrl + C.
In the text document, Choose EditPaste Special.
The Paste Special dialog box appears.
In the Paste Special dialog box, select DDE link and then click OK button.
The copied cell range will be displayed in the text document.
Now you can modify the data in the spreadsheet. You will see the data automatically changes in the text
document.
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Class : 12 Vol II – 5 Marks Prepared by: S.BAGAVATH SINGH M.C.A.,B.Ed.,
1. Explain if and if…else statements with example.
If statement:
If statement is the simplest of all the decision statements. It is implemented into two forms.
Simple if statement
if….else statement
Simple if statement:
If the condition is true, the action block is executed. Otherwise the action block is not executed.
Syntax:
if ( condition / expression )
{
action block;
}
Example:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a;
clrscr ( );
cout << ”\n Enter a number ”;
cin >> a;
if ( a%2 == 0 )
cout << ”\n The given number is even”;
getch ( );
}
In the above example displays “ The given number is even “ if the condition is evaluated to true,
otherwise the control jumps to getch ( ); statement.
if….else statement:
if….else statement which chooses between two alternatives, executes the chosen block based on
the condition.
If the condition is true, the action block1 is executed. Otherwise the action block2 is executed.
Syntax:
if ( condition / expression )
{
action block1;
}
else
{
action block2;
}
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include< conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int a;
cout << ”\n Enter a number”;
cin >> a;
if ( a%2==0 )
cout << ”\n The given number is even”;
1
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else
cout << ”\n The given number is not even”;
}
In the above example displays “ The given number is even “ if the condition is evaluated to true,
otherwise statement following else option will be executed.
2. Explain Nested if statement with example.
The statement sequence of if or else may contain another if statement.i.e., the if…else statements
can be nested within one another.
In a Nested if…else statement, “ Each else matches with the nearest unmatched preceding if “.
Syntax:
if ( expression1 )
{
if ( expression2 )
{
action block1;
}
else
{
action block2;
}
else
{
action block3;
}
Example:
if ( grade == „ A „ )
if ( basic > 5500 )
incentive = basic * 10/100;
else
incentive = basic * 5/100;
else
cout << ”\n Try to attain Grade A “;
Working of the above example:
Grade = = „ A „ and basic == 5501, then incentives gets the value 550.
Grade = = „ A „ and basic == 5000, then incentives gets the value 250.
Grade < > „ A „ – the inner if will not be executed, the outer else will be executed and thus
prints “ Try to attain Grade A”.
3. Explain switch statement with example.
This is a multiple branching statement where, based on a condition, the control transferred to one
of the many possible points.
Syntax:
switch ( expression )
{
case 1: action block1;
break;
case 2: action block2;
break;
case 3: action block3;
break;
default:
action block4;
}
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Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int a, remainder;
clrscr ( );
cout << ”\n Enter a number ” ;
cin >> a;
remainder = a % 3;
switch ( remainder )
{
case 1:
cout << “\n Remainder is one” ;
break;
case 2:
cout << “\n Remainder is two” ;
break;
default:
cout << “\n The given number is divisible by 3” ;
break;
}
getch ( );
}
The above example displays,
Remainder is one, if a = 4 or so
Remainder is two, if a = 5 or so
The given number is divisible by 3, if a = 6.
In other words, the above program checks for divisibility by 3 and prints messages accordingly.
Every action block should be terminated with a break statement. Otherwise all action blocks are
executed sequentially.
The break statement is used to exit from the switch statement.
4. Explain for loop with example.
for loop is called as “ Entry check loop “ or “ Entry control loop “.
It is used when an action is to be repeated for a predetermined number of times.
Syntax:
for ( initial value ; test condition ; increment )
{
action block;
}
The general working of the for loop:
1. The control variable is initialized the first time when the control enters the loop for the first time.
2. Test condition is evaluated. The body of the loop is executed only if the condition is true.
3. On repetition of the loop, the control variable is incremented and the test condition will be
evaluated before the body of the loop is executed.
4. The loop is terminated when the test condition evaluates to false.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int i,fact = 1;
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for ( i = 1; i <= 5; i++ )
fact * = i;
cout << ”\n The factorial of the number is:” << fact;
}
Output:
The factorial of the number is: 120
Working of the above example:
1. Initializes the control variable i = 1.
2. The test condition i <= 5 is evaluated, control is transferred to step 3, only if the test condition is
true.
3. Multiply the fact and i values and stores the value in fact.
4. Increments i by 1.
5. Control is transferred to step 2.
6. End.
5. Explain while loop with example.
While loop is called as “ Entry check loop “ or “ Entry control loop “.
The body of the while loop will be executed only if the test condition is true.
The control exits the loop once the condition is evaluated to false.
Syntax:
while ( condition )
{
action block;
}
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int num = 2;
clrscr ( );
while ( num < 6 )
{
cout << num * num << ‟\t‟;
num += 1;
}
getch ( );
}
Output:
4 9 16 25
Working of the above example:
1. Initialises the control variable num to 2.
2. The condition num < 2 is evaluated, control is transferred to step 3, only if the condition is true.
3. Prints the square of the values stored in num.
4. Increments num by 1.
5. Control is transferred to step 2.
6. End.
6. Explain do…while loop with example.
do…while loop is called as “ Exit check loop “, as the condition marks the last statement of the
body of the loop.
The body of the loop will execute at least one time. After checking, if the condition is true, the
body of the loop will be executed.
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Syntax:
do
{
action block;
} while ( condition );
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int num = 2;
clrscr ( );
do
{
cout << num * num << „\t‟;
num += 1;
} while ( num < 6 );
getch ( );
}
Output:
4 9 16 25
Working of the above example:
1. Enters the loop.
2. Prints the square of num.
3. Increments the control variable num by 2.
4. Evaluates the condition, based on which the control is transferred to step 2.
5. End.
7. What is loop? Explain any one of the loop with an example.
Loops execute a set of instructions repeatedly for a certain number of times.
There are three kinds of loops in C++, the for loop, the while loop and do…while loop.
( Refer Qn-4 Or Qn-5 Or Qn-6 )
8. What is loop? Explain the different types of loops.
Loops execute a set of instructions repeatedly for a certain number of times.
There are three kinds of loops in C++, the for loop, the while loop and do…while loop.
( Refer Qn-4 and Qn-5 and Qn-6 )
9. Explain Entry check loops with an example.
The loops in which the condition is checked at the beginning of the loop are called “ Entry check
loops “.
Example : for loop and while loop. ( Refer Qn-4 and Qn-5 )
10. Explain Exit check loop with an example.
The loops in which the condition is checked at the end of the loop is called “ Exit check loop “.
The do…while loop is called exit check loop. ( Refer Qn-6 )
11. Explain call by value method with an example.
In this method, the called function creates new variables to store the value of the arguments
passed to it.
This method copies the values of actual parameters into the formal parameters.
The function creates its own copy of arguments and then uses them.
In call by value method, any change in the formal parameter is not reflected back to the actual
parameter.
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Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void swap( int n1, int n2 )
{
int temp;
temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
cout << ‟\n ‟<< n1 << ‟\t ‟<< n2;
}
void main ( )
{
int m1 = 10, m2 = 20;
clrscr ( );
cout << ”\n Values before invoking swap” << m1 << ‟\t‟ << m2;
cout << ”\n Calling swap”;
swap ( m1 , m2 );
cout << ”\n Back to main…Values are” << m1 << ‟\t ‟<< m2;
getch ( );
}
Output:
Values before invoking swap 10 20
Calling swap
20 10
Back to main…Values are 10 20
In this example, when arguments are passed by value, the called function creates new variables of
the same data type as the arguments passed to it.
The values of these arguments are copied into newly created variables.
Hence, changes or modifications that are made to formal parameters( n1 and n2 ) are not reflected
in the actual parameters( m1 and m2).
12. Explain call by reference method with an example.
In this method, the formal parameters become alias to the actual parameters in the calling
function.
When the function is working with its own arguments, it is actually working on the original data.
In call by reference method, any change in the formal parameter is reflected back to the actual
parameter.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void swap( int &n1, int &n2 )
{
int temp;
temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
cout << ‟\n ‟<< n1 << ‟\t ‟<< n2;
}
void main ( )
{
int m1 = 10, m2 = 20;
clrscr ( );
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cout << ”\n Values before invoking swap” << m1 << ‟\t‟ << m2;
cout << ”\n Calling swap”;
swap ( m1 , m2 );
cout << ”\n Back to main…Values are” << m1 << ‟\t ‟<< m2;
getch ( );
}
Output:
Values before invoking swap 10 20
Calling swap
20 10
Back to main…Values are 20 10
In this example, the modification made to formal parameters( n1 and n2 ) are reflected to the
actual parameters( m1 and m2 ), because formal and actual parameters in reference type point to
the same storage area.
Main Swap
m1 = 10 n1 = 10
m2 = 20 n2 = 20
Assume storage area of m1 is Oxf1 and m2 is Oxf4.
m1 = Oxf1 = 10
m2 = Oxf4 = 20
Reference parameters may be read as
n1 = 10; n1 is a reference to m1, which may be depicted as: int & n1;
This means that n1 is an alias to m1, hence m1 and n1 refer to same storage area, hence the statements
may be rewritten as:
n1 = m1 = Oxf1 = 10
n2 = m2 = Oxf4 = 20
Address Before Exchange After Exchange
Oxf1 ( n1,m1 ) 10 20
Oxf4 ( n2,m2 ) 20 10
Hence, changes made to formal parameters are reflected in actual parameters.
13. What are the different ways of passing parameters in C++ functions? Explain with
example.
Parameters are the channels through which data flows from the call statement to the function
and vice versa. There are two ways to passing parameters in C++ are:
1. Call by value
2.Call by reference ( Refer Qn-11 and Qn-12 )
14. Explain inline function with example.
When the functions are small, the compiler replaces the function call statement by its definition
ie., its code during the program execution. This feature is called “ inline function “.
An inline function looks like a normal function in the source file but inserts the function‟s code
directly into the calling program.
Inline function executes faster but requires more memory space.
To make a function inline one has to insert the keyword inline in the function header.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
inline float convert_feet ( int x )
{
return x * 12;
}
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void main ( )
{
int inches = 5;
clrscr ( );
cout << convert_feet ( inches );
getch ( );
}
Output:
60
In this example, the call statement to the function (convert_feet ( inches )) will be replaced by the
expression in the return statement ( inches * 12 ).
15. What is scope? Explain different types of scope of variables in C++?
Scope refers to the accessibility of a variable. There are four types of scopes in C++. They are
1. Local scope
2. Function scope
3. File scope
4. Class scope
Local scope:
A local variable is defined within a block.
It‟s scope is the block in which it is defined.
A local variable cannot be accessed from outside the block of its declaration.
A block of code begins and ends with curly braces { }.
Function scope:
The scope of variable declared within a function is extended to the function block, and all sub-
blocks therein.
The lifetime of a function scope variable, is the life time of the function block.
The scope of formal parameters is function scope.
File scope:
A variable declared above all blocks and functions( precisely above main( ) ) has the scope of a file.
It‟s scope is the entire program.
The life time of a file scope variable is the life time of a program.
Class scope:
The data variables declared with in the class has the scope of a class.
The class scope will be decided by the access specifiers private, protected and public.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
int a = 1; // a is file scope variable
class student
{
int b; // b is class scope variable
} ;
void main ( )
{
int c; // c is function scope variable
while ( c > 0 )
{
int d; // d is local scope variable
}
}
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16. Explain the local scope with an example.
Local scope:
A local variable is defined within a block.
It‟s scope is the block in which it is defined.
A local variable cannot be accessed from outside the block of its declaration.
A block of code begins and ends with curly braces { }.
A local variable is created upon entry into its block and destroyed upon exit.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int a=10, b=20;
if ( a > b )
{
int c; // local of this if block
c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
}
cout << a << b << c;
}
In this example, the variable c is not accessible. The life time of a local variable is the life time of
a block in its state of execution.
Local variables die when its block execution is completed.
17. Explain the function scope with an example.
Function scope:
The scope of variable declared within a function is extended to the function block, and all sub-
blocks therein.
The lifetime of a function scope variable, is the life time of the function block.
The scope of formal parameters is function scope.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
void main ( )
{
int a, b=10; // a and b are function scope variables
while ( a )
{
int c = 20;
if ( c > a )
{
}
}
}
In this example, the variable a is accessible in the function main ( ) only. It is accessible in all sub-blocks
therein-viz, while block & if block.
18. Explain the file scope with an example.
File scope:
A variable declared above all blocks and functions( precisely above main( ) ) has the scope of a file.
It‟s scope is the entire program.
The life time of a file scope variable is the life time of a program.
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Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
int i = 10; // i is file scope variable
viod fun ( )
{
cout << i;
}
void main ( )
{
cout << i;
}
In this example, the variable i is declared as file scope. We can use this variable in the entire program.
The life time of this variable is lifetime of the above program.
19. Explain the scope operator with an example.
The scope operator reveals the hidden scope of a variable.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
int num = 15; // file scope variable
void main ( )
{
int num = 5; // function scope variable
clrscr ( );
num = num + : :num;
cout << num << „\t‟ << ++: :num;
getch ( );
}
Output:
20 16
In this example, the variable num is declared both file scope level and function scope level.
In the reference : :num, : : is called as scope resolution operator. It is used to refer the
variables declared at file level.
This is helpful only under situations where the local and file scope variables have the same name.
20. Explain the rules for actual parameters.
Rules for actual parameters:
1. The actual parameters can be passed in the form of constants or variables or expressions to the
formal parameters which are value type.
Example:
For a function prototype int add (int n1, int n2); the call statement may be follows:
x = add (5, 10); where 5 and 10 are values.
x = add (a, b); where a and b are variables.
2. The actual parameters can be passed only as variables to formal parameters of reference type.
Example:
int add (int &n1, int &n2);
x = add ( a, b); where a and b are variables.
The following call statements are invalid:
x = add ( a + b, b );
x = add ( 5, 10);
10
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21. Explain any three string functions with syntax and example.
String manipulators defined in string.h.
strlen ( )
strlen ( ) returns number of characters stored in the array.
Syntax:
strlen ( char * )
Example:
strlen(“computer”) returns the value 8.
strcpy ( )
strcpy ( ) copies source string to target string.
Syntax:
strcpy ( char *, char * )
Example:
strcpy ( name, “ computer “); In this example, the name gets the value “ computer “.
strcmp ( )
strcmp ( ) compares two given strings and returns 0 if strings are equal, value > 0, if string1 is
greater than string2. Otherwise value less than 0.
Syntax:
strcmp ( char *, char * )
Example:
1. strcmp ( “Abc”, “Abc” ) returns the value 0.
2. strcmp ( “abc”, “Abc” ) returns a value > 0.
3. strcmp ( “Abc”, “abc” ) returns a value < 0.
22. Write the characteristics of the member function.
1. Several different classes can use the same function name. The membership label will resolve their
scope.
2. Member functions can access the private data of a class. A non-member function cannot do so.
3. A member function can call another member function directly, without using the dot operator.
This is called as “ nesting of member functions “.
4. The member function can receive arguments of a valid C++ data type. Objects can also be passed
as arguments.
5. The return type of a member function can be of object data type.
6. Member functions can be of static type.
23. Explain function overloading with example.
Function overloading:
The ability of function to process the message or data in more than one form is called function
overloading.
Rules for function overloading:
Each overloaded function must differ either by the number if its formal parameters or their data
types.
The return type of the overloaded functions may or may not be the same data type.
The default arguments of overloaded functions are not considered by the C++ compiler as part of
the parameter list.
Do not use the same function name for two unrelated functions.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
float area ( float r )
{
return ( 22/7 ) * r * r;
}
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float area ( float l, float b )
{
return l * b;
}
void main ( )
{
clrscr ( );
cout << ”\n Area of the circle “ <<area ( 7.0 );
cout << ”\n Area of the rectangle “ <<area ( 2.0, 3.0 );
getch ( );
}
Output:
Area of the circle 154
Area of the rectangle 6
In the above example illustrates function overloading and computes the area of the two different
shapes. In the example, each function differs by their number of arguments. The first function has one
argument and second function has two arguments. The two functions have float type of arguments.
Arguments for each function can be of different data type. Secondly the number of arguments for each
function may also differ.
24. What are the various rules while overloading operators in C++? Or List out the rules for
operator overloading.
Operator overloading:
The term operator overloading refers to giving additional functionality to the normal C++
operators.
The mechanism of giving special meaning to an operator is called as operator overloading.
Rules for operator overloading:
Only existing operators can be overloaded. New operator cannot be created.
The overloaded operator must have at least one operand of user defined type.
The basic definition of an operator cannot be replaced or in other words one cannot redefine the
function of an operator. One can give additional functions to an operator.
Overloaded operators behave in the same way as the basic operator in terms of their operands.
When binary operators are overloaded, the left hand object must be an object of the relevant class.
Binary operators overloaded through a member function take one explicit argument.
Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
class negative
{
int i;
public:
void accept ( )
{
cout << ”\n Enter a number “;
cin >> i;
}
void display ( )
{
cout << ”\n Number “ << i;
}
void operator-( )
{
i = -i;
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}
};
void main ( )
{
clrscr ( );
negative n;
n.accept ( );
-n;
n.display ( );
getch ( );
}
Output:
Enter a number 2
Number -2
In the above program, the function void operator-( ) simply negates the data member of the class
as one would do with a normal variable as follows: sum = - num1;
25. What are operator overloading provides? Or What are the things to be provided by
operator overloading? or What are the advantages of operator overloading?
New function definitions for basic C++ operators like +, *, -,++, --,>,<,+= and the like. One cannot
overload C++ specific operators like membership operator (.), scope resolution operator (::),
size of operator and conditional operator (?:).
The overloaded function definitions are permitted for user defined data type.
Operator functions must be either member functions or friend functions.
The new definition that is provided to an operator does not overrule the original definition of the
operator.
26. Write rules for definition and usage of constructor and destructor.
Constructor:
The constructor is a special function in a class and it initializes the class object and also allocates
the memory space to an object.
When an instance of a class comes into the scope, the constructor will be executed.
There are three types of constructor. They are
1. Default constructor or Non-Parameterized constructor
2. Parameterized constructor
3. Copy constructor
Rules for constructor definition and usage:
1. The name of the constructor must be same as that of the class.
2. A constructor can have parameter list.
3. The constructor function can be overloaded.
4. The complier generates a constructor, in the absence of a user defined constructor.
5. The constructor is executed automatically.
Destructor:
The destructor is a special function in a class and it removes the memory space an object which
was allocated by the constructor at the time of creating a object.
When an instance of a class goes out of the scope, the destructor will be executed.
Rules for destructor definition and usage:
1. The destructor has the same name as that of the class prefixed by the tilde character ‘~’.
2. The destructor cannot have arguments.
3. It has no return type.
4. Destructor cannot be overloaded i.e., there can be only one destructor in a class.
5. In the absence of user defined destructor, it is generated by the compiler.
6. The destructor is executed automatically when the control reaches the end of class scope.
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Example:
# include < iostream.h >
# include < conio.h >
class simple
{
public :
simple ( ) // Constructor
{
cout << ”\n Constructor”;
}
~simple ( ) // Destructor
{
cout << ”\n Destructor”;
}
};
void main ( )
{
simple s;
}
Output:
Constructor
Destructor
27. What is inheritance? Explain the advantages of inheritance.
Inheritance:
Inheritance is the most powerful feature of an object oriented programming language.
A process of creating new classes from existing classes is called inheritance.
Advantages of inheritance:
1. Reusability of code:
Many applications are developed in an organization.
Code developed for one application can be reused in another application if such functionality is
required.
This saves a lot of development time.
2. Code sharing:
The methods of the base class can be shared by the derived class.
3. Consistency of interface:
The inherited attributes and methods provide a similar interface to the calling methods.
28. Define base class and derived class. What are the points should be observed while defining
a derived class?
Base class:
A base class is a class from which other classes are derived.
Derived class:
A class created from an existing or base class is called derived class.
A derived class inherits all the properties of the base class.
It is a power packed class.
Syntax:
class der_name : visibility_mode base_class_id
{
data members of the derived_class;
member functions of the derived_class;
} ;
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While defining a derived class, following points should be observed:
1. The keyword class has to be used
2. The name of the derived class is to be given after the keyword class
3. A single colon
4. The type of derivation, namely private, public or protected
5. The name of the base class or parent class
6. The remainder of the derived class definition
Example:
class subtract : public add
{
int sub;
public:
void minus ( )
{
}
};
29. Explain the different types of inheritance.
Types of inheritance:
Classes can be derived from classes that are themselves derived. There are different types of
inheritance. They are
Single Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Single Inheritance:
When a derived class inherits only from one base class, it is known as single inheritance.
Base Class – Employee
Multiple Inheritance:
When a derived class inherits from multiple base classes, it is known as multiple inheritance.
Multilevel Inheritance:
The transitive nature of inheritance is reflected by this form of inheritance.
When a class is derived from a class which is a derived class itself, then this is referred to as
multilevel inheritance.
Derived Class – Manager
Base Class – Address Base Class – Office
Derived Class - Manager
Base Class – Grand father
Derived-Father
Derived- Child
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