1. [ R e f i n e a n d e x p l a i n t h e t e r m s " P r o l i f e r a t i o n " a n d "/\rms K a c e " ; e x a m i n e h o w t h e y w e r e p a r t o f

t h e o f C l o l d W a r s t r a t e g y o f b e i n g u s e d a " d e t e r r e n t " ... " b u i l d i n g m i s s i l e s f o r p e a c e " ....

Z S u m m a r i z e t h e h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g e v e n t s a s t h e y a p p l y t o t h e C l o l d V V a r - &

~ |~hc ~ P r u m a n P ) o c t r i n e — ( C o n t a i n m e n t — ~ P h e { ^ o m i n o " P h e o r y :

>̂ ( j r e e c e a n d " P u r l c e y ( l ^+7)

^ £ ) e r l i n A i r l i f t ( I 9^8)

^ T h e K o r e a n W a r ( l ^ 5 0 - I ? 5 5 )

y T h e b e r l i n W a l l ( l ^ ^ l )

>̂ H u n g a r i a n ( J p r i s i n g (1 5';?^)

^ ~ P h e ( C u b a n M i s s i l e ( C r i s i s (I ^ ^ 2 )

^ T h e V i e t n a m W a r 1^75)

y A f g h a n i s t a n (1 ^7^-1 ^ 8 ^ )

^ S o l i d a r i t y a n d L e c h W a l e s a ' s ( 1 980's) P o l i t i c a l P ) i s s e n t

December 31, 1968

IRELAND -JNITED ; KfNSDOM

SPAIN

Qbfaitar

GaiiliarKl:

KOHOCCQ I

ALGERIA

N

W

NETHERLANDS TOLAND

S"^/ SERMANY BE.LG1„

FRANCE /-'vj^^^USTRJ

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Source: Coin MeEvedv., 7?ie NewPenpum Mlas ofmc^atHMom EummSmce fSiS. Penguin Scoks fadapt«0

Communist countries

Non-Communist countries

Atlantic Ocean

I-Source: Roger B. Beck et al., World History: Patterns of Interaction, McDougal Littell (adapted)

What does the information shown on this map indicate about the governments of Western Europe and ' Eastern Europe after World War II? [l]

Step on it, Doc!

According to this cartoon, why was Congress rushing to die aid of Western Europe? [l]

. . . Our safety, and that of the free world, demand, of course, effective systems for gathering information about the military capabilities of other powerful nations, especially those that make a fetish [obsessive habit] of secrecy. This involves many techniques and methods. In these times of vast military machines and nuclear-tipped missiles, the ferreting [finding] out of this information is indispensable to free world security.

This has long been one of my most serious preoccupations. It is part of my grave responsibility, within the over-all problem of protecting the American people, to guard ourselves and our allies against surprise attack.

During the period leading up to World War II we learned from bitter experience the imperative [absolute] necessity of a continuous gathering of intelligence information, the maintenance of military communications and contact, and alertness of command,

IAn additional word seems appropriate about this matter of communications and command.

While the Secretary of Defense and I were in Paris, we were, of coiu-se, away from our normal command posts. He recommended that under the circumstances we test the continuing readiness of our military communications. I personally approved. Such tests are valuable and will be frequendy repeated in the future.

Moreover, as President, charged by the Constitution with the conduct of Americas foreign relations, and as Commander-in-Chief, charged with the direction of the operations and activities of our Armed Forces and their supporting services, I take fuU responsibUity for approving all the various programs undertaken by our government to secure and evaluate military intelligence.

It was in the prosecution [carrying out] of one of these inteUigence programs that the widely publicized U - 2 incident occurred. |

Aerial photography has been one of many methods we have used to keep ourselves and the free world abreast of major Soviet military developments. The usefulness of this work has been well established through foin* years of effort. The Soviets were weD aware of it. Chairman Khrushchev has stated that he became aware of these flights several years ago. Only last week, in his Paris press conference. Chairman Khrushchev confirmed that he knew of these flights when he visited the United States last September . . .

Source: President Dwight D. Elsenhower, Address, May 25, 1960, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1960-1961

Based on this document, state two reasons given by President Eisenhower for gathering information about the Soviet military. [2]

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I . . . NATO was simply a necessity. The developing situation with the Soviet Union demanded the participation of the United States in the defense of Western Europe. Any other solution would have opened the area to Soviet domination, contrary to the interests of the United States and contrary to any decent world order At the time of the signing of the pact, April 4, 1949, I do not believe that anyone envisaged [imagined] the Idnd of military setup that NATO evolved

I into and from which de Gaulle withdrew French forces in 1966. It [NATO] was, rather, regarded as a traditional military aUiance of like-minded countries. It was not regarded as a panacea [cure] for the problems besetting [affecting] Europe, but only as an elementary precaution against Communist aggression. . . .

Source: Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929-1969, W. W. Norton & Company, 1973

According to this document, why was the North Adantic Treaty Organization (NATO) necessary? [l]

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. . . When the air-raid siren sounded, our teachers stopped talking and led us to the school basement. There the gym teachers lined us up against the cement walls and steel lockers, and showed us how to lean in and fold our arms over our heads. Our small school ran from kindergarten through twelfth grade. We had air-raid drills in small batches, four or five grades together, because there was no room for us all against the walls. The teachers had to stand in the middle of the basement rooms: those bright Pittsburgh women who taught Latin, science, and art, and those educated, beautifully marmered European women who taught French, history, and German, who had landed in Pittsburgh at the end of their respective flights from Hitler, and who had baffled us by their common insistence on tidiness, above all, in our written work.

The teachers stood in the middle of the room, not talking to each other We tucked against the walls and lockers: dozens of clean girls wearing green jumpers, green knee socks, and pink-soled white bucks. We folded our skinny arms over our heads, and raised to the enemy a clatter of gold

I scarab bracelets and gold bangle bracelets. . . .

Source: Annie Dillard, An American Childhood, Harper & Row

0 According to this document, state one way schools were affected by the threat of commimism. [l]

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. . . Communist aggression in Korea is a part of the worldwide strategy of the Kremlin to destroy freedom. It has shown men all over the world that Communist imperialism may strike anywhere, anytime.

IThe defense of Korea is part of the worldwide effort of aU the free nations to maintain freedom. It has shown free men that Lf they stand together, and pool their strength. Communist aggression cannot succeed. . . .

Source: President Harry Truman, Address at a dinner of the Civil Defense Conference, May 7, 1951

According to President Harry Truman, why was it important for the United States to help defend Korea? [l]

This excerpt is from a telegram sent to the Soviet Ambassador to the United States from the Acting Secretary of State in September 1948. A copy of this telegram was sent to President Harry Truman on September 27, 1948.

l .The Governments of the United States, France and the United Kingdom, conscious of their obligations under the charter of the United Nations to setde disputes by peaceful means, took the initiative on July 30, 1948, in approaching the Soviet Government for iirformal discussions in Moscow in order to explore every possibility of adjusting a dangerous situation which had arisen by reason of measures taken by the Soviet Government direcdy challenging the rights of the other occupying powers in Berlin. These measures, persistentiy piu^ued, amounted to a blockade of land and water transport and communication between the Western Zones of Germany and Berlin which not only endangered the maintenance of the forces of occupation of the United States, France and the United Kingdom in that city but also jeopardized the discharge by those governments of their duties as occupying powers through the threat of starvation, disease and economic ruin for the population of Berlin. . . .

Source: Telegram from United States Department of State to President Truman, September 27, 1948

According to this passage, what action taken by the Soviet Union created tensions between the Soviet f government and the governments of the United States and its Allies? [l]

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Flights into West Berlin (July 1948-April 1949) / 26,026

22,163,^

Number Of 1 7 , 9 2 5 , . ^ - ^ .,8 235*

Flights 16,405.

13,520. 13,574*'

17,08e* 235.363

196,150 171,900

69,000

Supplies (in tons)

July 1948

139,600 119,000 113,600

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 1949

152,200

Feb. Mar April

Month Source: Eric Morris, Blockade, Stein & Day (adapted)

According to this graph, what action was taken by the United States and its Allies in response to the events ^ described in Document 2a? [l]

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"TWE RlKflAXi ARE G A l W H i - / THE RUSSJAMS AR€ GAIMIHG-/ "

"•me AMWICAWJ ARC GWNWO.' -mE AMERJCMB ATC GAIKIHG/''

Based O n T h e P o h l i c a l Cartoon Above, What Is T h e Message The Author Is Sending?

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. . . The attacic upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that Communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa [Taiwan] by Communist forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area.

Accordingly I have ordered the Seventh Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa. As a corollary of this action I am calling upon the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease all air and sea operations against the mainland. The Seventh Fleet will see that this is done. The determinatioii of the future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace setdement with Japan, or consideration by the United Nations. . . .

— President Han^ Truman, Press Release, June 27, 1950

Based on this document, state one reason given by President Truman to justify his concern about communism, [i]

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According to tfiis document, state one action President Truman took after the attack on Korea, [l]

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Berlin, Germany After World War 11

French sector East West

British sector Soviet sector

Berlin Berlin

United States sector

Source: Henry Brun et al.. Reviewing Global History and Geography, AMSCO (adapted)

Berlin, 1961

Source: Heiko Burkhardt, dailysoft.com

Based on this map and the Burkhardt photograph, state one way the Cold War affected the city of Berlin, [i]

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United States Blockade of Cuba, 1962

Source: World History: Patterns of Interaction, McDougal Littell (adapted)

This Government as promised has maintained the closest surveillance of" the Soviet military build-up on the island of Cuba.

Within the past weelc unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island.

The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere.

Upon receiving the first preliminary hard information of this nature last Tuesday morning at 9 A . M . , I directed that our surveillance be stepped up. And having now confirmed and completed our evaluation of the evidence and our decision on a course of action, this Government feels obliged to report this new crisis to you in fullest detail.

The characteristics of these new missile sites indicate two distinct types of installations. Several of them include medium-range ballistic missiles capable of carrying a nuclear warhead for a distance of more than 1,000 nautical miles.

Each of these missiles, in short, is capable of striking Washington, D.C. , the Panama Canal, Cape Canaveral, Mexico City or any other city in the southeastern part of the United States, in Central America or in the Caribbean area. . . .

1 Source: President John F. Kennedy, address to the nation on the Soviet arms buildup in Cuba, October 22, 1962

Based on this map and President John F. Kennedys address, state one way the Cold War affected Cuba, [l]

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War in Korea, 1950-1953 War in Vietnam, 1954-1973

Source: Burton F. Beers, World History: Patterns of Civilization, Prentice Hall (adapted)

Based on the information shown on these maps, state one similarity in the way the Cold War affected Korea and Vietnam, [l]

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Imre Nagy, the Hungarian leader, was forced out of ofBce by the Soviet Communist government. The people of Hungary protested his removal from office.

This is Hungary calling! This is Hungary calling! The last free station. Forward to the United Nations. Early this morning Soviet troops launched a general attack on Hungary. We are requesting you to send us immediate aid in the form of parachute troops over the Transdanubian provinces [across the Danube River]. It is possible that our broadcasts wall soon come to the same fate as the other Hungarian broadcasting stations . . . For the sake of God and freedom, help Hungary! . . .

— Free Radio Rakoczi

Civilized people of the world, listen and come to our aid. Not with declarations, but with force, with soldiers, vAth arms. Do not forget that there is no stopping the wild onslaught [attack] of

I Bolshevism. Your turn will also come, if we perish. Save our souls! Save our souls! . . . — Free Radio Petofi

Source: Melvin J . Lasky, ed.Jhe Hungarian Revolution: The Story of the October Uprising as Recorded in Documents, Dispatches, Eye-Witness Accounts, and World-wide Reactions, Frederick A. Praeger, 1957 (adapted)

: Based on these broadcasts from Free Radio Rakoczi and Free Radio Petofi, state two reasons the Hungarian people were asking for help in 1956. [2]

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This morning the forces of the reactionary conspiracy [anti-Soviet plot] against the Hungarian people were crushed. A new Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant [Communist] Government, headed by the Prime Minister Janos Kadar, has been formed. . . .

— Radio Moscow

Source: Melvin J . Lasky, ed.,The Hungarian Revolution: The Story of the October Uprising as Recorded in Documents, Dispatches, Eye-Witness Accounts, and World-wide Reactions, Frederick A. Praeger, 1957

kj • Based on this broadcast from Radio Moscow, state one result of the Hungarian Revohition. [1]

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Sook Nyul Choi was bom in Pyongyang, Korea and immigrated to the United States during the 1950s. She integrates her autobiographical information into a work of historical fiction set in Korea between the end of World War II and 1950.

. . . Our freedom and happiness did not last long. In June 1950, war broke out. North Korean and Communist soldiers filled the streets of Seoul, and were soon joined by Chinese Communist troops. Russian tanks came barreling through. In the chaos, many more North Korean refugees made their way to Seoul. Theresa and the other nuns finally escaped, and made their way to our house. They told us that the Russians and Town Reds had found out about Kisas and Aunt Tigers other activities. They died as all "traitors" did. They were shot with machine gims, and then hanged in the town square to serve as a lesson to others. We never heard any further news about the sock girls, or about my friend Unhi. I still wonder if they are alive in the North.

Source: Sook Nyul Choi, Year of Impossible Goodbyes, Houghton Mifflin Company

. Based on Sook Nyul Choi's description, state two ways the beginning of the Korean War affected the people of Korea. [2]

I

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