A Peek at 5G

Dr. Chih-Lin I C M C C C h i e f S c i e n t i s t , W i r e l e s s Te c h n o l o g i e s

H e a d o f G r e e n C o m m u n i c a t i o n R e s e a r c h C e n t e r

J o h a n n e s b e r g S u m m i t M a y 2 0 , 2 0 1 3

10 Years Ago

2013/5/20 2 Chih-­‐Lin  I

•  Y’2003,  ITU-­‐R  M.1645    •  Key  Technologies  

4G Standardization Is Maturing

2013/4/8 3 Chih-­‐Lin  I

•  Number of TD-LTE BS: reached 20,000 by the end of 2012; covering 15 cities in mainland; dual mode in HK

•  Deploy 200,000 BS in 2013; at least 1M terminals Networks

•  Large Scale Trial (before 2012): 6 cities •  Expanded Scale Trial (2012): 15 cities •  Commercial Network (2013): 100 cities

Cities

6 �

TD-LTE an Example

2013/5/20

EU  FP7    and    Horizon  2020

METIS

WWRF  Vision  2020

Looking Towards 2020

3GPP  Roadmap  to  Y’2020

UK  “5G  InnovaSon  Center”

China  IMT-­‐2020  

5 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Multiple Voices

NSN

DoCoMo

Huawei

2013/5/20

And Many Candidates Tech.

Inno.  Access  Infrastructure

HetNet CoMP

DAS

Relay/Terminal  Relay

Small  Cell

Terminal  Intelli.

ICIC、eICIC

ArSficial Collision  Mana.

AAA/AAS

Phy  Network  Coding

Beyond  OFDM(A)    Transmission  

Massive  MIMO

Single  Band  Full  Deplux

M2M、MTC

D2D

CogniSve  Radio

AdapSve  Access

Carrier  Aggregate

Prototyping 。。。 。。。

Cloud  Network

Delay  Tolerant

Random  Coding

Neural  Network

GMC

SocCell

Liquid  Cell

Hyper  Dense  NW.

2013/5/20

Too Early for a Comprehensive Picture

Exploring  it  Piece  by  Piece    

2013/5/20

GREEN

Are We Burning Our Earth?

New Orleans  acer  Hurricane Katrina

10 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

ICT Also Responsible

• 2007  Worldwide  ICT  carbon  footprint:  2%    — Comparable  to  the  global  aviaSon  industry  

• Expected  to  grow  to  4%  by  2020  

PredicSon  with  “power  efficient”  technologies

11 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

CMCC  Actual  Scale  

2012:  1.11M  BSs,  14.3B  Kwh

Great Work Done

BS  HW  (Antenna,  PA),  Architecture  (Relay,  AP),  OperaLon  (Sleep  mode,  

Scheduler)  Energy  gain  of  75-­‐92%

Improved  macro-­‐cell  hardware(H),  Cell  micro  DTX  (D),  Antenna  muLng  (A),  Low  loss  antennas  

(L),  AdapLve  sectorizaLon  (S)    Energy  savings  of  60-­‐70%  with  no  more  than  5%  

Throughput  degradaLon

Mobile  VCE  SimulaSon  Results Energy  saving Performance 12 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

More Ambitious Goals

13 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Green Meter Announcement

2013/4/8 14 Chih-­‐Lin  I

May  13,  2013,  GreenTouch  Announces:  

Research  study  shows  net  energy  consumpSon  in  networks  can  be  reduced  by  up  to  90%  by  2020  while  taking  into  account  traffic  growth

SOFT

Cost, Efficiency, Agility

GSM/GPRS/EDGE  

TD-­‐SCDMA  

TD-­‐LTE  WiMax/WLAN  

GSM  UE

TD-­‐SCMDA  UE  

TD-­‐LTE  UE  

Diverse  ApplicaLons  &  Infrastructures

• Complex carrier networks: proprietary nodes and hardware. • New std and features launch cycle too long: new variety of box needs to be integrated. 16 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

SDR: First considered in the 90’s

•  SDR: radio is software defined

•  Basic idea: signal processing developed

based on reconfigurable HW platforms

(however the platform may be vendor-

proprietary) instead of special-purpose

platform

•  Motivation:

–  Different radio products implemented on

the same platform

–  Software reuse among different products

–  Remote software download and updates

TradiSonal  dedicated  HW

SDR

SDR  products:  soc  modem,  SDR  controller,  etc.

2013/5/20

SDN: It is happening out there

•  SDO to hit the target of SDN

•  90+ member companies of all sizes, including network

operators, service providers, etc., from not only IT but telecom

industry

•  SDN:

–  Separation of control plane and data plane

–  GPP-based programmable controller to reconfigure routing

policy (i.e. control plane)

•  Potential benefits

–  Cost reduction on routers thanks to software programmability

from GPP

–  Facilitate orchestration of networks

–  Services-aware routing

2013/5/20

Network Function Virtualization

NFV  Approach  Classical  Network  Appliance  Approach  

BRAS  

Firewall  DPI  

CDN  

Tester/QoE  monitor  

WAN  AcceleraSon  Message  

Router  

Radio/Fixed  Access  Network  Nodes  

Carrier  Grade  NAT  

Session  Border  Controller  

PE  Router  SGSN/GGSN  

•  Fragmented  non-­‐commodity  hardware.  •  Physical  install  per  appliance  per  site.  •  Hardware  development  large  barrier  to  entry  for  new  

vendors,  constraining  innovaLon  &  compeLLon.  

Independent  Socware  Vendors  

High  volume  Ethernet  switches  

High  volume  standard  servers  

High  volume  standard  storage  

Orchestrated,  automaSc  &  remote  install.  

CompeSSve  &

   InnovaSve    Ecosystem

 

Independent  Socware  Vendors  

19 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

…

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU

Virtual BS Pool

Distributed RRU

High bandwidth optical transport

network

Real-time Cloud for centralized

processing

… Centralized Control and/or Processing Ø  Centralized processing

resource pool that can support 10~1000 cells

Collaborative Radio Ø  Multi-cell Joint scheduling and

processing Real-Time Cloud Ø  Target to Open IT platform Ø  Consolidate the processing

resource into a Cloud Ø  Flexible multi-standard

operation and migration Clean System Target Ø  Less power consuming Ø  Lower OPEX Ø  Fast system roll-out

C-RAN Concept

Soc  base-­‐staLon  –  seamlessly  scalable  and  upgradable

Cloud RAN: Soft BS, Virtualization

•  Virtualization of RAN for agility –  Multiple BBU entities in the same physical

servers –  Multi-RAT support: RAT on virtual

machine –  Accommodate Service on Edge

•  Cost reduction and resource utilization improvement:

–  Resource sharing and dynamic allocation according to traffic variation

–  Live migration to consolidate resource, further to save power

GSM/TD-­‐S/TD-­‐L  RRU  

IT  HW  plamorms  (x86,  Power,  ARM)  

RT-­‐Hypervisor    

Virtual  Machine    Pool/  RT-­‐Guest  OS  (Linux)    

CPRI  adaptor  

Socware  Stack  

GSM  BS    

Socware  Stack  

TD-­‐SCDMA  BS  

Standard  servers

GSM  UE

CPRI

TD-­‐SCMDA  UE  

TD-­‐LTE  UE  

Socware  Stack  

TD-­‐LTE  BS  

CDN/  Web  cache  

Service  VM  

L1  accelerator  

2013/5/20

Common  IT  plamorm  based  soluSons  for  both  radio  access  network  and  core  network

5 Pearls

CMCC Vision on 5G

IT  based  core  network

Anchor  BS

Nano  AP

Virtual  BB  pool

ContentPool

Anchor  BS

Anchor  BS

Massive  RRU

Relay D2D  

relay

D2D  

Indoor  Coverage

User  Centric  Access  Network  SupporLng  exclusive  usage  of  available  spectrum  of  

each  user  

Green   Soc Two  Major  Themes

Our  Pearls EE-­‐SE  Co-­‐design  

System No  More  “Cells”

Rethinking  Signaling/Control

Invisible  “BS” 2G  Spectrum  Refarming … 23 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Great    potenSals  on  energy  saving  exists  

EE and SE Co-Design

Kliper  et.al.,  IEEE  JSTQE,  2011

Ultra  dense  network  roll  out Traffic  fluctuaSon  in  both  Sme  and  spaSal  domains  

Spectrum  efficiency  no  longer  the  only  criteria

Energy  efficiency  must  be  considered  side  by  side  in  mobile  internet  era    •  Increasing  gap  between  traffic  and  revenue    growth  

•  Increasing  gap  between  traffic  and  EE  growth  

2013/5/20

EE and SE Co-Design

Monotonic  tradeoff

Given  EE,  two  SE  values  exist

But,  Non-­‐monotonic  when  considering  circuit  power  

PredicSon  based  on  Shannon:  

Component  level  power  model Different  configuraSons  

More  complicated  with  extended  power  models    

Imperfect  CSI,  block  fading  channel,  coherence  of  2,  4,  8,  or  16  symbols  (bosom  to  top)    

Perfect  CSI    (serving  cell  

only)  

Data  from  Bell  Labs  

2013/5/20

EE and SE Co-Design

A  unified  EE/SE  theory  framework  should  be  developed  to  harmonize  the  research  acSviSes  

Conclusion  draw  from  EARTH  project  -­‐-­‐  Antenna  muLng  can  save  power

Conclusion  draw  from  LSAS  theory  -­‐-­‐  More  antennas,  less  power

2013/5/20

LSAS (Tom Marzetta)

ü Always  tradeoff  between  EE  and  SE  with  a            given    #  of  antennas  (M)  ü EE/SE  relaSonship  is  improved  in  whole  by              increasing  #  of  antennas  

When  only  radiated  power  is  considered   When  addiSonal  computaSon  power  is  also  considered  (grow  with  #Antenna)  

ü EE  increases  with  SE  in  low  SE  region  ü Fewer  antennas  is  more  helpful  to            improve  the  EE  in  low  SE  region  ü As  the  computaSon  capability  (Gflops/Was)            increases,  the  EE  is  enhanced  and  using  more  antennas  is  preferred 27 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Circuit  Power:  #Subcarriers  &  #Antenna  (Zhikun  Xu)

When  the    number  of  subcarriers  can  be  switched  on  or  off  adapSvely  in  MIMO-­‐OFDM  systems

ü When  the  subcarriers  are  not  used  up,  EE  increases  with  SE    ü Increasing  #  of  antennas  benefits  the  EE  only  when  no  subcarriers  are  available.    ü Increasing  the  frequency  resources  is  more  energy  efficient  than  increasing  the  spaSal            resources

Note:  •   Solid  part  of  each  cure  denotes  the  case  that  the  subcarriers  are  not  used  up  • Dash  part  denotes  the  case  that  no  subcarriers  are  available

28 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

No  More  “Cells”

The  “Cellular”  concept  has  accompanied  wireless  network  from  1G  to  4G

Douglas  H.  Ring  &  W.  Rae  Young    1947  at  Bell  Lab

4G

1G  3G

2G

•  StaSc  network  planning  &  semi-­‐staSc  opSmizaSon  

•  Cell-­‐centric  RRM  •  Increased  flat  network  scale  

and  power  consumpSon  •  …  

It’s  Sme  to  break  out  from  the  “Cells”  for  5G  Different  perspecSves  to  match  2020  needs

Resources • Network-level RRM • Network-level CRM • Network-level SP

Protocols • Signalling/data

decuoping • UL/DL decoupling

Deployment • Infrastructure

virtualization • Spectrum

virtualization • Centralization

Features • No cell physical ID • No inter-cell

interference • No handoff

2013/5/20

No  More  “Cells”

   Hetnet  From  single-­‐layer  coverage  to  mulS-­‐layer  coverage  

               CoMP  From  cell-­‐level  SP  to  coordinatd  SP  among  CoMP  set  

Short-­‐term  sales-­‐up  potenSal  

BCG2  

Signalling/data decuoping

DAS  From cell-­‐level  SP  to  

centralized  SP  

CoMP processor

Coordinated multi-points Tx/Rx

DAS: Distributed (large-scale) antenna system

…RRU RRU RRU RRU

BBU

macro

micro

femto

Break in coverage Break in RRM

The  wireless  world  has  been  on  the  way  ,  more  or  less,  to  revamp  the  “cell”  concept.

Break in Signal Processing Break in Protocol

2013/5/20

No  More  “Cells”

RRU  

RRU  

RRU  

RRU  

RRU  

RRU  

RRU  

X2+  

Virtual  BS  Pool   Virtual  BS  Pool  

PHY/MAC   PHY/MAC   PHY/MAC   PHY/MAC  

Distributed    configurable  wideband  RRU  

High  bandwidth  opLcal  transport  

network  

Real-­‐Lme  Cloud  for  centralized  processing  

…  

C-­‐RAN  will  be  a  fundamental    element  in  the  architecture  of  next  generaSon  wireless  network  

•  Common  plamorm,  socware  based  soluSon  

•  Live  (soc)  computaSon  resource  transiSon  

•  Inherent  cooperaSon  

BS  virtualizaSon  2013/5/20

No  More  “Cells”

Amorphous  Cells  Concept

MS3 MS2

MS1

MulLcast  control  

DL  &  UL  data  transmission

DL  data  transmission

UL  data  transmission

Unified  broadcast  control

Multiple layers

The  transiSon  from  Network-­‐Centric  to  User-­‐Centric  Rethink  Handover

Signaling & Data Decoupling DL&UL Decoupling 2013/5/20

Rethinking Signaling/Control

New  signaling  mechanism  should  be  invesSgated  to  reduce  the  signaling  overhead

Voice

Data  signaling  raSo(DSR)  is  extremely  low  of  IM  • TradiSonal  voice:  100~600  

•  IM(QQ):  <1

“Green”  protocol  for  diverse  QoE  requirements  of  future  mobile  applicaSons    

•  AdapSve  protocol  itself  with  slim  signaling  set/flow  

•  ApplicaSon  aware  •  ConnecSon  oriented  à  connecSonless  oriented  

•  …      

DSR  raSo  of  current  network

IM(QQ)

2013/5/20

Throughput    Rate  vs.    Packet  loss  rate  &  Latency  in  Wireless  Network

Rethinking Signaling/Control

•  Conventional TCP protocol designed for wire network with low latency and low packet loss rate,

•  Extreme poor performance over wireless network

u  Exciting finding by MIT with coding for TCP over WiFi • From 1Mbps to 16Mbps under typical 2% packet loss.

• From 0.5Mbps to 13.5Mbps under 5% packet on the train.

TCP  should  be  revisited  for  mobile  environment  -­‐-­‐  To  improve  the  QoE  of  end  customers

2013/5/20

Network Coding Mobile TCP over 3GPP

p  New protocol stack only at mobile access network •  A Network Coding layer between TCP

layer and IP layer

p  Practical Scheme for deployment •  A TCP agency added in gateway •  Keeping TCP protocol unchanged in

core network

Rethinking Signaling/Control

2G  

TD  

LTE  

BTS   BSC/PCU  

NodeB   RNC  

S1-­‐U  

Gb  

Iu  

S1-­‐MME   S11  

Serving  GW   PDN  GW  

S5/8  

S4  S3  

Gn  

GGSN  SGSN  

MME  

eNodeB  

Internet  

2013/5/20

Making BS “Invisible"

p  TradiSonal  BS  roll  out  is  no  longer  sustainable  •  Environment  unfriendly  •  Hard  for  site  selecSon,  network  planning  

•  High  cost  •  High  power  consumpSon  

Bottom PCB with

RF transceiver

, FPGA, and

Memory

Power & Fiber Outputs

PA Integration

Antenna

Layers

36 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Bottom PCB with RF transceiver, FPGA,

and Memory

Power & Fiber Outputs

PA Integration

Antenna Layers

Front  View Side  View

Two  layers  of  radiators  

Three  layers  of  stacked  radiators  

Terminal  RFIC  based   Wide  band  patch  antenna Flexible

15cm  X  15cm  X  7cm

5cm  X  5cm  X  3cm

?

Making BS “Invisible"

Small  form  factor  compact  RF/Antenna  module  is  the  key

37 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Making BS “Invisible"

Large  scale  cooperaSon  over  modules  is  necessary    (LSAS)à  Sweet  Spot  of  N*M

Energy  saving Performance  Enhancement

Cap.  Enhancement Central  processing  for  cooperaSon

38 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

2G Spectrum Refarming

p  3GPP LTE-Hi for  hotspot  and  indoor  (3.4GHz-­‐3.6GHz)    

p  4.4GHz  –  4.5GHz  and  4.8GHz  –  4.99GHz  (Chinese  government  in  WP5D  15th  meeSng)  

p  3.3GHz  –  3.4GHz  (Chinese  companies)  p  3.4  –  3.6  MHz,  3.6–  4.2GHz  and  4.4  –  4.9GMHz

(Japan)  p  5925  –  6425MHz  (Russia)  and  above  6GHz  (Kor)    p  …

Channel  measurement  at  28GHz  (from  Samsung)

10x  (?)  more  spectrum  for  2020

Candidate  spectrum  proposed  by  different  stakeholders

p High  frequency  bands  are  idenSfied  and/or  invesSgated  for  capacity  enhancement  

p Coverage  and  mobility? 2013/5/20

OpSon  1:    Used  by  LTE

p  Operates in standalone mode, with network architecture, signaling, PHY/MAC protocols, etc, being optimized p  With full duplex? p  IoT optimized?

p operates as an umbrella signaling network, to assist LTE, WiFi, etc in 2020

OpSon  2:  New  OpSmized    Design

UL DL 1710                                                                                          1785  1805                                                                                                              1880

ETACS/EGSM TACS/GSM GSM

       880                      890                          905                      915    925                      935                            950                    960  

DCS  1800:  75MHz  DL/UL

1755      1785        1850    1880                  1920                                              1980        2010    2025    2010              2170                2200    2300                                                  2400

GSM900:  35MHz  DL/UL

3G:  150MHz  TDD,  120MHz  FDD TDD FDD

ETACS/EGSM TACS/GSM GSM

2G Spectrum Refarming

p Beyond  2020,  2G  networks  are  very  likely  not  needed.    

p 2G  spectrum  refarming  should  be  considered  seriously.

2013/5/20

Summary

• The  future  must  be  “Green”  • “Soc”  from  core  network  to  RAN  

• Thoughts  on  5G:  • EE/SE  Co-­‐design  • No  more  “Cells”  • Rethink  Signaling/Control  • BS  “invisible”  • Refarm  2G  spectrum  • …  

41 Chih-­‐Lin  I 2013/5/20

Thank you Thank  You