Crisis of the Three Kingdoms

Scotland

King James Translation• Translation Committees– From Textus receptus assembled by Erasmus– "translated out of the original tongues”– Parts such as Revelation back-translated from Latin

• Politically correct– Omit marginal notes (unlike Geneva Bible)

• Commended civil disobedience of Hebrew midwives– “The old ecclesiastical words [are] to be kept; as the

word church [is] not to be translated congregation.”[ἐκκλησία]

Round 1: The Scottish Book of Common Prayer

1637

Stool thrown at a Church of England bishop by legendary protester

Scottish Book of Common Prayer

Not used again until:1688 Adopted by Scottish Episcopal ChurchModified in 18th Century Scotland1784 Brought by Samuel Seabury to Connecticut

The National Covenant

• February Signing of National Covenant to preserve the presbyterian Kirk

• Glasgow Assembly– Marquis of Hamilton, Charles representative,

attempts negotiation and then dissolves Assembly– Defiant Assembly abolishes bishops

First Bishops War• Charles and Covenanters raise

armies• Aelxander Leslie, veteran of 30

Years War, secures Edinburgh• Royalists untrained• Royal arsenal at Dunleith seized• Montrose victory at Brig o’Dee•

Pacification of Berwick

• Charles agrees church matters should in future be governed by assemblies (but not the Glasgow Assembly)

• Other demands not settled

1640 Second Bishops War• Thomas Wentworth to supply

troops from Ireland• Untrained northern troops replaced

by untrained southern troops• General Robert Monro invaded the

lands of the Royalist Gordons in the north-east.

• The Earl of Argyll led Campbells in an expedition to pillage and burn the lands of Royalist clans in the Highlands.

Second Bishops War

• Short Parliament refuses monetary support• Leslie makes preemptive strike into England• After rout and ordered

retreat, Covenantersoccupy New Castle

• Treaties of Ripon and London

Treaty of London

• Resolutions of the General Assemblies that banished bishops from the Scottish church were ratified;

• Royal castles at Edinburgh and Dumbarton were to be used for defensive purposes only;

• No prosecution of Scots in England• Return of captured Scottish goods and ships • Books, publications and proclamations published against

the Covenanters would be suppressed. • Scots to receive £300,000 as recompense for the wars,

regarded by Parliament as "brotherly assistance".

Ireland

1641 Irish rebellion

• Fears of invasion by Long Parliament forces allied with Covenanters– Failed plot by Gaelic landowners to seize Dublin

Castle– Popular uprisings result in massacres and

expulsions of protestant settlers in Ulster– Old English join with local Irish

Suppressing the Irish Rebellion

• Charles I sent the "English Army for Ireland" to Dublin to subdue the rebels

• Covenanter Army from Scotland sent to Ireland– Reprisal massacres

• Threats from Long Parliament• 1642 Irish form Confederation of Kilkenny with

provisional government – Gaelic, Old English, some New English Catholics

Propaganda

Massacre of Protestants in 1641

1642 154,000 Protestants killed.1644 250,000 Protestants 1646 300,000 Protestants 1648 600,000 Protestants21st century estimates 12,000 killed and

expelled

England

Royal Standard

Trial and execution of Thomas Wentworth, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

Charges

– Used soldiers to collect revenues for the crown,

– to confiscate property and to enforce his orders in peacetime, thereby ‘levying war’ against the king's subjects

– Advised Charles I to use the Irish army against his English subjects

Attainted by Commons 204 to 59

Grand Remonstrance

• Dissolving Parliament (multiple charges)• Losses at Cadiz and La Rochelle• Unratified peace with Spain• Taxes levied without consent; excessive fines• Monopolies• Conversion of arable land into pasture

Requests

• Remove bishops from Parliament• Dismiss advisors hostile to Parliament• Not take lands forfeited in Irish rebellion

Trained Bands

• County units not bound to serve beyond their boundaries. They drilled for only a few days each.

• The London Trained Bands 6,000 militiamen in six regiments, which were known by

their colors: red, white, yellow, blue, green and orange. Well equipped, from the Tower of London armory Well trained by professional officers, meeting frequently at

Bishopsgate Artillery Garden and Military Garden in St. Martin's Field.

Well led, by Major-General Phillip Skippon, . A veteran of Dutch service although illiterate

Sabre Rattling

• December 1641 Parliament passes Militia Bill to control Army, Navy & London Trained Bands

• Merchants seize control of City of London• Charles I attempts to

arrest Parliamentary leaders

• Henrietta Maria and children go to Holland• Charles I raises royal standard at Nottingham