5 elements of IS1. Hardware- Hardware is the electric, electronic, and mechanical components contained in a computer. The hardware must be reliable and capable of handling the expected workload.2. Software- Software also called a program, consists of the series of instructions that tells a computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. The software must be developed carefully and tested thoroughly. 3. Data- Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. The data entered into the computer must be accurate.4. People- People is generally a human. It focuses to people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it running. For example programmers and other visionaries such as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs. Most companies with mid-sized and large computers have an IT (information technology) department. Staff in the IT department should be skilled and up-to-date on the latest technology. IT staff also should train users so that they understand how to use the computer properly. 5. Procedures- Procedure is a instruction or set of instructions a user follows to accomplish an activity. All the information technology(IT) applications should have readily available documented procedures that address operating the computer and using its programs.analysis vs. designAnalysis as the breaking up of any whole so as to find out their nature, function etc.Analysis gives the conceptual understanding of a system from the logical point of view by detailing its functionalityDesign as to make preliminary sketches of; to sketch a pattern or outline for; to plan and carry out especially by artistic arrangement or in a skilful way.Designing gives us the blueprint on the basis of which the actual system is developed

water-fall approach systems development life cycle water fall approach The waterfall model is a sequential software development process which fl ows steadily downwards like a waterfall planning analysis design implementation operation & supportAlternative to the water fall

Agile is all about embracing change, and managing software development in smaller iterative processes that involve the business owner. It thus differs from Waterfall in its approach to implementation. Agile methodology grew from the real experiences of professional software developers who had experienced challenges with the Waterfall model. Their need to create software that met business needs and delivered value as early as possible, helped to create a clear value proposition for moving to the Agile mode.The emphasis of the Agile model is on building a product that is aligned with both customer needs and company goals. It does this by developing production-ready pieces of functionality throughout the process. Each piece of functionality is verifi ed by the business and continually improved. Further functionality is added throughout the life of the project, making Agile a step-by-step process to success, rather than Waterfalls lengthy, restricted implementation that frequently delivers an unsuccessful end result.How software is made proprietary (build from scratch) many legacy systems supporting industry/firm specific processes

off-the-shelf (buy read-made software) various industry/function specific software ERP (SAP, Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics; on-premise/cloud)

Types of ISTPSA transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing system for business transactions involving the collection, modification andretrievalof all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include performance, reliability and consistency.TPS is also known as transaction processing or real-time processing.

OASKMSMISERPDSSIOS

finance ISaccounting ISsales ISmarketing ISmanufacturing ISoperations ISHRM ISOthersSWOT refers to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis is a process where the management team identifies the internal and external factors that will affect the companys future performance. The companys strengths and weaknesses are the internal factors. Opportunities and threats deal with factors external to the company--environmental factors. SWOT analysis is done as part of the overall corporate planning process in which financial and operational goals are set for the upcoming year and strategies are created to accomplish these goals.Using Resources Efficiently

Evaluating the companys strengths helps it determine how to allocate these resources in a manner that will result in the highest possible potential for revenue growth and profitability.

Improving OperationsWhen the management team looks at the companys weaknesses, it is not to assign blame for past shortfalls in performance. It is to identify the most critical areas that need to be improved in order for the business to more effectively competeTypes of Feasibility Operational -- Define the urgency of the problem and the acceptability of any solution; If the system is developed, will it be used? Includes people-oriented and social issues: internal issues, such as manpower problems, labour objections, manager resistance, organizational conflicts and policies; also external issues, including social acceptability, legal aspects and government regulations. Technical -- Is the project feasibility within the limits of current technology? Does the technology exist at all? Is it available within given resource constraints (i.e., budget, schedule,...)? Economic (Cost/Benefits Analysis) -- Is the project possible, given resource constraints? Are the benefits that will accrue from the new system worth the costs? What are the savings that will result from the system, including tangible and intangible ones? What are the development and operational costs? Schedule -- Constraints on the project schedule and whether they could be reasonably metThe internal factors that affect planning are limited growth opportunities due to saturation requiring diversification, changing patterns of work force, more complex organizational structures, decentralization etc.External factors are all those things that are beyond your control. Tight lending conditions, government regulations and competition are some of the external factors that affect virtually every small business. Strategic planners anticipate and manage some of the circumstances that affect their business. Exploring alternative financing sources until lending restrictions ease, developing plans for compliance with regulations and enhancing innovation and service to stay ahead of the competition are forward-thinking ways to keep external factors from threatening the survival ofA failed project is one that is cancelled before any return is received on the investment, and a challenged project delivers only some of the anticipated benefits.Lack of research, risk management and long-term commitment:The "acceptability" of failures:Despite the huge amounts of money involved, there is no obvious traceable accountability in the project management process in the past.Inappropriate use of technology:Technology is a tool and nothing more. Information Technology cannot exist and solve problems on its own, nor can it increase productivity or profit without theright work processesalready in place and withadequately trained staffwhom are ready and able to use it appropriatel Goes way over budget Is not operational at a specific time Does not do what it was intended to do Does not fit in the organisational structure or work processesHere are some causes of Information system failure in: Requirements do not represent the actual needsof the customer. Improper planning Lack of and poor communication Requirements are incomplete or conflicting. Customers, requirements analysts, andsoftware engineers who develop the systemhave problems understanding and communicating with each other. Both a lack of proper leadership and poor leadership Unrealistic expectations Inability to keep within the budgetProject Success is a measure of the effectiveness of the organisations processes for implementing new IS projects, up to the point of deployment of the new system to the end user community. This incorporates all the project related activities to ensure Project delivery on-time Project delivery on budget Project delivery of required features & functions Project delivery to the requisite quality standardService delivery improvement o Service quality improvement o Increased revenue o Decreased cost o Increased profitsOption to avoid project failure

Sampling methodssystematic sampling DEFINITION OF 'SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING'A type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval.

For example, if you wanted to select a random group of 1,000 people from a population of 50,000 using systematic sampling, you would simply select every50thperson, since 50,000/1,000 = 50.

stratified sampling Stratified sampling is a probability sampling technique wherein the researcher divides the entire population into different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the differentstrata.random samplingA functional decomposition diagram (FDD) is a topdown representation of a function or process. Using an FDD, an analyst can show business functions and break them down into lower-level functions and processes. Creating an FDD is similar to drawing an organization chart youstart at the top and work your way down. Figure 4-8 shows an FDD of a library system drawn with the Visible Analyst CASE tool. FDDs can be used at severalstages of systems development. During requirements modeling, analysts use FDDs to model business functions and show how they are organized into lower-level processes. Those processes translate into program modules during application development.

systems request prepared by the system user define what the system need to do request for proposal (RFP) example