CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV (QSD 282)PREPARED BY:SITI SARAH BINTI MAT ISAJABATAN UKUR BAHANFAKULTI SENIBINA, PERANCANGAN DAN UKURUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARACAWANGAN PERAK, KAMPUS SERI ISKANDARCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTSOBJECTIVESOUTCOMES

CONTENTS COURCE OBJECTIVES CHAPTER ONE: Basement construction & Waterproofing for Basement LEARNING OUTCOMES REFERENCES CHAPTER FOUR: Structural Steelworks CHAPTER TWO: Types and Selection of Deep Foundation CHAPTER THREE: Testing of PilesOUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTOBJECTIVES

Understand the technique, processes and types of plant used in construction of deep foundations and basement

Understand the effect of different construction techniques on cost

Understand the characteristics, functional and performance of piles, basement and steel structures.COURSE OBJECTIVESOUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTOBJECTIVES

OUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTSOBJECTIVESLEARNING OUTCOMESKnowledge:Types of basement, the construction methods and the waterproofing system suitable for basementTypes of deep foundation, the installation method and its suitability in relation to soil and structural conditionComponents, suitability and installation of structural steelworksSkills:Able to identify the appropriate types of basements and its waterproofing systemsAble to identify the appropriate types of piles with respect to soil and structural conditionAble to identify the appropriate types of steel structures for a particular building designUnderstanding:Various types of basements construction and its waterproofing system Various types of piles and its suitabilityFabrication and erection of structural steelworks

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION & WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENTOUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTOBJECTIVES

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTIONWHAT IS BASEMENT?A basement is the lowermost portion of a structure whether a story or several stories of a building, partly or wholly below groundlevel; often used for storageFor buildings with basements, the furnace, water heater, car park and air-conditioning system of a house or building are typically located in the basement; so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution point.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTIONFIVE (5) GENERAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING BASEMENTOPEN CUT METHODCOMPLETE EXCAVATIONCUT & COVER METHODTOP DOWN METHODPERIMETER TRENCHEXCAVATION

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTIONThe excavations need to be adequately supported and the ground water were properly controlled.

Three (3) method of supporting an excavation either in isolation or combination are:

Excavations supported by sheet piling Excavation supported by reinforced concrete diaphragm wall constructed in advance of the main excavation Excavation supported by contiguous bore piles or secant piles constructed in advance of the main excavation

OPEN CUT METHODVery old methodUsed in open space area where there is no obstruction & no building/structure nearbyBeyond 6m deep, uneconomical because it will involved a massive excavation work and will require retaining wallno additional support operations and equipment, it is the economical choiceThe slope of the bank requires more excavation and large backfill volume than the other options.

BACK

OPEN CUT METHOD

OPEN CUT METHODRamp

CUT AND COVER METHODThis technique is usually employed in constrained sites where ground movement to the adjacent surrounding has to kept to the minimumRetaining walls are required to support the excavation with the provision of bracing as the excavation proceeds downward until the deepest basement level.The sides of the excavation are supported with heavy lateral bracing (strutting), which installed at various depths with the subsequent progress of excavation.The main functions of strutting are to provide temporary support to the walls and also as working platform for the mechanical plants to operate on.The basement is then constructed in the conventional way, bottom upwards in sequence with the removal of the temporary struts.BACK

TOP DOWN METHODThe top-down method of construction enables a high-rise superstructure and its sub-basement to be built simultaneously.Perimeter foundation walls are constructed using the concrete diaphragm or secant wall methods. Prefounded columns are constructed, followed by the construction of ground floor slab, where prefounded columns are structural columns/piles formed before basement excavation Ground level and first basement slabs are poured, with access holes left to allow excavation beneath. As each subsequent sub-grade level is completed, the floors acts as lateral bracing for the perimeter wall system. Above, building construction can proceed while the basement work is ongoing since the buildings structural support is already in placeBACK

TOP DOWN METHODBACK

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION USING DIAPHARGM WALL

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION USING SECANT PILESCONSTRUCTION BELOW GROUND LEVELINSTALLATION OF SECANT PILESFINISHED LOAD BEARING SECANT WALL

PERIMETER TRENCH EXCVTN. This method is employed where weak subsoil are encountered. A perimeter trench is excavated around the proposed basement excavationThe width and depth of the trench must sufficient to accommodate timbering, basement retaining wall & adequate working space.BACK

PERIMETER TRENCH EXCVTN. This method can be used where weak subsoil are encountered so that the basement walls act as permanent support whilst the mound or dumpling is excavated and the base slab cast. BACK

COMPLETE EXCAVATIONThis method can be used in firm subsoil where the centre of the proposed basement can be excavated first to enable the basement slab to be cast thus giving the protection to the formation level. BACK

COMPLETE EXCAVATIONThe sides of the excavation to the perimeter of the basement can be supported from the formation level using raking struts or from the edge of the basement slab using raking struts pitched.BACK

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENTHow this Happen?Waterproofing is needed in cases where ground water is attempting to reach a level while it moves downward towards the watertable. This leveling causes hydrostatic pressure to be exerted onto basement walls. This hydrostatic pressure forces water into foundation walls and through the footing-foundation wall joint. Hydrostatic pressure can cause major structural damage to foundation walls and has the ability to mold and decay building materials.Definition:Basement waterproofing refers to preventing water from entering the basement of a building.

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENTTANKING OR MEMBRANE SYSTEMThe objective of tanking is to provide a continuous waterproof membrane.Tanking is applied all around floor & wall in the form of liquid application, laying of pieces and/or sheetsThe tanking can be applied externally and internally according to the circumstances prevailing on site.Alternative to mastic asphalt are polythene sheeting, bituminous compounds, epoxy resin compound and bitumen laminates

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENTCONCRETE ADMIXTURE OR INTEGRAL SYSTEMProvides protection against water penetration based on the use of admixtures with waterproofing properties in the concrete mix

Function of admixtures:To form concrete with surfaces that are repellent (resistant) to waterTo fill the capillary pores hence reduces the permeability of the concrete.

Common admixtures used are the reactive hydrophobic pre-blocking ingredient and silica fume.

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENTDRAINAGE CAVITY SYSTEMWater seepage or moisture penetration is allowed to be collected & drained awayThis system achieved by constructing an inner non-load bearing wall to create a cavity wall & special precast concrete drainage tiles over the basement floor but below the actual floor tile finishes, screeds & DPMWater will trickle (mengalir) down the inside face of the outer wall, flow beneath the floor tiles, discharge into the surface of water drains or pumped into the drain

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

EXERCISES AND GROUP ACTIVITYExercises:Describe the main objectives of basement construction in any construction projects.Sketch and explain two (2) types of basement excavationSketch and describe in detail three (3) methods of waterproofing for basementExplain the sequence of basement construction using diaphragm wallExplain the factors to be considered before deciding on the basement techniques in a construction project. Form a group consist of five students, find any example of construction project which comprise of basement level. Identify the method that they used in constructing the basement. Prepare a 10 minutes presentation.

DEEP FOUNDATIONOUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTSOBJECTIVES

TESTING OF PILESOUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTSOBJECTIVES

STRUCTURAL STEELWORKSOUTCOMESCHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4REFERENCESCONTENTSOBJECTIVES

REFERENCESChudley, R (1999). Construction Technology (3rd Edition) London: LogmanChew Yit Lin (2001), Construction Technology for Tall Buildings (2nd Edition) SingaporeChudley, R (2001). Building Construction Handbook (2nd Edition) London: Butterworth HeinemannCole, K.W. (1992), Foundation (2nd Edition), London: ICE Works Construction GuidesFleming, W.K. (1992), Piling Engineering (2nd Edition), LondonTomlinson, M.J. (1994), Piles Design and Construction Practice (4th Edition), LondonSimmons, H.L. (2001), Construction-Principles and Practice of Heavy Construction (4th Edition), New JerseyHOME