5 6, 2014 tnau, coimbatore tamil nadu · sllsmall mill tillets ... jharkhand, odisha and andhra...

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Production Productivity and Profitability of Production, Productivity and Profitability of small millets – Growers’ perception Dr. C S P Patil, DHAN Foundation National Consultation on Promoting S ll ill t Small millets August 56, 2014 TNAU Coimbatore Tamil Nadu TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

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Page 1: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production Productivity and Profitability ofProduction, Productivity and Profitability of small millets – Growers’ perception

Dr. C S P Patil, DHAN Foundation

National Consultation on Promoting S ll ill tSmall milletsAugust 5‐6, 2014

TNAU Coimbatore Tamil NaduTNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Page 2: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

IntroductionIntroduction

T t f i f ti l t t th t i d• Two types of information relevant to the topic under consideration – General perspective and growers’ perspectivep p

• Small millet growers are key stakeholders –producers, ll b dsellers, buyers and consumers

• Their information being location specific might give• Their information, being location specific, might give different picture of the whole issue and might form sound basis for working out strategies for promotion of small millets 

Page 3: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Sources of informationSources of information

R f b li d SAK f• Reports of baseline survey and SAK survey from RESMISA project,

• Interaction with local farmers (FGD),

• Feedback collected specifically for this consultation through questionnaire.

Experience gained by working closely with the farming community has helped to validate the general perception

Page 4: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production and productivityProduction and productivity

l l d h• Discussion mainly pertains to six project sites – 3 in Tamil Nadu, 1 each in Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh

• Four small millets – Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and Kodo millet

• The information is based on primary data collected in both the surveys through 1‐to‐1 interaction, so could be considered as growers’ g , gperception

I i h d i f i f h f h h d• It is hoped, information from other parts of the country on these and other two small millets may be shared by any other participants during discussion

Page 5: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Status of finger millet production in project sites

Production aspects Anchetty Bero Semiliguda J. Hills Dumbriguda

% of HHs growing FM 81.19 84.68 98.33 61.76 77.3

Status of finger millet production in project sites

% of HHs growing FM 81.19 84.68 98.33 61.76 77.3

% of HHs growing FM as sole crop 1.98 66.94 78.33 59.56 Most

% of gross cropped area 56.15 13.31 33.65 8.05 ‐‐

% of net cultivated area 57.65 33.18 30.21 13.07 16.0 (Approx)

Change in area over last 10 yearsChange in area over last 10 years (%HHs) – Increase‐ No change‐ Decrease

6.1065.8524.39

14.4243.2742.31

6.7826.2766.95

2.3869.0528.57

19.814.759.5

‐ NA 3.66 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 6.0

Crop productivity (Kg/ac)‐ Average‐ Maximum (= or >)‐ % HHs with maximum

42370013.41

56870028.85

2205007.75

2325009.52

300700‐‐

Page 6: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production status of finger milletProduction status of finger millet

M t f th HH ( 75%) lti t FM i ll th it t J Hill• Most of the HHs (> 75%) cultivate FM in all the sites except J. Hills (61.76%)

• At Anchetty its share in cultivated area is highest (57.65) followed by ili d d b i d l illBero, Semiliguda and Dumbriguda. Only 13.06% at J. Hills

• Rice, ginger, potato and other vegetable crops (Semiliguda and Bero); , g g , p g p ( g );little millet, rice and maize (J. Hills); and ground nut (Anchetty) are other competing crops 

• Majority of the local farmers in Semiliguda (66.95%) and Dumbriguda (59.5%) opined decrease in area under FM during last 10 years, no change in Anchetty (65.85%) and J. Hills (69.05%); in Bero equal % ofchange in Anchetty (65.85%) and J. Hills (69.05%); in Bero equal % of HHs (around 40%) indicated either decrease or no‐change,

Page 7: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production status of finger milletProduction status of finger millet

• Reasons ‐ Labour scarcity, lack of quality seeds, change in rainfall pattern, low market price and competition from cash cropscrops 

• Average productivity (568 Kg/ac) and %HHs (28.85) with >700 Kg/ac are highest at Bero followed by Anchetty; producivitylevels are too low and the situation is more or similar in other 3 sites

• Intercropping in FM is most common in Anchetty site; majority go for sole cropping and some farmers follow mainly j y g pp g ymixed cropping in other sites

Page 8: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Table 2: Status of little millet production in project sites

Production aspects J. Hills Semiliguda Dumbriguda

% of HHs gro ing little millet 100 00 15 83 70 7% of HHs growing little millet 100.00 15.83 70.7

% of HHs growing little millet as sole crop 99.27 15.83 Most

% of gross cropped area 39.95 3.51 ‐‐g pp

% of net cultivated area 64.86 3.15 8.00 (Approx)

Change in area over last 10 years (%HHs) –Increase 22 86 12 3Increase‐ No change‐ Decrease‐ NA

22.8661.4315.71‐‐

‐‐10.5389.47‐‐

12.39.473.64 7‐ NA ‐‐ ‐‐ 4.7

Crop productivity (Kg/ac)‐ Average 223 129 125‐ Average‐ Maximum (= or >)‐ % HHs with maximum

2235008.57

12930015.79

125300‐‐

Page 9: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production status of little milletProduction status of little millet

• LM is dominant crop in J Hills with share of about 65% of cultivated• LM is dominant crop in J. Hills with share of about 65% of cultivated area; many (71%) cultivate in Dumbriguda but its share is about just 8%, while being cultivated by few farmers covering a small area in Semiligudag

• Most of the farmers in Semiliguda (89.5%) and Dumbriguda (73.6%) perceived declining trend, while there is not much change in area under p g , gLM or even increasing to some extent in J. Hills

• Reasons – Lack of quality seeds, labour, manure and processing facilities q y , , p gresulting in reduced consumption; better market price is driving force in J. Hills

• Productivity is too low in all 3 sites (from 125 – 225 Kg/ac) and only in J. Hills some farmers realized yield of 500 Kg/ac  or even more

Page 10: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Table 3: Status of barnyard millet and kodo millet production in Peraiyur site

Production aspects Barnyard millet Kodo millet

Table 3: Status of barnyard millet and kodo millet production in Peraiyur site

% of HHs growing BM / KM 38.96 14.29% of HHs growing as sole crops 19.48 2.60% of gross cropped area 16.51 5.48% of gross cropped area 16.51 5.48% of net cultivated area 17.65 5.86Change in area over last 10 years (%HH ) I 3 33 Nil(%HHs) – Increase‐ No change‐ Decrease

3.3390.00Nil

Nil63.6436.36

‐ NA 6.67 ‐‐

Crop productivity (Kg/ac)‐ Average 355 556‐ Average‐ Maximum (= or >)‐ % HHs with maximum

35570013.33

556‐‐‐‐

Page 11: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production status of barnyard millet and kodo milletProduction status of barnyard millet and kodo millet

b f d h f h• In Peraiyur site about 40% farmers grow BM and 14% KM; share of these crops is about 18 and 6% of net cultivated area, respectively

• Major cultivated area shared by cotton, sorghum, pearl millet and vegetables

• Majority (90%) opine no change and some as increase in area under BM, but about 64% of HHs expressed no change and 36.4% as decrease in p garea of KM, mainly due to higher labour wages and lower income

A d i i f BM (355 K / ) d h l h f• Average productivity of BM (355 Kg/ac) appeared much lower than of KM (556 Kg/ac); some farmers were able to get more than 700 Kg/ac

Page 12: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Varietal diversity and seed sources of small millets in project sites

Page 13: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

On‐farm varietal diversity in finger millet at the project sites

Project sites Diversity at site level Diversity at hamlet levelIndigenous Improved Presently 

lpopular Anchetty 2 3 GPU‐28

Indaf13.79 % with 324.14 % with 262 07 % ith 162.07 % with 1

Bero 4 None DembaLohar dagiya

6.25 % with 262.50 % with 1

J dh Hill 3 N M tt 6 06 % ith 3Jawadhu Hills 3 None Muttan kelvaraguPerun kelvaragu

6.06 % with 345.45 % with 248.49 % with 1

S ili d 19 2 B ti 2 5 % ith 5Semiliguda 19 2 BatiMatiKala KarengaSunamani

2.5 % with 510.0 % with 420.0 % with 327 5 % with 2Sunamani 27.5 % with 240.0 % with 1

Dumbriguda 6 1 Pedda chodiChinna chodi

Most with 1Chinna chodi

Page 14: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

On‐farm varietal diversity in little millet at the project sites

Project sites Diversity at site level Diversity at hamlet level

Indigenous Improved Presently popular 

Jawadhu Hills 9 None Sittan samai 11.11 % with 4Jawadhu Hills 9 None Sittan samaiKarusittan samaiVella samai

11.11 % with 413.89 % with 347.22 % with 227.78 % with 1

Semiliguda 8 2 Bada suan 5.00 % with 295.00 % with 1

Dumbriguda 2 None Korra samaPedda sama

Most with 1

Page 15: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

On‐farm varietal diversity in barnyard and kodo millets at Praiyur site

Diversity at site level Diversity at hamlet level

Crops Indigenous Improved Presently popular 

Barnyard 5 None Sadai 30 % with 2Barnyard millet

5 None Sadai kuduravalli

30 % with 270 % with 1

Kodo millet 4 None Siru varagu Most with 1Kodo millet 4 None Siru varagu Most with 1

Page 16: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Varietal diversity of small millets in project sitesVarietal diversity of small millets in project sites

• Most of the farmers cultivate not more than one variety; varietal diversity also low (most with 1) at hamlet level with a few exceptions especially in Semiliguda for FM anda few exceptions, especially in Semiliguda for FM and Jawadhu Hills for LM and FM

• Semiliguda has more number of local varieties of FM as well as LM; so also in J. Hills for LM;

• Presence of improved varieties of all the 4 crops almost nil inPresence of improved varieties of all the 4 crops almost nil in all the sites except  in Anchetty, where improved varieties are being extensively used since many years

Page 17: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Seed sources accessed by small millet growers (%HHs) in project sitesy g ( ) p j

a) Finger millet

Sources of seed Anchetty Bero Semiliguda J. Hills Dumbriguda

Own farm (reuse) 67.07 46.60 84.50 95.24 93.97

Fellow farmers 23.17 44.46 0.78 1.19 6.03

Non‐government organisations

1.22 ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐

Government agencies 4 88 0 97 14 73Government agencies 4.88 0.97 14.73 ‐‐ ‐‐

Weekly market/private agents

1.22 7.77 ‐‐ 3.57 ‐‐agentsTotal HHs in the sample  82 103 129 84 116

Page 18: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Seed sources accessed by small millet growers (% HHs) in project sites

Little millet Barn ard Kodo

b) Little millet, Barnyard millet and Kodo millet

Sources of seed

Little millet Barnyard millet 

Kodo millet

J. Hills Sem’guda Dum’guda Peraiyur Peraiyur

Own farm (reuse) 97.06 100.00 96.23 53.33 90.91

Fellow farmers 2.94 ‐‐ 3.77 33.33 ‐‐

Non‐government organisations

‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 3.33 ‐‐

Government agencies ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐Government  agencies ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐

Weekly market/private agents

‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 10.00 9.09

Total HHs in the sample 136 29 106 30 11

Page 19: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Major sources of seeds of small milletsMajor sources of seeds of small millets

• Main source of seed for majority of farmers (about 50‐100%) is from own‐farm, especially for little millet and kodo millet

• Fellow farmers serve as second important seed source for farmers of Anchetty(23 2%) Bero (44 5%) and Peraiyurfarmers of Anchetty(23.2%), Bero (44.5%) and Peraiyur (33.3%)

• Role of government agencies or NGOs in supply of quality seeds found insignificantseeds found insignificant

Page 20: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production constraintsProduction constraints

• Grouped in three categories –‐ Production relatedProduction related‐ Harvest related ‐ Post‐harvest related

Page 21: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production constraintsProduction constraints

• Production related• Most common across the sites –‐ lack of quality seeds ‐ insufficient rainfall, late onset of monsoonlabour scarcity higher wages‐ labour scarcity, higher wages

‐ Low soil fertility, lack of manure‐ weeds

• Specific to particular site –‐Wild animals damage at Anchetty‐ difficulty in plough, (Semiliguda,  Dumbriguda)‐ insect pests on barnyard millet (Peraiyur)

Page 22: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Production constraintsProduction constraints

• Harvest related‐ labour scarcity‐ tedious work‐ rains during harvest time

• Crop lodging (Bero) grain shattering and animal damage (Semiliguda)• Crop lodging (Bero), grain shattering and animal damage (Semiliguda)

• Post‐harvest related‐ lack of threshing yard, difficult and labour intensive ‐ lack of storage facility‐ rodents and termites menace‐ rodents and termites menace

• Lack of processing facility (Jawadhu Hills)

Page 23: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Profitability – marketing of small millets y gproduce

Page 24: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Utilisation of harvested produce of small millets

Project sites Consumption Selling Seed Saving for  Animal 

Utilisation of harvested produce of small millets(values in%)

next year feed

Anchetty 57.00 <25.00 4.00 16.00 0.28

Bero 22.00 60.06 3.00 ‐‐ 1.58

Semiliguda   ‐FM‐LM

83.0047.00

8.0044.00

6.009.00

2.38‐‐

‐‐‐‐LM 47.00 44.00 9.00

Dumbriguda ‐FM‐LM  

87.5082.78

‐‐‐‐

12.5017.22*

‐‐‐‐

‐‐‐‐

J. Hills           ‐ FM‐ LM

69.0024.00

17.5659.00

12.0013.75

‐‐‐‐

‐‐‐

Peraiyur       ‐ BM‐KM

<1.00<4.00

98.6894.00

<1.002.00

‐‐‐‐

‐‐‐‐

Page 25: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Profitability – marketing of small millets produce

M f h h d FM d (57 87 5%) i d f• Most of the harvested FM produce (57‐87.5%) is used for home consumption in Dumbriguda, Semiliguda, J. Hills and Anchetty; only up to 25% is for sellingy; y p g

• Only at Bero less produce of FM (22%) is used for consumption and major portion (60.1%) is for market

l l ll d f k b d h h• No little millet produce for market at Dumbriguda; as high as 59% in J. Hills and 44% in Semiliguda

• All most all the produce of BM and KM used for selling in Peraiyury

Page 26: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Market related issues of small milletsMarket related issues of small millets

• Major issues across the sites –‐ low market price‐ higher commission rates by middlemen‐ lack of market and transport facilities‐ No surplus production (Dumbriguda)

• Because of low profit of small millets more tendency to grow cash crops and vegetables, wherever conditions favor 

Page 27: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Willingness to increase area under small milletsWillingness to increase area under small millets

• Extent of willingness for each crop across the sites

Finger millet (33.33 – 100 %)Little millet (72.03 – 95.3 %)Barnyard millet (61.11 %)Kodo millet (51.85 %)

Page 28: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Motivating factorsMotivating factors

S bj i i f• Subject to provision for –‐ Supply of quality  seeds‐ Higher market priceHigher market price‐ Subsidy for seeds and fertilizers, financial assistance‐ Provision of farm implements and processing machinesP i f ild i l (A h )‐ Protection measures for wild animals (Anchetty)

‐ Arranging training on better cultivation practices

• Motivating factors for Dumbriguda farmers, rather different‐ Small millets provide food as well as income‐ Good for health, provide stamina to work for longer period‐ Cure for diseases like TB and Diabetes

Page 29: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

E i f t i th t f d h illi t ll• Encouraging fact is that many farmers do show willingness to grow small millets and also to increase area under SMs

• Need for quality seed production and better supply mechanism is quite evident

• Need to arrest declining trend by providing higher minimum support price, subsidies, financial assistance etc 

• Mechanization of  harvest, threshing and processing  operations felt necessary

• Demonstrations and training programmes on sustainable cultural practices on regular basis would help farmers to realize better yields

Page 30: 5 6, 2014 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu · SllSmall mill tillets ... Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh • Four small millets –Finger millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and

Th kThank you