5-13 lab ventilation safety & energy efficiency€¦ · lab ventilation safety & energy...

Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories

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Lab Ventilation Safety & Energy Efficiency

Exposure Control Technologies, Inc.

919-319-4290

[email protected]

Thomas C. Smith

Helping Facilities Ensure

Safe, Energy Efficient & Sustainable Laboratory Buildings

National Grid

781-907-1571

[email protected]

Fran Boucher


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Agenda & Topics

Introduction

Laboratory Safety & Risks

Laboratory Hoods & Ventilation Systems

Lab Ventilation - Energy Use & Costs

2012 ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 Standard

Requirements & Recommendations

Lab Ventilation Safety & Energy Survey – A National Grid Program

Recommended for Owners, EH&S Personnel, Building Managers, Facility Engineers, and Energy Engineers associated with Laboratory Ventilation Systems in Research Laboratory Buildings.


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• Safe

• Compliant with Codes & Standards

• Productive (Flexible)

• Energy Efficient

• Sustainable

Goal: High Performance Laboratories

Biology Labs (high containment) Chemistry Labs

Animal Vivariums

Nanotechnology Labs Cleanrooms

Radiological Labs


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Laboratory Hazards

Risk of Adverse Health Effects

Inhalation Hazards

Airborne Materials

Toxicity

Generation Rate & Concentration

Duration of Exposure

Physical Hazards

Contact - Dermal Exposure

Fire & Explosion

Dose = Concentration x Duration


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SAFETY

THINK

LAB OFFICE

DUCTS

FILTER

ROOF

FAN

STACK

SUPPLY

AIR

Proper Performance = Protection

Proper Performance = Compliance

Operation ≈ 60% Utility Costs

Cost = $ 3 to $ 9 per cfm-yr

Laboratory Hoods &

Ventilation Systems


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Laboratories & Fume Hoods

Laboratories are rated one of the highest energy users by building type

Fume hoods are the primary means of protecting lab personnel

Fume hood performance can be affected by numerous factors

Average Annual Energy Cost of a Traditional Fume Hood = $5,000

– Equivalent to Three 2500 sq. ft. Houses

– Estimated lifetime cost of operation ≥ $150,000 (30 yrs)

Lights

Plug/Misc. HVAC 60%

10%

30%

Building Type Average Utility

Cost

Commercial/Office $ 1 / ft2

Hospital $ 3 / ft2

Laboratory $ 7 / ft2

Specialty Labs & Cleanrooms

≥ $ 15 / ft2


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Evaluating Fume Hood Safety

Methods to Evaluate Containment Performance and Ensure Safe Hoods

Determine Operating Conditions

• Hood and Lab Inspection

• Face Velocity Measurements

• Cross Draft Velocity Tests

• VAV Response and Stability

• Flow Visualization Smoke Tests

• Tracer Gas Containment Tests

Determine Performance (Containment )

Tracer Gas

Ejector

Mannequin

Face Velocity Probe

Tracer Gas

Detector

Cross Draft Probe

Computer &

DAQ

ANSI/ASHRAE 110 “Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods”


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ECT, Inc. has conducted more than 30,000

ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas Containment Tests

Test Results Demonstrate > 15% Failure

• Hood design - 20%

• Lab Design

• System Operation

• Work practices - 25%

Laboratory Hood Safety & Performance

Primary Factors Affecting Performance


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Causes of Inadequate Performance

Improper:

• Design

• Operation

• Maintenance

• Use


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ANSI/AIHA –Z9.5 - 2012

American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation

Newly Revised & Published September 2012

Minimum Requirements and Best Practices

– Protect People

– Ensure Dependable Operation

– Operate Energy Efficient Labs

Recommendations & Specifications for New and

Renovated Laboratories

– Hood Design & Operation

– Laboratory Design

– Ventilation System Design

– Commissioning and Routine Testing

– Work Practices and Training

– Preventative Maintenance


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Specifications for Safe & Energy Efficient Labs

Laboratory Hood Operation

– Construction Specs & Performance Criteria

Monitors & VAV Controls

– Types, Accuracy and Operating Modes

Laboratory Design & Operation

– ACH & Air Change Effectiveness

– Diffuser Type and Location

– Temperature & Humidity Control

Ventilation Design & Operation

– Duct Velocity & Static Pressure

– Stack Discharge

– Recirculation & Energy Recovery

Commissioning and Routine Tests

– ASHRAE/ANSI 110 “Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods”

– Lab Environment Tests

– System Operating Mode Tests


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Types of Laboratory Fume Hoods

Bench-Top

– Traditional Bypass

– Low Velocity / High Performance

– VAV – Restricted Bypass

Distillation

Floor Mounted (Walk-in)


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Fume Hood Operation and Specifications

Sash Opening Configuration

• 100% Full Open

• Design Opening

• User Opening

Average Face Velocity

• 100 fpm (0.51 m/s) – Traditional

• 60 fpm (0.3 m/s) – High Performance

Airflow Controls

• CAV

• VAV

Exhaust Flow Supply Flow


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• Full Open Sash

• Face Velocity: 60 - 70 fpm

• Equivalent or Better Containment than Traditional Fume Hoods @ 100 fpm

• Safe & Proven Technology

• Numerous Hood Manufacturers

– Lab Crafters

– Fisher Hamilton

– Kewaunee Scientific

– Labconco

– Air Master

– Others

• EPA Tested & Approved

High Performance Fume Hoods


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Retrofit-Upgrade Traditional Fume Hoods

Renew/Refurbish Inefficient Hoods

Improve Safety & Containment

Reduce Flow and Energy Use

Typical Reduction = 20% to 40%

• Airfoil Sill

• Sash Handle

• Baffle

Upgrade Critical Components


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Upgrade & Retrofit Fume Hoods

Safe & Sustainable Technology

Before After


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Flow Monitors and VAV Controls

• Hood Monitors (Flow Measuring Device)

– Flow

– Velocity

– Pressure

• Flow Control Types

– Through the Wall Velocity

– Sash Position

– Occupancy

– Manual

VAV Modes

– Two State

– Full VAV

– VAV Hybrid

TTW

Velocity

Sensor

and

Hood

Monitor

Monitors are required on all fume hoods


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VAV Flow Response & Stability

Good Containment

Poor Containment & Intermittent Escape

Measure

Slot Velocity

or

Exhaust Flow


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VAV Flow Response and Stability

Sash Open

Sash Closed

VAV Terminal

Good Control & Containment

Poor Control & Containment


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Minimum Flow for VAV Fume Hoods

1990s - EPA – 50 cfm / ft of Wh

2004 - NFPA 45

25 cfm / sq. ft. ws

2010 - Defers to ANSI Z9.5

2012 - ANSI Z9.5 (must be appropriate)

Internal ACH (150 ACH to 375 ACH)

150 ACH ~ 10 cfm / sq. ft. ws

375 ACH ~ 25 cfm / sq. ft. ws

• Containment • Dilution • Removal

Internal Conc. (Ci)

Duct Conc. (Cd)

Bench-Top

Fume Hood

Size - ft

Internal

Volume (Vh) -

ft3

Min Flow cfm

(NFPA)

ANSI Flow cfm

(375 ACH)

ANSI Flow cfm

(150 ACH)

4 29.6 180 180 70

6 48.2 300 300 120

8 66.9 410 410 160

Caution: ECT finds 150 ACH too low


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Laboratory Airflow Specifications

Operating Mode

Min and Max Flow

Temperature Control

Dilution – ACH

Air Change Effectiveness

Room Pressure

Transfer Volume

- + Room Pressure

Qt = Qe – Qs Qt = Constant

Qe - Exhaust


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Agency Ventilation Rate

OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910.1450 4-12 ACH

ASHRAE Lab Guides 4-12 ACH

UBC – 1997 1 cfm/ft2

IBC – 2003 1 cfm /ft2

IMC – 2003 1 cfm/ft2

U.S. EPA 4 ACH Unoccupied Lab - 8 ACH Occupied Lab

AIA 4-12 ACH

NFPA-45-2004 4 ACH Unoccupied Lab - 8 ACH Occupied Lab

NRC Prudent Practices 4-12 ACH

ACGIH 24th Edition, 2001 Ventilation depends on the generation rate and toxicity of the

contaminant and not the size of the room.

ANSI/AIHA Z9.5

Prescriptive ACH is not appropriate.

Rate shall be established by the owner.

Dilution is seldom effective – source capture preferred

Typical ACH Guidelines


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Emissions in Labs Requiring Dilution

Escape from Lab Hoods

Improper Bench Top Procedures

Unventilated Equipment

Fugitive Emissions

– Chemical Bottles & Containers

– Gas Cylinders

Accidental Spills

Typical Generation Rates

<0.1 lpm to 10 lpm

Catastrophic Failure of a Gas Cylinder

1400 lpm


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Specifying Airflow Rates for Labs

Air Change Rate (ACH)?

Evaluate hazardous emissions

Ensure appropriate laboratory hoods

Capture hazards at the source

Ensure air change effectiveness

Base airflow rates on:

– Hood Exhaust Requirements

– IAQ Requirements

– Comfort (Temperature)

– Pressurization/Isolation


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Ventilation System Operating Specifications

Energy Savings Require Reducing

Total Building Flow • Max and Min Flows

• Exhaust Manifolds

─ Fan Redundancy

─ Emergency Power

• System Static Pressure

• Duct Transport Velocity

• Exhaust Stack Discharge

• VAV Control Capabilities

─ Diversity

─ Sensitivity


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Stack Discharge and Plume Dispersion

Re-entrainment

Better Design

Stack Height ≥ 10 ft.

Stack Velocity ≈ 3000 fpm


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Laboratory Ventilation Management Program

(LVMP)

Required By ANSI Z9.5

System Management and Sustainability Plan

– Organization and Responsibilities

– Effective Collaboration/Integration

– SOP’s for Testing and Maintenance

– Metrics and Monitoring

– BAS Utilization

Management of Change

Personnel Training

Cognizant Person


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Critical Elements of a LVMP

• Building Information - Documentation and Specifications

• Management and Personnel (Roles and Responsibilities)

• Test and Maintenance Tasks

Schedule of Activities

Preventive & Repair Maintenance

─ AHUs /Exhaust Fans

─ Control Components (Flow Terminals, Sensors, dP Transducers)

System, Environment & Hood Performance Tests

─ System Operating Mode Tests (SOMTs)

─ Lab Environment Tests (LETs)

─ Lab Hood Tests

• BAS Utilization (Monitoring and Reports)

• Management of Change (MOC)

• Record Keeping

• Training Programs


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Training of Personnel

Ensure Proper Work Practices

• Lab Personnel • Facility Maintenance • Building Operators


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National Grid’s

Lab Ventilation Safety and Energy Survey

Meet With Key Stakeholders

Review Building Documentation

Survey Laboratories and Exposure Control Devices

Inventory Devices

Assess the Demand for Ventilation

Evaluate State of the Systems

Assess Conformance with ANSI/AIHA Z9.5

Identify Performance Improvement Measures

Identify Potential Energy Conservation Measures

Provide Written Report & Recommendations

Information

Collection

Expert

Analysis

High Value Report


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Lab Ventilation Safety and Energy

Survey Report

Description of Building and Lab Ventilation Systems

Summary of Utilities

Identify Ventilation Safety Risks

Typically Recommended PIMs and ECMs

Replace or upgrade inappropriate hoods

Optimize airflow specifications (ACH)

Relocate / Replace air supply diffusers

Ensure proper space pressurization

Install monitors and upgrade/replace VAV controls

Improve exhaust configuration and optimize fan stacks

Install Variable Speed Drives

Develop a Lab Ventilation Management Plan & Train Laboratory Personnel


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National Grid’s Laboratory Building Programs


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National Grid’s

Lab Safety and Energy Programs

Customer Conducted

Lab Building Survey(s)

Identified/ Resolved

Safety Issues

Identified/ Reduced

Energy >15%

Developed/ Implemented

LVMP

State University in MA Private University in MA*

State University in RI* Private University in RI*

Pharmaceutical Research* Biomedical Research*

* = Projects in Progress Average Annual Energy Reduction ≥15%


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END

QUESTIONS?

Exposure Control Technologies, Inc.

919-319-4290

[email protected]

Thomas C. Smith

National Grid

781-907-1571

[email protected]

Fran Boucher

5-13 lab ventilation safety & energy efficiency€¦ · lab ventilation safety & energy...

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