4.source & migrasi
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CAP, Source rock MIGRATION
Demi matahari dan cahayanya di pagi hari
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a hydrocarbon is an organic compound
consisting entirely of hydrogen and
carbon. Methane [1C] and ethane [2C]
are gaseous at ambient temperaturesand cannot be readily liquified by
pressure alone. Propane [3C] is
however easily liquified, and exists in
'propane bottles' mostly as a liquid.
Butane [4C] is so easily liquified that it
provides a safe, volatile fuel for small
pocket lighters. Pentane [5C] is a clear
liquid at room temperature,
commonly used in chemistry and
industry as a powerful nearly odorless
solvent of waxes and high molecular
weight organic compounds, including
greases. Hexane [6C] is also a widely
used non-polar, non-aromatic solvent,
as well as a significant fraction of
common gasoline
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Facts to Consider
Basin
Location, Size, Maximum Depth, Age ( From Basement to Outcrop
+ max subsidence), Stratigraphy
Other item; eg Structure (extentional, compressional)
Petroleum System
Source rocks: Name(s), Kerogen type(s), TOC, depth to top oil
window, kitchen location
Migration Pathway: Carrier bed(s), faults, distance (vertical and
horizontal)Traps: Structural, stratigraphics, Combination (dominant type)
Reservoirs: Names, Rock types (both reservoir and seal)
Representative Fields (The biggest ones) OOIP,OGIP, RF, Cum Prod
Other (History, technology, etc)
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Petroleum System Elements
(Impermeable)
(Porous/Permeable)PotentialMigration Route
24803
Source RockSource Rock
Top Seal RockTop Seal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
Anticlinal TrapAnticlinal Trap
(Organic Rich(Organic RichMigration
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Petroleum System Elements
• Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic matter
• Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas Acumulates:
- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oilaccumulates
- Permeability - passage-ways between poresthrough which oil and gas moves
• Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively (such asmudstone and claystone)
• Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves fromsource rock to trap
• Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil andgas into an accumulation
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Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentaryrock composed of mud, which is a mix of
flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments
(silt-sized particles) of other minerals,
especially quartz and calcite. The ratio of
clay to other minerals is variable.[1] Shale is
characterized by breaks along thin laminaeor parallel layering or bedding less than
one centimeter in thickness, called
fissility.[1] Mudstones, on the other hand,
are similar in composition but do not show
the fissility.
Cap & Source Rock
caprock is generally referred to as any
nonpermeable formation that may trap oil,
gas or water, preventing it from migrating to
the surface
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SOURCE MATERIAL
Non Biogenic Origins
Biogenic (Kerogen) – Host Rock ( Shales and Coals)
Kerogen Types
Types I – Algal (oil prone) sapropelic
Types II – Mixed
Types III – Woody ( gas prone) humic
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SOURCE MATERIAL
Non Biogenic Origins
Biogenic (Kerogen)
Types I – Algal (oil prone) sapropelic
Types II – Mixed
Types III –
Woody ( gas prone) humic
Host Rock ( Shales and Coals)
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A rock rich in organic matter which,
if heated sufficiently, will generate
oil or gas. Typical source rocks,
usually shales or limestones,
contain about 1% organic matter
and at least 0.5% total organiccarbon (TOC), although a rich
source rock might have as much as
10% organic matter. Rocks of
marine origin tend to be oil-prone,
whereas terrestrial source rocks
(such as coal) tend to be gas-prone
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Types of Petroleum
Oil and Gas are formed by the thermal cracking of
Organic compounds buried in fine grain rocks
Algae =
Wood =
Hydrogen Rich = Oil prone
Hydrogen Poor = Gas prone
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KEROGEN TYPES
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Source Rocks
Hydrocarbon originates from
minute organisms in seas and lakes.
When they die, they sink to the
bottom where they form organic-
rich "muds" in fine sediments.
These "muds" are in a reducing
environment or "kitchen", whichstrips oxygen from the sediments
leaving hydrogen and carbon.
The sediments are compacted to
form organic-rich rocks with very
low permeability.The hydrocarbon can migrate very
slowly to nearby porous rocks,
displacing the original formation
water.
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SOURCE MATERIAL
Non Biogenic Origins
Biogenic (Kerogen)
Types I – Algal (oil prone) sapropelic
Types II – Mixed
Types III –
Woody ( gas prone) humic
Host Rock ( Shales and Coals)
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The Origin of Petroleum
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Oil shale, an organic-rich fine-
grained sedimentary rock, contains
significant amounts of kerogen (a
solid mixture of organic chemical
compounds) from whichtechnology can be used to extract
liquid hydrocarbons. The name oil
shale is a misnomer as geologists
would not necessarily classify the
rock as a shale, and its kerogendiffers from crude oil
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Source Rock of Petroleum
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A type of woody kerogen that is
relatively uniform in composition.Since vitrinite changes predictably
and consistently upon heating, its
reflectance is a useful
measurement of source rock
maturity. Strictly speaking, the
plant material that forms vitrinite
did not occur prior to Ordovician
time. Also, because vitrinite
originated in wood, its occurrence
in marine rocks might be limited
by the depositional processes that
act in a given depositional
environment.
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A measurement of the
maturity of organic matter
with respect to whether it hasgenerated hydrocarbons or
could be an effective source
rock. The reflectivity of at least
30 individual grains of vitrinite
from a rock sample is
measured under a microscope.
The measurement is given in
units of reflectance, % Ro, with
typical values ranging from 0%
Ro to 3% Ro. Generally, the
onset of oil generation iscorrelated with a reflectance of
0.5-0.6% and the termination
of oil generation with
reflectance of 0.85-1.1%.
Vitrinite reflectance
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Source Rock Kerogen Can Be Correlated to
oil/gas found in carrier beds and reservoir
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An area of the subsurface
where source rock has reached
appropriate conditions of
pressure and temperature to
generate hydrocarbons; also
known as source kitchen, oil
kitchen or gas kitchen.
Bitumen includes
hydrocarbons such as asphaltand mineral wax. Typically
solid or nearly so, brown or
black, bitumen has a
distinctive petroliferous odor.
Laboratory dissolution withorganic solvents allows
determination of the amount
of bitumen in samples, an
assessment of source rock
richness.
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The Petroleum Kitchen
Temperature-Pressure-Time
Geothermal Garadient : (Thermogenic Hydrocarbons)
Range : <1 to 11 degrees F per 100’
Typical Sedimentary Basins : 1.0 – 1.7 degrees F per 100’
Good Average : 1.2
Oil Window of ~ 120 – 300F (50-150 C) or about 5000-20000’
In Practice, oil below 15000’ rare
Gas~ no practical limit to stable depth
Cracking of oil to gas controlled by source kerogen and temperatureDeep basin mostly gas
Practical limits related to maturity of source-not reservoir
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The naturally occurring, solid,
insoluble organic matter that occurs in
source rocks and can yield oil uponheating. Typical organic constituents of
kerogen are algae and woody plant
material. Kerogens have a high
molecular weight relative to bitumen,
or soluble organic matter. Bitumen
forms from kerogen during petroleum
generation. Kerogens are described as
Type I, consisting of mainly algal and
amorphous (but presumably algal)
kerogen and highly likely to generate
oil; Type II, mixed tterrestrial and
marine source material that can
generate waxy oil; and Type III, woody
terrestrial source material that
typically generates gas.
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Proses diagenesis material
organik yang diakibatkan oleh
proses biologis lebih dominan
terjadi dalam sedimen yang baruterendapkan (recently deposited )
dan biasa terjadi pada kedalaman
hingga 2 km serta temperatur
maksimal 75oC.
Pada proses diagenesis, yang terjadi
adalah proses kondesasi
pembentukan makromolekul yang
kompleks (kerogen) dari bahan
pembentuknya yang lebih
sederhana. Sebaliknya pada proses
katagenesis ini makromolekul yang
kompleks terurai menjadi molekul
yang lebih sederhana yang lebih
kaya akan hidrogen.
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Fasa yang kaya akan hidrogen ini
bersifat mobile dan dapat bermigrasi
keluar dari batuan sumber.
Katagenesis terjadi pada rentang
kedalaman 3-4 km dengan kisaran
temperatur sekitar 50-150oC dan
tekanan sebesar 300 sampai 1500 bar
Pada akhir proses katagenesis (transisi
ke metagenesis), yaitu pada
temperatur sekitar 150-180oC proses
pemutusan berjalan lebih lanjut
menghasilkan hidrokarbon dengan
rantai yang lebih pendek (£ C5) yang
dapat berupa gas dan sedikit
hidrokarbon dengan rantai > C5 yang
disebut kondensat sehingga sering juga
disebut sebagai zona gas basah (wet
gas).
Temperature Window
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Hydrocarbon Occurence & Thermal Maturity
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