4r phosphorus management for sustainable crop...
TRANSCRIPT
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4R Phosphorus Management
for Sustainable Crop Nutrition
Heidi Peterson
Phosphorus Program Director
Stillwater, Minnesota
MVTL 2018 Agronomy Update
New Ulm, MN
February 1, 2018
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The International
Plant Nutrition
Institute is
supported by leading
fertilizer
manufacturers.
Its mission is to
develop and promote
science for
responsible
management of crop
nutrition.
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Nutrient Stewardship Metrics for
Sustainable Crop Nutrition
Enablers(process metrics)
Actions(adoption metrics)
Outcomes(impact metrics)
• Extension & professionals
• Infrastructure
• Research & innovation
• Stakeholder engagement
Cropland • area under 4R [Requires regional definitions of 4R practices]
1. Farmland productivity
2. Soil health
3. Nutrient use efficiency
4. Water quality
5. Air quality
6. Greenhouse gases
7. Food & nutrition security
8. Biodiversity
9. Economic value
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P is an Essential Fertilizer Ingredient
• Involved in photosynthesis, energy transfer, cell division and
enlargement
• Important in root formation and growth
• Improves the quality of fruit and vegetable crops
• Is vital to seed formation
• Improves water use
• Helps hasten maturity
P deficient corn
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P Consumption
• P taken up by crops primarily as orthophosphate
(H2PO4- and HPO4
2-)
• U.S. annual consumption ~1.86 million tonnes P (IFA, 2015)
• Worldwide annual consumption ~20.3 million tonnes P (IFA, 2015)
DAP
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Phosphate Rock Reserves
and Resources
• PR is a finite natural resource
• Reserves are generally defined as materials that can be
economically produced at the present time using
existing technology
• Resources include reserves and any other materials of
interest that are not reserves
• Some have predicted that we are nearing “peak
production” and that a scarcity of PR is looming
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Phosphorus Fertilizer and the Soil
Common commercial P fertilizers are highly (• ≥90%) water
soluble
Once dissolved in soils, orthophosphate is available for •
plant uptake
P • chemistry in soils is complex ̶ P may become
sparingly available to plants in some soils due to
formation of less soluble products
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Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement
• P fertilizer may be broadcast on the soil surface (liquid
or dry) or it can be placed in a concentrated band
• There may be advantages to banding, including
– Early crop growth enhancement
– Concentration of P to minimize soil contact and reaction
– Placement in the root zone
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Why Focus on P?
Eutrophication • ̶ the natural
aging of lakes or streams by
nutrient enrichment
Nutrient additions can •
accelerate the process
P is often the limiting element•
Dissolved oxygen is depleted by •
excessive plant growth
Best management practices •
(BMPs) can help minimize P
runoff from fields
C+N Added
C+N+P Added
(blue-green algae)
University of Manitoba
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Total P Load to Gulf of Mexico
Graph from the HTF 2017 Report to Congress
2035
2025
13% above
baseline
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Ortho P Flux to Gulf of Mexico
Graph from the HTF 2017 Report to Congress
22% above
baseline
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Ru
no
ff s
olu
ble
P, u
g/L
Soil box studies Field studies
Mehlich 3 or Bray-1 Soil P (mg kg-1)
Source: Vadas et al., 2005
(10-40% clay)
Soil P versus Runoff P
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Soil Test P
Critical level is the soil test level where recommended nutrient rates
generally drop to zero in sufficiency approaches or to a crop removal level
in build maintenance approaches.
http://soiltest.ipni.net/charts/distribution
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http://soiltest.ipni.net/charts/distribution
Soil Test P Distribution in Minnesota
47% below
Critical Level
14%
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Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE)
Partial Nutrient Balance
Crop PUE = crop P removal
fertilizer P + manure P
applied
If PUE > 1: Soil P decreases = Crop mining P from soil
If PUE < 1: Soil P increases = P Storage
Photo Credit: Guentzel
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IPNI’s NuGIS Database
http://nugis.ipni.net/map/
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P Use Efficiency: Ratio of P Removal to Use
2012
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4R Research Fund
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Right Place: Tile Drains
and Fertilizer Placement
Compared preferential flow and P leachate concentrations
in:
• No-Tilled vs Tilled Fields
• Surface Broadcast vs Injected vs Incorporated P Fertilizer
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Right Place: Tile Drains
and Fertilizer Placement Site Description:
NW Ohio • – Maumee River Watershed
Flat (<• 1% slope), Poorly Drained SL/SiCL Soils
Corn/Soybean or Corn/Soybean/Wheat Rotation•
Tile Description:
2.5 • - 3 ft depth
35• - 45 ft spacing
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Right Place: Tile Drains
and Fertilizer Placement Fertilizer Application
Source: Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP; 11-52-0)
Rate: 67 lbs P/acre
Placement:
• Broadcasted (no-tillage)
• Incorporation via Tillage (8-10 cm)
• Incorporation via Injection (10 cm)
Timing: October 2016 after Harvest
Instrumentation
• Rainfall simulations conducted after fertilizer application
• Pan lysimeters installed to measure leachate
• Plot borders installed to collect surface runoff
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Right Place: Tile Drains
and Fertilizer Placement
Leachate Concentration
• Mean Dissolved Reactive P (DRP)
concentration was significantly
greater for broadcast treatment.
• Mean Particulate P (PP) in
concentration was significantly
greater for broadcast treatment.
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Right Place: Tile Drains
and Fertilizer Placement
Tillage did not significantly influence event water transport.•
Disruption of – macropore network not likely primary mechanism
responsible for decreased leachate P concentrations.
Differences in soil• -fertilizer-water contact, soil P sorption
capacity, and proximal P availability were the primary
factors resulting in P leaching reductions in injected and
tilled soils.
Subsurface injection of fertilizer in fine• -textured soils may
limit dissolved P leaching and minimize surface disturbance.
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4R Research Fund
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How will cover crops and fertilizer
management impact P loss, P use efficiency,
crop yield, and net return?
• How much does fertilizer
placement affect P loss?
(when at the right time)
• Will cover crops reduce P
loss in no-till?
• Will cover crops reduce P
loss from surface-broadcast
fertilizer?
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
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Data from 2016 and 2017
• No-till corn-soybean rotation
• P treatments
– 0 lb P2O5/ac
– 55 lb P2O5 fall broadcast
– 55 lb P2O5 2x2 at planting
• Cover crop
– no cover crop
– winter wheat cover (2016)
– triticale & rapeseed (2017)
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
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http://www.k-state.edu/kaw/News.html
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
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Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
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Water Quality
Runoff•
Sediment•
Total P•
Dissolved P•
Farmland Productivity
• Yield
• Costs
• Net returns
Outcome Metrics
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
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Cover Crop Effects on Sediment & P Loss
Decreased Erosion
~70%
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
Project is ongoing.
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Cover Crop Effects on Form of P Loss
Decreased Particulate P
~40%
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
Increased Dissolved P
~65%
Project is ongoing.
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Fertilizer Management Effects on P Loss
Project is ongoing.
Slide modified from Nathan Nelson, KSU.
Decreased Total P
~30%
Decreased Dissolved P
~45%
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4R Efficacy for Reducing P Loss
Wide range of efficacies demands more site• -specific focus
Trade• -off between dissolved and particulate is important
Practice Dissolved P Particulate P
% Reduction
Source --- ---
Rate 60 to 88% negligible
Time 41 to 42% negligible
Place 20 to 98% -60% to NS
Soil inversion NS to 92% -59% to NS
Conservation tillage -308 to -40% -33 to 96%
Ranges found in field experiments across the USA and Canada
Dodd & Sharpley, 2015. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.
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4R Phosphorus Management
Regions and Cropping Systems
2011 National Land Cover Database - http://www.mrlc.gov
2
6
5
4
3
1
Western 1.
Corn and
Soybean
Eastern 2.
Cereals and
Oilseeds
Wheat in the 3.
Great Plains
Irrigated 4.
Potatoes in
the
Northwest
Rice 5.
Irrigated 6.
vegetables
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4R Phosphorus Practices for Western
Crops (including Minnesota & Iowa)• Basic
– Source: known or guaranteed analysis
– Rate: recommended soil sampling and soil test interpretation
– Timing: avoid frozen and snow-covered soils, forecast rainfall
– Placement: subsurface band encouraged; on surface only for no-
till when risk index is low
• Intermediate
– Source: manure nutrient analysis
– Rate: as in basic, plus: P index used
– Timing: as in basic, & use P Index and avoid seasonal rainfall
intensity
– Placement: as in basic, plus avoid furrows of furrow-irrigated
crops
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4R Phosphorus Practices for Western
Crops (including Minnesota & Iowa)• Advanced
– Source: as in intermediate
– Rate: as in intermediate, plus: zone-specific based on soil
sampling every 2 years, and crop yield maps
– Timing: as in intermediate
– Placement: as in intermediate, plus: terrain analysis to manage P
loss
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
– Decisions are site-specific and adaptive to changing conditions.
Not everything can be written down.
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4R Certification
Iowa Consortium
Lake Erie Certification
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Summary
• Losses of P, small relative to inputs and outputs, impact
water quality.
• Site-specific 4R phosphorus practices limit dissolved
losses and need to be synergized with conservation
practices controlling particulate losses.
• Quantification of practice impacts on P losses is
important to enabling sustainability investment decisions.
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Heidi Peterson
Phosphorus Program Director
Stillwater, Minnesota
www.ipni.net
Thank you!
Photo Credit: Guentzel