4.physiology of the skin.ppt

8/17/2019 4.physiology of the skin.ppt

1/47

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKINPHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKINKelompok 6:

Adi, Ardi, Adya, Asep, Dodi


2/47

Secara Umum fsiologi kulit adalah..


3/47

Fungsi Proteksi

Melindungi bagian dalam tubuh manusiaterhadap

gangguan fsik!mekanik : tekanan, gesekan,tarikan, panas"dingin→lemak subkutis,tebalnya lapisan kulit, ! serabut penun#ang

gangguan sinar U$ → melanin

gangguan #amur, bakteri"%irus →kelen#ar&kulit yang mempunyai p' (,) * 6,(


4/47

Fungsi Absorpsi

Kulit yang sehat tidak mudah menyerap air,larutan.

Kemampuan absorpsi kulit dipengaruhi : tebaltipisnya kulit, hidrasi, kelembaban udara,metabolisme dan #enis %ehikulum +at yang

menempel di kulit.

enyerapan dapat melalui celah antar sel,

saluran kelen#ar atau saluran keluar rambut.


5/47

Fungsi Ekskresi

Kelen#ar kulit mengeluarkan +at yang tidakberguna"sisa metabolisme tubuh : -al, urea,amonia, dan sedikit lemak.

Kelen#ar lemak pada /etus, atas pengaruhhormon androgen dari ibunya, akan

menghasilkan sebum untuk melindungikulitnya terhadap cairan amnion yang pada0aktu lahir disebut vernix caseosa.


6/47

Sebum yg diproduksi kelen#ar lemakmelindungi kulit : meminyaki kulit ! menahan

penguapan berlebihan, kulit tidak kering.

roduk kelen#ar lemak ! keringat, di

permukaan kulit membentuk keasaman kulitpada p' ( * 6,(.

enguapan air dari dalam tubuh dapat secara

di/usi melalui sel*sel epidermis, tetapi karenasel epidermis baik /ungsi sa0arnya, makakehilangan air melalui sel epidermis1transepidermal water loss2 dapat dicegahagar tidak melebihi kebutuhan tubuh.


7/47

Fungsi Pengindra (Sensori)

Kulit mengandung u#ung*u#ung sara/ sensorikdi dermis dan subkutis.

3adan Rufni yang terletak di dermis,

menerima rangsangan dingin rangsangan panas diperankan oleh badan

Krausse.

3adan taktil Meissner yang terletak di papildermis menerima rangsang rabaan ! badanMerkel-Renvier di dermis untuk rangsangtekanan.


8/47

Fungsi Teroregu!asi

Dengan cara mengeluarkan keringat danmengkontraksikan otot dinding pembuluh darah kulit.

$asokonstriksi pembuluh darah kapiler kulitmenghambat kehilangan panas pada 0aktu dingin.Kulit kaya akan pembuluh darah kapiler sehinggacara ini e/ekti/

ada keadaan suhu meningkat, kelen#ar keringatmengeluarkan banyak keringat ke permukaan kulitdan dengan penguapan keringat tersebut terbuangpula kalori"panas tubuh.


9/47

Fungsi Pebentukan Pigen("e!anogenesis)

Sel pembentuk pigmen kulit 1melanosit2terletak di lapisan basal epidermis

a#anan sinar matahari mempengaruhiproduksi melanin. 3ila pa#anan bertambah,produksi melanin akan meningkat


10/47

4he Architecture o/ the Skin 4he Architecture o/ the Skin

5enerally consists o/ threelayers structure:

. 7pidermis

&. Dermis

8. Subcutaneous

tissues


11/47

Stratum basale 13asalcell layer2 A single layer o/

cuboidal"columnar cells

Stem cells, melanocytes,Merkel cells

Stem cells keratinocytes,mitosis pushes the otherlayers to the top

Stratum spinosum 9 to ) layers o/ closely

packed cells

angerhan;s cells

7pidermal ell ayers


12/47

Stratum granulosum 8*( layers o/


13/47

7pidermal histology


14/47

3asal cell layer

ontain basophiliccytoplasm

7lliptical nucleus rich incromatin

Desmosomes1/or cellattachment2

5ap #unction 1/or cellcommunication2

'emidesmosomes 1/orconnection 0ith thee>tracellular matri> andunderlying basalmembrane2


15/47

4he 7pidermis

Stratifed S?uamous 7pithelium

= cell types

. Keratinocytes * @( flled 0ith keratin 1protein2 0aterproo/ barrier

&. Melanocytes produce melanin 1pigment2

8. angerhans cells

phagocytes 1/rom immunesystem2

easily damaged by U$ light

=. Merkel cells in deepest layer o/ hairless skin

sensory transduction * touch


16/47

Keratinocytes

roduce keratins and diBerentiated, andmigrate to the upper layers as they mature

1keratini+ation2

roduce ! secrete %arious cytokines


17/47

Melanocytes

Melanocytes are

/ound in the basal celllayer and hair matri>

)))*())melanocytes are seenper mm& o/ skin

Melanin is produced/rom the amino acidtyrosine in themelanosome


18/47

Cunctions o/ melaninCunctions o/ melanin

rotecting the skin /rom U$ rays andpre%enting the sunlight in#ury to the skin

4he darker the skin o/ a particular race, thelo0er is the insidence o/ skin cancer causedby U$ light


19/47

angerhans cell

s a bone marro0*deri%eddendritic cell specifc to stratifeds?uamous epithelia

Cre?uently seen isolated in themiddle and suprabasal cell layers

3irbeck granules 1 5olgiapparatus*deri%ed2 carry antigensin the cells


20/47

Merkel cell

s a tactile cell /ound in the basalcell layer

5reater number are seen in thefngers, oral mucosa and the hairroots

Merkel cell are connected to

ad#acent keratinocytes bydesmosomes

hysical

stimulationEneurotransmitters aresecreted /rom Merkel cell ranules


21/47

Dermis

4he structurebeneath theepidermis.

t consists o/ threelayers : apillary layer

Subpapillary layer

Feticular layer


22/47

Dermis * Structure apillary region

1layer2 * outerlayer * &) Areolar connecti%e

tissue, elasticfbers

Dermal papillae Gmound*likepro#ections toincrease the

sur/ace area /ornutrition /romcapillaries

Some papillaecontain MeissnerHs

corpuscles


23/47

Dermis G Structure

Feticular region *

9) Dense, irregular

connecti%e tissue

ollagen, elasticfbers in anet0orksurrounding the%arious cells

Cibers gi%e

strength,elasticity,e>tensibility


24/47

nterstitial components ollagen fbers

I) o/ 0eight o/ drydermis

Corm /rom aggregations o/thin fbrils 0ithglycoprotein

&) subtypes o/ collagen1type ± 80%)


25/47

7lastic fbers


26/47

ellular components

Cibroblast

DiBerentiates /rommesenchymal cell

roduces collagen fbers,elastic fbers,glycosaminoglycans


27/47

'istiocyte

A kind o/ macrophage

n the dermis and

subcutaneous tissues

ontain 5olgi apparatus,smooth!rough endoplasmic

reticuli, lysosomes

Degrades!phagocytosesmainly /oreign substances


28/47

Mast cell

Cound in the dermisaround capillaries ! in theperiphery o/

subcutaneous tissues

roduces ! maintain%arious %asodilatory


29/47

lasma cell

s a diBerentiated 3 cellthat has beenstimulated by an

antigen

roduces antibodies !in%ol%ed in humoral

immunity

4he diameter is t0iceas large as a leukocyte

l h l d


30/47

$ascular channels and ner%es

3lood %essels

Arterio%enousanastomosis controlsthe peripheral blood


31/47

ymphatic %essel

Are distributed around thesubpapillary layer, e>tendthrough postcapillary lymph

%essels to dermal!subcutaneous lymph %essels

Aggregated cutaneouslymphatic


32/47

-er%ous system

4he ner%e fbers : Myelinated ner%e

fbers

-on*myelinated ner%e

fbers 4he sensory ner%es

transmit tactile,pressure,

pain!temperaturesensation

4he autonomic ner%escontrol the blood

%essels, s0eat glands


33/47

Sensory ner%e

Cree ner%e ending Are distributed in the dermal upper ! papillary

layer

-onmyelinated ner%es transmit pain sensations

7nd corpuscle Meissner end corpuscle :

in the dermal papillae

percei%ing tactile ! pressure sensations acinian corpuscle :

n the dermal deep layer ! subcutaneous tissue

t reacts to %ibration


34/47


35/47


36/47

Autonomic ner%es

Distributed in the s0eat glands, arrector pilimuscles, blood %essels ! glomusapparatuses→ control the functions of theseorgans

The cholinergic nonmyelinated sympathetic

nerves are distributed in the eccrine sweat glands

The adrenergic symphathetic nerves are

distributed in the arrector pili muscles and blood

vessels

S b t / t ti


37/47

Subcutaneous /at tissue

4he layer bet0een the

dermis and the /ascia Act to against e>ternal

physical pressure, retainmoisture and generateheat

s largely composed o//at cells

Assembled /at cellsseparated by connecti%efbroid /at septum 1/atlobules2

A d


38/47

Appendages

'air apparatus

rotecting the scalp/rom e>ternal /orces

and light Cound throughout

the skin e>cept lipson the mouth


39/47

'air /ollicle

s double bounded0ith t0o layers:

7pithelialcomponentsJ areinner ! outer rootsheaths

onnecti%e tissuecomponentJ is calledconnecti%e tissuesheath


40/47


41/47

=

FDU4-

il is produced in the sebaceous gland ,

production is stimulated by hormones

il


42/47

Sebaceous 1il2 5lands

onnected to hair/olliclesJ located in thedermis

Most secrete directly into/olliclesJ some directlyonto the skin

5land shape diBersdepending on location

Secrete sebum 1oil2 /ats, cholesterol, proteins,

inorganic salts keeps hair /rom drying pre%ents 0ater e%aporation

/rom skin keeps skin so/t

inhibits gro0th o/ manybacteria


43/47

7ccrine S0eat 5lands


44/47

7ccrine S0eat 5lands

Apocrine S0eat 5lands


45/47

Apocrine S0eat 5lands

Secretory portion islocated in thedermis or thesubcutaneous

regionJ secrete intohair /ollicles

Secrete more during

emotional stress

http:""/aculty.une.edu"com"abell"histo"histolab8g

Modifed Sudori/erous 1S0eat2


46/47

Modifed Sudori/erous 1S0eat25lands

40o types o/ modifed s0eat glands

.eruminous glands G protect againstectoparasites 1bugs2 roduce a bitter 0a>y secretion 1cerumen2

pen into the e>ternal auditory meatus 1earcanal2 or into local sebaceous glands

&.Mammary glands G highly speciali+ed /or

milk production 'ormonally regulated by estrogens, prolactin,

and o>ytocin


47/47

4'A-L U

4.physiology of the skin.ppt

Documents