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TRANSCRIPT
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Our G-enealogy
• Brief history of cellular wireless telephony – Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
– Mobile core network architectures
• Demographics & market trends today
– 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths
• Implications for the next 2-5 years
How the history o f cel lu lar technology helps usunderstand 4G technology and business models
and their l ikely impact on wireless b roadband
Google
“3G Tutorial”
“4G Tutorial”
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Outrageous ideas
• 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz
• 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX*
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Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008
Mobiles overtake fixed
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Mobile Generations
G Summary Data Rates1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps
2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)
2.5GPRS – mux packets in
voice timeslots 15 - 40 Kbps
3Improved modulation,using CDMA variants
50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT);200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS);500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO)
3.5 More modulation tweaks2 –14 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps& 42/84 Mbps future evolution
4New modulation (OFDMA);Multi-path (MIMO); All IP
LTE: potentially >100 Mbps withadequate spectrum (20 MHz)
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Origins of Wireless Communications
• 1864: James Clark Maxwell – Predicts existence of radio waves
• 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Demonstrates radio waves
• 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi – Demonstrates wireless communications over
increasing distances
• Also in the 1890s – Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov,Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrateforms of wireless communications
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Cellular Mobile Telephony
Antenna diversity Cellular concept
● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960)
Frequency reuse
● typically every 7 cells
Handoff as caller moves
Modified CO switch● HLR, paging, handoffs
Sectors improve reuse● every 3 cells possible
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First Generation (nearly all retired)
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) – US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
– 800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) – Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
– Launched 1981
– 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
– British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
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2nd Generation – digital systems
• Leverage technology to increase capacity – Speech compression; digital signal processing
• Utilize/extend ―Intelligent Network‖ concepts
– Improve fraud prevention; Add new services• Wide diversity of 2G systems
– IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan)
– DECT and PHS; iDEN
– IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
– GSM
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2G “CDMA” (cdmaOne)
• Code Division Multiple Access – all users share same frequency band
– discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G
• Qualcomm demo in 1989
– claimed improved capacity & simplified planning
• First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994
• Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)
• Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in US
• Easy migration to 3G (same modulation)
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GSM – Global System for Mobile
• Originally ―Groupe Spécial Mobile ‖ – joint European effort beginning 1982
– Focus: seamless roaming all Europe
• Services launched 1991 – time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) – 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz
• GSM – dominant world standard today
– well defined interfaces; many competitors; lowestcost to deploy
– network effect took hold in late 1990s
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GSM Dominant Today
• GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers worldwide• Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions
– AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today
Source: Wireless Intelligence / GSM Association
GSM Subscribers
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1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies
Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World
4G and future wireless systems optimize acombination of frequency, time and coding
e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA (discussed later)
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2G & 3G – Code Division Multiple Access
• Spread spectrum modulation – originally developed for the military
– resists jamming and many kinds of interference
– coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
• All users share same (large) block of spectrum
– one for one frequency reuse
– soft handoffs possible
• All 3G radio standards based on CDMA – CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
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Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
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The 3G Vision
• Universal global roaming – Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3:
3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA)
• Increased data rates
• Multimedia (voice, data & video)• Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
• Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP)
• But deployment took much longer than expected – No killer data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble
burst; much of the vision was vendor-driven
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3G Radio technology today
• CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA – Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end
• UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA
–Defined by 3GPP
• TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA
– Defined by Chinese Academy of TelecommunicationsTechnology under the Ministry of Information Industry
Paired spectrum bands
Single spectral band with time division duplexing
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Why CDMA 2000 lost out
• Had better migration story from 2G to 3G – Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95)
– cdmaOne operators didn’t need additional spectrum
• Higher data rates than UMTS, at least at first• Couldn’t compete with GSM’s critical mass
– Last straw when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPP’s
Long Term Evolution (LTE) for their 4G network
– Verizon selection 11/07 – Qualcomm abandons further development 11/08
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Japan
USA
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
• Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, whichtranslate 3GPP specifications to regional standards
• Controls evolution of GSM, 3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE
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UMTS (3GSM) is market leader
• GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +… – leverages GSM’s dominant position
• Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
• Requires substantial new spectrum – 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum
• Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now theaccepted leader
– Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share
– Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion…
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TD-SCDMA
(Time division synchronous CDMA)
• Chinese development
– IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, butbig deployment plans
• Single spectral band – unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time
division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency;good match for asymmetrical traffic!
• Power amplifiers must be very linear – relatively hard to meet specifications
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China 3G
• Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs) – Largest population in world (1.3 billion)
• Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA
–3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked – 2008 trials: 10 cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets
• 3G granted January 2009
– China Mobile: TD-SCDMA
– China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS)
– China Telecom: CDMA 2000
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3G Adoption – DoCoMo Japan
Potential to
discontinue
2G services
in 2010 …
2G: mova
3G: FOMA
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3G Subscribers (2Q 2008)
• 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G• EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30%
• US penetration rate soaring
Source: comScore MobiLens
3-month averagesending June 2008
& June 2007
All mobile
subscribers
ages 13+
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3G data-only subscribers
• Soaring adoption of 3G ―USB Data Modems‖ – 92% of all 3G data bytes in Finland in 2H07
• Informa on EU 3G devices, May 2008
– 101.5M 3G devices:64 M handsets, 37M 3G data modems
• In-Stat/ ABI Research
– In-Stat: 5M cellular modems in 2006
– ABI Research 300% growth in 2007, i.e. 20M?
Enormous growth, from a relatively small base…
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Diverse Mobile Wireless Spectrum
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Wireless Migration
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W i r
e l e s s c a p a c i t y /
t h r o u g h p u t
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
First cell
phones
AMPS
GSM
CDMA
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
LTE
UMTS/HSPA2G
3G
4G
OFDM
→OFDMAMIMO
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ITU-T Framework
3GPP – WWAN (wireless wide
area network)
IEEE 802.16 – WMAN (wirelessmetropolitan area network)
IEEE 802.11 – WLAN (wirelesslocal area network)
ITU-T – United Nationstelecommunications standards
organization Accepts detailed standards
contributions from 3GPP, IEEEand other groups
Pervasive connectivityWLAN - WMAN - WWAN
http://www.itu.int/home/index.htmlhttp://www.itu.int/home/index.htmlhttp://www.phonescoop.com/news/item.php?n=902
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ITU Mobile Telecommunications
• IMT-2000 – Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless
– Detailed specifications from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others
• IMT-Advanced – New communications framework: deployment ~2010 to 2015
– Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs)
– High mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX
– 802.11ac and 802.11adaddressing the nomadic case
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LTE highlights
• Sophisticated multiple access schemes – DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP)
– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP
• Adaptive modulation and coding
– QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
– 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders,and a contention-free internal interleaver
• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing – (2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink
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4G Technology – OFDMA
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access – Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants
• OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing
– Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing
• OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g
– Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond
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Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
– Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal,thus eliminating inter-carrier interference
– Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous receivedpower
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Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA)
• Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers basedon instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carriercapacities
• Highly efficient use of spectrum
• Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation
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FDMA vs. OFDMA
• OFDMA more frequency efficient• Dynamically map traffic to frequencies
based on their instantaneousthroughput
FDMA
ChannelGuardband
OFDMA
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4G Technology - MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase
spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality
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Municipal Multipath Environment
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SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies
• Beamforming – Use multiple-antennas to
spatially shape the beam
• Spatial Multiplexing a.k.a.Collaborative MIMO – Multiple streams transmitted
– Multi-antenna receiversseparate the streams toachieve higher throughput
– On uplink, multiple single-antenna stations can transmitsimultaneously
• Space-Time Codes – Transmit diversity such as
Alamouti code reduces fading
2x2 Collaborative MIMO
give 2x peak data rate bytransmitting two datastreams
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4G Technology – SC-FDMA
• Single carrier multiple access – Used for LTE uplinks
– Being considered for 802.16m uplink
• Similar structure and performance to OFDMA
– Single carrier modulation with DFT-spreadorthogonal frequency multiplexing and FDequalization
• Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) – Improves cell-edge performance
– Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life
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Key Features of WiMAX and LTE
• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency
• Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation
• Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation – Resource allocation information conveyed on a frame‐by frame basis
• Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division
duplex)
DLUL
DL
UL
FDD
Paired channels
TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink
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3G/4G Comparison
Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Access time
(msec)Downlink Uplink
HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps 50-250 msec
HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 28 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec
HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAMDownlink)
42 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec
WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel
40 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 msec
LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz
channel
43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps 30 msec
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WiMAX vs. LTE
• Commonalities – IP-based
– OFDMA and MIMO
– Similar data rates and channel widths
• Differences – Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE
through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, butcannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16
– LTE backhaul is, at least partially, designed tosupport legacy services while WiMAX assumesgreenfield deployments
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Commercial Issues
LTE
• Deployments likelyslower than projected
But
• Eventual migration pathfor GSM/3GSM, i.e. for >80% share
• Will be lowest cost &dominant in 2020
WiMAX
• 2-3 year lead, likelymaintained for years
• Dedicated spectrum inmany countries
But
• Likely < 15% share by
2020 & thus more costly
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3G Partnership Project
Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE
Release
Specs
complete
First
deployed Major new features defined
98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release
99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface
4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network
5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS)
6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration
7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP
8 4Q 2008 future LTE, All-IP
W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulationHSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access
MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
GAN – Generic Access Network
PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular
LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation
*
* Rush job?
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Core Network Architectures
• Two widely deployed architectures today• 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP
– Used by GSM & 3GSM operators (88% of subs globally)
– ―Mobile Application Part‖ defines signaling for mobility,authentication, etc.
• 3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP – ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000
– GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) allowedinteroperation, i.e., roaming
• Evolving to common ―all IP‖ vision based on 3GPP
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Separation of Signaling & Transport
• Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one networkplane for voice circuits and another network plane forsignaling
• Some elements reside only in the signaling plane
– HLR, VLR, SMS Center, …
Transport Plane (Voice)
Signaling Plane (SS7)MSCHLR
VLRMSC
SMS-SC
MSC
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Signaling in Core Network
• Based on SS7 – ISUP and specific Application Parts
• GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services
– mobility, call-handling, O&M, authentication,supplementary services, SMS, …
• Location registers for mobility management
– HLR: home location register has permanent data
– VLR: visitor location register – local copy forroamers
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PSTN-to-Mobile Call
(STP)
(SCP)
PSTNPLMN
(SSP)(SSP)BSSMS
PLMN(Home)(Visitor)
(STP)
HLR
GMSC
(SSP)
VMSC
VLR
IAM
6
2
Where is the subscriber?
5
Routing Info
3 Provide Roaming
4
SCP
1
IAM
514 581 ...
ISUP
MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)
Signaling
over SS7
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GSM 2G Architecture
BSS Base Stat ion System
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
MS Mobile Station
NSS Netwo rk Sub-System
MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
GSM Global System for Mobi le comm unicat ion
SS7BTS
BSCMSC
VLR
HLRAuC
GMSC
BSS
PSTN
NSS
A
E
C
D
PSTNAbis
B
H
MS
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2.5G Architectural Detail
SS7BTS
BSCMSC
VLR
HLRAuC
GMSC
BSS
PSTN
NSS
A
E
C
D
PSTNAbis
B
H
MS
BSS Base Stat ion System
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
NSS Networ k Sub-System
MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
IP
2G+ MS (voice&data)
PSDNGi
SGSN
Gr
Gb
Gs
GGSN
Gc
Gn
2G MS (voice only)
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3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS)
SS7
IP
BTS
BSCMSC
VLR
HLRAuC
GMSC
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
PSDN
CN
CD
GcGr
Gn Gi
Abis
Gs
B
H
BSS Base Stat ion System
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
RNS Radio Network System
RNC Radio Network Controller
CN Core Network
MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
AE PSTN
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
Gb
3G UE (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
IuCS
ATM
IuPS
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3GPP rel5 ― IP Multimedia
Gb/IuPS
A/IuCS
SS7
IP/ATM
BTS
BSCMSC Server
VLR
HSSAuC
GMSC server
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
CN
CD
GcGr
Gn Gi
Abis
Gs
B
H
IM IP Mult imedia sub-system
MRF Media Resource Function
CSCF Call State Control Function
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)
IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW
Nc
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
3G UE (voice & data)
Mc
CS-MGW
CS-MGWNb
PSTNMc
IuCS
IuPS
ATM
IM
IPPSTN
Mc
MGCF
IM-MGW
MRF
CSCF
Mg
Gs
IP Network
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3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution
• 3rd Generation Partnership Project ―Two‖ – Evolution of IS-41 to ―all IP‖ more direct (skips ATMstage), but not any faster
– Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
• 1xRTT – IP packets (like GPRS)• 1xEVDO – Evolution data-optimized
• 1xEVDV – abandoned
• 3x – Triples radio data rates• Universal Mobile Broadband (UMB) –
abandoned
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NextGen Networks (NGN) Converging
3GPP2 — CDMA2000 multi-media domain (MMD) based on 3GPP IMS R5
TISPAN — evolves NGN architecture for fixed networks based on 3GPP IMS ITU-T NGN Focus Group — venue to make TISPAN NGN a global spec
ATIS NGN Focus Group — formally collaborating with ETSI as of April 2005
PacketCable Release 2.0 — aligning with portions of 3GPP
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
3GPP Release 4
3GPP IMS R53GPP IMS R6
TISPAN R1
3GPP2 MMD
ITU-T NGN FG
ATIS NGN FG
Packet Cable 2.0
3GPP IMS R7
Following 3GPP lead
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IMS / NGN Vision
• One core network for ―any access‖ – Based on IP, using IETF standards, with extensions
– Wireline and wireless transparency
• Access and bandwidth will be commodities;services are the differentiator
– Per-session control supports per-application qualityof service (QoS) and per-application billing
• Voice is just application – ―Easily‖ integrated with other applications…
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IMS Story: Convergence
Source: Team Analysis, Lucent
Traditional Services
TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk
WirelinePacketCable
Wireless WifiWiMax
O S S /
B S S
AccessDelivery
MediaFunctions
SubscriberData
Application
O S S /
B S S
AccessDelivery
MediaFunctions
SubscriberData
Application
O S S /
B S S
AccessDelivery
MediaFunctions
SubscriberData
Application
IMS Services
Subscriber Data
Media Functions
IP Multimedia Subsystem
O S S /
B S S
ApplicationApplication
Phone Tools Push to Talk
WirelinePacketCable
Wireless WifiWiMax
Application
TV Caller ID
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IMS / NGN Value Proposition
• Generate new revenue from new services – Per-session control allows IMS to guarantee QoS
for each IP session, and enables differential billingfor applications & content
• Reduce capital spending – Converge all services on common infrastructure
– Focus limited resources on core competencies
• To date, mobile operators have had noincentive to deploy IMS for voice services
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Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS
Intelligent Network• Free operators from equipment provider lock-in
• Separate applications from basic call control
• Open protocols and APIs for applicationsIntelligent Network Application Successes
• FreePhone, Mobile (HLR), Pre-paid, Voice mail, …
• 15 year summary:A few applications, very widely deployed
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LTE’s System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
Diagram by Huawei
RAN (Radio access network)
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)PCRF (policy and charging function)
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
MME (Mobility Management Entity)
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
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Mobile Service Revenues
• > $800 billion in 2007, growing 6%-7% per year – > $1 trillion by 2012
• Voice services dominate: 81%
• SMS services: 9.5% ; All other non-voice services: 9.5%
Source: Portio Research
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Images courtesy of Jon Stern
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The Internet is the killer platform
• Mobile Internet accessdriving 3G data usage
• Future business modelsan open question
• Slides from yesterday’s
Mobile Broadbanddiscussion, are available
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Outrageous ideas
• 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz
• 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX*
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Thank you !
Brough [email protected]
http://blogs.broughturner.com
mailto:[email protected]://blogs.broughturner.com/http://blogs.broughturner.com/mailto:[email protected]