4g broadband 1
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
1/30
Manisha Nain Page 15508410
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the seminar entitled
4G Broadband
done by the following student
MANISHA NAIN
of VIIIth semester, Information Technology in the year 2012 in partialfulfillment of the requirements of the award of Degree of Bachelor ofTechnology in Information Technology of Swami Devi Dayal Institute OfEngineering.
Ms. Meenakshi Pawar Mr. Rasmeet Bali
Seminar Guide Head of the Department
Date:02/05/2012
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
2/30
Manisha Nain Page 25508410
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank my seminar guide Ms. Meenakshi Pawar, Lecturer, for her properguidance, and valuable suggestions. I am indebted to Mr. Rasmeet Bali, theHOD, Computer Science division & other faculty members for giving me anopportunity to learn and do this seminar. If not for the above mentioned peoplemy seminar would never have been completed successfully. I once again extendmy sincere thanks to all of them.
MANISHA NAIN
5508410
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
3/30
Manisha Nain Page 35508410
ABSTRACT
The early days of home Internet access required using a modem connected to a computer todial a number and maintain a connection. It was cumbersome and slow. The faster modemsbecame, the more people realized how painfully sluggish data transmission had been in thedays of 300 baud. Eventually, home users who could afford a jump in price could getBroadband access via digital subscriber lines (DSL), cable and satellite. Technologychanges from day-to-day; this is also happening in case of networkingSo many breakthroughs in the realm of science forced the way of networking from wired towireless, which is very inexpensive and efficient. A new technology that provides dynamicconnectivity to a network through wireless which is called as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity),works on the principle of Radio transmission, but Wi-Fi is accessible only to a limited area,
In this paper we are going to present about a technology which breaks the problems likelimited area connectivity and also ECO Friendly, this can be possible with the help ofWiMax(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), which supports the concept ofInternet everywhere.However people are connected by opening up the Internet to create a more spontaneous andempowering broadband experience.4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to3Gand2Gstandards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in thefundamental nature of the service. The first was the move from analogue to digital(2G),which was followed by multi-media support (3G) and now 4G, which refers to all IP packetswitched networks and increases in data speeds.4G is being developed to accommodate
theQoS and rate requirements set by further development of existing 3G applications likewireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service(MMS),video chat, mobile TV, butalso new services like:HDTVc o n t e n t , m i n i m a l s e r v i c e s l i k e v o i c e a n d d a t a , a n d o t h e r s e r v i ces t ha t u t i l iz e bandwidth . I t may be a llowed roaming wi th wire less localar ea ne tw or ks , a nd be combined with digital video broadcasting systems.The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wirelesscommunication standard:
Flexible channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz. A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high
speeds relat ive to the stat ion, and 1 Gbit /s while cl ient and stat ion
are in relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R , A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world, Peaklink spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the
uplink (meaning that 1000 Mbit/s in the downlink should be possible overless than 67 MHz bandwidth)
System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.
Smooth handoffacross heterogeneous networks, Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks, High quali ty of service for next generat ion mult imedia support (real
t ime audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc) Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and An all IP, packet switched network.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G -
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
4/30
Manisha Nain Page 45508410
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................2
ABSTRACT..............3
1. Introduction..........................................................................5-6
2. About Wi-Fi...........................................................................7-8
3. Need for WiMax....................................................................9
3.1. WiMax transmission......................................................9-10
3.2. Implementation..............................................................11-12
3.2.1. non-line-of-sight service........................................11
3.2.2. line-of-sight service...............................................12
4. WiMax Scenario...................................................................13
5. XOHM...................................................................................14-16
6. Everything you need to know about
4G Mobile Broadbnd..........................................................17-24
7. Advantages............................................................................25
8. Issues......................................................................................26-27
9. Future.....................................................................................28
10. Conclusion.............................................................................29
11. References..............................................................................30
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
5/30
Manisha Nain Page 55508410
1. INTRODUCTION
If we have been in an airport, coffee shop, library or hotel recently, chances that we been
right in the middle of a wireless network. Many people also use wireless networking, also
called Wi-Fi or 802.11 networking. In the near future, wireless networking may become so
widespread that you can access the Internet just about anywhere at any time, without using
wires, wireless networks are easy to set up and inexpensive.
Wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact,
communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication.
1. A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it usingan antenna.
2. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. It sends the information to theInternet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.
The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet,
translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter.
Think about how you access the Internet today. There are basically three different options:
Broadband access - In your home, you have either a DSL or cable modem. At theoffice, your company may be using a T1 or a T3 line.
Wi-Fi access - In your home, you may have set up a Wi-Fi router that lets you surfthe Web while you lounge with your laptop. On the road, you can find Wi-Fi hot spots
in restaurants, hotels, coffee shops and libraries.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
6/30
Manisha Nain Page 65508410
Dial-up access - If you are still using dial-up, chances are that either broadbandaccess is not available, or nyou think that broadband access is too expensive.
The main problems with broadband access are that it is pretty expensive and it doesn't
reach all areas. The main problem with Wi-Fi access is that hot spots are very small, so
coverage is sparse. What if there was a new technology that solved all of these problems?
This new technology would provide:
The high speed of broadband service Wireless rather than wired access, so it would be a lot less expensive than cable or
DSL and much easier to extend to suburban and rural areas
Broad coverage like the cell phone network instead of small Wi-Fi hotspots
In this paper, we'll look at the technology that allows information to travel over the air.
We'll also review what it takes to create a wireless network in your home.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
7/30
Manisha Nain Page 75508410
2. ABOUT Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi has a lot of advantages, Wi-Fi means Wireless Fidelity can also be referred as
Wi-Fi or 802.11 networking. The 802.11 designation comes from the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE sets standards for a range of
technological protocols, and it uses a numbering system to classify these standards.
One wireless router can allow multiple devices to connect to the Internet.
It works on the principle of radio transmission. The radios used for Wi-Fi communication
are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They
can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves
and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s. But Wi-Fi radios have a few notable
differences from other radios.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
8/30
Manisha Nain Page 85508410
They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5GHz. This frequency is considerablyhigher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The
higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.
They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors:
802.11a transmits at 5GHz and can move up to 54 megabits of data per
second. It also uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a
more efficient coding technique that splits that radio signals into several sub-
signals before they reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference.
802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard. For a while, its cost madeit popular, but now it's becoming less common as faster standards become lessexpensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4 GHz frequency band of the radio
spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second, and it uses
complimentary code keying (CCK) coding.
802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster -- it can handleup to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is faster because it uses the
same OFDM coding as 802.11a.
802.11n is the newest standard that is widely available. This standardsignificantly improves speed and range. For instance, although 802.11g
theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only achieves real-
world speeds of about 24 megabits of data per second because of network
congestion. 802.11n, however, reportedly can achieve speeds as high as 140
megabits per second.
Wi-Fi radios can transmit on any of three frequency bands. Or, they can "frequency hop"
rapidly between the different bands. Frequency hopping helps reduce interference and lets
multiple devices use the same wireless connection simultaneously. Wi-Fi transmission is
limited up to certain distance, suppose we have to construct a wireless network through a
longer distance, which is not possible with this, so there is a need for another technology.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
9/30
Manisha Nain Page 95508410
3. NEED FOR WiMax
WiMAX outdistances Wi-Fi by miles, WiMAX is short for Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, and it also goes by the IEEE name 802.16, WiMAX would receive data
from the WiMAX transmitting station, probably using encrypted data keys to prevent
unauthorized users from stealing access this is the main advantage. In this way network
security is also embedded.
WiMAX has the potential to do to broadband Internet access what cell phones have done to
phone access. In the same way that many people have given up their "land lines" in favor of
cell phones, WiMAX could replace cable and DSL services, providing universal Internet
access just about anywhere you go. WiMAX will also be as painless as Wi-Fi -- turning your
computer on will automatically connect you to the closest available WiMAX antenna.
3.1 WiMax Transmission (3G):
A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
1. A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can
provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).
WiMax Tower
2. A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or
they could be built into a laptop the way Wi-Fi access is today.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
10/30
Manisha Nain Page 105508410
A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet using a high-bandwidth, wired
connection (for example, a T3 line). It can also connect to another WiMAX tower using a
line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a second tower (often referred to as a
backhaul), along with the ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000 square miles, is what
allows WiMAX to provide coverage to remote rural areas.
Way of transmission:
The propagation path of a signal includes the direct wave, a reflected wave, a surface wave
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
11/30
Manisha Nain Page 115508410
3.2 Implementation:
Wi-Fi-style access will be limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps 25 square miles or 65
square km of coverage, which is similar in range to a cell-phone zone). Through the stronger
line-of-sight antennas, the WiMAX transmitting station would send data to WiMAX-enabled
computers or routers set up within the transmitter's 30-mile radius (2,800 square miles or
9,300 square km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its maximum range.
WiMax provides two types of wireless services
3.2.1 Non-line-of-sight service:
A small antenna on your computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower
frequency range of 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to Wi-Fi). Lower-wavelength transmissions
are not as easily disrupted by physical obstructions they are better able to diffract, or bend,
around obstacles.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
12/30
Manisha Nain Page 125508410
3.2.2 Line-of-sight service:
A fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop. The line-of-sight
Connection is stronger and more stable, so it's able to send a lot of data. This transmission
uses higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies,there is less interference and lots more bandwidth.
The fastest Wi-Fi connection can transmit up to 54 Mbps under optimal conditions. WiMAX
should be able to handle up to 70 Mbps. Even once those 70Mb is split up between several
dozen businesses or a few hundred home users, it will provide at least the equivalent of cable-
modem transfer rates to each user.
IEEE 802.16 Specifications:
Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base station Speed - 70 megabits per second Line-of-sight not needed between user and base station Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
13/30
Manisha Nain Page 135508410
4. WiMax SCENARIO
Internet service provider sets up a WiMAX base station 10 miles from our home. we would
buy a WiMAX-enabled computer or upgrade our old computer to add WiMAX capability. we
would receive a special encryption code that would give you access to the base station. The
base station would beam data from the Internet to our computer (at speeds potentially higher
than today's cable modems), for which we would pay the provider a monthly fee. The cost for
this service could be much lower than current high-speed Internet-subscription fees because
the provider never had to run cables.
The WiMAX protocol is designed to accommodate several different methods of data
transmission, one of which is Voice Over.
Internet Protocol (VoIP). VoIP allows people to make local, long-distance and even
international calls through a broadband Internet connection, bypassing phone companiesentirely. If WiMAX-compatible computers become very common, the use of VoIP could
increase dramatically. Almost anyone with a laptop could make VoIP calls.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
14/30
Manisha Nain Page 145508410
5. XOHM (4G Technology)
History of 4G Technology:
XOHM:
XOHM is coming providing next-generation mobile broadband across your city. With
XOHM, you no longer need to find a hotspot for a broadband internet experience the
hotspot comes with you. There are no compromises here even if its streaming fullscreen
video. And with XOHM, you have one account and its always available. No long-term
contractsyou can pay by the day, the month or the year.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
15/30
Manisha Nain Page 155508410
XOHM wont just connect WiMAX-enabled products to the internet itll allow them to
connect across the network to each other. We expect this to open exciting new experiences
beyond just getting online with the potential to change how we communicate, enjoy, and
achieve - for example:
Health:a mobile health monitor could track and transmit a users vitals and alert ahospital or caregiver in case of an emergency.
Sports:a runners performance could be monitored by WiMAX-enabled chips builtinto her shoes to be shared with coaches, peers or spectators.
Home Entertainment:While youre out of town, your WiMAX-enabled DVR couldsend a reminder to your phone that your favorite TV show is about to start - command
it to record the show to watch later via your WiMAX-enabled portable video player.
Broadband Speed:
XOHM's WiMAX network allows you to experience mobile internet at broadband speeds.
XOHM will let you enjoy the most bandwidth-intensive applications like games, streaming
movies, sharing photos and video, music and other entertainment, even on the go.
Next Generation Internet:
Get ready to experience how spontaneous the internet can be. With XOHM mobile
broadband, youll be able to:
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
16/30
Manisha Nain Page 165508410
Stream movies Watch a video Download music
Share photos Play games Instant Message E-mail Surf the webOr whatever you want - around your home, office or on the go, wherever theres XOHM
coverage - all on the same connection.
Plug and Play:
Getting started with XOHM is a snap: no wires means no service calls, drilling, or digging
just plug and play.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
17/30
Manisha Nain Page 175508410
6. EVERYRHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT 4G
MOBILE BROADBAND
WHAT EXACTLY IS 4G?
The idea of mobile data has always been easy enough to grasp because data speeds were slow
enough that differentiating between networks and options was pretty straightforward. Data
speeds would mainly depend on the amount of coverage in a given area as well as available
bandwidth on the network. 3G speeds jumped around in the 500kbps to the 2Mbps range, so
you could go out and buy a 3G USB modem or mobile hotspot that would meet your
expectations. The only real points of comparison with 3G networks had to do with coverage
and speed, so we managedeven when the technology was newto understand it.
We now have 4G data, which is a lot less clear cut. With Verizon's launch of their 4G LTE
network, three out of the four major US carriersVerizon, Sprint, and T-Mobileboast 4G
data networks. Each company's definition of "4G" is quite a bit different, however, and not a
single one actually meets the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) official
definition. The ITU defines 4G as a connection capable of 100Mbps with high mobility
(wherever you go) and up to 1Gbps with low mobility (Wi-Fi range). The cellular data
network's 4G speeds don't even come close, and the only definition each network seems to be
able to agree upon is that 4G is just what comes after 3G. While the title of "4G" isn't
necessarily accurate and, in many ways, meaningless, we nonetheless have to live by the
terminology these cellular data providers are using. For the purposes of this article, 4G will
simply mean the 4th Generation of each provider's data network and nothing else.
A Quick Look at "4G" Technologies:
Before we dive in, let's take a quick look at the different technologies that are currently being
labeled as "4G" in the United States. We'll be throwing around these terms as we take a deep
dive, so here's a quick refresher if you're not fully caught up on your next-generation wireless
technologies:
Mobile WiMax- WiMax is the "4G" technology that Sprint uses, and it offers peakdata rates of 128Mbps downstream and 56Mbps upstream.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) - LTE is Verizon's choice for "4G" mobile broadband,providing theoretical peak data rates of 100Mbps downstream and 50Mbps upstream.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
18/30
Manisha Nain Page 185508410
While LTE (or, specifically, 3GPP LTE) isn't technically 4G, LTE Advanced is
expected to actually meet 4G requirements with a peak download speed of 1gbps (yes,
one gigabit). The upgrade path from 3GPP LTE to LTE Advanced is supposed to be
easier and more cost-effective than most upgrades, so this could bode well for
Verizon in the near future.
HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed Packet Access) - T-Mobile's opted to use HSPA+ forits 4G network, even though HSPA is what Sprint and Verizon use for its 3G data.
While HSPA+ definitely offers faster speeds, those peak speeds are about half of what
LTE and WiMax offer56Mbps downstream and 22Mbps upstream.
Your Options: Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile:
Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile have all taken fairly different approaches to what they're
calling their 4G networks. These choices make for very different strengths and weaknesses in
each, primarily in the categories of coverage, speed, device options, and operating system
support. Below is a comparison chart for a quick overview, but we'll take a closer look at
each network's offerings as well, then give you our bottom line take on what's best.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
19/30
Manisha Nain Page 195508410
Sprint:
Coverage
Sprint got a head start on their 4G network and so it's not surprising their coverage is pretty
decent. On the map to the left, the blue areas indicate 4G coverage and the orange areas
indicate other data coverage. Sprint provides a 4G coverage checker if you want to see if your
area is painted blue. If you live in a major city, or near one, chances are you can use Sprint's
4G network.
Speed
In terms of speed, Sprint rates itself the lowest of the three networks and tests show those
speeds to be fairly accurate. That said, Sprint is the only of the three carriers to directly
advertise average speeds and not just peak data rates. T-Mobile advertises their 4G speeds go
up to 21Mbps (and they probably do for somebody, somewhere) but real world tests fall
short. In reality, Sprint's 4G WiMax network performs better in real-world speed tests than T-
Mobile's 4G HSPA+ network, so kudos to Sprint for actually advertising their network
speeds accurately.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
20/30
Manisha Nain Page 205508410
Devices Options and OS Support
Sprint also has the best device support of the three networks. Smartphones aside, Sprint offers
USB modems, 4G-equipped netbooks, and the Sprint Overdrive Mobile Hotspot. Sprint is
currently the only carrier with a 4G mobile hotspot, which makes them particularly attractive
to anyone with multiple devices. It also makes it much more simple to connect to Sprint's
network since you can do so over Wi-Fi without the need for any proprietary connectivity
software.
Cost and Data Caps
When it comes to cost, however, Sprint is the most expensive at $60 per month. On paper this
is $10 higher than Verizon and $20 higher than T-Mobile, but while Verizon and T-Mobileoffer only 5GB of data for their respective prices ($50 and $40 per month), Sprint offers
unlimited 4G data (and 5GB of 3G data). If you only plan to use 5GB of data per month,
Sprint is definitely the most expensive option available to you. If you exceed 5GB of data per
month, however, Sprint could turn out to be your cheapest option.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
21/30
Manisha Nain Page 215508410
Verizon:
Speed
Verizon's taken a little more time to bring its 4G network to market, but as Gizmodo noted,its speeds are exceptional. Several tech blogs and news outlets tested Verizon's new 4G LTEnetwork before launch and the lowest speed test ranked at 7.14Mbps down and 1.12Mbps up.MSNBC came in with an insanely fast 32.8Mbps down and 11.99Mbps up. Because thesetests were performed before Sunday's official launch, it's possible that these speeds are notindicative of the performance we should expect once more people are actually using
Verizon's 4G network. On the other hand, if the low end of the speed tests is any indication ofwhat to expect in every day use, Verizon's 4G network is still the fastest. Only time will tell ifthat holds true.
Coverage
Verizon's coverage is currently pretty sparse, but if you live in and travel to major cities itmay not matter all that much. Currently Verizon covers 38 markets and 60 major airportswith plans to match its current 3G coverage by 2013. If you travel often and want 4Gcoverage right now, Verizon may not be the best choice. You can check Verizon's 4G LTEcoverage here.
Cost and Data Caps
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
22/30
Manisha Nain Page 225508410
Unsurprisingly, Verizon is one of the more expensive networks when it comes to data plans.While its 5GB/month plan comes in at $50, which is $10 cheaper than Sprint's only plan, youpay $10/GB in overages. While 1GB is a lot with 3G data, when you can download at speedssimilar to your home broadband connection you can easily rack up a few GB without athought. If your data usage is a bit heavier, Verizon offers a 10GB/month plan for $80. Thisawards Verizon the most expensive 4G plan of any of the networks, but Verizon is also theonly network offering an option. Of course, Sprint's 4G data usage isn't limited and costs only
$60 per month, so it's not as though you're limited to 10GB on every network.
Device Options and OS Support
In addition to Verizon's coverage limitations, you don't have too many options when it comesto 4G devices. Verizon currently offers two USB modems that, when compared on their website, are spec-for-spec identical. One of the USB modems looks notably larger, like aminiature satellite for your laptop, but all in all there doesn't seem to be much differentiatingthese two offerings. Currently both USB modems only work on various flavors of theWindows operating system, so Mac users will have to wait until Verizon adds support.Currently there is no news regarding Linux support or the addition of a 4G LTE mobilehotspot.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
23/30
Manisha Nain Page 235508410
T-Mobile:
Speed
If anybody's stretching the definition of "4G" it's T-Mobile. HSPA+, or Evolved HSPA, is
essentially an upgrade version of what Verizon's and Sprint's 3G networks are made of. To befair, though, HSPA+ is capable of notably faster speeds. In real world tests, T-Mobile'sHSPA+ came out the slowest, but that's nothing new for T-Mobile. T-Mobile's 4G isdefinitely faster than its 3G speeds, especially if it ever manages to achieve the insanely highpeak speed of 21Mbps downstream (as advertised). If you've got a T-Mobile contract andwant to stick around, it's definitely a decent upgrade.
Cost and Data Caps
Cost is what really makes T-Mobile's 4G particularly attractive. You can get a 250MB planfor only $25 per month, although why you'd want high-speed mobile broadband to only use
250MB is hard to understand. A 5GB plan costs only $40 per month, which makes T-Mobilethe cheapest by $10. T-Mobile also doesn't charge overage fees if you exceed 5GB. Instead,they simple cripple your speeds. If your budget is the most important consideration, T-Mobilemight be your best option.
Coverage
T-Mobile's network also has pretty wide 4G coverage, and you can check if you're coveredhere. While they advertise themselves as "America's Largest 4G Network," their coverageseems about on par with Sprint's. Like all the 4G networks, they're expanding, so you canexpect better coverage over the next couple of years. One nice thing T-Mobile's done is mark
their "coming soon" areas on the map. While a Google search can often turn up planned 4Grollout information for any network, it's particularly nice to see a company actually makingan effort to clearly provide the customer with that information.
Device Options and OS Support
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
24/30
Manisha Nain Page 245508410
T-Mobile is similar to Verizon in terms of device options, although in addition to two USBmodems T-Mobile also offers a 4G-equipped Dell Mini netbook. While T-Mobile does notprovide a mobile hotspot option, they do support both Windows and Mac OS X with theirUSB modems so you're not limited to Windows as you (currently) are with Verizon.Nonetheless, without a mobile hotspot option, T-Mobile really only excels at providing thelowest-cost service.
The Bottom Line
With all these options, how do you decide what will work best for you? It really depends onwhat you consider most important. Here's where we felt each network ranked the best:
Speed: Verizon Cost: T-Mobile Coverage: T-Mobile and Sprint Best Device Options: Sprint Best Value: Sprint
When 2013 rolls around and all three networks have much wider coverage, hopefully "4G"offerings will be as easy to compare as 3G. If you want to be an early adopter and start takingadvantage of what each network considers its 4th generation speeds, now you know whatyou're in for. With coverage still fairly sparse across all networks, however, you may bebetter offer waiting another year for 4G to mature. Maybe then we'll even get a properdefinition.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
25/30
Manisha Nain Page 255508410
7. ADVANTAGES
1. Low cost : To make broadband services available to the user to exchange variouskinds of information, it is necessary to lower charges considerably in order to keep the
cost at or below the cost of existing service.
2. Coverage of Wide Area : One feature of mobile communications is that it'savailability and omnipresent. That advantage is important for future mobile
communication as well. In particular, it is important to maintain the service area in
which the terminals of the new system can be used during the transition from the
existing system to a new system.
3. Wide Variety of Services Capability : Mobile communication is for various types ofusers. In the future, we expect to make the advanced system performance and
functionality to introduce a variety of services not only the ordinary telephone service.
Those services must be made easierfor anyone to use.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
26/30
Manisha Nain Page 265508410
8. ISSUES
1. The first issue deals with optimal choice of access technology, or how to be bestconnected. Given that a user may be offered connectivity from more than one
technology at any one time, one has to consider how the terminal and an overlay
network choose the radio access technology suitable for services the user is accessing.
There are several network technologies available today, which can be viewed as
complementary. For example, WLAN is best suited for high data rate indoor
coverage. GPRS or UMTS, on the other hand, are best suited for nation wide
coverage and can be regarded as wide area networks, providing a higher degree of
mobility. Thus a user of the mobile terminal or the network needs to make the optimal
choice of radio access technology among all those available. A handover algorithm
should both determine which network to connect to as well as when to perform a
handover between the different networks. Ideally, the handover algorithm would
assure that the best overall wireless link is chosen. The network selection strategy
should take into consideration the type of application being run by the user at the time
of handover. This ensures stability as well as optimal bandwidth for interactive andbackground services.
2. The second issue regards the design of a mobility enabled IP networking architecture,which contains the functionality to deal with mobility between access technologies.
This includes fast, seamless vertical (between heterogeneous technologies) handovers
(IP micro mobility), quality of service (QoS), security and accounting. Real time
applications in the future will require fast/seamless handovers for smooth operation.
Mobility in IPv6 is not optimized to take advantage of specific mechanisms that maybe deployed in different administrative domains. Instead, IPv6 provides mobility in a
manner that resembles only simple portability. To enhance Mobility inIPv6, micro
mobility protocols (such as Hawaii[5], Cellular IP[6] and Hierarchical Mobile
IPv6[7]) have been developed for seamless handovers i.e. handovers that result in
minimal handover delay, minimal packet loss, and minimal loss of communication
state.
3. The third issue concerns the adaptation of multimedia transmission across4Gnetworks. Indeed multimedia will be a main service feature of 4G networks, and
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
27/30
Manisha Nain Page 275508410
changing radio access networks may in particular result in drastic changes in the
network condition. Thus the framework for multimedia transmission must be
adaptive. In cellular networks such as UMTS, users compete for scarce and expensive
bandwidth. Variable bit rate services provide a way to ensure service provisioning at
lower costs. In addition the radio environment has dynamics that renders it difficult to
provide a guaranteed network service. This requires that the services are adaptive and
robust against varying radio conditions. High variations in the network Quality of
Service (QoS) leads to significant variations of the multimedia quality. The result
could sometimes be unacceptable to the users. Avoiding this requires choosing an
adaptive encoding framework for multimedia transmission. The network should signal
QoS variations to allow the application to be aware in real time of the network
conditions. User interactions will help to ensure personalized adaptation of the
multimedia presentation.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
28/30
Manisha Nain Page 285508410
9. FUTURE
We do have are good reasons for 4G development and a variety of current and evolving
technologies to make 4G a reality. Highlighting the primary drivers for 4Gwireless systems
are cost, speed, flexibility, and universal access. Both service providers and users want to
reduce the cost of wireless systems and the cost of wireless services. The less expensive the
cost of the system, the more people who will want to own it. The high bandwidth
requirements of upcoming streaming video necessitates a change in the business model the
service providers usefrom the dedicated channel per user model to one of a shared use, as
packets are needed model. This will most likely be the model service providers use when 4G
systems are commonplace (if not before).Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G
communications systems. Data rate increases of 10 50X over 3G systems will place
streaming audio and video access into the hands of consumers who, with each wireless
generation, demand a much richer set of wireless system features. Power control will be
critical since some services (such as streaming video) require much more power than do
others(such as voice).4Gs flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and
WAN technologies. This will let the user apply one 4G appliance, most likely a cellphone/PDA hybrid, for many different taskstelephony, Internet access, gaming, realtimeinformation, and personal networking control, to name a few. A 4G appliance would be as
important in home networking applications as it would as a device to communicate with
family, friends, and co workers.
Finally, a 4G wireless technology would give a user the capability of global roaming and
accessthe ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. At this point, the 4G wireless
system would truly go into a one size fits all category, having a feature set that meets the
needs of just about everyone.
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
29/30
Manisha Nain Page 295508410
10. CONCLUSION
It is to be concluded that among all communication interfaces wireless is better one, in that
going to WiMax is the better solution in all aspects, now some of the companies are trying to
establish their networks using this technology. It is always dangerous to predict too far ahead
in a fast- moving field such as mobile communications. Almost by definition the eventual
2010 scene will not match exactly that depicted in the 4G vision described herein. However, the
key elements fully converged services, ubiquitous mobile access, diverse user devices,
autonomous networks and software dependency will persist. The 4G Vision is a living document which
intends to update and amend as time and knowledge progress. It will act as the umbrella
vision to a large research programme and place in context the detailed research work that will
take place in the various areas. In this respect it will help to continuously steer the research as
it progresses and, therefore, to make it more relevant and beneficial. The mobile technology
though reached only at 2.5G now, 4G offers us to provide with a very efficient and reliable wireless
communication system for seamless roaming over various network including internet which
uses IP network. The 4Gsystem will be implemented in the coming years which are a miracle
in the field of communication engineering technology
-
7/30/2019 4G Broadband 1
30/30
11. REFERENCES
http://www.howstuffworks.com http://ieee802.org/16/pub/backgrounder.html http://www.xohm.com/about-overview.html http://www.intel.com/technology/wimax/index.html http://www.lifehacker.com