4b06 pham thi hong ly word formation in english and vietnamese
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
1/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
1
Running head: Word formation in English and Vietnamese
Word formation in English and Vietnamese: a contrastive analysisPham Thi Hong Ly
HCMC University of Pedagogy
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
2/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
2
Abstract:
Language is a rincial mean used !y human !eings to e"change informationand communicate #ith each other$ We use language to discuss a #ide range of toics
#hich distinguishes us #ith animals$ %n other #ords& language is a vital tool of
communication$ %n order to share ideas and feelings effectively !esides using gestures&
intonation in seech'( a large voca!ulary is also considered as a useful #ay$ The more
voca!ularies you have& the clearer and more accurate ideas you e"ress$ )nd one of
the most common #ays to enrich voca!ulary is #ord formation$ %t is a study of #ords&
dealing #ith construction or formation of #ords in a certain language$ )s a learner of
English and an English teacher in the future& % do this research to mention the
similarities and differences !et#een English and Vietnamese #ord formation$ )nd then&
some common errors that Vietnamese learners often ma*e are discussed$ % hoe that
the information in this aer #ill !e helful in getting a deeer loo* a!out #ord formation
in the t#o languages& English and Vietnamese$
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
3/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
3
Literary review:
)ccording to +"ford ,ictionary& a #ord is a single unit of language #hich means
something and can !e so*en or #ritten$ )ccording to -guyen Thien .ia& #ord is the
smallest unit of language& indeendently in meaning and form$ )nother definition of
#ord is that /) #ord is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or
more morhemes #hich are lin*ed more or less tightly together& and has a honetic
value0 1Wi*iedia2$ 3or this definition& it is simly said that #ord is formed from
morhemes& the smallest units of meaning that a #ord can !e divided into$ There are
t#o *inds of morhemes in English and Vietnamese #ords$ They are free morheme
and !ound morheme$ 3ree morheme can occur on their o#n as an indeendent #ord
such as man, lamp, green, black'in English or nh, p, i, tt in Vietnamese$$$ 4ound
morheme can not stand alone #ithout attached to other morhemes$ Ho#ever& there
are differences in Vietnamese and English !ound morhemes$ %n English& !ound
morhemes are suffi"es such as -ly, -ed, -ity' or refi"es li*e un-, im-, anti-+n the
contrary& Vietnamese !ound morhemes are searate #ords serve as either
comounding or redulicative elements& for e"amle&tc k, bng bc, ng ten if #e
slit them off they still has their o#n meaning !ut it is not related to the meaning of the
#hole comound #ord$ %n other #ords& adding !ound morhemes into an English #ord
can form a ne# #ord #hose meaning is related to the original one& !ut it is unli*e in
Vietnamese$
%n short& there are many differences in #ord formation in English and Vietnamese
though !oth of them are formed !y morhemes$
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
4/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
4
Word formation in English
There are some #ays to !uild a ne# #ord$ They are affi"ation& comounding&
and other devices li*e conversion& cliing& !lend and redulication$
Affiati!n
)ffi"ation is a method in #hich an affi" is attached to a root$ English #ords
consist of t#o elements: r!!t#hich is considered o!ligatory and carries le"ical meaning
and affi#hich is otional and carries grammatical meaning or sulemental5 le"ical
meaning$ Let us ta*e the #ord /teacher0 as an e"amle$ %n the #ord /teacher0& /teach0 is
the root #hich means /educate !r train0 and /5er0 is the affi" that cannot stand alone$
When attached to the root& /5er0 sulements to the root #ith meaning of /a erson0$
There are many *inds of affi"$ %t can !e divided into t#o *inds in terms of
osition$ )ccording to Megginson& they are refi" and suffi"es$ Moreover& even the
#ords refi"& suffi" and affi" are all formed from "fi#!y the use of refi"es:
ad- 6 "fi#1attached2 7 /affi"0
pre- 6 "fi# 1attached2$ "prefi#
%ub- & "fi# 1attached2$ /suffi"0
Prefi" is an affi" #hich is attached to the !eginning of the root so that it can
modify or change meaning of the #ord$ The refi"es can !e divided semantically into
these follo#ing grous: 8uantity refi"es& locative refi"es& temoral refi"es& negation
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
5/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
5
refi"es 1see Appendix2$ Ho#ever& in one such study 1%ngo Plag 9;2& it is found that
numerous refi"es do not !elong to any of the four grous a!ove$ 3or e"amle& refi"es
e"ress diverse notions& such as /#rong& evil0 1mal-& malfuncti!n, malnutriti!n2& /!adly&
#rongly0 1mi%-, mi%interpret, mi%trial2& /false& decetive0 1p%eud!-2& /together&
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
6/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
6
or nominal comound$ Most comound nouns in English are formed !y nouns modified
!y other nouns or ad
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
7/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
7
)nother tye of comounding #ord is ad
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
8/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
8
-e"t tye of comounding is comound ver!$ ) c!mp!und 'erbor c!mple
predicateis a multi5#ord comound that acts as a single ver! 1Wi*iedia2$
>ometimes comound ver!s and hrasal ver!s ma*e us confused$ %n fact& there are
some differences !et#een them$ %f #e can add an o!
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
9/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
9
Conversion is articularly common in English !ecause the !asic form of
nouns and ver!s is identical in many cases$ )ccording to )na and .ustavo&
conversion is e"tremely roductive to increase the English le"icon !ecause it
rovides an easy #ay to create ne# #ords from e"isting ones$ There are four main
tyes of conversion: noun to ver!& ver! to noun& ad
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
10/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
10
goat 6 sheepgee smo*e 6 fogsmog
>ometimes& it is ossi!le to com!ine the first art of the elements together$
3or instance:
modulator 6 demodulatormodem cy!ernetic 6 organism A cy!org
4eduplicati!n
%n linguistics& redulication is a reetition of a sylla!le& a morheme or a #ord&
e$g chit5 chat& murmur& hush5 hush& ing5 ong'$ Most of redulication in English
imitates the sound$ Ho#ever& it is really an interesting henomenon in #hich it is used
as informal e"ressive voca!ulary$
Word formation in Vietnamese
Words in Vietnamese are the smallest meaningful unit that functions as a mean
of naming things& can !e used and occur indeendently in seech to !uild a sentence
1ngonngu$net2$ To some e"tents& #ord formation in Vietnamese is different from the #ay
#ords !uilt in English$ Words in Vietnamese are not formed !y adding affi"es as in
English$ These are some familiar #ays to form #ords in Vietnamese: comounding&
conversion& cliing& !lends and redulication$ %t is the same to #ords in English$
(!mp!unding
4ased on relation of comonents& comound #ords in Vietnamese can !e
divided into t#o tyes: coordinated comound #ords 1t5 gh6p 7ng l8p2and rincial5
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
11/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
11
and5accessory comound #ords 1t5 gh6p ch9nh ph:2Coordinated comound #ords
are #ords in #hich elements are e8ual of meaning$ That coordinated comound #ords
e"ress general and synthetic meaning is a feature ma*ing them different form
rincial5 and5 accessory comound #ords$ Let us ta*e the #ord /n n;i0 as an
e"amle$ /n0 and /n;i0 have their o#n meaning #hen they stand alone$ )nd they are
on the same level of meaning$ >o #e can com!ine it to create a ne# #ord /n n;i0 as a
coordinated comound #ord$ +n the contrary& rincial5 and5 accessory comound
#ords are #ords in #hich comonents deend on each other$ The accessory element
classifies and modifies the rincial one$ 3or e"amle& in the #ord /c chua0& /chua0 is
the accessory element that modifies /c0$ >o /c chua0 is a *ind of /c0 and its feature is
/chua0$
>imilar to comound #ords in English& comound #ords in Vietnamese is also
divided into three tyes in terms of #ord class: comound nouns& comound ad
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
12/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
12
+ne more similar method of creating a ne# #ord in Vietnamese is conversion$
Conversion means to create a ne# #ord #ith the same selling !ut different meaning to
the original one$ )ccording to -guyen Thien .ia& liguistics discovered essential
henomena of conversion: enlarge or narro# the meaning of a #ord( metahor and
metonymy( changing #ord5class 1=;2$
3or e"amle:
chm 1 %unphur- a kind !f chemical2 di>m 1match2
)!ove #ords are e"amles of enlarging meaning of #ords that is a rocess of
develo meaning of a #ord from articular to general& from secific to a!stract& e$g$
ad
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
13/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
13
#ords !ased on logic relation of things& e$g$ /Eh c; nm mingn0 means /Eh c;
nm ngin0 or /Anh ta l mJt ch!n%Kt uLt %c0 means /Anh ta l mJt c"# th$
uLt %c0 %n these e"amles& a art of !ody reresents the #hole !ody$
>imilar to conversion in English& Vietnamese ne# #ords can !e formed !y
changing their #ord class$
e$g$ "thM# 1n!un2 "rLt thM#N "thM lm# 1ad/ecti'e2
"O# 1ad/ecti'e2 "O ra# 1'erb2
"1mua2 cuc# 1n!un2 "cuc 1Lt2# 1'erb2
%n !rief& #ith method of conversion& the treasure of voca!ulary is increasing
ceaselessly and the seech #ill !ecome more vividly$
(lipping
Cliing in Vietnamese and in English are the same$ %t is a #ay of shortening a
long #ord to a short one$ 3or e"amle& #e can say /k9 lPN ki lP0 instead of /kil!gram0 or
/QRng0 instead of "QRng (Jng SRn TiUt Eam#' The sea*ers may use this *ind of #ord
formation on the urose of saving$
)lend
4lend is a method in #hich #e can !rea* the structure of #ords !y adding some
more #ords in$ This method in Vietnamese is the same in English$ 3or instance:
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
14/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
14
khV %F l! khV l! %F
ngWt nghX! cHYi ngWt cHYi nghX!
danh lZi & ham chuJng ham danh chuJng lZi
t[m hi\u t[m m khPng hi\u
]nh V ]nh m khPng V
This *ind of #ord formation is varied and for common urose of laying on #ords to
create many ne# and interesting #ords$
4eduplicati!n
Redulication in Vietnamese is similar to redulication in English$ )ccording to
ngonngu$net #e!site& the minimum length of redulication in Vietnamese is t#o #ords
and ma"imum is four #ords$ Ho#ever& the first one is the most tyical$ 3or t#o #ords&
there are three tyes of redulication$ The first one is t#o elements are comletely the
same& e$g$ /c! c!#, "khng khng#, "Bng Bng0' The second tye is redulication in
tone& e$g$ "phMi ph^i#, "th!ang th!Rng#, "hau h]u#The last one is redulication in
sylla!le& e$g$ "b8p b#, "chan ch]t#, "anh ]ch#%n short& redulication creates a large
num!er of #ords in Vietnamese$ )nd it is often used in music and oem$
%ommon errors
)s non5native sea*er and Vietnamese leaner of English& ma*ing errors #hen
transforming ideas from mother tongue into foreign language and vice versa is o!vious
and unavoida!le$ %n this art& % classify learnersN errors in three common tyes: errors
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
15/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
15
#ith affi"ation& #ith comound #ords& #ith conversion and errors #ith cliing and
!lend$
_rr!r% .ith affiati!n
>ince many refi"es and suffi"es #hose meaning is the same& learners #ill !e
confused #hich one goes #ith #hich #ord$ 3or instance& refi"es /un50& /il50& /im50 mean
/not or the oosite of0& !ut #e must use /uninteresting0& /illogical0 or /imossi!le0'
+ne more difficulty for learners is unclear understanding a!out meaning of refi"es and
suffi"es$ 3or e"amle& the #ords /misuse0 and /disuse0 have different meaning !ut
learners may not understand clearly the meaning of /dis50 and /mis50$ Therefore& they
assimilate these t#o #ords and thin* that they have the same meaning #hile /misuse0
means using something in #rong urose and /disuse0 means no longer !eing used$ To
solve this ro!lem& the teacher must ma*e students notice in the meaning of some high5
fre8uently used refi"es and suffi"es$
_rr!r% .ith c!mp!und .!rd%
Learners of English often ma*e many mista*es #ith comound #ords$ The
difficulties of students are the order and meaning of comound #ords$ 3irst& a!out the
order& in Vietnamese& students al#ays say /!Oi Qu "e0& /lc lJSng lao ng0'so #hen
they translate them into English& they might say /ar* car0 or /force la!or0 instead of /car
ar*0 and /la!or force0$ >econdly& a!out the meaning of comound #ords& it is easy for
learners to give #rong meaning of comound #ords !ecause they misunderstand
comound #ords and hrases$ 3or e"amle& to the #ords /greenhouse0 and /!lac*
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
16/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
16
!all0& they may say that /green house0 is /ngBi nh mu "anh0 instead of /nh *nh0 and
/!lac*5!all0 is /8u !ng mu en0 not /hiu chDngX hiu en0 in an election$ Thus&
the solution for this error is that #hen teaching& the teacher should give clear distinction
!et#een comound #ords and hrases !y mar*ing stress$ 3or e"amle:
noun compound noun phrase
Y!lac*!all a !lac* Y!all
hiu chDng 8u !ng en
Ygreenhouse a green Yhouse
nh *nh ngBi nh mu "anh
+ne more error that students li*ely ma*e is that they often forget to omit /5s0 in a noun
to create a comound ado they might say /fi'e-minutes1break20 not /fi'e-
minute 1break2#
_rr!r% .ith c!n'er%i!n
Word class in Vietnamese and in English is someho# different$ That also leads
Vietnamese students to ma*e mista*es #hile interreting their ideas into English$ %n
Vietnamese& it is safe to say /(P Ly h]t khPng hay$0 !ut it is imossi!le to say /She
%ing% n!t g!!dN beautiful$0 as some students often do$ +r #e cannot translate the
sentence /Q] b;ng l %F th9ch c`a tPi$0 into /lay f!!tball i% my h!bby$0 !ecause it
ma*es no sense in grammar$
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
17/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
17
_rr!r% .ith clipping and blend
Using cliing and !lend in English too much may cause students to forget the
selling of the original #ords so they tend to use the clied or !lended ones$
(!nclu%i!n
Word formation is a method of creating a ne# #ords so that it ma*e our treasure
of voca!ulary enrich$ %n English and in Vietnamese& there are some similar #ays of
!uilding ne# #ords: comounding& conversion& cliing& !lend and redulication$
Ho#ever& in each certain method& many differences occur on rocess of #ord formation$
%n addition& ne# #ords in English can !e formed !y adding affi"es& !ut it is imossi!le to
do this in Vietnamese$
%n general& to master a language& learners must have thorough gras of ho#
#ords are formed and ho# to use it effectively$
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
18/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
18
&eferences
19ZZ@2$Dhe American Geritage[)!!k !f _ngli%h %age 4oston: Houghton Mifflin
)na %$ Hernnde\ 4artolom] and .ustavo Mendiluce Ca!rera$ 1^__?2$ rammatical
(!n'er%i!n in _ngli%h$ Retrieve ,ecem!er& ^_& ^__Z& from
htt:XXaccuraid$comX`ournalX9conversion$htm$
(!mp!und n!un$ Retrieved ,ecem!er& 9=& ^__Z& from
htt:XX###$learnenglish$deXgrammarXnouncomound$htm
(!mp!und 'erb$ Retrieve ,ecem!er& 9=& ^__Z& from
htt:XXen$#i*iedia$orgX#i*iXComoundver!$
Megginson& ,avid$ 1^__b2$!rd f!rmati!n Retrieved ,ecem!er& ^_& ^__Z& from
htt:XX###$#ritingcentre$uotta#a$caXhyergrammarX#ordform$html$
Muthusami$ 1^__=2$ (!mp!und Ad/ecti'e% in _ngli%h A brief !'er'ie. Retrieve
,ecem!er& ^_& ^__Z& from
htt:XX###$associatedcontent$comXarticleX99?@^^Xcomoundad
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
19/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
19
Plag& %ngo$ !rd-f!rmati!n in _ngli%h$ United ingdom: Cam!ridge University Press&
^__
Du tr!ng tieng Tiet$ Retrieve ,ecem!er& ^_& ^__Z& from htt:XXngonngu$netXinde"$h
7^_b$
!rd$ Retrieved ,ecem!er& ^_& ^__Z& from htt:XXen$#i*iedia$orgX#i*iXWord$
http://ngonngu.net/index.php?p=207http://ngonngu.net/index.php?p=207http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://ngonngu.net/index.php?p=207http://ngonngu.net/index.php?p=207http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word -
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
20/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
20
Appendix
refie%
9$ uantity refi"es:
Prefixes meaning Examples
uni5 one unilateral& unification
!i5 t#oX t#ice !ilateral& !ifurcation
multi5 many multiurose& multicolor
semi5 half semiannual& semi5 desert^$ Locative refi"es:
Prefi"es Meaning E"amles
intra5 inside intracellular& intrados
inter5 !et#een inter!reed& intergalactic
trans5 across transmigrate& transcontinental
ei5 onX over eiglottis& ei5central$ Temoral refi"es:
Prefi"es Meaning E"amles
re5 X fore5 !efore re5determine& forefather
ost5 after ost5modify& ostmodern;$ -egation refi"es:
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
21/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
21
Prefi"es meaning E"amles
dis5 notX oosite of disa!le& dishonest
ir5 not irregular& irrelevance
im5 not imossi!le& imeril
un5 not unreal& uninteresting
Suffie%
9$ -ominal suffi"es:
suffi"es meaning E"amles
5ity 8ualityX stateX
roerty
solidity& formality
5ment rocessX result assessment& treatment
5shi stateX condition friendshi& mem!ershi
5ant erson contestant& assistant^$ Ver!al suffi"es:
suffi"es E"amles
5i\e randomi\e& characteri\e
5en !roaden& !lac*en
5ify identify& solidify$ )d
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
22/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
22
>uffi"es E"amles
5a!le reada!le& acceta!le
5ish childish& selfish
5ful !eautiful& colorful
5less careless& homeless
;$ )dver!ial suffi"es:
>uffi"es E"amles
5ly carefully& daily
5#ise length#ise& cross#ise
(!n'er%i!n
9$ -oun to ver!
the file to file
the #ater to #ater
the .oogle to google
^$ Ver! to noun
to call a call
to dum a dum
to guess a guess
$ )d
-
7/25/2019 4B06 Pham Thi Hong Ly Word Formation in English and Vietnamese
23/23
Word formation in English and Vietnamese
23
light to light
emty to emty
oen to oen
;$)d