495p. · 2013-12-16 · ing, erroneous beliefs that "no qualified women or minorities are out...
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TITLE
INSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM
PUB TYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
CE 073 950
Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's HumanCapital. The Environmental Scan. A Fact-Finding Report ofthe Federal Glass Ceiling Commission.Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.Mar 95495p.U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328; WorldWide Web: http://www.ilr.cornell.edu.Reports Research (143)MF02/PC20 Plus Postage.Adult Education; American Indians; Annotated Bibliographies;Asian Americans; Blacks; Change Strategies; Corporations;*Employed Women; Employer Attitudes; Employment Patterns;*Employment Practices; *Equal Opportunities (Jobs); FocusGroups; Government Employees; Hispanic Americans;Interviews; *Labor Force Development; Labor Legislation;Literature Reviews; *Minority Groups; National Surveys;Nontraditional Occupations; Private Sector; Salary WageDifferentials; Tables (Data); Trend Analysis; *WorkEnvironmentAfrican Americans; Civil Rights Act 1991 Title II; *GlassCeiling
This document reports on barriers to the advancement ofminority men and all women into decision-making positions in the privatesector that were identified through a study of information from the followingsources: 126 employers and employees testifying at public hearings in 5 U.S.cities; 18 commissioned research papers; survey of a sample of 25 chiefexecutive officers (CEOs) selected across a range of industries/geographicareas; 6 racially homogeneous focus groups of Asian/Pacific IslanderAmerican, African American, and Hispanic/Latino male executives; 2 focusgroups with American Indians; and special data runs of U.S. Census Bureaudata. The report identifies societal, business, and governmental barriers tothe advancement of minorities/women in the private sector along withsuccessful strategies for overcoming those barriers. Fifty-onetables/figures, a 20-item annotated bibliography, and 76 references areincluded. Appendixes constituting approximately 30% of this document containthe following: glossary; tables detailing composition of the U.S. civilianlabor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin; corporate practice tables;methodology for measuring glass ceiling realities; standardindustrial/occupational classifications; methodology/questions of the CEOsurvey; focus group methodology; tables characterizing employed personswithin industry; roster of individuals testifying at public hearings; andindex of tables. (MN)
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estr
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ake
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rsity
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rere
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ite f
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succ
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ited
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es in
dom
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and
glo
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re is
est
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a G
lass
Cei
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Com
mis
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d pr
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datio
ns c
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*.(1
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atin
g ar
tific
ial b
arri
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e ad
vanc
emen
t of
wom
en a
nd m
inor
ities
; and
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ng th
e op
port
uniti
es a
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evel
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enta
l exp
erie
nces
of
wom
en a
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inor
ities
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oste
r ad
vanc
emen
t q
wom
en a
nd m
inor
ities
to m
anag
emen
t and
dec
isio
nmak
ing
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess.
..
Pub
licL
aw 1
02-1
66N
ovem
ber
21, 1
991
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 19
91
Sect
ion
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orab
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ober
t B. R
eich
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irm
anSe
cret
ary
of L
abor
Mrs
. Pat
rici
a V
. Asi
pM
anag
er o
f M
ulti-
Cul
tura
l Aff
airs
J.C
. Pen
ney
Com
pany
Inc
.
Mr.
J. A
lpho
nso
Bro
wn
Prin
cipa
l
Bro
wn
Con
sulti
ng G
roup
s
Mis
. Joa
nne
M. C
ollin
sA
ssis
tant
Vic
e Pr
esid
ent
Uni
ted
Mis
sour
i Ban
k of
Kan
sas
City
Mrs
. Mar
ia C
ontr
eras
-Sw
eet
Vic
e Pr
esid
ent o
f Pu
blic
Aff
airs
Seve
n-U
p R
oyal
Cro
wn
Bot
tling
Com
pany
His
pani
cs O
rgan
ized
for
Pol
itica
l Equ
ality
Mr.
Ear
l G. G
rave
sPr
esid
ent a
nd C
hief
Exe
cutiv
e O
ffic
er
Bla
ck E
nter
pris
e M
agaz
ine
The
Hon
orab
le J
ohn
T. J
enki
nsM
ayor
City
of
Lew
isto
n, M
aine
Ms.
Bev
erly
A. K
ing
Pres
iden
t
Kin
g &
Wri
ght C
onsu
lting
Inc
.
Ms.
Jea
n L
edw
ith K
ing
Atto
rney
-at-
Law
Ms.
Jud
ith L
. Lic
htm
anPr
esid
ent
Wom
en's
Leg
al D
efen
se F
und
The
Hon
orab
le N
ita M
. Low
eyU
. S. H
ouse
of
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
New
Yor
k 18
th D
istr
ict
The
Hon
orab
le P
atty
Mur
ray
Uni
ted
Stat
es S
enat
e
Stat
e of
Was
hing
ton
Dr.
Lyn
ne O
'She
aG
roup
Str
ateg
ic P
lann
ing
Dir
ecto
r
DD
B N
eedh
am W
orld
wid
e
Mrs
. Mar
ilyn
B. P
auly
Pres
iden
t
Ban
k IV
Kan
sas
Mrs
. Del
ia M
. Rey
esPr
esid
ent
Rey
es C
onsu
lting
Gro
ups
The
Hon
orab
le M
arge
Rou
kem
aU
.S. H
ouse
of
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
New
Jer
sey
5th
Dis
tric
t
Ms.
M. A
nne
Szos
tak
Seni
or V
ice
Pres
iden
t
Flee
t Fin
anci
al G
roup
Mr.
Hen
ry T
ang
Man
agin
g D
irec
tor
Jeff
ries
and
Com
pany
Mrs
. Car
ol C
ox W
ait
Pres
iden
t and
Chi
ef E
xecu
tive
Off
icer
Com
mitt
ee f
or a
Res
pons
ible
Fed
eral
Bud
get
Ms.
Jud
ith B
. Wie
rcia
kD
irec
tor
of S
peci
al P
rogr
ams
& A
dmin
istr
atio
n
Anh
euse
r-B
usch
Com
pani
es I
nc.
Ms.
Ren
e A
. Red
woo
dD
esig
nate
d Fe
dera
l Off
icia
l for
the
Com
mis
sion
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
-
=M
t:ME
7M
CX
YA
,C
HLA
INN
ffla
SE
CR
ET
AR
Y O
F L
AB
OR
RO
BE
RT
B. R
EIC
H
The
term
"gl
ass
ceili
ng"
firs
t ent
ered
Am
eric
a's
publ
icco
nver
satio
n le
ss th
an a
dec
ade
ago,
whe
n T
he
Wal
l Str
eet J
ourn
al's
"C
orpo
rate
Wom
an"
colu
mn
iden
tifie
d a
puzz
ling
new
phe
nom
enon
. The
re s
eem
ed
to b
e an
invi
sibl
ebut
impe
netr
able
barr
ier
betw
een
wom
en a
nd th
e ex
ecut
ive
suite
, pre
vent
ing
them
from
rea
chin
g th
e hi
ghes
t lev
els
of th
e bu
sine
ss w
orld
rega
rdle
ss o
f th
eir
acco
mpl
ishm
ents
and
mer
its.
The
phr
ase
imm
edia
tely
cap
ture
d th
e at
tent
ion
ofth
e pu
blic
as
wel
l as
busi
ness
lead
ers,
jour
nalis
ts, a
nd
polic
y m
aker
s. T
he m
etap
hor
was
qui
ckly
ext
ende
d to
ref
er to
obst
acle
s hi
nder
ing
the
adva
ncem
ent o
f
min
ority
men
, as
wel
l as
wom
en.
Tha
nks
to th
e le
ader
ship
and
vis
ion
of S
ecre
tary
Eliz
abet
hD
olea
nd th
at o
f he
r ab
le s
ucce
ssor
,
Secr
etar
y L
ynn
Mar
tin th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or b
ecam
ecl
osel
y in
volv
ed in
iden
tifyi
ng a
nd p
ublic
iz-
ing
the
glas
s ce
iling
pro
blem
, iss
uing
a R
epor
t on
the
Gla
ss C
eilin
g In
itiat
ive
in 1
991.
Sen
ator
Rob
ert D
ole,
who
intr
oduc
ed th
e G
lass
Cei
ling
Act
in 1
991,
pra
ised
Mar
tin's
rep
ort,
notin
g th
at it
"co
nfir
m (
s) w
hat
man
y of
us
have
sus
pect
ed a
llal
ongt
he e
xist
ence
of
invi
sibl
e, a
rtif
icia
l bar
rier
s bl
ocki
ng w
omen
and
min
oriti
es f
rom
adv
anci
ng u
p th
e co
rpor
ate
ladd
er to
man
agem
ent
and
exec
utiv
e le
vel p
ositi
ons.
" H
e
adde
d: "
For
this
Sen
ator
, the
issu
e bo
ils d
own
to e
nsur
ing
equa
l acc
ess
and
equa
l opp
ortu
nity
."
The
Gla
ss C
eilin
g A
ct w
as e
nact
ed w
ith o
nly
min
orch
ange
s as
Titl
e II
of
the
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 19
91. I
t
esta
blis
hed
the
bipa
rtis
an G
lass
Cei
ling
Com
mis
sion
, with
the
Secr
etar
y of
Lab
or a
s its
cha
ir. A
nd it
char
ged
the
twen
ty-o
ne m
embe
r C
omm
issi
on (
itsel
f an
appr
opri
atel
y di
vers
e bo
dy, i
n te
rms
of e
thni
city
,
gend
er, a
nd p
oliti
cal a
ffili
atio
n) w
ith a
com
plex
mis
sion
: to
cond
uct a
stu
dy a
nd p
repa
re r
ecom
men
da-
tions
on
"elim
inat
ing
artif
icia
l bar
rier
s to
the
adva
ncem
ent o
f w
omen
and
min
oriti
es"
to "
man
agem
ent
and
deci
sion
mak
ing
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess.
"
The
fac
t-fi
ndin
g re
port
that
the
Com
mis
sion
is n
owre
leas
ing
conf
irm
s th
e en
duri
ng a
ptne
ss o
f th
e "g
lass
ceili
ng"
met
apho
r. A
t the
hig
hest
leve
ls o
f bu
sine
ss, t
here
is in
deed
a b
arri
er o
nly
rare
ly p
enet
rate
d by
wom
en o
r pe
rson
s of
col
or.C
onsi
der:
97%
of
the
seni
or m
anag
ers
of F
ortu
ne 1
000
indu
stri
alan
d
1011
-
iv
12
Fort
une
500
com
pani
es a
re w
hite
; 95
to 9
7%ar
e m
ale.
In
Fort
une
2000
indu
stri
al a
nd s
ervi
ce c
ompa
-ni
es, 5
% o
f se
nior
man
ager
s ar
e w
omen
and
of th
at 5
%, v
irtu
ally
all
are
whi
te.
The
res
earc
h al
so in
dica
tes
that
whe
re th
ere
are
wom
en a
nd m
inor
ities
in h
igh
plac
es, t
heir
com
pens
a-tio
n is
low
er. F
or e
xam
ple,
Afr
ican
Am
eric
anm
en w
ith p
rofe
ssio
nal d
egre
es e
arn
79%
of
the
amou
ntea
rned
by
whi
te m
ales
who
hol
d th
esa
me
degr
ees
and
are
in th
e sa
me
job
cate
gori
es. O
ne s
tudy
fou
ndth
at, m
ore
than
a d
ecad
e af
ter
they
had
gra
duat
ed f
rom
the
Stan
ford
Uni
vers
ity o
f B
usin
ess
Scho
ol,
men
wer
e ei
ght t
imes
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e C
EO
s th
an w
omen
.
Nor
doe
s th
e ev
iden
ce in
dica
te th
at th
e gl
ass
ceili
ng is
a te
mpo
rary
phe
nom
enon
. In
fact
, the
res
earc
hci
ted
here
fin
ds r
elat
ivel
y fe
w w
omen
and
min
oriti
es in
the
posi
tions
mos
t lik
ely
to le
ad to
the
topt
he"p
ipel
ine.
" T
he c
ritic
al c
aree
r pa
th f
or s
enio
rm
anag
emen
t pos
ition
s re
quir
es ta
king
on
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
mos
t dir
ectly
rel
ated
to th
e co
rpor
ate
botto
m li
ne. B
ut th
e re
lativ
ely
few
wom
en a
nd m
inor
ities
fou
nd a
tth
e hi
ghes
t lev
els
tend
to b
e in
sta
ff p
ositi
ons,
suc
has
hum
an r
esou
rces
, or
rese
arch
, or
adm
inis
trat
ion,
rath
er th
an li
ne p
ositi
ons,
suc
h as
mar
ketin
g,or
sal
es, o
r pr
oduc
tion.
Sim
ilarl
y, m
ost c
ompa
nies
req
uire
broa
d an
d va
ried
exp
erie
nce
in c
ore
area
s of
the
busi
ness
to a
dvan
ceex
peri
ence
of
the
sort
that
,ev
enno
w, t
oo f
ew w
omen
or
min
ority
men
are
in a
pos
ition
to d
evel
op.
In s
hort
, the
fac
t-fi
ndin
g re
port
tells
us th
at th
e w
orld
at t
he to
p of
the
corp
orat
e hi
erar
chy
does
not
yet
look
any
thin
g lik
e A
mer
ica.
Tw
o-th
irds
of
our
popu
latio
n, a
nd 5
7 pe
rcen
t of
the
wor
king
pop
ulat
ion,
isfe
mal
e, o
r m
inor
ities
, or
both
. Nor
, om
inou
sly,
doe
s th
epo
pula
tion
of to
day'
s ex
ecut
ive
suite
res
embl
eth
e w
orkf
orce
of
Am
eric
a's
futu
re. W
omen
and
min
ority
men
will
mak
e up
62%
of
the
wor
kfor
ce b
y th
eye
ar 2
005.
As
man
y of
the
CE
Os
inte
rvie
wed
by
the
Com
mis
sion
obs
erve
d, th
isst
ate
of a
ffai
rs is
not
goo
d fo
r bu
sine
ss.
Cor
pora
te le
ader
s re
cogn
ize
that
it is
nece
ssar
y fo
r th
eir
busi
ness
that
they
bet
ter
refl
ect t
he m
arke
t- p
lace
and
thei
r cu
stom
ers.
The
ir tr
adin
gpa
rtne
rs a
nd c
usto
mer
s ar
e be
com
ing
mor
e gl
obal
and
div
erse
. And
tosu
ccee
d in
this
incr
easi
ngly
com
petit
ive
envi
ronm
ent,
they
need
to a
ttrac
t and
ret
ain
the
best
, mos
t fle
xibl
ew
orke
rs a
nd le
ader
s av
aila
ble,
for
all
leve
ls o
f th
eir
orga
niza
tion.
Nar
row
ing
the
pool
of
tale
nt f
rom
whi
chth
ey d
raw
isam
ong
othe
r th
ings
a bl
unde
r in
com
petit
ive
tact
ics.
Mos
t bus
ines
s le
ader
s kn
ow th
at th
eysi
mpl
y ca
nnot
aff
ord
to r
ely
excl
usiv
ely
on w
hite
mal
es f
or p
ositi
ons
of le
ader
ship
.
13
-
The
fac
ts s
uppo
rt th
eir
cont
entio
n th
atdi
vers
ity is
goo
d fo
r bu
sine
ss. A
199
3 st
udy
of S
tand
ard
and
Poor
500
com
pani
es s
how
ed th
at f
irm
s th
atsu
ccee
d in
sha
tteri
ng th
eir
own
glas
sce
iling
s ra
cked
up
stoc
k-m
ar-
ket r
ecor
ds th
at w
ere
near
ly tw
o an
d a
half
tim
es b
ette
r th
an o
ther
wis
e-co
mpa
rabl
eco
mpa
nies
.
Nev
erth
eles
s, a
s th
e re
port
fin
ds, s
erio
usba
rrie
rs to
adv
ance
men
t rem
ains
uch
aspe
rsis
tent
ste
reot
yp-
ing,
err
oneo
us b
elie
fs th
at "
no q
ualif
ied
wom
en o
rm
inor
ities
are
out
ther
e,"
and
plai
n ol
dfe
ar o
f
chan
ge.
The
nex
t ord
er o
f bu
sine
ss, t
hen,
is to
lear
n fr
om th
e su
cces
s st
orie
sto
find
out
the
best
mea
ns o
f
inve
stin
g in
the
hum
an a
sset
s th
at to
geth
erfo
rm A
mer
ica'
s m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t pro
duct
ive
reso
urce
.The
Com
mis
sion
's r
epor
t con
tain
s ca
se s
tudi
es o
fwor
ld-c
lass
com
pani
es th
at h
ave
boos
ted
prof
its w
hile
eff
ec-
tivel
y el
imin
atin
g gl
ass
ceili
ng b
arri
ers
inth
eir
orga
niza
tions
. It a
lso
iden
tifie
s so
me
of th
e fa
ctor
s co
m-
mon
to s
ucce
ssfu
l cor
pora
tein
itiat
ives
begi
nnin
g w
ith h
igh-
leve
l com
mitm
enta
nd le
ader
ship
and
incl
udin
g co
rpor
ate-
wid
e ac
coun
tabi
lity.
We
need
to le
arn
from
thes
e le
sson
san
d cr
eate
mod
els
of s
ucce
ss f
or a
llA
mer
ican
wor
kers
, to
dem
on-
stra
te p
alpa
bly
that
har
d w
ork
and
tale
nt w
ill b
e re
war
ded
and
prom
oted
. Thi
s is
the
only
way
to p
rese
rve
for
the
mod
ern
age,
and
to p
ass
on to
futu
re g
ener
atio
ns, t
he a
ge-o
ld A
mer
ican
ethi
c of
wor
k an
d its
rew
ard.
As
we
have
lear
ned
thro
ugh
the
wor
kof
the
Gla
ss C
eilin
g C
omm
issi
on, s
hatte
ring
the
glas
s ce
iling
bot
h
serv
es o
ur n
atio
nal
valu
es a
nd m
akes
our
bus
ines
ses
stro
nger
.
Am
eric
awhi
ch h
as a
lway
s be
en a
nat
ion
cont
aini
ng w
ide
dive
rsity
and
pro
foun
ddi
ffer
ence
shas
bee
n
boun
d to
geth
er b
y sh
ared
pro
mis
e of
expa
ndin
g op
port
unity
. We
cann
ot a
llow
ours
elve
s to
be
deto
ured
from
the
next
sta
ge o
f ou
r na
tiona
ljou
rney
. The
incl
usiv
e va
lues
that
mod
eled
our
pas
t,an
d th
e ec
o-
nom
ic im
pera
tives
of
a ch
alle
ngin
gfu
ture
, bot
h re
quir
e us
to o
verc
ome
the
"gla
ss c
eilin
g" th
at m
ars
the
arch
itect
ure
of o
ur e
cono
my
toda
y.
1415
-
AC
KE
I W
ilLE
DG
EM
EN
TS
Spec
ial t
hank
s to
thos
e in
divi
dual
s w
ho,
beyo
nd th
eir
regu
lar
dutie
s, g
reat
ly
faci
litat
ed th
e w
ork
of th
e C
omm
issi
on.
Jean
nie
Ben
etti
Ann
Boo
kman
Car
men
Cam
pbel
l
Dia
ne C
roth
ers
Rud
y D
e L
a G
arza
Nor
m D
eWea
ver
Tom
Dow
d
Glo
ria
Duu
s
Ron
ald
Edw
ards
Den
nis
Falc
on
Joce
lyn
Frye
Jenn
ifer
Gar
dner
Ang
ela
Jack
son
Luk
e H
ende
rson
Nao
mi H
ende
rson
Cat
heri
ne H
usba
nds
Kay
a Ik
uma
Yvo
nne
Lee
Tis
h L
eona
rd
Geo
rgia
na M
cGui
re
Qui
nn M
iddl
eton
Joyc
e M
iller
Ann
Mor
riso
n
Siob
han
Nic
olau
Har
ry P
acho
n
Lin
da P
aris
Kar
in P
edri
ck
Her
mel
inda
Pom
pa
Eliz
abet
h R
ose
Tho
mas
Sco
pp
Step
hani
e Sw
irsk
y
Cla
riss
a T
om
Hei
di T
om
Vin
ce T
rive
lli
Elle
n W
erni
ck
Lin
da F
aye
Will
iam
s
Shir
ley
Witc
her
Bar
bara
Woo
tton
The
Fed
eral
Gla
ss C
eilin
g C
omm
issi
on w
ishe
sto
than
k th
e m
any
peop
le w
hoga
ve o
f th
eir
time,
ener
gy, a
nd e
xper
ienc
es to
hel
p m
ake
this
repo
rtpo
ssib
le. W
ithou
t the
ir s
usta
ined
coop
erat
ive
effo
rt a
nd c
omm
itmen
t to
exce
llenc
e,th
e w
ide
rang
e of
dat
a an
d ex
peri
ence
s ch
roni
cled
inth
is r
epor
t cou
ld n
ot h
ave
been
gat
here
dan
dpu
blis
hed.
We
wel
com
e th
is o
ppor
tuni
tyto
app
reci
ate
the
staf
f of
the
Gla
ss C
eilin
g C
omm
issi
onw
hose
tire
-le
ss e
ffor
t hel
ped
fulf
ill th
is m
anda
te.
We
are
grat
eful
for
thei
r st
rong
ste
war
dshi
p:'Y
vonn
e
Lac
ey, L
oret
ta D
avis
, How
ard
S. H
anke
rson
,G
ordo
n B
erg,
Deb
ra B
row
n, C
arm
enT
. Lep
e,A
my
Gol
en, A
licia
Nee
ring
, Vic
tor
Sew
ell,
and
Shar
on M
use.
And
to a
ll w
ho h
ave
serv
edon
sta
ffov
er th
e lif
e of
the
com
mis
sion
, our
than
ks.
To
all o
f th
ose
peop
le th
roug
hout
the
regi
ons
whe
re o
ur h
eari
ngs
wer
e he
ld g
o ou
r gr
atitu
de f
orth
eir
gene
rous
res
pons
e.
Our
wor
k w
ould
hav
e be
en im
poss
ible
with
out t
hesu
ppor
t of
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
who
has
give
n us
a h
ome
com
plet
e w
ithsu
ppor
t ser
vice
san
d th
e ne
cess
ary
aid
and
advi
ceto
allo
w u
s to
oper
ate.
Fina
lly, t
he F
eder
al G
lass
Cei
ling
Com
mis
sion
wou
ld li
ke to
rec
ogni
ze th
e ab
lem
en a
nd w
omen
who
hav
e co
nfro
nted
gla
ss c
eilin
gba
rrie
rs a
ndbr
oken
thro
ugh
them
. You
r ef
fort
sw
ill s
peed
the
day
whe
n al
l peo
ple
are
reco
gniz
ed in
the
wor
k-pl
ace
for
thei
r sk
ills
and
abili
ties.
Eac
hof
you
has
stre
ngth
ened
the
Am
eric
an d
ream
. You
have
,in
fac
t, de
fine
d it.
-
____
zn,1
11a
©13
' CC
)17k
NE
R9U
%
I.E
xecu
tive
Sum
mar
y1
Intr
oduc
tion
3
Ove
rvie
w7
Hig
hlig
hts
of th
e R
esea
rch
12
II.
Wha
t Are
the
Gla
ss C
eilin
g B
arri
ers?
25
HI.
Wha
t Wor
ks to
Ove
rcom
e th
e B
usin
ess
Bar
rier
s?37
IV.
The
Env
iron
men
tal S
can
57
"The
Con
cret
e W
all"
64
"Mor
e T
han
Gla
ss"
84
"The
Im
pene
trab
le G
lass
"10
1
"The
Tw
o-W
ay M
irro
r"12
0
"The
Cla
ssic
Gla
ss C
eilin
g"14
3
V.
Gla
ss C
eilin
g R
ealit
ies:
An
Indu
stry
Com
para
tive
157
VI.
App
endi
ces
165
Glo
ssar
y of
Ter
ms
167
Com
posi
tion
of th
e U
.S. C
ivili
an L
abor
For
ce, b
ySe
x, R
ace,
and
His
pani
c O
rigi
n...
171
Cor
pora
te P
ract
ices
Tab
les
172
Met
hodo
logy
for
Mea
suri
ng G
lass
Cei
ling
Rea
litie
s20
9
Stan
dard
Ind
ustr
ial C
lass
ific
atio
ns21
2
Stan
dard
Occ
upat
iona
l Cla
ssif
icat
ions
214
Surv
ey o
f C
EO
s: M
etho
dolo
gy A
nd Q
uest
ions
Ask
ed21
6
Focu
s G
roup
Met
hodo
logy
219
Em
ploy
ed P
erso
ns w
ithin
Ind
ustr
y by
Rac
e an
dH
ispa
nic
Ori
gin
220
Em
ploy
ed P
erso
ns w
ithin
Ind
ustr
y by
Gen
der
and
Occ
upat
iona
l Lev
el22
1
Publ
ic H
eari
ngs:
Ros
ter
of O
ral T
estim
ony
222
Inde
x of
Tab
les
227
VII
. Ann
otat
ed B
iblio
grap
hy22
9
VII
I. R
efer
ence
s23
7
1819
-
EX
EC
UT
IVE
SU
MM
AR
Y
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
OV
ER
VIE
WH
IGH
LIG
HT
S O
F T
HE
RE
SEA
RC
H
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LEV
A
-
IMU
NC
)DU
CT
IOM
GL
ASS
CE
EL
ING
CO
MU
SSD
ON
The
term
gla
ss c
eilin
g w
as p
opul
ariz
ed in
a 1
986
Wal
l Str
eet J
ourn
al a
rtic
le d
escr
ibin
g th
e in
visi
ble
barr
iers
that
wom
en c
onfr
ont a
s th
ey a
ppro
ach
the
top
of th
e co
rpor
ate
hier
arch
y.
The
Fed
eral
Gla
ss C
eilin
g C
omm
issi
on, a
21-
mem
-be
r bi
part
isan
bod
y ap
poin
ted
by P
resi
dent
Bus
han
d C
ongr
essi
onal
lead
ers
and
chai
red
by th
e
Secr
etar
y of
Lab
or, w
as c
reat
ed b
y th
e C
ivil
Rig
hts
Act
of
1991
. Its
man
date
was
to id
entif
y th
e gl
ass
ceili
ng b
arri
ers
that
hav
e bl
ocke
d th
e ad
vanc
e-m
ent o
f m
inor
ities
and
wom
en a
s w
ell a
sth
e su
c-
cess
ful p
ract
ices
and
pol
icie
s th
at h
ave
led
to th
e
adva
ncem
ent o
f m
inor
ity m
en a
nd a
ll w
omen
into
deci
sion
mak
ing
posi
tions
in th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
TA
SK
The
Com
mis
sion
was
spe
cifi
cally
dir
ecte
d
o to
con
duct
a s
tudy
ofo
ppor
tuni
ties
for,
and
artif
icia
l bar
rier
s to
, the
adv
ance
men
tof
min
ority
men
and
all
wom
en in
to m
an-
agem
ent a
nd d
ecis
ionm
akin
g po
sitio
nsin
Cor
pora
te A
mer
ica,
and
o to
pre
pare
and
sub
mit
to th
ePr
esid
ent a
nd
the
appr
opri
ate
com
mitt
ees
of th
eC
ongr
ess
wri
tten
repo
rts
cont
aini
ng th
efi
ndin
gs a
nd c
oncl
usio
ns r
esul
ting
from
the
stud
y an
d th
e re
com
men
datio
ns b
ased
on
thos
e fi
ndin
gs a
nd c
oncl
usio
ns.
SCO
PE O
IF W
OR
K
The
Fed
eral
Gla
ss C
eilin
g C
omm
issi
on s
yste
mat
i-ca
lly g
athe
red
info
rmat
ion
on b
arri
ers,
opp
ortu
ni-
ties,
pol
icie
s, p
erce
ptio
ns, a
nd p
ract
ices
as
they
affe
ct f
ive
targ
et g
roup
s th
at h
isto
rica
lly h
ave
been
unde
rrep
rese
nted
in p
riva
te s
ecto
r to
p-le
vel
man
agem
entw
omen
of
all r
aces
and
eth
nici
ties,
and
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an, A
mer
ican
Ind
ian,
Asi
anan
d Pa
cifi
c Is
land
er, a
nd H
ispa
nic
Am
eric
an m
en.
As
the
Gla
ss C
eilin
g A
ct (
Sect
ion
204
of P
ublic
Law
102
-166
) m
anda
tes,
* th
e C
omm
issi
on w
as
dire
cted
to d
o th
e fo
llow
ing:
"(1)
exa
min
e th
e pr
epar
edne
ss o
f w
omen
and
min
oriti
es to
adv
ance
to m
anag
emen
t and
deci
sion
mak
ing
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess;
*Pur
suan
t to
Titl
e II
of
the
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 19
91 (
pub.
L. 1
02-1
66)
and
Sect
ion
9 of
the
Fede
ral A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee A
ct (
FAC
A)
(pub
. L. 9
2-26
2, 5
U.S
.C. a
pp. I
I) a
Not
ice
of e
stab
lishm
ent o
f th
e G
lass
Cei
ling
Com
mis
sion
was
pub
lishe
d in
the
Fede
ral R
egis
ter
on M
arch
30,
199
2(5
7FR
107
76).
The
Com
mis
sion
con
duct
ed a
stu
dy o
f
oppo
rtun
ities
foe
; and
art
ific
ial
barr
iers
to, t
he a
dvan
cem
ent o
f
min
ority
men
and
all
wom
en in
to
man
agem
ent a
nd d
ecis
ionm
akin
g
posi
tions
in C
orpo
rate
Am
eric
a.
3
-
4
(2)
exam
ine
the
oppo
rtun
ities
for
wom
en a
nd
min
oriti
es to
adv
ance
to m
anag
emen
t and
deci
sion
inak
ing
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess;
(3)
cond
uct b
asic
res
earc
h in
to th
e pr
actic
es,
polic
ies,
and
man
ner
in w
hich
man
agem
ent
and
deci
sion
mak
ing
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess
are
fille
d;
(4)
cond
uct c
ompa
rativ
e re
sear
ch o
f bu
sine
sses
and
indu
stri
es in
whi
ch w
omen
and
min
oriti
es a
re p
rom
oted
to m
anag
emen
t and
deci
sion
mak
ing
posi
tions
, and
bus
ines
s an
d
indu
stri
es in
whi
ch w
omen
and
min
oriti
es
are
not p
rom
oted
to m
anag
emen
t and
dec
isio
n-
mak
ing
posi
tions
;
(5)
com
pile
a s
ynth
esis
of
avai
labl
e re
sear
chon
prog
ram
s an
d pr
actic
es th
at h
ave
succ
essf
ully
led
to th
e ad
vanc
emen
t of
wom
en a
nd
min
oriti
es to
man
agem
ent a
nd d
ecis
ionm
akin
g
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess
incl
udin
g tr
aini
ng
prog
ram
s, r
otat
iona
l ass
ignm
ents
,
deve
lopm
enta
l pro
gram
s, r
ewar
d pr
ogra
ms,
empl
oyee
ben
efit
stru
ctur
es, a
nd f
amily
leav
e
polic
ies;
and
(6)
exam
ine
any
othe
r is
sues
and
info
rmat
ion
rela
ting
to th
e ad
vanc
emen
t of
wom
en a
nd
min
oriti
es to
man
agem
ent a
nd d
ecis
ionm
akin
g
posi
tions
in b
usin
ess.
"
The
Com
mis
sion
res
earc
h an
d in
form
atio
n-ga
ther
ing
proc
ess
incl
uded
the
follo
win
g:o
Five
pub
lic h
eari
ngs
held
in K
ansa
s C
ity,
Kan
sas;
Dal
las,
Tex
as; L
os A
ngel
es,
Cal
ifor
nia;
Cle
vela
nd, O
hio;
and
New
Yor
k,N
ew Y
ork,
at w
hich
126
em
ploy
ers
and
empl
oyee
s fr
om a
bro
ad s
pect
rum
of .
indu
stri
es a
nd in
stitu
tions
test
ifie
d ab
out
thei
r ex
peri
ence
s an
d pe
rcep
tions
of
the
glas
s ce
iling
.
o T
he c
omm
issi
onin
g of
eig
htee
n re
sear
chpa
pers
on
the
stat
us a
nd p
robl
ems
ofm
inor
ities
and
wom
en a
nd o
n ot
her
spec
ific
asp
ects
of
the
glas
s ce
iling
suc
has
the
impa
ct o
f do
wns
izin
g on
div
ersi
ty,
com
para
tive
com
pens
atio
n, a
nd la
wen
forc
emen
t.o
A s
urve
y of
twen
ty-f
ive
chie
f ex
ecut
ive
offi
cers
(C
EO
s) f
rom
whi
te-
and
min
ority
-ow
ned
busi
ness
es r
egar
ding
thei
rpe
rcep
tions
and
exp
erie
nces
in r
ecru
iting
,de
velo
ping
, and
pro
mot
ing
min
oriti
es a
ndw
omen
into
dec
isio
nmak
ing
posi
tions
.o
Six
raci
ally
hom
ogen
eous
foc
us g
roup
s of
Asi
an a
nd P
acif
ic I
slan
der
Am
eric
an,
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an a
nd H
ispa
nic/
Lat
ino
mal
e ex
ecut
ives
in N
ew Y
ork,
Chi
cago
, and
Los
Ang
eles
to d
eter
min
e th
e pe
rcep
tions
,op
inio
ns, b
elie
fs, a
nd a
ttitu
des
of m
inor
itym
en o
n th
e ke
y is
sues
rel
ated
to th
e gl
ass
ceili
ng b
arri
ers.
(W
ith e
ach
raci
al/e
thni
c
2425
-
grou
p, tw
o se
ssio
ns w
ere
held
, one
of
youn
ger
men
(30
-45)
and
one
olde
r
(46-
65).
All
resp
onde
nts
wer
e co
llege
grad
uate
s w
ith a
mix
of
bach
elor
's,
mas
ter's
, and
Ph.
D. d
egre
es. A
ll w
ere
full-
time
empl
oyee
s of
U.S
. com
pani
esin
the
follo
win
g in
dust
ries
: com
mun
icat
ions
,le
gal,
elec
tron
ic, h
ealth
car
e, a
eros
pace
,
utili
ty, a
irlin
e, f
inan
cial
/ban
king
,tra
vel,
tran
spor
t, pu
blis
hing
, rea
lty,
empl
oym
ent
serv
ices
, per
sona
l pro
duct
s, a
ndbe
vera
ge.)
O T
wo
focu
s pa
nel g
roup
sw
ith A
mer
ican
Indi
an m
en a
nd w
omen
in W
ashi
ngto
n,D
.C. (
All
mem
bers
of
the
grou
ps w
ere
colle
ge g
radu
ates
with
a m
ix o
f ba
chel
or's
,m
aste
r's, a
nd la
w d
egre
es, a
mix
of
gove
rn-
men
t and
pri
vate
sec
tor
empl
oym
ent,
and
a
mix
of
ages
and
trib
al a
ffili
atio
ns.
The
maj
ority
wer
e ba
sed
in W
ashi
ngto
nbu
t
othe
rs c
ame
from
as
far
away
as
Cal
ifor
nia.
)
O A
naly
ses
of s
peci
alda
ta r
uns
of U
.S. B
urea
u
of th
e C
ensu
s da
ta c
ondu
cted
exp
ress
lyfo
r th
e Fe
dera
l Gla
ss C
eilin
g C
omm
issi
on
to e
stab
lish
as c
lear
ly a
spo
ssib
le th
e
educ
atio
nal a
chie
vem
ent,
stat
us, a
ndco
mpe
nsat
ion
leve
ls o
f th
e ta
rget
gro
ups.
O A
naly
ses
of s
peci
alda
ta r
uns
of U
.S. B
urea
u
of th
e C
ensu
s da
ta to
iden
tify
the
stat
usof
min
oriti
es a
nd w
omen
by
indu
stri
al s
ecto
r.
26
TH
E R
EPO
RT
S
Gla
ss c
eilin
g is
sues
are
abo
ut b
usin
ess
and
abou
t
peop
le w
ho w
ork
in b
usin
ess.
The
refo
re,f
or th
e
firs
t rep
ort,
the
find
ings
and
con
clus
ions
are
pre
-
sent
ed in
an
"Env
iron
men
tal S
can.
"T
he s
econ
d
repo
rt w
ill c
onta
in r
ecom
men
datio
nsan
d w
ill b
e a
"Str
ateg
ic P
lan.
"
Rep
ort O
ne: T
he E
nvir
onm
enta
llSc
anT
his
docu
men
t, T
he E
nvir
onm
enta
lSc
an,
pres
ents
the
find
ings
of
the
Fede
ral G
lass
Cei
ling
Com
mis
sion
res
ultin
g fr
om r
esea
rch
by it
s co
nsor
-
tium
of
cons
ulta
nts,
com
mis
sion
hea
ring
s,st
udie
s,
inte
rvie
ws,
foc
us g
roup
s, a
nd p
anel
dis
cuss
ions
as w
ell a
s its
rev
iew
ofo
ther
pub
lic a
nd p
riva
te
rese
arch
.
The
Env
iron
men
tal S
can
desc
ribe
s an
dan
alyz
es th
e ba
rrie
rs id
entif
ied
in e
xist
ing
rese
arch
, ind
epen
dent
stu
dies
, and
Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
sur
veys
, as
wel
l as
info
rmat
ion
gath
ered
in th
e m
inor
ity m
ale
exec
utiv
e fo
cus
grou
ps, t
he A
mer
ican
Ind
ian
focu
s gr
oups
, the
CE
O s
urve
y in
terv
iew
s,an
d
the
five
pub
lic h
eari
ngs.
It a
lso
iden
tifie
san
d
outli
nes
stra
tegi
es a
nd p
ract
ices
that
hav
ebe
en e
mpl
oyed
suc
cess
fully
to p
rom
ote
the
adva
ncem
ent o
f m
inor
ities
and
wom
en to
seni
or-l
evel
pos
ition
s in
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
The
se e
xam
ples
em
erge
d fr
om C
omm
issi
onre
sear
ch c
ondu
cted
by
Cat
alys
t and
fro
mth
e
Gla
ss c
eilin
g is
sues
are
abo
ut
busi
ness
and
abo
ut p
eopl
e w
ho w
ork
in b
usin
ess.
2?
-
Man
y ju
dgm
ents
on
hiri
ng a
nd
prom
otio
n ar
e m
ade
on th
e ba
sis
ofa
look
, the
sha
pe o
f a
body
, or
the
colo
r
of s
kin.
6
28
Com
mis
sion
's w
ork
in p
repa
ring
for
the
Fran
ces
Perk
insE
lizab
eth
Han
ford
Dol
eN
atio
nal A
war
d fo
r D
iver
sity
and
Exc
elle
nce
in A
mer
ican
Exe
cutiv
e M
anag
emen
t.
Fina
lly, T
he E
nvir
onm
enta
l Sca
nsu
mm
ariz
esth
e pe
rcep
tions
of
corp
orat
e le
ader
san
dm
inor
ities
and
wom
en in
the
priv
ate
sect
oran
d pr
esen
ts a
vaila
ble
quan
titat
ive
data
that
supp
orts
or
refu
tes
them
.
Em
phas
is is
pla
ced
on p
erce
ptio
ns b
ecau
sepe
rcep
tions
, tru
e or
not
, per
petu
ate
the
exis
tenc
e of
the
glas
s ce
iling
barr
ier.
Perc
eptio
ns a
re w
hat p
eopl
e be
lieve
and
peop
le tr
ansl
ate
thei
r be
liefs
into
beha
vior
s,at
titud
es, a
nd b
ias.
Man
y ju
dgm
ents
on h
irin
gan
d pr
omot
ion
are
mad
eon
the
basi
s of
alo
ok, t
he s
hape
of
a bo
dy, o
r th
e co
lor
of s
kin.
A 1
992
repo
rt o
na
num
ber
of th
e na
tion'
sm
ost p
rogr
essi
ve b
usin
esse
s an
d in
stitu
tions
,T
he N
ew L
eade
rs: G
uide
lines
on L
eade
rshi
p
Div
ersi
ty in
Am
eric
a by
Ann
M. M
orri
son,
reve
aled
that
pre
judi
ce a
gain
st m
inor
ities
and
whi
te w
omen
con
tinue
sto
be
the
sing
lem
ost i
mpo
rtan
t bar
rier
to th
eir
adva
ncem
ent
into
the
exec
utiv
e ra
nks.
For
this
reas
on,
this
rep
ort e
xplo
res
the
perc
eptio
nsof
empl
oyer
s an
d em
ploy
ees,
out
lines
the
popu
lar
ster
eoty
pes,
and
then
cont
rast
s th
emw
ith th
e re
sear
ch d
ata
and
find
ings
that
delin
eate
the
real
ities
and
stat
us o
f m
inor
ity
men
and
all
the
wom
en w
ho a
re a
ffec
ted
byth
e gl
ass
ceili
ng.
Muc
h of
the
qual
itativ
e in
form
atio
non
perc
eptio
ns is
dra
wn
dire
ctly
fro
mtr
ansc
ript
sof
the
Com
mis
sion
's f
ive
publ
iche
arin
gs, t
heC
EO
Sur
vey,
the
min
ority
exe
cutiv
efo
cus
grou
ps, a
nd th
e A
mer
ican
Ind
ian
focu
s
grou
ps. T
he q
uant
itativ
e da
ta is
bas
edon
priv
ate
surv
eys
and
Com
mis
sion
rese
arch
and
on e
xten
sive
ana
lyse
s of
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
fC
ensu
s da
ta, a
naly
ses
prep
ared
exp
ress
lyfo
rth
e C
omm
issi
on. S
peci
fic
sour
ces
are
cite
d in
the
body
of
this
rep
ort.
Rep
ortt
Tw
o: A
Str
ateg
ic P
ian
A s
econ
d re
port
will
pres
ent t
he C
omm
issi
on's
reco
mm
enda
tions
bas
edon
its
find
ings
. The
sere
com
men
datio
ns w
ill f
orm
a "S
trat
egic
Pla
n"th
at w
ill b
e pr
esen
ted
to th
e Pr
esid
ent a
nd th
eC
ongr
ess
in th
e Su
mm
er o
f 19
95.
The
rec
omm
enda
tions
will
spe
akto
the
impe
rativ
e of
dis
man
tling
art
ific
ial b
arri
ers
toad
vanc
emen
t. T
he r
ecom
men
datio
ns w
illbe
desi
gned
to a
ssur
e eq
uita
ble
oppo
rtun
ityfo
rw
hite
men
, min
oriti
es, a
ndw
omen
.
29
-
K_O
WE
RW
EN
g O
F U
N E
'RA
ICU
-EFE
IXPE
IRM
ME
LD
OM
©or
pora
te le
ader
s su
rvey
ed, a
nd w
omen
and
min
oriti
es w
ho p
artic
ipat
ed in
foc
us g
roup
s,
rese
arch
ers,
and
gov
ernm
ent o
ffic
ials
,all
agre
e
that
a g
lass
cei
ling
exis
ts a
nd th
atit
oper
ates
subs
tant
ially
to e
xclu
de m
inor
ities
and
wom
en
from
the
top
leve
ls o
f m
anag
emen
t.A
t the
sam
e
time,
incr
easi
ng n
umbe
rs o
f co
rpor
ate
lead
ers
reco
gniz
e th
at g
lass
cei
lings
and
excl
usio
n of
mem
bers
of
grou
ps o
ther
than
whi
te n
on-
His
pani
c m
ales
are
bad
for
bus
ines
sbe
caus
e
of r
ecen
t dra
mat
ic s
hift
s in
thre
e ar
eas
that
are
fund
amen
tal t
o bu
sine
ss s
urvi
val:
O C
hang
es in
the
dem
ogra
phic
s of
the
labo
r
forc
eO
Cha
nges
in th
ede
mog
raph
ics
of th
e
natio
nal c
onsu
mer
mar
kets
O T
he r
apid
glo
baliz
atio
nof
the
mar
ketp
lace
CE
Os
stat
e th
at th
e ne
ed to
com
pete
in c
hang
ing
natio
nal a
nd in
tern
atio
nal b
usin
ess
envi
ronm
ents
is d
rivi
ng b
usin
ess
to a
ddre
ss g
lass
ceili
ng is
sues
beca
use: G
lass
cei
lings
exc
lude
fro
m to
ple
ader
ship
of c
orpo
ratio
ns a
ble
peop
le o
fdi
vers
e
back
grou
nds
that
bus
ines
ses
need
inor
der
to c
ompe
te s
ucce
ssfu
lly
30
0 T
op q
ualit
y pe
ople
,reg
ardl
ess
of g
ende
r,
race
, or
ethn
icity
, are
esse
ntia
l to
the
heal
th a
nd p
rofi
tabi
lity
of b
usin
ess
Des
pite
the
grow
ing
awar
enes
s am
ong
corp
orat
ele
ader
ship
of
the
botto
m-l
ine
valu
e an
dec
onom
ic
impe
rativ
e of
incl
udin
g m
inor
ities
and
wom
enin
seni
or c
orpo
rate
man
agem
ent,
prog
ress
has
been
disa
ppoi
ntin
gly
slow
, and
bar
rier
s pe
rsis
twhi
ch
stop
abl
e pe
ople
fro
mac
hiev
ing
thei
r fu
ll em
ploy
-
men
t pot
entia
l.
GL
ASS
CE
BU
NG
EL
:A
MB
ER
S
Gla
ss C
eilin
g re
sear
ch r
evea
ls th
ree
leve
ls o
f
artif
icia
l bar
rier
s to
the
adva
ncem
ento
f m
inor
ities
and
wom
en in
the
priv
ate
sect
or th
atco
ntra
dict
this
nat
ion'
s et
hic
of in
divi
dual
wor
than
dac
coun
tabi
lityt
he b
elie
f th
at e
duca
tion,
trai
n-in
g, d
edic
atio
n, a
nd h
ard
wor
k w
illle
ad to
a
bette
r lif
e.
The
thre
e le
vels
of
barr
iers
iden
tifie
dby
the
Com
mis
sion
res
earc
h, C
EO
stu
dies
, and
focu
s
grou
ps a
re th
ese:
Soci
etal
Bar
rier
s w
hich
may
be
outs
ide
the
dire
ct c
ontr
ol o
f bu
sine
ss
Cor
pora
te le
ader
s su
rvey
ed, a
nd
wom
en a
nd m
inor
ities
who
part
ic-
ipat
ed in
foc
us g
roup
s, r
esea
rche
rs,
and
gove
rnm
ent o
ffic
ials
, all
agre
e
that
a g
lass
cei
ling
exis
ts a
nd th
at it
oper
ates
sub
stan
tially
to e
xclu
de
min
oriti
es a
nd w
omen
fro
m th
e
top
leve
ls o
f m
anag
emen
t.
31
7
-
8
Cor
pora
te le
ader
s w
ho h
ave
succ
essf
ully
add
ress
ed th
e
busi
ness
bar
rier
s to
the
adva
ncem
ent
of m
inor
ities
and
wom
en a
re
thos
e w
ho h
ave
squa
rely
con
fron
ted
the
real
ity th
at th
eir
prio
ritie
s an
d
the
prio
ritie
s of
thei
r m
iddl
e- a
nd
uppe
r-le
vel m
anag
ers
are
not a
lway
s
syno
nym
ous.
32
The
Sup
ply
Bar
rier
rel
ated
toed
ucat
iona
l opp
ortu
nity
and
atta
inm
ent
The
Dif
fere
nce
Bar
rier
as m
anif
este
din
con
scio
us a
nd u
ncon
scio
us
ster
eoty
ping
, pre
judi
ce, a
nd b
ias
rela
ted
to g
ende
r, r
ace,
and
eth
nici
ty.
0 In
tern
al S
truc
tura
l Bar
rier
s w
ithin
the
dire
ct c
ontr
ol o
f bu
sine
ss
Out
reac
h an
d re
crui
tmen
t pra
ctic
esth
at d
o no
t see
k ou
t or
reac
hor
rec
ruit
min
oriti
es a
nd w
omen
Cor
pora
te c
limat
es th
at a
liena
te a
ndis
olat
e m
inor
ities
and
wom
enPi
pelin
e B
arri
ers
that
dir
ectly
aff
ect
oppo
rtun
ity f
or a
dvan
cem
ent
Initi
al p
lace
men
t and
clu
ster
ing
inst
aff
jobs
or
in h
ighl
y te
chni
cal a
nd
prof
essi
onal
jobs
that
are
not
on th
eca
reer
trac
k to
the
top
Lac
k of
men
tori
ngL
ack
of m
anag
emen
t tra
inin
gL
ack
of o
ppor
tuni
ties
for c
aree
rde
velo
pmen
t, ta
ilore
d tr
aini
ng, a
ndro
tatio
nal j
ob a
ssig
nmen
ts th
atar
e on
the
reve
nue-
prod
ucin
g si
de o
f th
ebu
sine
ss
Litt
le o
r no
acc
ess
to c
ritic
alde
velo
p m
enta
l ass
ignm
ents
suc
has
mem
bers
hips
on
high
ly v
isib
le ta
skfo
rces
and
com
mitt
ees
Spec
ial o
r di
ffer
ent s
tand
ards
for
perf
orm
ance
eva
luat
ion
Bia
sed
ratin
g an
d te
stin
g sy
stem
sL
ittle
or
no a
cces
s to
info
rmal
net
-w
orks
of
com
mun
icat
ion
Cou
nter
prod
uctiv
e be
havi
or a
ndha
rass
men
t by
colle
ague
s0
Gov
ernm
enta
l Bar
rier
sL
ack
of v
igor
ous,
con
sist
ent
mon
itori
ng a
nd la
w e
nfor
cem
ent
Wea
knes
ses
in th
e fo
rmul
atio
n an
dco
llect
ion
of e
mpl
oym
ent-
rela
ted
data
whi
ch m
akes
it d
iffi
cult
to a
scer
tain
the
stat
us o
f gr
oups
at t
he m
anag
eria
l lev
el
and
to d
isag
greg
ate
the
data
Inad
equa
te r
epor
ting
and
diss
emin
a-tio
n of
info
rmat
ion
rele
vant
to g
lass
ceili
ng is
sues
A m
ajor
ity o
f th
e C
EO
s in
terv
iew
ed f
elt t
hat t
hese
prac
tices
are
obs
tacl
es to
pur
suin
g op
port
unity
.C
hang
e ca
n be
han
dled
wel
l or
it ca
n be
han
dled
poor
ly. T
hose
cor
pora
te le
ader
s w
ho h
ave
succ
ess-
fully
add
ress
ed th
e bu
sine
ss b
arri
ers
to th
ead
vanc
emen
t of
min
oriti
es a
ndw
omen
are
thos
ew
ho h
ave
squa
rely
con
fron
ted
the
real
ity th
atth
eir
prio
ritie
s an
d th
e pr
iori
ties
of th
eir
mid
dle-
and
uppe
r-le
vel m
anag
ers
are
not a
lway
s sy
nony
-
mou
s. T
hese
are
the
com
pani
es w
ho h
ave
mad
eth
e tr
ansi
tion
to in
clus
ion
whi
le c
ontin
uing
topr
ospe
r. T
heir
exp
erie
nce
dem
onst
rate
s th
atba
rrie
rs c
an b
e ov
erco
me.
33
-
WH
AT
OR
KS
TO
OV
ER
CO
ME
BU
SIN
ESS
AR
RO
ER
S
The
re is
no
"one
way
" to
elim
inat
e th
e ba
rrie
rsto
the
adva
ncem
ent o
f m
inor
ities
and
wom
enin
the
priv
ate
sect
or. E
ach
com
pany
is d
iffe
rent
and
each
mus
t car
eful
ly e
valu
ate
its s
ituat
ion
and
need
s. H
owev
er, a
naly
sis
of th
e co
mpa
nies
that
are
man
agin
g ch
ange
eff
ectiv
ely
indi
cate
s th
at th
e
follo
win
g ch
arac
teri
stic
sdet
aile
d in
this
rep
ort
are
com
mon
to a
ll su
cces
sful
glas
s ce
iling
initi
ativ
es:
O T
hey
have
CE
O s
uppo
rtO
The
y ar
e pa
rt o
f th
e st
rate
gic
busi
ness
plan
O T
hey
are
spec
ific
to th
e or
gani
zatio
n
o T
hey
are
incl
usiv
ethe
y do
not
excl
ude
whi
te n
on-H
ispa
nic
men
O T
hey
addr
ess
prec
once
ptio
ns a
nd s
tere
o-
type
so
The
y em
phas
ize
and
requ
ire
acco
unta
bilit
yup
and
dow
n th
e lin
eO
The
y tr
ack
prog
ress
O T
hey
are
com
preh
ensi
ve
TH
E E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TA
L S
CA
N
Des
pite
the
grow
ing
num
ber
of c
orpo
rate
lead
ers
who
con
side
r di
vers
ity a
t the
man
ager
ial a
ndde
cisi
onm
akin
g le
vels
to b
e an
impo
rtan
t iss
ue
impa
ctin
g th
eir
com
pany
's b
otto
m li
ne, s
igni
fica
ntba
rrie
rs c
ontin
ue to
exi
st a
t var
ious
leve
ls w
ithin
orga
niza
tions
and
are
exp
erie
nced
dif
fere
ntly
by
diff
eren
t eth
nic
and
raci
al g
roup
s. T
hese
bar
rier
s
34
impe
de th
e ad
vanc
emen
t of
qual
ifie
d m
inor
ities
and
wom
en. I
n ge
nera
l, A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s,A
mer
ican
Ind
ians
, Asi
an a
nd P
acif
ic I
slan
der
Am
eric
ans,
and
His
pani
c A
mer
ican
s re
sist
the
use
of th
e te
rm m
inor
ity w
hich
they
fee
l im
plie
s
infe
rior
ity. I
t has
bee
n po
inte
d ou
t tha
t in
the
U.S
.
any
popu
latio
n is
a m
inor
ity if
itoc
cupi
es a
subo
rdin
ate
pow
er p
ositi
on in
rel
atio
n to
ano
ther
popu
latio
n w
ithin
the
sam
e co
untr
y or
soc
iety
.
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an, A
mer
ican
Ind
ian,
and
His
pani
cA
mer
ican
men
bel
ieve
that
with
in th
eir
grou
ps
not e
noug
h in
divi
dual
s ar
e ea
rnin
g th
ede
gree
s
that
bus
ines
s ne
eds.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
hey
also
perc
eive
that
eve
n th
ose
who
hav
e th
ese
cred
en-
tials
fac
e br
ick,
opa
que,
and
thic
k gl
ass
ceili
ngs
that
blo
ck th
eir
adva
ncem
ent t
o se
nior
-le
vel d
ecis
ionm
akin
g po
sitio
ns. A
sur
vey
of s
enio
r-
leve
l mal
e m
anag
ers
in F
ortu
ne 1
000
indu
stri
al
and
Fort
une
500
serv
ice
indu
stri
es s
how
s th
atal
mos
t 97
perc
ent a
re w
hite
, 0.6
are
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an, 0
.3 p
erce
nt a
re A
sian
, and
0.4
per
cent
are
His
pani
c.
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an m
en a
nd w
omen
com
pris
e le
ss
than
2.5
per
cent
of
tota
l em
ploy
men
t in
the
top
jobs
in th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
. Afr
ican
Am
eric
an m
enw
ith p
rofe
ssio
nal d
egre
es e
arn
only
79
perc
ent o
f
the
amou
nt o
f th
eir
whi
te m
ale
coun
terp
arts
;A
fric
an A
mer
ican
wom
en w
ith p
rofe
ssio
nal
degr
ees
earn
onl
y 60
per
cent
of
wha
t whi
te m
ales
earn
. Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans
repr
esen
t a$2
57 b
illio
n
cons
umer
mar
ket.
In g
ener
al, A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s,
Am
eric
an I
ndia
ns, A
sian
and
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
Am
eric
ans,
and
His
pani
c
Am
eric
ans
resi
st th
e us
e of
the
term
min
ority
whi
ch th
ey f
eel i
mpl
ies
infe
rior
ity.
35
-
Onl
y 9
perc
ent o
f A
mer
ican
Ind
ians
in th
e w
ork-
forc
e ho
ld c
olle
ge d
egre
es. A
mer
ican
Ind
ians
have
the
high
est h
igh
scho
ol d
ropo
utra
te o
f an
yet
hnic
or
raci
al g
roup
36 p
erce
nt. A
ccor
ding
to th
e 19
90 c
ensu
s, o
nly
7,86
2 A
mer
ican
Ind
ians
held
exe
cutiv
e, a
dmin
istr
ativ
e,or
man
ager
ial
posi
tions
at a
ny le
vel,
very
littl
e of
it in
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
From
196
0 to
199
0, A
sian
and
Pac
ific
Isl
ande
r
Am
eric
ans
wer
e th
e fa
stes
t gro
win
g m
inor
itygr
oup.
Asi
an a
nd P
acif
ic I
slan
der
Am
eric
ans
repr
esen
t a $
94 b
illio
n co
nsum
er m
arke
t. A
sian
and
Paci
fic
Isla
nder
men
fee
l tha
t the
y ha
vem
ore
than
suf
fici
ent e
duca
tiona
l cre
dent
ials
and
exp
eri-
ence
and
stil
l are
kep
t und
er th
e ce
iling
bec
ause
they
are
per
ceiv
ed a
s su
peri
or p
rofe
ssio
nals
but
not a
s m
anag
emen
t mat
eria
l.
His
pani
c A
mer
ican
men
hav
e th
e hi
ghes
t wor
k-fo
rce
part
icip
atio
n ra
te o
f any
eth
nic
grou
p at
78.2
per
cent
. In
1990
, 370
,000
His
pani
c
Am
eric
ans
had
earn
ed a
dvan
ce d
egre
esno
w c
on-
side
red
esse
ntia
l for
clim
bing
the
corp
orat
ela
dder
. His
pani
c A
mer
ican
rep
rese
nta
$175
billi
on c
onsu
mer
mar
ket.
Whi
te w
omen
in C
orpo
rate
Am
eric
aag
ree
they
have
mad
e so
me
mov
emen
t thr
ough