* GB785283 (A)

Description: GB785283 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Shaped carbon or graphite bodies of a high bending strength and high tensilestrength

Description of GB785283 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785 283 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Jan 24, 1952. No 2026/52. Application made in Germany on Jan 24, 1951. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance: -Class 90, K 4. International Classification: -C Oib. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Shaped Carbon or Graphite Bodies of a High Bending Strength and' High Tensile Strength We, FARBWERKE HOECHST AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT vormals Meister Lucius & Bruning, a body corporate recognised under German Law of Frankfurt (M)-Hbchst, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to shaped bodies of high bending strength and high tensile strength. Shaped bodies made of graphite or carbon are used to an increasing extent for industrial purposes in the construction of apparatus In comparison with other industrial material, they possess advantages, among which their extraordinary resistance to corrosion combined with an electrical and thermal conductivity which, in the case of graphite, is very high and, in the case of carbon, is still considerable, must particularly be emphasized It has, however, been found that sometimes the small resistance to breaking of the known shaped bodies is detrimental particularly in the case of long bodies, having a small cross section, or in case of pipes having thin walls It has already been suggested to impregnate the porous materials, namely graphite and

carbon, with synthetic resins so as to render them impervious to gas and liquid By the use of the impregnations named, the bending strength of the graphite is increased from about 370 kilograms per square centimetre to 530 kilograms per square centimetre and the tensile strength is increased from about kilograms per square centimetre to 130 kilograms per square centimetre Shaped bodies thus prepared could, however, not always fulfil the practical requirements For instance, tubes made of impregnated graphite and having a diameter of about 30-40 mm, a thickness of wall of 6 mm and a length of two, three or more than three metres, can be handled only with extreme care Special measures, which are difficult to carry out, are required, so as to render them dependable in operation. The present invention relates to shaped bodies of a high bending strength and a high tensile strength, in which the aforenamed drawbacks have been overcome. Under the lterm ' shaped bodies " come into consideration for example tubes, rods and sheets, especially thin sheets. According to the present invention the shaped bodies consist of a self-supporting basic body of graphite or carbon, provided with iron, steel or steel alloy, preferably nickel steel, reinforcing elements which are combined with the basic body by cementing with a synthetic resinous condensation or polymerisation product or a glycerol or rubber cement. The basic body may be manufactured in known manner, by proceeding as follows:Comminuted or preferably ground coke or another carbonaceous material, such as anthracite, or, if required, mixtures of these materials, are incorporated with binding agents, such as pitch or tar Mixtures may, for instance, be used containing about 70-75 per cent of coke and 30-25 per cent of pitch or tar The plastic mixture is then shaped by means of an extrusion press or a block press. The shaped masses, thus obtained, are then subjected first to a coking or baking process at a temperature up to 13000 C and then to a graphitization in an electric furnace at a temperature up to about 2500 C. Instead of the basic bodies consisting of finished graphite, basic bodies may be used before the graphitization, i e as long as they consist of so-called amorphous industrial carbon; in general, the use of graphitized basic bodies is, however, more advantageous In many cases it is suitable to impregnate the basic bodies with synthetic resins; this may be done in one operation with the addition of the metallic reinforcing elements For the impregnation there may be used, for example, the still liquid partial condensation products 785,283 of phenol, the cresols or the xylenols with formaldehyde, which may, if required, contain a filling agent or a hardening agent, or the

furfurol resins The above-described graph-itized basic bodies have a coefficient of thermal expansion of about 3 5 X 10 per degree C. As reinforcing elements, as above stated, there are used those made of iron, steel, steel alloys, including corrosion-proof refined steel alloys and particularly those made of nickel steels. Particularly in those cases where the tubes are very long or the cross sections of the metal reinforcements are relatively large, alloys may be used as reinforcing elements whose coefficient of thermal expansion is eaual to or nearly the same as that of the graphite or of the basic body. The following three nickel steels which may be used as metal may be cited by way of example:- 1 Steel containing 34 52 per cent of nickel and 0 14 per cent of carbon This nickel steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 3 7 X 10-6 per degree C. 2 Steel containing 35-37 per cent of nickel This nickel steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 2 0 x 10-6 per degree C. 3 Steel containing 35 0 per cent of nickel and 1 per cent, of manganese This steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 4 5 x 10-r per degree C. The metals to be used as reinforcing elements may be combined in a great variety of forms and in various manners with the basic bodies They may be used, for instance, in the form of rods, wires, strips or bands. The wires and rods may have any desired form of cross-section; they may preferably be used in the form of circular cross sections In rods or in tubes, but also in sheets, the reinforcing elements may be mounted on the surface of the basic body or in recesses made therein, for example in longitudinal slots, or in the interior of the basic body, for example in borings provided in the interior of the basic body A combination of these arrangements may also be used On the surfaces of tubes, rods and similar shaned bodies or in their interiors, the metal rods, wires, strips or bands may be mounted parallel to the axis of the body or following a helical line In sheets the metal reinforcement may suitably be arranged in the form -of a network or latticework. For combining the metallic reinforcing elements with the basic bodies to form compound bodies, cements, as hereinbefore defined are used When selecting the cements, the intended use, for which the shared body is made, has to be taken into consideration In shaped bodies, which are destined to be exposed to the action of raised temperatures, heat-resistant cements have to be applied. Moreover, care has to be taken in the choice of the cement, when the shaped body is exposed to the action of corroding chemicals.

Suitable cements are, for example, those which are prepared on the base o J resinous condensation products, particularly cements containing hardenable synthetic resins of 70 known kinds For this purpose the known, still liquid formaldehyde resins may, for example, be used which are obtained by one of the known processes by a partial condensation, for example of phenol, ti e cresols, the various 75 xylenols, or mixtures of these substances, such as the mixtures of cresols and the mixtures of xylenols as they are obtained in industrial processes, with formaldehyde, if required with the addition of other substances, such as fur 80 furol These cements containing artificial resins may contain hardeners and fillers Moreover, furfurol resins may be used. According to the intended use of the shaped bodies, as other cements for combining the 85 metallic reinforcing elements with the basic body, there may be used glycerol-cement, rubber-cement or cements which have been prepared on the base of polymerization resins, such as polyvinyl acetate, poly-isebutylene, 90 merlacrylic acid ester or poly-urethane. The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which each of Figs 1-3 is a section of one form of shaped body. In Fig 1, 1 is a round rod made of graphite 95 onto which steel-plate strips 3 are cemented at regular intervals by means of hardenable phenol-fo maldehyde-artificial resin 2 In the compound body thus produced the pressure -when loaded-in the direction of the arrow 100 is taken up as tensile stress by steel band 3 situated opposite to the arrow and being firmly combined with rod 1. Fig 2 is a section of a heat exchange tube. In the exterior circumference of the basic 105 body 4 which consists of graphite, narrow longitudinal slots 5 have been milled, into which steel wires or steel rods 6 having a circular cross section have been cemented by means of a known cement 7 containing form 110 aldehyde artificial resin, for example a still liquid, partially condensed xylenol-formaldehyde resinous mass The surface available for heat exchange, utilizing the high thermal conductivity of the graphite, is only slightly 115 reduced thereby When impregnated tubes are concerned, the rods or wires are embedded into the artificial resin in one operation with the impregnation of the tube, by immersing the tube in the liquid resin and then subjecting it 120 to a heat treatment An exterior coating of hardened artificial resin produced at the same time can then readily be removed by turning at the parts of the outer wall of the tube required for the heat exchange 125 In Fig 3 a circular rod 10 is illustrated in which as metal reinforcement wires 8 are embedded in a cement mass 11 in borings 9 which are provided in the interior of the circular rod 10 130 785,283

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* GB785284 (A)

Description: GB785284 (A) ? 1957-10-23

A hood attachment for the grates of open fireplaces

Description of GB785284 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION TX Inventors: -JOHN SHERWOOD HALES and THOMAS WARDLE GRIEVE. Date 7 of filing Complete Specification: July 12, 1954. Application Date: March 12, 1956 No 6476152. /D Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1967. Index at Acceptance -Classes 64 ( 3), 524 C; and 126, B 5, B 49 (B 1 D: 03 B). International Classificaption:-F? 4 b F 25 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. A Hood Attachment for the Grates of Open Fireplaces. We, C U R A PATENTS LIMITED, a British Company, of Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- In an open fire the coal, coke or other carbonaceous fuel is normally burned on a grate standing on the floor of an open fireplace recess with the back and two sides of the grate enclosed by the walls of the recess, and the space beneath the grate closed at the front by a wall having an adjustable inlet for the admission of combustion air to the underside of the grate There are also known so-called "inset" fires which have, in addition to a lower front wall controlling the

admission of combustion air to the underside of the grate, an upper front wall extending for a short distance above the front of the grate to support a deep fuel bed on the grate for prolonged burning. The space beneath the grate and the space above the grate for the fuel bed are enclosed at the back and sides either by the back and side walls of the fireplace recess with the lower and upper front walls of the grate closely fitting the surrounding portion of the fireplace recess, or by specially provided back and side walls which, together with the lower and upper front walls, completely enclose the gate at its back, front and two sides so as to form a self-contained unit. An object of the present invention is to provide a hood attachment for a fire of the above kind in order to improve the heating efficiency thereof. According to the invention, the hood attachment comprises a hollow body portion having a back, two sides and open front, a lower part adapted to fit around the back and at least a Dart of the two sides of the lPrice 3 s 6 d l fuel supporting space on the grate of the inset fire, an upper part converging upwardly and terminating in a restricted flue outlet for insertion through a sealing partition to be fitted within the throat of an open fireplace recess, the back and sides of the body portion being displaced inwardly above the fuel supporting space to provide an air heating space between the walls of the fireplace recess and the said body portion when thie attachment is installed, and an adjustable damper in the said upper part for controlling the flow of gases through the flue outlet. By virtue of the restricted flue outlet the amount of air withdrawn from the room and passing up the chimney is reduced, and air from the room circulating in the space between the walls of lire fireplace recess and the hood attachment is heated and passes back into the room. The lower part of the body portion of the hood attachment fits around the back and at least a part of the two sides of the fuel supporting space so that this space and the space beneath the grate are wholly in communication with the interior of the hood attachment For this purpose the enclosing lower part of the body portion may extend down to the level of the floor of the space beneath the grate, especially when the inset fire is not a self-contained unit having back and side walls of its own. Alternatively the said lower part, provided that it fits closely against the adjacent back and side walls of the fireplace recess, need only extend below the top of the fuel supporting space defined, for example, by the top edges of firebricks bounding the said space, for a distance sufficient to ensure the aforesaid communication with the interior of the attachment, since the back and sides of the fireplace

recess will enclose the fire from the floor up to the lower edge -of the 15,284 -I;-ck said lower portion This method of mounting the hood attachment is preferable in the case of an inset fire having enclosing back and side walls of its own With this method it is of advantage to provide the body portion with the inward displacement which is required to form the air heating space referred to above, by forming in the back and sides of the body portion an inwardly 1 directed step the underside of which can rest upon the back and side walls or firebricks of the inset fire, and thus support the hood attachment upon the fire. When the lower part of the body portion 1.5 extends down to the level of the floor of the space beneath the grate, it may also be provided with a base integral with the back and sides of the body portion and upon which the grate of the inset fire will rest. 2 o In order to increase the heating effect of the hood attachment the external surface of its body portion may be ribbed or corrugated If desired, a perforated screen may be provided around the front of the body portion to bridge the gap between it and surrounding portions of the fireplace recess. An example of a hood attachment constructed in accordance with the invention and installed in a fireplace recess upon an inset fire is shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:Fig 1 is a vertical cross-sectional side elevation of the hood attachment, inset fire and fireplace recess; and Fig 2 is a horizontal section on the line 2-2 of Fig 1. The inset fire, which is indicated generally at A, is of known type It has a grate 3 which is bounded by a back wall 4 integral 4 o with side walls bounding the sides of the grate The grate is bounded at its front by a lower removable wall 5 closing the front of the space beneath the grate, and an upper wall 6 extending above the grate to support a deep fuel bed on the grate The fuel supporting space upon the grate is bounded by a rear firebrick 7, a front firebrick 8 and two side firebricks 9, all of which rest upon the grate Beneath the grate is an ash pan 10 The lower front wall 5 is provided with an air inlet regulator 11 of known type for controlling the admission of combustion air to the underside of the grate 3. The hood attachment, which is indicated generally at B, consists of a hollow body portion, for example, of sheet metal, having a back 12, sides 13 and an open front 14. Its lower part 15 fits round the back and the greater part of the sides of the enclosing wall of the inset fire, and terminates somewhat above the level of the upper side of the grate The upper part 16 of the body portion converges upwardly and terminates in a restricted tubular flue outlet 17 The back and sides of the body portion are

displaced inwardly from the adjacent walls of the fireplace recess by means of an inwardly directed step 18, so as to provide a space 19 between the exterior of the hood attachment 70 and the opposing walls of the fireplace recess within which air from the room will circulate to become heated and re-enter the room from the upper part of the fireplace recess. Within the flue outlet 17 is mounted a 75 damper plate 20, which is rotatable through by means of a spindle 21 projecting forwardly through the fireplacp recess and terminating in a knob 22 for manipulation. The space within the throat 23 of the So) chimney of the fireplace recess which surrounds the exterior of the tubular flue outlet 17 must be sealed by a partition so that air is withdrawn firn the room only along with the combustion products up the restricted so flue outlet 17 Any suitable sealing partition may be used, but a convenient form of partition is shown by way of example in the drawings As shown in Fig 1, a flexible sheet of expanded metal or wire mesh 24 is 91) fitted within the throat of the chimney. This sheet has an opening larger than the external diameter of the flue outlet 17, and an open-ended metal tube 25 is secured in the opening The area of the sheet is some 95 what larger than the cross-sectional area of the throat, so that the sheet can be fitted tightly in the throat by bending its outer edges The space above the sheet and between the tube 25 and walls of the chimney 100 throat is then filled with fire clay or other heat-resistant cement The flue outlet is inserted through the tube 25 and the intervening space is sealed by means of an asbestos packing 26 to form an air-tight 105 joint This method of sealing permits of slight movement of the flue outlet 17 due to thermal expansion and contraction without impairing the seal.

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* GB785285 (A)

Description: GB785285 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to calculating and book keeping machines

Description of GB785285 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: MARTIN HEBEL 7859285 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 24, 1953. 1 l D No 7997/53. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), BI(BIA: C 3: C 813; D 2; E: F: H: M: T), B 2 (C: E 2 A 1; E 4: F; M: T), G 4 F. International Classification:-G Olq G 06 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Calculating and Book Keeping Machines We, ELDI-FEINMECHANIK G M B H, a German Company, of Hechendorf am Pilsensee, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to a calculating and book keeping machines. Calculating and book keeping machines have hitherto been constructed predominantly in mechanical form, but purely electrical solutions have already become known in addition to mixed electromechanical constructions In the method of calculation, either all digits are calculated simultaneously, in which case the numeral characterising members normally employ variable settings corresponding to the numerals 1 to 10 in order to reduce expense, or calculation is effected digit by digit with the same expenditure of time due to the fact that for each numeral an individual characterising member is provided for setting, calculating, and reproduction, and that actuation is then approximately ten times more rapid Depending upon the nature of the task, one process or the other offers advantages. In the form of the so-called automatic book keeping machines, it is customary to work parallel in all decimal places, whilst a transfer and indicating device after the manner of a typewriter books the calculation place by place Especially in the case of calculating and book keeping machines which are also intended to facilitate the entry of descriptive text, this latter method is suitable, and thus book keeping machines have been frequently produced by attaching to the

carriage of the typewriter totaliser mechanisms which are shifted place by place when the keys are tapped and thus permit simple calculating operations such as addition and subtraction By combining such totaliser mechanisms with storer mechanisms, automatic tabulation and printing has also already been made possible instead of reading lPrce 3 t 6 d l off the result, and this has been achieved in many cases by the installation of electrical transmission. The mechanical construction and the electrical construction each make very different demands and the electrical solution is used where the purely mechanical solution compels the adoption of large cumbersome constructions On the other hand, reliable working of the supplementary electrical transmissions can only be expected when they are so separated from the mechanical parts that soiling of the contacts does not occur and the other customary operating requirements for electrical circuits are ensured Above all, care must be taken to ensure that in the event of a cut in the current supply, stored results are not lost, and it is thus an obvious expedient to limit the electrical operations to the transmitting operations only, leaving the complete calculation, setting and reproduction to be effected by mechanical elements The result is a mechanical-electrical book keeping machine. Clean separation of the mechanical and electrical parts is best achieved if the movement and adjusting operations to be transferred are uniformly limited to a minimum both of moved mass and displacement and if, with the employment of a large number of members, the individual characterising members may be set in a normal or moved position by a displacement through about 2 mm The individual characterising members then make a so-called elementary displacement exactly as does a contact actuated by a relay, or the arm controlled by an electromagnet In this way, the alternate use of mechanical characterising is successful in storage and totaliser mechanisms, and also in setting and tabulating mechanisms, and the inclusion of electrical transmitting operations is successful by the fact that the mechanical totaliser displaced by the amount of an elementary displacement acts upon contacts and the relays and magnets controlled by them again displace by means of 785,285 their armatures the mechanical adjusting members by an elementary displacement Where desirable, this elementary displacement may also be angular which enables the advance of cam shafts and the like by step by step electromagnetic mechanisms. Thus, only a calculating and book keeping machine which operates basically by the elementary displacement of the characterising members permits the combination of mechanical and electrical transmission members where dimensional requirements make this appear desirable In

contrast to the many calculating and book keeping machines constructed in practice, in which the electrical parts have to be disposed between oiled gears and paper guides, and the like, exposed to dust accumulation, the mechanical-electrical calculating and book keeping machine built on the principle of elementary displacement permits a construction which is cheap, simple, and reliable both in mechanical and electrical operations. The present invention utilises the principle of the elementary displacement of components for representing a value, and in a manner which prevents the displacement of those components which are not required to be displaced in each particular combination. A calculating or book keeping machine according to this invention has a keyboard input and a printing output and includes coding and de-coding means, storage means and calculating means, in all of which included means characters may be represented as a combination of positions resulting from the movement of one or more members of a plurality of members between a normal position and a predetermined moved position, whereby values keyed in or arising from a calculation are transferable from means to means within the machine and to the printer by a transference of the corresponding combinations of positions of said members Said transfer of combinations of positions will usually be effected solely by mechanical displacement of the respective movable members, predominantly a linear displacement, but in some cases a mechanical displacement may be converted to electrical impulses which later are reconverted to mechanical displacement. Wherever the characters represented for example by a four element code are to be transferred, stored or submitted to a calculation, they are embodied in a group of rails, springs or similar movable members, which make the respective movements from the resting to the working position in a combination which, in the working position, represent the code concerned. In detail, the example of execution of the invention embraces the following basic parts, a predominantly mechanical operation being considered in order to simplify the specification:A keyboard mechanism, which produces the elementary displacements for figures and letters. Link transmission systems, which transmit the elementary displacements into the individ 7 C ual storage and calculating mechanisms and from them into the tabulating or printing mechanism. Calculating mechanisms for addition, subtraction and multiplication which adjust the 75 terms or the factors according to a system of selector rails and through feeler members which fall into or move through slots of the selector rails, register the result in the form of elementary displacement of the feeler members 80 An automatic

printing mechanism, which automatically writes down the figures and letters which have been set and transmitted to it from the calculating mechanism and the storers 85 A converter, working on the same principle, for tens transmission, and sign regulation for addition and subtraction. The invention is more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings, 90 taken by way of example, in which: Fig 1 is the key-board setting system and the printing mechanism in sectional side elevation. Fig 2 is a plan section on the line II-II 95 in Fig 1. Fig 3 is a vertical section on the line IIIIII in Fig 1. Fig 4 is an isometric view of the setting and receiving mechanism with control of l OC selector rails according to Fig 1. Fig 5 is an isometric detail according to Fig 1 of an electrical embodiment of Fig 4. Figs 6 and 7 are alternative electrical embodiments of Fig 4 105 Fig 8 is an isometric view of the selector springs and of stops for their control. Fig 9 is a section through the selector springs in relation to a shuttering. Fig 10 is a detail elevation of the key lock li C ing mechanism for the conveyor rail, Fig 11 is an isometric illustration of the operation according to Fig 10. Fig 12 is an elevation of a selector rail. Fig 13 is an elevation of the conveyor rail 115 Fig 14 is the swinging flap shown isometrically. Fig 15 is an isometric view of the relative disposition of the selector rails, selector springs, and conveyor rail 12 ( Fig 16 is a side elevation of the book keeping machine with the printing mechanism set up on an office desk and with the calculating banks fitted into a compartment below the desk in direct mechanical co-operation 12 Z Fig 17 is a front view of Fig 16 looking towards the keyboard. Fig 18 is a side elevation of the transmission between the selector rails and the calculating mechanism 13 C 785,285 Fig 19 is an isometric view of Fig 18. Figs 20 and 21 show the unlocking and locking respectively at the transmission point. Fig 22 is an embodiment of the keyboard of the typewriter and of the additional control keys of the calculating mechanism. Fig 23 is a front elevation of a storer bank. Fig 24 is a side elevation of Fig 23. Fig 25 shows an individual tooth in the storer, with associated parts in the inoperative or non-storing position. Fig 26 is a horizontal section through a storer bank illustrating the

control of the swinging plates. Fig 27 shows isometrically the tooth engagement between the swinging plates and the result links. Fig 28 is an illustration in side elevation, of the tooth engagement of the swinging plates with the result links. Fig 29 is a plan section through the storer of Fig 24 illustrating the swinging plates. Fig 30 is a plan section through the storer corresponding to Fig 29 with a decade plate inserted. Fig 31 shows diagrammatically the control of the decade plates by the decade storer shaft. Fig 32 is a plan section through the storer according to Fig 29 with coupling plates inserted. Fig 33 is a detail plan view of the cooperation between the teeth of the coupling plates, of the decade plates, of the swinging plates, and of the feeler rails. Fig 34 is a side elevation of the details shown in Fig 33. Fig 35 is a plan view of the position of the tooth of the swinging plate relative to the tooth of the decade plate in the unstored condition. Fig 36 is the stored condition of the parts shown in Fig 35. Fig 37 is a side elevation corresponding to Fig 25. Fig 38 is an isometric view of the interaction of the parts shown in Figs 33 and 34. Fig 39 is a side elevation of the storing position of the teeth of the decade plate, of the swinging plate, and of the coupling plate. Fig 40 is a front elevation corresponding to Fig 25 in the storing position. Fig 41 is a detail of Fig 38 in the stored position. Fig 42 is an isometric view of a device for coupling the driving cam shaft to select a particular storer. Fig 43 is an illustration of electromagnetic actuation of the feeler rails of the storers according to Fig 23. Fig 44 shows the drive of the decade storer shaft by a step-by-step magnet. Fig 45 is an elevation of one form of allocation of the teeth of a swinging plate to particular powers of ten. Fig 46 is a plan view of a coupling plate extending through a bank of three storers. Fig 47 is a plan depicting the representation of certain factors by the teeth of a decade plate. Fig 48 is a diagrammatic front elevation 70 of the totalizer including the converter. Fig 49 is an isometric sketch of the totalizer.

Fig 50 is an isometric sketch of the head part of the totalizer with control of the result 75 links by flaps swung by feeler rails. Fig 51 shows a detail of the converter. Fig 52 is an isometric sketch of the tens transmission device. Fig 53 is an isometric view of the com 80 plementary and negative storer extraction mechanism with adjustment of the corresponding rails. Fig 54 is an isometric view of the introduction of the complementary and negative 85 characteristic into the storer by the result links. Fig 55 is a front elevation of the product counter including the associated totalizer. Fig 56 is a side elevation of the product counter 90 Fig 57 is a diagram of a so-called calculating mechanism line, showing in the top half a column calculating mechanism and in the bottom half a line calculating mechanism (in Fig 57, the components shown in earlier 95 figures are indicated by the figure number in Roman script). Fig 58 shows the course of an elementary displacement in the various calculating and transmitting operations in the general arrange 100 ment shown in Fig 57. Fig 59 is a diagrammatic representation of operations in the upper part of Fig 57. Fig 60 is an isometric representation of the successive operations 105 Fig 61 is an isometric view of the devices according to Figs 58 and 60. Fig 62 is an illustration of an electrical coupling device for the driving shafts in side elevation, in front elevation, and individual 110 illustration of the teeth. Fig 63 is a side elevation of the tabulator control device at the transmission point shown in Figs 17 and 19. Fig 64 is a plan view of the result links 115 Fig 65 shows the end of a selector rail. Fig 66 shows the co-operation of a transmission lever with a transmission rail. Fig 67 shows an electrical intermediate device for transmission of an elementary dis 120 placement via contacts and electromagnets; and Fig 68 is an accounts sheet for book keeping. PRINTING MECHANISM 125 Firstly, in Fig 1 the actual book keeping machine corresponds to a commercial typewriter with electric actuation of the type levers. It consists of a typewriter frame 1 with a carriage 2 behind it mounting a platen, which 130 785,285 carriage, when the carriage return key is struck (Fig 16) is shifted by a motor 5 through the horizontal shaft 6, bevel wheel 3 and vertical shaft 4. When the calculating mechanism is operated independently of the

carriage shift by a motor shaft or by electrical drive, this direct gear drive is discarded and the synchronism bet ween the calculating mechanism and the carriage position is ensured by contacts which are actuated in dependence on the carriage position (cf Fig 16). Below the typewriter is a compartment 7, cm in height which contains the elements for the electrically operated printing and for adjusting the combination or selector rails. This compartment may be sunk into a desk, so that the keyboard remains accessible at a height usual for an ordinary typewriter. Figs 1 to 15 show further details of the printing mechanism and of the lower compartment The keys 8 are disposed in four rows, as in a conventional typewriter keyboard, and together with the space bar 9 are mounted at 10 and 11 with linkage in such a manner that, when a key is struck, a perpendicular downward movement to the extent of the usual key path is imparted to the link 14 by way of the angle levers 12 and 13 A striker 15, of which there is one for each key, having its lower end bent over at 16 and having a recess at 17, is moved by the link 14 through a gap 18 in the lower compartment and the recess 17 presses upon the cross-member 19 extending right across the entire width of the machine and belonging to a stirrup-member 20, which at 21 is pivotally mounted on both sides in the side wall of the lower compartment (Fig. 4) A spring 19 ' shown in Fig 4 restrains the stirrup 20 in the upper position as shown and, when a key is depressed, the bar 19 of the stirrup 20 is depressed against the spring 191 by about 4-5 mm, and, with the downwardly extending finger 22, actuates a tie rod 27 in the manner shown in Fig 7 to couple the actuating cam shaft 23 located behind the lower compartment (Fig 5) with the constantly revolving motor shaft 6 (Fig 16) for one revolution At the same time, the bent projecting portion 16 of the striker 15 engages the upper edge of a leaf spring 24 associated with each key (Fig 4) which leaf spring is one of a comb of forty-five springs of similar shape stamped out of a plate of spring sheet metal (Figs 4 and 8) The back of the comb is attached to the front wall of the lower compartment and each spring is twisted through 90 , so that its plane lies in the vertical The leaf springs are slightly tensioned and tend to move upwardly and to the right as seen in Fig 4 into engagement with the teeth of shuttering 24 b shown in Figs 8 and 9 A flap 26, pivoted at 26 a carries a further comb of spring teeth 24 a riveted thereto at 28, and co-operates with a rod 23 a (Figs 5, 7 and 14), which is actuated by a cam on the shaft 23 Fig 6 shows the control of the same elements by magnets M. By depression of one of the keys, the twisted spring 24 associated with it, herein 70 after termed the selector spring, is depressed until it is sunk at 29 into the top slots provided at this point in

selector rails 30-34 (Fig 15). The selector rails 30-34 (Figs 15 and 16) 75 extend perpendicularly to the upper selector springs 24 and to the lower testing springs 24 a, across the lower compartment and are mounted by a pin and slot 37 and 371 respectively (Fig 12) so as to be capable of displace o ment in their own respective planes Weak springs 300 (Fig 12) bias them towards their normal position When the testing spring 24 a has risen into a slot as indicated at 45 (Fig. 12, bottom), the stirrup 20 has caused the 85 camshaft 23 to perform one revolution and a first cam on this camshaft has displaced the stop pin 38 (Fig 7 and 13) so far to the right that the latter presses upon an angle lever 40 (Fig 7) pivoted for horizontal rotation at 39 90 and said lever 40 abuts a projection 41 of a conveying rail 36 and so displaces the rail 36 in its own plane by approximately 2-3 mm. At the same time, a claw 42 provided on the top of the conveying rail 36 (Figs 13 and 95 15) passes behind the window aperture 43 at one end of the spring 24, so that after displacement of the rail 36 the twisted spring 24 is held fixed in its depressed position, even after the key is released 100 The selector rails are arranged in a combination of their respective two positions which is individual and characteristic of the particular value required Twenty-five to thirtytwo different combinations can be formed with 105 five selector rails 30-34 If more than thirtytwo are required, a sixth selector rail is located next to the rail 34 If, for example, the two positions of the selector rails are denoted + and respectively and a combination is 110 + + + the rails 30, 32, and 34 are displaced to an operative or moved position, but 31 and 33 remain in the inoperative or normal position in order to characterise this combination These movements in the form of ele 115 mentary displacements of approximately 2 mm characterise the figures and signs which are evaluated in the entire book keeping machine For this purpose, the selector rails have teeth 44 (Figs 12 and 15) at the upper 120 edge which are distributed dependent upon the combinations Thus, in the example shown in Fig 15, the selector rails 30, 32 and 34 would present teeth 44 at the point where the depressed selector spring 24 crosses them but 125 the selector rails 31 and 33 would not Now, since the conveyor rail 36 under the action of the angle lever 40 grips the twisted spring 24 at the aperture 43 and displaces it by approximately 3 mm, the rails 30, 32 and 34 are 130 of the type levers 66. The machine is also capable of printing without the depression of keys by adjusting the selector rails 30 to 34 to a combination delivered from the calculating and storer 70 mechanisms The rail 35 (Fig 2) for the carriage lift may then be displaced laterally to operate the contact spring 72, which, parallel to 67, causes the magnet 68 to

become energised (Fig 1) 75 The co-operation of the printing mechanism with the book keeping and calculating mechanisms is effected by the elementary displacements of the selector rails while the camshafts or magnets have only to supply auxiliary 80 forces. Figs 16 and 17 show how the printing mechanism described above transmits the elementary displacements to the calculating and storer mechanisms and how such displacements 85 are returned from them into the printing mechanisms The selector rails 30-34 together with the carriage lift and conveyor rails 35 and 36 can be seen in the front elevation of Fig 17 and in Fig 16 their ends appear in a 90 side elevation of the machine. The book keeping and calculating mechanisms and the storers for the individual accounts are accommodated for example, below the typewriter table, as shown in Figs 16 and 95 17 and the storer and calculating mechanisms each form a calculating mechanism line which can occupy the whole depth of the table and these calculating mechanism lines (Fig 57) are basic units pieced together within a frame, said 100 units consisting of storer mechanisms as in Fig 23, calculating mechanisms as in Figs. 48 to 52 and converting members (Figs 53 and 54) which are all likewise actuated according to the principle of elementary displace 105 ment. REPRESENTATION OF NUMERALS. The representation of the numerals from 0-9 by two positions, i e the normal and moved positions, of the elementarily displace 110 able elements requires not ten elements but only four, and in the embodiment described hereinafter the following code is adopted as the basis for reasons of expediency. The ten different numerals are represented 115 by selections of the factors 1, 2, 3 and 5, and are so composed that to facilitate mental decoding, the sum of the selected factors corresponds to the required numeral Only with regard to the value zero is an exception 120 made when it is not to be recorded as a blank space but by the actual printing of zero. Thus the following factors are used for the individual numerals: 1 = 1 125 2 = 2 3 = 3 4 = 3 + 1 = 5 6 = 5 + 1 130 displaced to their moved positions, since the selector spring 24 abuts against the teeth 44. For the purpose of printing and calculating, the selector rail teeth 44 characterise the value or identity of the symbol struck, which may represent a numeral. Firstly, printing is effected, which proceeds by purely mechanical means By means of the rod 23 a, the revolving camshaft 23 swings the pivotal flap 26 clockwise (Fig 1) and all the testing springs 24 a are

now urged upwards as shown in chain-dotted lines in Fig 1 at 48 In addition to the upper teeth 44, the selector rails also have slots 45 at their lower edges which are arranged relatively in combinations (Fig 12), and of all the testing springs urged upwards only one can rise into a line of slots, the front end 52 of that one spring abutting against the projection 47 of the finger 53, which is mounted at 54 with a pin and slot and is provided individually for each type lever (Fig 1) A spring 55 holds each finger 53 in the lower rear position The upward force exerted by the testing spring at the projection 47 causes the finger 53 to swing about the pivot so that the step 57 engages the plate 58 of the pressure lever 59 which plate extends transversely across the entire machine Shortly afterwards, a striker pin 60 (Fig 1 bottom left) actuated by a further cam, pushes the pressure lever 59 pivoted at 61 anticlockwise so that with the plate 58 it strikes upwards against the cover of the compartment and the nose of the finger 53 strikes at 63 against the type lever system 64, which by means of the angle lever 65, causes the desired type lever 66 to print. At the moment at which the nose of the finger 53 is supported on the plate 58, the camshaft 23 releases the pivotal flap 26 through the rod 23 a, and the testing spring 24 a can again pass freely downwards, and further the stop 38 releases the conveyor rail whereby the selector rails return to the normal position under the action of the springs 300 If at the same time a key-locking action is desired, the conveyor rail 36 may be positioned as seen in Figs 10 and 11 whereby premature manipulation of the keys cannot occur, since the striker 15 would be blocked by its selector spring 24 abutting against the top of the claw 42 of the displaced conveyor rail 36. As in ordinary typewriters, one key 8 may type two characters one of which may be selected by raising the carriage by means of one of two shift keys 800, 802 (Fig 22) which is depressed simultaneously with a key 8 The shift keys 800, 802 are provided with a rod 602 which is arranged to close spring contacts 67 (,Fig 4) Closing of these contacts causes an electromagnet 68 (Fig 1) to be excited which, with its armature 69 swings a lever 70 upon an oppositely located lever 71 in the upper structure, and thus operates the carriage lift completely independently of the lifting 785,285 Is 6 785,285 7 = 5 + 2 8 = 5 + 3 9 = 5 + 3 + 1 Space key= 2 + 1 0 = No rail displaced. With two positions of each of four rails, 24 = 16 symbols may be represented For the ten digits, and for the striking of the space key for zero, ten such combinations are needed, and, for the zero printing, an eleventh combination The other five possible combinations serve for transmitting special symbols appropriate to book keeping. When, for example, the figure " 9 " is struck on the keyboard, the

teeth on the rails 30, 32 and 34 abut the particular twisted selector spring 24 depressed by the key " 9 " and these rails are displaced into the operative or moved position (Fig 15) by means of the conveyor rail 36 This displacement serves on the one hand to operate the type lever " 9 " when printing, and on the other hand for transmitting this value into the calculating mechanism line As shown in Fig 17 transmission is effected by a double-armed lever 81 associated with each rail and rotatably mounted at 82, which lever, with its lower end 83, transmits the movement of the corresponding selector rail 30-34 into the top part of the calculating mechanism line, where the positional combination, as described later, is received and evaluated at the desired point Fig 17 further shows transmission links 84 and 84 a, which are mounted on either side of and adjacent to the lower ends 83 of the levers 81 and are displaceable perpendicular thereto out of the plane of the drawing (Fig 17) Each link 84 has a notch (Figs 20, 21) in which the associated lever 83 is embedded when in the normal position A link 84 is only freed when the associated lever 83 is displaced to the moved position with respect to that link 84 Each link 84 a has a tooth 84 b which only frees the associated lever 83 when the link 84 a is in the moved position Thus, if the numeral " 9 " is struck and the lower ends 83 of the levers 81 of the rails 30, 32 and 34 have been moved to the right to the moved position, the links 84 corresponding to the factors 1, 3, 5 are freed for movement under spring pressure into the moved position and thus pass on the characteristic of the numeral concerned by elementary displacements to the calculating mechanism. As will appear hereinafter, the links 84 are utilised for the secondary purpose of transferring the results of arithmetic processes from a totaliser, for instance, into a storer When being so utilised the lever arms 83 must be freed from the notches in the links 84 without,however, shifting the selector rails 30-34 to their moved positions The way in which this is done is explained in the later section entitled " INPUT AND OUTPUT " with reference to Figs 65 and 66, and it remains, therefore, to emphasise that the description here given is intended merely to demonstrate the general principles of input and output. Conversely, for the output of a result to the printing mechanism, the result is passed from 70 a storer to the links 84 a, the normally positioned links 84 a preventing movement of the corresponding levers 83 by means of the teeth 84 b By way of springs 86, the camshaft 85 presses resiliently against the levers which, if 75 they are not blocked by the teeth on the links 84 a, are pressed to the right and, with the upper ends 81, pull the selector rails e g, 1, 3 and 5 for the numeral " 9," to the left into the moved position whereupon in the

manner 80 described the testing springs 24 a are raised to sense the rails and the one corresponding to the numeral " 9 " enters a line of slots and causes printing of the figure " 9 " Figs 64 to 66 show the further course of the result links 85 through the calculating machine. Fig 22 shows a proposal for the arrangement of the keys on the keyboard which permits the printing of figures and symbols, as far as possible without lifting the carriage 90 and deviates little from the standard typewriter keyboard If, however, it is necessary to lift the carriage, the rails 35 is also displaced and actuates the magnet 68 via a contact 72 (Fig 4), so that the raising of the 95 carriage is brought about simultaneously with the elementary displacement transmissions. As will be seen from Fig 67, the principle of the elementary displacement in dependence on rail contours also permits transition at any 100 time from a purely mechanical transmission to an electrical transmission and back to a mechanical transmission, in that the member S, displaced mechanically by the amount of the elementary displacement may actuate a contact 105 C and the latter may cause the energisation of a magnet M at some remote point, which by its armature transmits the elementary displacement again as a mechanical displacement of the member 52 As can be seen, this makes 110 the principle extraordinarily flexible, and also offers the opportunity of including subsidiary appliances, for instance for punching or feeling punch-holes, participating electrically in the transmission In cases where it is difficult to 115 accommodate camshafts in the space available electric transmission can be interposed without a time delay of more than 0 015 secs. occurring. In the present arrangement a separation is 120 effected within the calculating mechanism lines between the actual calculating mechanism according to Figs 48 to 52 and the pure storage mechanism according to Figs 23-41. STORER MECHANISM 125 The storage mechanism as shown in Fig 23 constitutes a part of the calculating mechanism line as indicated in Fig 57, and as many storers are provided as there are calculated entries in one booking line These individual 130 185,285 785,285 storers are built for as many digits and decimal places as may be required for the maximum total which may occur within the column concerned They also store the individual digits by factors in the power of ten to which they relate respectively. The storers preferably contain a cheap storer element for each power of ten which admits and retains the elementary displacement until it is cleared or extracted Storage and extraction from a storer pose two separate problems which are independent of each other and separate

elements are provided for these respective processes The construction may be substantially decreased by an arrangement in the manner of two dimensional co-ordinates with the code factors in one co-ordinate direction and the powers of ten (denominations) in the other, the co-ordinate axes being perpendicular one to the other Furthermore, it proves advantageous, even if not fundamental for the invention, to construct the storer members, which are moved by the amount of the elementary displacement, as resilient spring members which experience a displacing movement common to all the powers of ten (denominations), the stored parts being held deflected by the amount of the movement. According to the code factor chosen as an example 1, 2, 3, 5, the storer bank firstly contains a so-called swinging plate 90 for each of these factors (Fig 24), which is rotatable about the two mounting points 91 and 92 and is held by a return spring in the normal position, which coincides with the plane of the drawing These swinging plates are stamped out iof bronze sheeting or German silver sheeting as a comb and are secured to the shaft in such a manner that a rotation of the shaft about 91, 92 rotates the tooth-like projections of this plate with it For each power of ten (denomination) a tooth of this type is provided, commencing from the lowest power, tooth C, which corresponds for example to hundredths of a unit; tooth D corresponding to tenths of a unit; tooth E for the units; Z for the tens, H for the hundreds, T for the thousands, ZT for the ten thousands, HT for the hundred thousands, and M for the millions There is, in addition, a place which, as will be explained later, has to fix the sign of the stored amount or indicate storage in complementary form, and the corresponding teeth are marked K. As will be seen from Figs 23 and 26, four of these swinging plates representing the factors, 1, 2, 3, 5 are located side by side, in practice at a distance of about 7 mm from each other. When the transmission links 84, which can be seen at the top of Fig 24 are displaced for the purpose of storing the numeral " 9 " in the combination 1 + 3 + 5, the teeth on the links take the swinging plates 90 with them through a small angle of rotation by way of the levers 93, and thus all the teeth from C to K of the three appropriate swinging plates would be swung correspondingly (Figs 26 and 27) In order to control this operation in powers of ten, movement of the teeth 90 is impeded by so-called decade storer plates 94, 70 which can be raised about pivots 195 by lever arms 122, extending behind the storer, by means of a camshaft 120, which bears on these lever arms Each decade storer plate is also constructed in the manner of a comb, 75 and has as many prongs as the storer has factor elements, i e, for the factors 1, 2, 3 and 5, four prongs The isometric views in Figs 38 and 41 show this inter-engagement The end of each prong of the plate

94, which is bent 80 round (downwards) at the front is in the path of a tooth of the swinging plate 90, and, as long as this decade storer plate, one of which is provided for each power of ten, is not raised upwards, the tooth of the swinging plate can 85 not participate in the swinging movement, but is flexed and remains in its position The decade storer plates thus offer the possibility of controlling the storer operation in powers of ten Assuming that the numeral " 9 " is to 90 be stored in, the last digit place (C), then firstly pressure is exerted upon the lever arm 122 of the hundredths teeth C by a camshaft shown in Fig 24 by means of the cam 121, and the bent round front ends of the 95 prongs of the storer plate 94 are thus brought out of the path of the teeth of the hundredths swinging plates Thus, if a swinging movement of the factor elements 51, 53, 55 is passed on to the shaft 91, 92 via the trans 100 mission links 84 and the levers 93, the swinging plate teeth for the factors 1, 3 and 5 can participate in this swinging movement only in the topmost row, rotating under the elevated bent prongs of the decade storer plate 94, 105 and then the camshaft 120 is further rotated to lower the decade storer plate 94 at C (Fig 31 and 36) and, in the next stage that at D is raised the cam elements 121 being arranged stepwisely around the shaft 120 110 On the return of the transmission links 84, to their normal position, the swinging plates 90 for the factors 51, 53, 55 returne also to their normal position, but the ends of their teeth 90 which partook of the swinging movement 115 remain fixed in their deflected position (Fig. 36) at C by the downwardly bent end of the prong 94 of the decade storer plate The numeral " 9 " is thus stored in the lowest power of ten (denomination) C The front ends 120 of the storer plates 94 fix the elementary displacement of the swinging plates 90 as a deflection and they are, as a further feature of a special embodiment of the invention, part of a resilient storer member which, inde 125 pendently thereof, can also become operative in other powers of ten If, for example, the numeral " 4 " is to be stored at D, the swinging plates Si and 53 are now swung and the teeth D are then fixed by the decade storer 1 Q 785,285 plate The storing thus consists in the cooperation at any time, according to coordinates, of one member characterising the power of ten, and of one or more elements for characterising the factors which act with a common drive across all the powers of ten i e, the swinging plates 90 Ten transmission links and ten swinging plates could naturally be employed on an uncoded decimal system without prejudice to the invention and to the principle of elementary displacement, and in the course of the transmissions it is at any time possible to change from the coded into the direct decimal form and vice versa, where this appears expedient. The foregoing operations serve exclusively for storing The extraction

operation to be described now is also effected on co-ordinate axes of the factor characterising members and the members characterising powers of ten. In front of each swinging plate 51-55 is located a toothed feeler rail 95 (Fig 24), i e, in the example, four of them, and when these rails are displaced upwards elementarily the extraction from the elements concerned is thereby again characterised. For this purpose, the toothed feeler rails 95 are placed upon supporting springs 96, which are mounted at the rear of the storer housing and which are pressed against the feeler rails by a revolving selector camshaft 97 when extraction is to be made Fig 43 shows that this pressure on the feeler rails may alternatively be effected by means of a lifting magnet in the case of a more electrical solution. On the other hand, the movement of the feeler rails is to be prevented, firstly in dependence on the powers of ten and secondly in dependence on the storer condition of the factor elements Here also there is thus a need for a selector which is provided in this case by the coupling plates 98 (Figs 24 and 32) for each power of ten These coupling plates 98 are also stamped out of a sheet of spring metal in the manner of a comb and have one tooth 99 per factor element (Fig 38) This tooth 99 is normally located on the one hand adjacent but not over the tooth 100 of the feeler rail and on the other hand near the end of a prong, which stands on edge thereover, of the swinging plate 90 A coupling camshaft 708 shown in Fig 32, which is located at the side near the storer, displaces, at each digit place, a coupling plate elementarily in the drawing plane and now, at the digit place concerned, the front ends of the teeth 99 come to lie on the one hand over the teeth 100 of the feeler rails 95 and on the other hand under the lower edge of the teeth of the swinging plate, should the latter not be in the deflected storing position (Fig 38). If, on the other hand, the teeth 90 are deflected, the coupling teeth 99 can be flexed upwards by the rising feeler rail, past the lower edge of the tooth 90 and permit the movement of the feeler rail to deliver the stored factor (Fig 34) Thus, if the numeral " 9 " is stored at C, and if four feeler rails are urged upwardly by four supporting 70 springs 96 via the camshaft 97, the feeler rail of the factor 2 remains checked by the fact that the tooth of 52 at C is not in the storing position, whilst the feeler rails of the factors 1, 3 and 5 can move upwards (Figs 24, 34, 38 75 and 41) This elementary displacement upwards is received by further transmission links viz, of the group 101 of Fig 24, and passed on to the calculating mechanism. The feeler rails 95 carry teeth 102 on the 80 side opposite to that having the teeth 100 (Figs. 24 and 43) which teeth 102 block or permit lateral movement of the

transmission links 101. These links 101 are intended to pass on the numerals into the totalizer, or to a multiplier 85 or for reproduction in the printing mechanism. The extraction from the storer thus again involves a digit place selector in that according to Fig 32 a coupling plate 98 is inserted laterally into the power of ten (denomination) 90 to be extracted at any time, followed by raising of the feeler rails 95 via the supporting springs 96 and the camshaft 97 and finally the passing on of the elementary displacement by the transmission links 101 When the latter 95 have passed on the numeral, the supporting springs 96 release the feeler rails 95 again, so that they pass downwards and the digit place coupling shaft 708 completes a step, pushes in the coupling plates of the next 100 higher power of ten, and causes a renewed revolution of the extractor shaft 97 and thus extraction of the digit in the next denomination According to Fig 44 in a more electrical solution both the digit place coupling shaft 105 and the extractor shaft are rotated in steps by a step-by-step drive. These storer mechanisms thus consist, in contrast to the setting mechanisms already mentioned, of simple stamped members which 110 operate together at any time on co-ordinate axes and move only by an elementary displacement linearly or angularly Since no direct transmission of force takes place during transfer of the stored figures, but only the unlock 115 ing of perpendicularly disposed combinations, fine manufacturing tolerances are unnecessary. The lower position of the feeler rail 95 is determined by a stop 103 and the upper position by a stop 104 (Fig 24) When blocked 120 by the tooth of a coupling plate the feeler rail is able to travel for only a few tenths of a millimetre into engagement with such blocking tooth which in turn can travel only as far as the lower edge of the tooth of the swinging 125 plate 90 allows. This travel of 0 5 to 0 6 mm must be taken into account in the arrangement of the teeth 102 opposite teeth of the transmission links 101 130 position to the moved position It should be understood that freeing of the transmission links in the second operative position of the feeler rails 95 applies only in the very simplified case where, in particular, tens trans 70 mission and complementary transposition are omitted It will become evident hereinafter that the functions of certain transmission links necessitate that they be in fact blocked by the feeler rails when these are in the second opera 75 tive position. It will be seen from Fig 57 that the calculating mechanisms are also arranged in banks with the storers These mechanisms may serve as totalizers for addition and subtraction Since 80 subtraction is effected in known manner by addition of the complements to 9, only a

single totalizer is required for this purpose Furthermore, a multiplier can be employed which is constructed according to the same principle 85 TOTALIZER MECHANISM. A totalizer is shown in Figs 48 to 52 Figs. 49 to 52 showing isometrically the interaction of the parts However, from Fig 24 it is possible to recognize parts of the totalizer, in 90 that feeler bars 110 and the transmission links 101 represent in their further course the most essential elements of the totalizer. The elementary displacement is also evaluated in the totalizer and the two terms are 95 indicated in coded form by the factors 1, 2, 3, 5 The result is again reproduced in the form of elementary displacements of the feeler members and can then, via a bell crank lever transmission including swinging flaps 207 100 210 (Fig 49) be delivered to the transmission links 84 extending into the top part of the calculating mechanism line, which are pushed aside by springs when they are not blocked by teeth, and then either become stored again or 105 printed unless both operations are proceeding simultaneously Since, however, in the calculating mechanisms, to simplify the tens transmission, calculation is initiated at the lowest digit place and continues to the highest place, 110 whereas the printing mechanism conversely, commences at the highest place and finishes at the lowest place, the result of the totalizing is first taken in the calculated sequence into a printing storer 603 (Fig 57 right), and is then 115 printed down in opposite sequence of digit places This is also necessary because the totalizing may take place in one calculating column whilst the printed result may be inserted in a later balance column 120 The basic principle of the totalizing is similar to the setting of a combination of the selector rails Adding is done by digit places commencing with the lowest place, and a certain value, the so-called fundamental 125 already present in a storer, is to be increased by the second value introduced from the keyboard, the so-called key-operated value. Both the fundamental and key-operated values are characterised by the four code 130 According to Fig 57, these storer mechanisms are arranged in banks side by side in the manner of a box of bricks corresponding to the requirements of the booking line and it is often possible to allow the shafts controlling the mechanisms, and the transmission links, and the coupling plates for selection of the digit place, to run through all the storers. This simplifies the drive and gives flexibility of construction. A plurality of storers raises the problem of making that one become operative which corresponds to the desired column In order, for example, to determine to which storer the positional combinations delivered by the links 84 are to be transmitted, a camshaft controlled

in dependence on the columns is provided which ensures that the teeth of the links 84 influence the levers 93 of the particular storer desired Only those swinging plates 90 of which the levers 93 (Fig 28) can be brought into engagement with the links 84 take up the figure values to be stored As shown in Fig. 28, a cam on the storer shaft 120 can bring the levers 93 into engagement with the transmission links 84. The four cams 97 serving in each storer to push the springs 96 against the feeler rails are fixed on a sleeve rotatable on the shaft 97 which runs through all the storer banks The four cams of one storer are set in motion by the engagement of a clutch consisting of an element 97 a on the shaft and an element 97 c on the sleeve, engagement being controlled, for example, electro-magnetically as illustrated in Fig 42, while the sets of cams in the other storers remain disconnected from the drive and thus stand still (Fig 57). The selection of the electromagnet coupling concerned is effected in dependence on the position of the carriage (Fig 42) A storer is "selected" when the four cams in that storer are rotated by the shaft 97 to flex the springs 96 upwards and thereby raise the feeler rails 95 to a first operative position. In Fig 24 two parallel broken lines appear immediately above the free extremity of the spring 96 and the lower of these two broken lines represents the position taken by the bottom edge of a feeler rail 95 when in the first operative position In such first operative position the feeler rails 95 block movement of the transmission links 101 by the teeth 102 However, the teeth 102 of those of the feeler rails 95 which are permitted to rise further under the action of the springs to a second operative position (the upper of the two broken lines representing the bottom edge of the feeler rails when in such position) by a deflected condition of the storer teeth 90 in the digit place being extracted allowing associated teeth of the coupling plate 98 to be flexed upwards, no longer obstruct the transmission links 101 which are then free to move under spring action from the normal 785,285 factors 1, 2, 3, 5, and there are thus required category, F 1 to F 10 It has been deduced in the totalizer eight factor rails which run that, in all, 24 feeler rails suffice, distributed horizontally through the totalizer designated in in each category as follows: Figs 48 and 49 as follows: Fundamental factor 1 Key operated factor 1 Fundamental factor 2 Key operated factor 2 Fundamental factor 3 Key operated factor 3 Fundamental factor 5 Key operated factor 5 51 T 1 52 T 2 53 T 3 T 5 These factor rails provided with teeth or slots are crossed perpendicularly by toothed feeler rails (F 1, F 2, F,, F,, F,, in Figs 48 and 49) which characterise the result. Thus there are obviously:

Feeler rails for factor 1 Feeler rails for factor 2 Feeler rails for factor 3 Feeler rails for factor 5 F 1 F 2 F 3 F 5 Further, feeler rails for a possible tens digit in the total are present. Since a particular factor may occur in more than one result, e g the factor 1 is present in resulting totals 1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 16, and furthermore since the result may be the outcome of various combinations of factors representing the terms to be added, it is evident that a plurality of feeler rails is required for each F 1 F 2 F 3 F 5 F 10 4 rails 3 rails 4 rails 9 rails 4 rails Not all of the rails in the categories F 1 to F 10 are shown in the drawings, some having been omitted for the sake of clarity. In determining the above distribution, it is convenient to consider graphically all the possible cases of addition, 0 + 0 to 9 + 9, arranged in the manner of a chess board having x 10 squares, each square containing one of the cases split up into the component factors. If identical fundamental and key operated terms of addition are assumed to be interchangeable then approximately one half of the total number of cases is redundant To achieve this simplification, a so-called converter to be described hereinafter is employed which transmits the different component factors of the terms of addition to the fundamental term rails and only such factors as occur a second time to the key operated term rails. To illustrate the method of deducing the number of feeler rails required to meet all cases of addition, all the combinations of factors which give a resulting total involving a feeler rail F 1 are listed below: SO 785,285 785,285 Terms of addition 0 + 1 0 + 4 0 + 6 0 + 9 1 + 3 1 + 5 1 + 8 2 + 2 2 + 4 2 + 7 2 + 9 3 + 3 3 + 6 3 + 8 4 + 5 4 + 7 6 9 6 + 8 7 + 7 7 + 9 8 + 8 Factors 123 225 1235 335 1235 1355 1355 2255 F 1 F,' F 11 ' F,""' x x x x x x x x x x x x X x 1 x x x x X x 12355 3355 The above table shows by an "x" which feeler rail of those denoted F, to Fj"' will give a factor 1 in the result for each combination of terms of addition which require the factor 1 in the total It will be apparent that to the case O + 1 the addition of the factor 3 and/or the factor 5 does not alter the fact that a factor 1 is required in the result Thus there is provided a feeler rail, denoted F,, which is displaceable to give a result only when the fundamental factor 1 term rail is displaced, independently of the positions of the fundamental factor 3 term rail and both the factor 5 term rails Since the result 3 of the addition of 2 to 1 does not require a factor 1, it is essential therefore that the aforementioned x x rail F, is displaceable only when the factor 2 term rails are in the normal position i e the factor cannot be a term of addition for this particular feeler rail However,

the factor 2 added to the combination of the factors 1 and 3 and/or 5 necessitates a factor 1 in the result, which therefore entails the provision of another feeler rail, denoted F,' Similar inspection proves that further feeler rails, F,1 and Fll" are required for the factor additions 2 + 2 and 3 + 3 respectively to which, in both cases, the addition of either one or two 5 factors is immaterial or in other words, displacement of the feeler rails F,1 and F," 1 will not be prevented by the factor 5 term rails in either of their two positions. The following table shows, for all the categories of feeler rails, the selection of term rails 51 to 55 and T 1 to T 5 which must be displaced to a moved position, denoted I, in order to permit displacement of the individual feeler rails O denotes the normal position while a hyphen denotes no effect on the capability of movement of the feeler rail in either position of the term rail. 51 52 53 55 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 5 1 I I I O O O O F 10 2 O I I O O I O 3 I O I I I O O 4 I I I O O O O F 1 6 I I I O O O 7 0 I O O I O 8 0 0 I O O I 9 I O O I O O F 2 10 0 I O O O O 11 I O I O O I 12 I I O O O O F 3 13 0 I O O I O 14 O I O O O I O I I O I 16 I O I O I O O O 17 I I O O O O O 18 O I O O I O 19 O I I O O O O F 5 20 0 I O I O O O 21 I I I O O O I 22 O I I O O I I 23 I O I I I O I 24 I O I O O O 785,285 described wherein tens transmission or complementary transformation could not be carried out and in this simplified arrangement it was assumed that the transmission links 101 extend through two storers containing the terms to be added In the preferred embodiment of the book-keeping machine, which is to be described in detail hereafter, several storers are provided through which the transmission links extend. Fig 61 shows that the totalizer term rails are urged by springs 220 to the right and, since springs 702 (Fig 60) urge the transmission links 101 to the left, the respective term rail moves with each of the transmission links 101 abutting against the cross-piece thereof as if the two parts were a single unit It will be appreciated that the shifting to an operative position of any one of the transmission links abutting against one of the crosspieces 130 will act to shift the term rail associated with that cross-piece even though the other transmission links which abut against that cross-piece are blocked by the feeler rails or, for instance, by the tens transmission rail D Zv to be referred to hereinafter. By the above described arrangement tens transmission and complementary transposition are carried out. For all possible additions beginning from 0 + 0 to 9 + 9 the terms are expressed as sums of the fadtors 1, 2, 3 and 5 For the purpose of addition and for the result of the addition it is immaterial from which storer the factor was derived For instance the same result is

obtained if the factor 1 was already stored in the storer S and the factor 2 was stored in the storer T or whether the factor 2 was in the storer S and the factor 1 was in the storer T. In Fig 48, although the number of feeler rails is reduced for the sake of simplicity, it is to be understood that they represent the total number as described above. To determine the capability of movement of the feeler rails at the crossing points of the feeler rails with the term rails, the term rails can be given teeth or slots, or the corresponding teeth can be partly provided on the feeler rails and omitted on the term rails On the term rails, blocking teeth may be presented in their normal position corresponding to 0 above, and indentations in the moved position corresponding to I, but there are also cases, indicated in the above table by a hyphen, in which a term rail is slotted both in the moved position and in the normal position, in order that a co-operating feeler rail is displaceable irrespective of whether a second factor participates or not. It is obvious that there can be no interference on either the term rail or the feeler rail if movement is to be possible at the crossing point Thus, instead of providing a broad slot, indicated by a hyphen, on the term rail and a tooth on the feeler rail, the tooth of the feeler rail can be omitted at the crossing point and the term rail without a slot can then pass this point. Like the feeler rails 95 of the storers, the feeler rails 110 are supported on springs 296 (Fig 24, Figs 49 and 56) bearing on cams of a camshaft 297 (Figs 49 and 57) which revolves once for each totalizing operation in one place of digits, to urge all the feeler railsupwards which then test for the free passages through the fundamental and key operated rails of which some will be in the normal position and some in the moved position If, for example, the total, fundamental 4 + key operated 5 = result 9 is to be formed, then firstly term rails corresponding to the factors 1, 3 and 5 are displaced into the moved position, and the remaining rails remain in the normal position The indentations of the term rails present free passages for the feeler rails Fl, F 3 and F 5 to rise, in order to indicate the result 9 by releasing the appropriate links 84 (Fig 24) for the storing of the result. THE CONVERTER. A converter TR is required as seen in Fig. 61 and partly in Fig 52 for carrying out tens transmission and for calculating complementary and negative values as well as for simplifying calculation. Each term rail in the totalizer is provided at one end with a cross-piece 130 against which a plurality of transmission links 101

abut The other ends of the transmission links 101 abut against springs 702 (Fig 60) which are actuated by a cam shaft 720 and cams 701 which rotate each time the factors stored at one digit place are to be transferred into the totalizer. A simplified arrangement has already been Similarly it is immaterial whether the factor 1 for instance is represented in the totalizer by the term rail 51 or by the term rail T 1. Accordingly it is arranged that the factors 1, 2, 3 and 5 are represented by the fundamental 110 term rails S regardless of whether a factor was stored originally in the fundamental storer or the key-operated storer Only if the same factor occurs twice in one calculating operation need it be expressed by the key-operated term rails 115 T. For instance for the addition of 2 + 1 only fundamental term rails are required One transmission link 101 denoted S 2 abutting against the cross-piece 130 of the term rail 52 trans 120 fers the factor 2 from the fundamental storer into the totalizer Andther transmission link tl abutting against the cross-piece of the term rail 51 transfers the factor 1 from the keyoperated storer into the totalizer It is clear 125 that there is also a transmission link sl provided for the transfer of the factor 1 from the fundamental storer if this should be necessary. If therefore the addition 1 + 4 is to be 130 785,285 carried out which when coded in terms of the factors is expressed 1 + 1 + 3 one transmission link sl abutting against the cross-piece of the term rail 51 and one transmission link sti abutting against the cross-piece of the term rail T 1 are required in addition to the transmission link t 3 abutting against the crosspiece of the term rail 53 Of course, if the term rail 53 were already shifted to represent the factor 3 transferred from the fundamental storer, a transmission link st 3 would be needed for shifting the term rail T 3. In order to prevent the same factor being transferred into the totalizer twice, the transmission links -101 corresponding to like factors co-operate with the feeler rails 95 in both the key-operated and fundamental storers in such a manner that only one of the said transmission links can be shifted Fig 48 shows that five transmission links abut against the cross-piece of each of the fundamental term rails S; only three transmission links are shown in this Figure and Fig 61 to abut against the crosspiece of each of the key-operated term rails T but actually there are four as shown in Fig 51 Referring only to the factor 1, the functions of the transmission links sl and tl co-operating with the fundamental term rail 51 and the function of the transmission link sti co-operating with the key-operated term rail Ti have thus been explained Further transmission links 101 are necessary

for tens transmission as will be described hereinafter. TENS TRANSMISSION. If the result of an addition is greater than 9 the term rails permit one of the feeler rails F 10 to be raised in order to effect a carryover of one into the addition at the next higher digit place Assuming that at one digit place a result greater than 9 has been obtained and that a feeler rail F 10 has been raised, at the next digit place a factor included in one of the terms of addition must be transferred increased by one. Referring now to Figs 48 and 50 one of the feeler rails F 10 is raised, due to the fact that the result exceeds 9, to engage a flap 211 The flap 211 is fixed on a shaft to the other end of which a leaf spring 213 is secured This leaf spring projects into a slot in a tens transmission rail D Zv which is provided with teeth co-operating with slots in the transmission links 101. When the flap 211 is pivoted by a rising feeler rail F 10 the leaf spring 213 raises the tens transmission rail D Zv The raised tens transmission rail remains in its lifted position until the terms for addition in the next higher place of digits have been transferred from the storers to the totalizer and for this purpose a locking bar 107 is provided which is shifted by a spring 108 into an operative position in which a projection on the rail engages in a slot in the tens transmission rail. In the event of a tens transmission taking place the transfer; instead of 0 1 2 3 4 = 3 + 1 6 = 5 + 1 7 = 5 + 2 8 = 5 + 3 9 = 5 + 3 + 1 transmission links 101 have to in order to obtain the factor the numeral: 1 1 2 2 3 3 + 1 + 1 2 + 3 + 3 1 + 3 + 2 3 6 7 8 9 In the case listed at the last line in the above 80 table the combination 5, 3, 2, which never occurs otherwise, causes the shifting of a feeler rail F 10 so that in the next addition process a further tens transmission takes place. In Fig 48 five transmission links 101 abut 85 against the cross-piece 130 of the fundamental term rail 51 The first transmission link sl is used for transferring a factor 1 which is stored in the fundamental storer The second transmission link ti is used for transferring a factor 90 1 which is stored in the key-operated storer and which is to be transferred from this storer to the fundamental term rails in order to simplify calculation A third transmission link szl corresponding to sl is provided for trans 95 ferring a factor increased by one in the event that the preceding addition has resulted in a sum greater than 9, the transmission link szl being unlocked by raising of the tens transmission rail D Zv 100 Since the increase by one on a tens transmission can always be carried out on the amount in the

fundamental storer there is no necessity to provide a transmission link tzl corresponding to the existing transmission link 105 tl However a further transmission link stzl co-operating with the key-operated term rail Ti is provided to add the carry-over one in the event that the fundamental term rail 51 has already been shifted by one of the trans 110 mission links co-operating therewith The carry-over one is then taken up by the term rail T 1. In order to simplify the totaliser and to reduce the number of feeler rails 110, 115 identical summands are supplied to the combiner, first by means of the action of auxiliary rails 101 on the term rails 51-55, that is to say, the term rails 51 of the cipher element which are displaced both by the auxiliary term 120 rail s, and also by t,, the latter out of the key operated storer. In order to take into consideration those cases where the identical cipher element occurs, both in the storer and also from the keys, that 125 is occurs twice in a similar manner, beside the rails S 1, t,, etc continuous rails of equal significance st, to st, are also provided (Fig. 55), which operate accordingly on the term 785,285 requires a transport of the fugitive " 1 " from the highest to the lowest denomination. rails T, to T, of the element At the same time the teeth and notches are provided so that, for example, the auxiliary term rails st 1 can be displaced only if the cipher element 1 is sensed S both on the feeler rack 95 of the position storer and also on the control storer If the element were contained only in the control storer but not in the position storer, the rail t, would therefore displace the term rail 51 and in its turn simultaneously release the auxiliary term rail stl If the latter, however, were checked in their crossing with the position storer by the unraised feeler rod 95 (Fig 5 b), the term would be transferred to the term rail S 1 only. STORING OF COMPLEMENTARY AND NEGATIVE VALUES. The converter TR is also used for complementary transposition by which a subtraction is carried out In the event that positive and negative values are to be booked by the bookkeeping machine in the credit and debit columns, a subtraction is carried out by adding the complements to nine. The following table shows the six cases of addition and subtraction which may occur in accounting using the numbers 36 and 25 by way of example: 1 New input Fundamental or stored term Result + 36 calculated -25 compl. + 11 36 974 In this case, the first term is positive and contains a bigger number than the negative term, therefore the result remains

positive. The subtraction is effected by complementary addition and gives a sum in which a transfer of the fugitive " 1 " is needed between the highest and lowest denominations It is already known to bring this " 1 " back to the lowest denomination and to add it in there. 2 New input + 25 25 Fundamental or -36 compl 963 stored term Result -11 compl 988 In this case, the first term is positive, but is a smaller number than the second negative term The result becomes negative and appears as a complementary result When this result is written down, it must be transposed into the complementary positive value. 3 New input -25 compl 974 Fundamental or + 36 36 stored term Result + 11 > 1010 In this case, the first term is negative and is smaller than the second term which is positive The result therefore becomes positive but 4 New input -36 compl 963 Fundamental or + 25 25 stored term Result -11 compl 988 In this case, the first term is negative and is bigger than the second term which is positive The result therefore becomes negative. It appears again in complementary form and must be transposed before being written down. New input Fundamental or stored term Result -25 compl. 36 compl. 974 963 -61 compl > 1937 : 1 In this case, the first and second terms are both negative The result consequently becomes negative also This case also is characterised by a transfer of the fugitive " 1 " from the highest to the lowest denomination. 6 New input + 25 25 Fundamental or + 36 36 stored term Result + 61 61 This is the normal case of addition and contains two positive terms giving a positive result. In the above table, numbers are expressed as positive, negative and complementary in a known manner. The transposition of a value into the com 90 plementary form is only an auxiliary procedure in the course of a calculation Intermediate results appearing in a complementary form may be stored in this complementary form because, in the event of a further calculation 95 using these complementary stored values, these stored results can be read out in the complementary form and be submitted to the next calculation step A re-transposition is therefore avoided But, if the same stored value, stored 100 as a complement, must be written down on a sheet for book-keeping, the stored value must be transposed into the normal value and must be written together with the negative sign Or, instead of the last step, the figures can be 105 typed in a column which contains only negative values. In automatic reading out from the storing device therefore, before the

first figure is read the transferring means must read out a 110 criterion, whether the value is positive or negative, complementary or normal When a cc.mplement is stored, the said criterion must effect an impulse transporting the carriage into the position for printing in the column for 115 negative values The following description will imake clear that the storage device contains a 785,285 > 1 decade K, with elements exactly like the other decades and, in this decade the criterion indicating whether the stored value is positive, negative or complementary is indicated as a respective stored value, for example " 2 " indicates a complement Negative results can be stored also with the negative sign and normal figures, for example " 11 " When, in the mentioned column for only negative values those values are collected and at the end of the page their sum is to 5 e taken, this can be done by normal addition despite the fact that the values are exclusively negative. For indicating whether stored numbers are is positive, negative or complementary, swinging plates 90 in the stores are each provided with a so-called K decade which will be described with reference to Figs 23 and 24 During extraction K decades are actuated by the corresponding cam 121 on shaft 120 before the other cams 121 have actuated the storer teeth C to M, but during storing the reverse is the case The K decade stores for instance the factor 2 if a complementary value is to be stored and two factors, for instance 2 and 5, are stored if the stored value is to be negative Other factors than 2 and 5 may be selected for these classifying purposes The storing of the factors 2 or 2 and 5, as the case may be, is effected by the transmission links 84 which indicate by their relative position whether the transferred term is positive, negative or complementary when the K decades are actuated by a shaft 120. For indicating in the K decade that a stored value is negative or complementary rails 407, 408 (Fig 54) are provided which may be located in the converter The rails 407 and 408 are both raised by a magnet (not shown) or by leaf springs 405 if a minus key 804 is struck on the keyboard or if the carriage of the typewriter arrives at a column in which negative accounts are to be listed In the latter case, a contact is provided on the carriage for each such column, in a manner similar to that shown in Fig 42 or on the carriage control drum 6 a (Fig 16) for closing an electric circuit by which the said magnet (not shown) is energised. The energised magnet closes a clutch connecting a cam shaft co-operating with the leaf springs 405 or directly raises both rails 407 and 408 if a negative value is to be stored. The rails 407 and 408 allow of a shifting of the links 84 (r 2) and 84 (r 5) only when in their raised position In the lowered position they

block the links 84 in the K decade. If it is required that the value is stored only as a negative, for instance in the debit column, the respective column contact on the carriage energises magnets to raise the rails 407 and 408 The rails 407, 408 are provided with teeth which normally engage corresponding teeth on the transmission links 84 which represent the factors 2 and 5 these being designated in Fig 54 as r 2 and r 5 The rails 84, r 2 and r S, similarly to the selector members 95 (Fig. 24), are able to take up three positions, an inoperative lower position, a central active position, in which the rails 84 are locked, and a higher working position in which the rails 70 are released when negative or complementary values have to be transported Whenever the rails 84, r 2 and r S have the task of transporting a series of ciphers with preceding indication of the sign and the complementary 75 form of storage, an initial lifting position is given beforehand to the rails 407 and 408 by means of the springs 405 which position is retained during the transport of the K-decade and is then changed On the other hand, a 80 further lift is then transmitted or is not transmitted to the rails 407 and 408, dependent on the sign in the decade K In the latter case, when no further lift of the rails 407, 408 is called for they remain in the intermediate 85 position. For storing at the K decade, the springs 405 are urged upwardly to raise the rails 407, 408 thereby to release the transmission links 84, r 2, r 5 In order to store the factor 2 in the K 90 decade of a storer whereby to indicate a complementary value, or the factors 2 and 5 to indicate negative values, the transmission link r 2 or the links r 2 and r S, as the case may be, must be shifted by the respective springs 702 95 to turn the corresponding levers 93 The rails 407 and 408, however, when in their intermediate or higher positions permit a shifting of only the transmission links r 2 and r S, and constitute in these positions a blocking means 100 for the links rl and r 3 In their normal position the rails 407 and 408 cannot block the rails 84, as this position is so low that the blocking teeth do not engage with the corresponding teeth of the rails 84 Only at the 105 beginning of a transmission do the springs 405 lift the rails 407 and 408 into the normal position of the K decade engaging the rails, and vice versa. Referring now to Fig 53, the factors 2 or 2 110 and 5, as the case may be, when stored at the K decade in a storer permit the operation of classifying rails 400 and 401 which, similar to the feeler rails 95 and the tens transmission rail D Zv, are provided with projections co 115 operating with projections on the transmission links 101 and permit movement of only the transmission links 101 which correspond to negative or complementary values respectively. A further bar 107 is shifted as described with 120 respect to the tens

transmission rail to hold rails 400 and 401 during calculation and to release them at the end of the operation. In the use of the machine, a stored value which is indicated in the K decade as being 125 negative ( 2 + S in K) requires complementary conversion when transferred to a balance totaliser, but when it is to be added in a totaliser dealing only with negative amounts or when being read out for printing it does 130 785,285 785,285 17 not require complementary conversion If a stored value (e g an intermediate result) which is indicated in the K decade as being a complement ( 2 in K) has to be read out for printing it would require conversion to a true amount, but it would not require such conversion if it has to be transferred to a balance totaliser. The selection as to whether a value being extracted is to be converted or not may be controlled in various ways For example means (not shown) on the carriage 2 of the machine may be effective for this purpose when the carriage is in certain positions, in dependence is on the column of the journal or the like at those positions In other cases, the pre-selection may depend on the depression of a key or on the content of the K-decade in a previouslystored result In this latter case, a relay will remain energised to store the necessary command, in the same way as for a tens transfer. If a complementary value is to be read out for printing and therefore requires conversion, it is taken to the printing storer where the reversal of the denominational order is to take place, and conversion takes place simultaneously with this reversal. The rails 400 and 401 must remain in the working position during the extraction from storage over all the decades The transmission rail D Zv must be newly set and newly released for each performance that is, ten times in the case of a ten-position store The end rails 107 are arranged according to these different tasks so that the rails placed in position lose their support at the appropriate moment by the transfer of the teeth, that is after the extraction, in the case of the complementary storer extraction after the extraction of the last position There are, therefore, two rails 107, which are correspondingly displaced and are toothed with the vertical rails mentioned. The complementary rail 401 marked K has to be raised if a complementary value is to be transferred and the negative rail 400 marked N has to be raised if the value is to be negative As soon as the rails N and K are set, they remain raised for a calculating cycle and are then released by means of a disconnecting rail similar to that shown in Fig 10 Two leaf springs are riveted to the negative rail and provide a tooth projecting outside the outline of the rail If a negative value is indicated by the storing at the K decade of the

factors 2 and 5 the rails 400 and 401 permit shifting of the associated transmission links S 2 and S 5 to a moved position in which slots in these transmission links are aligned with the teeth of the leaf springs riveted to the negative rail 400. Likewise in the moved position of the transmission link S 2 a further slot therein is aligned with the projecting tooth of a leaf spring riveted to the complementary rail 401 Immediately after the transmission links S 2 and s 5 have been moved the rails 400 and 401 are raised by the springs 402, the teeth of the springs riveted to these rails passing through the respective slots in the transmission links. In Fig 53 only the two transmission links 70 101 are shown which transfer the stored contents of the K decade of the storer but it is to be understood that the rails 400 and 401 cross all the transmission links and are provided with projections co-operating with 75 appropriately located projections on these links. The arrangement is such that if a complementary value is to be transferred instead of a true value the projections on the complementary rail 401 block all transmission links cor 80 responding to the normal values during extraction from the storer and simultaneously permit shifting of transmission links expressing the complementary value The leaf springs riveted to the rails 400 and 401 are lifted off the 85 respective rails when the transmission links S 2 and S 5 have to be shifted in the following digit places After all values in all digit places have been transferred by feeler rails 95 and the transmission links 101, the springs 402 are 90 released by a cam shaft controlling them and the rails 400 and 401 drop to their former inoperative position. The negative sign and the indicator that a complementary number is stored, are held in 95 the so-called K-decade by the fact that " 2 " means complementary, whilst " 2 " and " 5 " together mean a true number but with negative sign During storing, this introduction of the sign can be effected last, whilst for the 100 extraction the sensing of the sign must be effected first By means of this procedure storing of the sign is similar to the storing of a digit and can, as with any of the ten digits, be passed through the transmission 105 system in the form of the elementary movement between a normal and a moved position. The introduction of the negative sign in the K-decade is completed over the transmission rails 84 and 84 a/r 2 and r 5 as in the case of 110 the ordinary storing device. Therefore, for the characterisation of the sign when the content of the decade K is passing through, the movement of the transposing rails r 2 and r, should be controlled as 115 follows, depending on the

indicating sign:r 2, must be released by complementary storage; r 2 and r must be released by direct storage, but negative result; 120 r 2 and r, must be blocked by normal positive result. The blocking and releasing of the result rails r 2 and r,, in the normal reckoning cycle, is done by the hinged flaps 207-210 in the 125 totaliser Of these the flap 208, operated by the feeler rails F 2, releases the rail r 2, whilst the flap 210, operated by the feeler rails F 5, releases the transposing rails r- Therefore it is possible to arrange the rail 407 as an F 2 130 785,285 18 785,285 rail and the rail 408 as an F 5 rail In the K decade these rails perform the lifting movement so that they can release the transposing rails r 2 and r, in dependence on which sign is desired It is also possible, however, to allow the rails 407 and 408 to operate on the result rails r 2 and r, over the blocking teeth, whereby, however, the block on the hinged flap must be raised if the release of these rails r 2 and r is to be effected Therefore, it is advisable to operate direct on the shaft of the hinged flap. The decision as to which sign should be stored; whether it is within the -totaliser or, with the rails M and N according to Fig 54, placed nearby, is taken either by keying or by the storage device. With keying for this purpose, the sign becomes effective on the rails 407 and 408 by the minus key or a minus column contact. On the other hand, when the decision is taken by the storage device, the adjustment is undertaken, in accordance with the six quoted calculating cases, by the co-operation of those elements which are concerned with the difference between the said six cases, therefore, the rail D Zv which indicatives the fugitive " 1 " at the highest position, and the complementary rails, which show that the position or the keying contains a negative value The member D Zv and the K rail, disposed combined in tlhe resting or working position when passing through the K decade, determine the moment when, on the one hand the storing in the storer of this decade is prepared by the decade control shaft, when the decade K is passing through, and on the other hand the spring 405 and corresponding springs 496 respectively in the totaliser provide the drive for the feeler rails F 2 and F 5 and the removal of the brake when the rail r 2 or r, is to be displaced The six different displacement positions are not showm separately They are operated in practice by releasing and braking vertical, crossed rails. The so-called fugitive one occurs at the highest denominational place in such cases as those listed 1, 3 and 5 in the table given previously in this section This occurs at the end of the calculation when the K-decades are actuated after the highest place of digits in the storer As in all other cases, when these K-decades are reached the tens rail D Zv remains raised in the totaliser under the influence of an F,,

rail and now, under the influence of the locking bar 107, which does not experience a lateral thrust at the K level, this rail is fixed in its raised position until the storer passes beyond the K-place into the lowest place of digits The fact that at this time the D Zv rail remains raised causes:1) Repetition of the calculating cycle whereby the fugitive one is added in the lowest digit place and in the other places 0 is added to the fundamental After the addition at the lowest digit place, the locking bar 107 is released again, and the D Zv rail can drop back, unless a new tens transmission becomes necessary. * 2) If a fugitive one had not occurred, and 70 the rail D Zv had not been raised, then a result link 2 would have been released and would have stored at the K-decade, as the characteristic of the negative value, the factor 2, which would later have led, on extraction, 75 to the complementary reproduction of the numerals A feeler rail F 2 in the totaliser, which rail' is only released at the K-level, unlocks, like rail 407 in Fig 54, the result rail r 2, so that in the K-decade 2 ="compl" 80 is stored. With respect to tens transmission, it was explained that, in addition to the transmission link s I, a transmission link szl co-operating with the term rail 51 and a transmission link 85 stzl co-operating with T 1 are provided for transferring the factor 1 in the event that in the preceding digit place a result greater than 9 occurred In a similar manner, the storing of the factors 2 and 5 at the K-decade effects 90 that during the consecutive extraction of stored numerals from one of the storers, the transmission link s I is blocked 'by the rails 400 and 401 and transmission links are released which correspond to the comple 95 mentary value 8 expressed by the factors 3 and 5 In addition to the transmission links already described, two further transmission links, viz tk I and tkzi, have to abut against the crosspiece 130 of the term rail 51 for the 100 purpose of expressing a complementary value and a complementary value for tens transmission. Since negative results can be stored in the storers as complementary values, it is not 105 necessary to transpose them complementarily when they are needed for a further computing operation, but they can be entered directlyinto the totalizer as complementary values, so that transmission links ski to sk 5 do not have 110 to be provided, and this, of course, concerns as well the tens transmission, so that the respective digit can be transferred from the key-operated storer by the transmission links tk and tkz abutting against the cross-piece 130 115 of the associated fundamental term rail S. This is why the transmission links tk and tkz have t suffices. A further transmission link stkz for complementary values must be provided to co 120 operate with each cross-piece 130 (Fig 51) of the key-operated term rails T which serve simultaneously for tens

transmission and transferring complementary values. Summarising, the converter comprises five 125 transmission links abutting against each fundamental term rail and four transmission links abutting against each key-operated term rail. The following transmission links co-operate with the fundamental term rails: 130 785,285 sible in the event of errors, and it is further demanded that the figure printed shall be automatically registered in the correct place by the machine itself It is necessary here that in the case of amounts which include a numeral in only the second decimal place that a nought should be added automatically after the decimal point It is essential for correct positioning of the key operated term that setting-up by the keys be continued to the last decimal place. For the key operated storer there is registered for example:Link S serves for transferring a factor from a fundamental storer; Link t serves for transferring a factor from a key-operated storer if that factor is not already stored in the fundamental storer; Link sz serves for transferring a value increased by 1 for tens transmission; Link tkz serves for transferring a complementary value increased by 1 for a tens transmission; and Link tk serves for transferring a complementary value from a key-operated storer if that value was not already stored in the fundamental storer. Co-operating with the key-operated term rails: Link St serves for transferring a factor from the key-operated storer if that factor is already stored in, the fundamental stcrer; Link stk serves for transferring a complementary value from a key-operated storer, if the corresponding fundamental term rail is already occupied; Link stz serves for transferring a value increased by 1 for a tens transmission if the corresponding fundamental term rail is already occupied; and Link stkz serves for transferring a complementary value increased by 1 from a key-operated storer in the event that the corresponding fundamental term rail is already occupied. Due to the lack of space in Fig 48, the latter rail is omitted, but is to be seen in association with the key-operated term rail T 2 in Fig 51 As will have been appreciated from the foregoing description dealing with the converter, all the transmission links summarised above in respect of the factor 1 extend in like manner through the plurality of storers in which digits are to be available for input to the totaliser, as do also all the like transmission links in respect of the remaining factors 2, 3 and 5 The freedom or otherwise of these transmission links to be moved from a normal position to a moved position is so determined by appropriate correlation of the indentations and teeth of co-operating feeler rails and transmission links that the functions ascribed to the individual links in the above

summary are fulfilled. CARRIAGE SETTING FOR PRINTING For the book keeping machine, it is customary to store the key operated terms without regard to the place, i e, it is required that, in the booking columns not to be filled with descriptive text, the so-called calculating columns, the figures set up by the keys shall not appear immediately on the accounts sheet and in the calculating mechanism They may be reproduced in any visible form of indication, which is not the subject of the present invention, in order that the operator may check them and correction may still be pos3 as 0 03 as 0 35 80 315 as 3 15 Precautions must be taken to ensure that the printing mechanism inserts the correct decimal place when the printing is effected on the accounts sheet from the key operated 85 printing storer 603 and if the latter, for example, on merely setting-up " 3 " on the keyboard, has stored that numeral at the highest place and has then stopped at the second highest place, the correct positional 90 adjustment of the printing mechanism must be derived from the depression of a tabulating key 803 (Fig 22) which indicates the end of the stored key operated term This positional adjustment may in turn be effected by space 95 bar actuation or by means of tabulator setting. Whereas setting with individual shifts of the carriage merely demands the striking of the space key by the number of times corresponding to the displacement required, with 100 automatic setting by means of a tabulator, the carriage must be moved to the correct digit column The extent of this movement is determined by the final position of the decade storer shaft of the key operated term storer, 105 whilst at the same time the decade storer shaft continues to rotate out of its final position into the zero position, in order not to interfere with the movement of the swinging plates 90 and feeler rails 95 on subsequent 110 extraction from the storer. For setting the carriage by single steps by the space key as also setting by the tabulator, automatic printing of zeros must be provided if there is no numeral other than 0 at the 115 units, tenths, and hundredth places, i e, at the places E, D and C of the storer The carriage must not skip further than the units place in such a case and from then on zero cyphers must be printed if no numeral is stored 120 in the lowest three places The tabulator would thus, if it is used, skip as far as the units place at the most, whereupon the carriage would continue to move in single steps, with the printing of zero cyphers 125 Differentiation between the printing of zero cyphers and spacing may be performed by setting the selector rails 30-34 in alternative combinations, e g the combination 2 + 1, which, of course, is not otherwise needed as 130 785,285 78528 the factor 3 is available, may denote spacing, and no selector rail displacement the

printing of zero cyphers This has the advantage that if zero cyphers occur between the numerals in the storer, no element, and thus also no tooth of the swinging plates, needs to be brought into a storing position. Still more suited to the purpose is an arrangement in which, in addition to the selector rails 30-34, there is disposed next to the conveyor rail 36 a zero printing rail (not shown in Fig 1) which is displaced into a moved position when it is intended to print a zero This rail may be displaced by a cam or a magnet, and by means of a slot it can cooperate with the lower testing springs 24 a in such a manner that when in the moved position with all the remaining rails in the normal position, the space bar is actuated by the rising of a testing spring into the slot, whilst, when it is in the normal position, another testing spring can rise, which spring couples the pressure finger with the zero cypher pressure lever. When setting from the keyboard is completed and the number stored, the tabulator key 803 is struck, and both printing and totalizing commence. As an example of construction in accordance with the invention, there are provided, as shown in Fig 63, at the top end of the decade storer shaft, discs having cams 308311 disposed in a manner corresponding to the assumed four factor code, which cams co-operate via swinging levers 300-304 with the transmission links 84 (Fig 24) in such a manner that the position of the decade storer shaft 120 corresponding to the particular digit place is transferred through the links to re-arrange the selector rails in order to set the carriage to the correct digit place in the column If a tabulator step is to be effected, a fifth tabulator rail Tab is adjusted in addition to the links 84, so that not a numeral type lever corresponding to the combination concerned, but one of a series of tabulator stop bars 330 (Fig 63) corresponding to the digit place concerned responds to project into the path of a stop on the carriage 2 The carriage thus skips to the units place, or if a number of numerals is stored, up to the highest place where printing is to take place. Assuming a storer of nine digit places, the shifting proceeds according to the following scheme:Set on places skipped by keyboard carriage 1 number 2 numbers 3 numbers 4 numbers numbers 6 numbers to storer place 6 6 6 4 Set on places slapped by keyboard carriage to storer place 7 numbers 2 ZT 8 numbers 1 HT 9 numbers 0 M When the carriage reaches the position E, the zero printing rail which is not shown and 70 which is to be imagined adjacent to selector rail 36 in Fig 1 is then shifted into the normal position and from then on, instead of spacing or tabulator skip zero printing occurs The raising of the tabulator members 75 can be caused by the same testing members

24 a in -co-operation with the selector rail system or by the excitation of small magnets. If tabulator jump to the correct position is not required, then on striking the tabulator 80 key the decade storer shaft is returned step by step until it reaches the zero position and with these additional steps, as will be seen from the table, delivers exactly the correct number of carriage shifts by space bar actua 85 tion, in order to convey the carriage to the correct starting place for the printing of the column The storer contains the figure values 0 in this case, so that extraction from the storer leads in the normal way to actuation 90 of the space bar and thus to single carriage steps. Ordinarily, the five swinging levers 300304 are brought out of engagement with the cams 308-311 and the transmission links 84 95 by noses 305 on a rod 306, and only when the tabulator key 803 is struck is the rod 306 with the noses 305 displaced upwards, so that under the influence of the cams 308-311 the swinging levers assume a combination of their 100 positions which characterises the end position of the decade storer shaft By means of the force exerted by the springs 702 upon the transmission links 84, they are then correspondingly adjusted and the combination is 105 then transmitted to the selector rails 30-34 by the transmission levers 81 Further testing springs 24 a are provided one for each digit place from M to C and are designated as such in Fig 63 One of these teeth can engage in 110 a series of aligned slots and lift the tabulator stop bar 330 concerned, so that the stop of the carriage 2 stops the latter at the place concerned When the tabulator key 803 is struck, the end position of the decade storer 115 shaft is thus expressed as the position of the carriage and the rod 306 is then lowered again so that the decade storer shaft can return to its initial position It will be appreciated from Figs 16 and 17 that the carriage can be posi 120 tively connected with the control drum 6 a by gears and thus the tabulator stop may alternatively be provided on the control drum instead of on the carriage In this case the slots for characterising the places M-C are 125 then not situated on the selector rails them785,285 TAS in reversed sequence, and the respective 65 decade storer shafts 120 must be provided with cams 121 which actuate the decade plates 94 of the storers TAR and TAS in reversed order. The key-operated storer situated imme 70 diately below the key-operated storer TAR, and therefore included in the lower calculating line, is connected with the storer TAR by feeler rails 604 which take the place of the feeler rails 95 seen, for instance, in Fig 75 23 Consequently, the lower key-operated storer is not provided with swinging plates or decade storer plates 94, since the feeler rails '604 are provided with corresponding projections in their upper

portions located in 80 the storer TAR and in their lower portions located in the storer in the lower calculating line A value stored by typing on the keyboard in the storer TAR causes a certain position of the feeler rails 604 when these are 85 raised by the camshaft 97 and the springs 96, and the lower portions of the feeler rails 604, of course, assume the same position so as to co-operate with the transmission links 101 in the lower calculating line in the same manner 90 as the upper portions of the rails 604 cooperate with the transmission links 101 in the upper calculating line. Fig 58 shows diagrammatically the course of an elementary displacement in stages 95 denoted by encircled numerals, in the various calculating and book keeping operations At ( 1) the numerals struck on the keyboard are introduced simultaneously into the key operated printing storer TAS and into the key operated 100 calculating storer TAR These two storers are filled simultaneously in reverse sequence, because calculating begins at the lowest digit place and printing at the highest. The introduction of the numerals into the 105 storers TAS and TAR shown at ( 1) is effected according to Figs 18 to 21 'in the following interrelated stages: 1 Striking of a numeral key 8 (Fig 1). 2 Engagement of the twisted spring 24 110 with the teeth of the rails 30-36. 3 Depression of the stirrup member 20 so that, as shown in Figs 4 and 5, the clutch denoted 23 is engaged by the tie rod 27 115 4 a Shifting of the conveying rail 36 (Fig. 1 '5) by cams or magnets 38 b The tooth 42 grips the spring 24 (Fig 15) in the window 43 and, with the teeth 44, pushes the selector rails forward As 120 shown in Figs 18 to 21, this movement of the selector rails is transmitted to the links 84, releasing the latter in a combination If supporting springs 702 cooperating with ca'ms on the shaft 701 125 (Fig 19 and Fig 57, top right) then urge the links 8 '4 to the left, the factors are transmitted via the levers 93 to the swinging plates 90 in TAS and TAR. selves but on extensions of the transmission links 84 and adjust in suitable manner tabulator stop bars adapted for stopping the drum. NUMERAL TRA Ns Mis SION AND CAMSHAFT ACTUATION It is now intended to show, with reference to Figs 57 to 60, how the numerals are transmitted between the individual mechanisms and how the camshafts give the correct sequence in time In Fig 58, the frame of the housing for the calculating mechanism is shown in the top half for a longitudinal calcu-. lating mechanism, and in the lower half for a transverse calculating mechanism Viewed from left to right, both are served by a driven camshaft 708 which is driven by a motor and which, coupled in at the

appropriate moment, urges the rails to the right by pressure upon the springs 220. In the housing of the calculating mechanism are shown two totalizers, a totalizer for figures listed in lines on an account sheet at the top, and a totalizer for figures listed in columns at the bottom The totalizers are preceded by converters, as shown in Fig 51, and then by the various storers; eight for column calculation and eight for line calculation are shown as an example In each of these storers four swinging plates serving for storing the factors are denoted by vertical lines and for this purpose engage in the top square with the result rails, and four feeler rails are denoted as identical coincident vertical lines, driven by the horizontal camshaft 97 through lower supporting springs 96 Here there are indicated at the bottom clutch couplings according to Fig 62, through which, depending on the column, the selected storer receives its drive If one of the storers is to become operative, then on the one hand the levers 93 must be engaged with the links 84 and on the other hand the feeler rails 95 must be raised by the supporting springs 96 by engagement of the clutch associated with the part of the camshaft located thereunder. Whilst the selector camshaft can be common to the entire row of storers, a decade storer shaft provided individually for each storer must, with its cams, cause the raising of the decade storer plates. Two storers are provided at the extreme right of the upper calculating line and are designated in Fig 58 TAR and TAS, the former for calculating and the latter for printing, and in these storers values typed on the keyboard are stored simultaneously but extracted separately This is necessary because setting from the keyboard and printing is carried out from the left to right, i e commencing at the highest place of digits, whilst calculation must start at the lowest place of digits in order to obtain correct tens transmission Consequently, the digits must be extracted from the storer TAR and the storer 785,285 2275 8 4 b The decade storer -shaft for the two key operated storers raises the storer plate 94 at the lo-vest digit place, in order that the teeth of the swinging plates 90 at this place may be swung freely in accordance with the positions of the links 84. The decade storer shaft receives a second angular shift from a revolving 1 o control shaft and lowers the storer plates 94 again, so that deflected teeth of the swinging plates 90 are held. 6._ The shaft 720 with cams 701 releases the pressure of the springs 702 on the Is links 84, so that the links and the swinging plates 90 return to the normal position. 7 The conveying rail 36 is released and the rails 30-34 return with the conveying rail 36 into the normal position ready for the striking

of the next key. At ( 2) is shown the aforementioned coupling of the levers 93 with the links 84. The numeral set-up on the keyboard is thus at first not printed, but merely brought into the two storers TAR and TAS. To extract for calculation purposes the numbers set up from the keyboard and stored in the storer TAR, the coupling plates 98 passing through this storer are pushed in successively at each digit place starting from the lowest, and each time a coupling plate is pushed in, an upwardly directed spring pressure is applied to the feeler rails 604 at ( 3) by coupling of the associated set of cams with the selector cam shaft 97 Certain of the feeler rails 604 will be displaced to the moved position in each of these extraction processes and allow correspondingly representative transmission links 101 to be displaced, also to the moved position, under the action of the springs 702 applied by rotation of the cams 701 on the cam shaft 720, whereby the extracted digits are transferred through the cross-pieces 130 of the converter TR to the term rails of the totaliser. If the number set up from the keyboard is required to be printed simultaneously with the extraction for calculating purposes, the coupling plates 98 of the printing storer TAS are pushed in, in reversed sequence, by a camshaft corresponding to 708 in respect of that storer, that is to say starting from the highest digit place Printing is effected by release of the links 84 a at ( 4) which permit shifting of the selector rails 30-34 from which the result is sensed by testing springs 24 a which actuate fingers 53 as described with reference to Fig 1 The carriage is positioned for printing by the tabulator at ( 5) in the manner described in the earlier section entitled "CARRIAGE SETTING FOR PRINTING " Instead of working in the manner shown in Figs 17 to 63, it is also possible, as already mentioned, to work as shown in Fig 67 with 6 ' electrical intermediate transmission In this case, the key operated printing storer may also be given additional contacts which are closed according to the combination of the feeler rails 95 when they are raised and adjust the 7 ( selector rails to a corresponding combination by way of the magnets M indicated in Fig. 67 so that the rail 52 would correspond to one of the rails 30-36. Calculation proceeds in the following 7 ' stages: 1 The coupling plate 98 corresponding to the lowest digit place is pushed in by the selector cam shaft 708 This coupling plate extends through all the storers of one of the 8 C calculating lines since a digit of the same order is to be extracted simultaneously from a fundamental storer to provide the second term of the addition process Shifting of the coupling plates is merely a preliminary to 85 extraction, there being

required a "selection" of the storer to be extracted by means of coupling of one of the clutches 97 a, 97 c on the cam shaft 97 before extraction is actually initiated Thus, it is immaterial whether the 90 coupling plates are shifted in storers from which extraction is not required to take place. 2 Shortly thereafter, the clutches 97 a, 97 c in the storer TAR and the fundamental storer S to be selected, are engaged so as to apply 95 a lifting pressure to the feeler rails 604, in the case of the storer TAR, and 95, in the case of the storer S These feeler rails assume initially a first operative position, whilst those representative of the factors stored at the digit loe place concerned are released for further lifting to the second operative position. 3 After another short interval of time of about 0 010 seconds, a lateral thrust to the left is applied to the transmission links 101 105 by the springs 702 which are deflected into engagement with the links by the cam 701 on the cam shaft 720 This operation may be carried out both in the upper column calculating mechanism and in the lower line 110 calculating mechanism Those of the transmission links 101 which are not blocked by the feeler rails 604 at ( 6) and 95 at ( 7) of the storers TAR and S and such other rails as may be operative in the process are there 115 fore displaced to the moved position, this displacement being effective through the crosspieces 130 of the converter TR to displace appropriate term rails S and T in the totaliser to the moved position at ( 8) 120 4 About 0 010 seconds after the term rails have been set, the cam shaft 297 has revolved to a position in which the cams thereon deflect the springs 296 into engagement with the feeler rails 110 of the totaliser 125 at ( 9) to urge these upwards The feeler rails which are free to rise actuate the flaps 207-211 at ( 10) in a manner representative of the result of the adding of the key operated 7-05,285 785,285 23 term to the fundamental term derived from the selected storer S. At the same time as the feeler rails 110 are urged upwardly, the transmission links 101 are relieved of the pressure applied thereto by the springs 702, but although the term rails S and T now remain subject only to the pressure of the springs 220 urging them from left to right, they remain locked by the feeler rails 110 which are still in the raised position. Another 0 010 seconds later the cam shaft 97 has turned sufficiently to disengage the springs 96 from the feeler rails 95 and 604 so that these return to the normal rest position A further 0 010 seconds later the coupling cam shaft 708 makes a step forward to withdraw the coupling plate 98 for the lowest digit place, whilst decade storer plate 94 is raised at the lowest digit place of a fundamental storer which is to receive the result of the addition.

6 The links 84 are urged to the right by springs 220 and those which are released at ( 11) by the flaps 207-211 turn as at ( 12) the levers 93 of a fundamental storer which has been rendered receptive by rotation of the decade cam shaft 120 out of the normal position Further rotation of the shaft 120 lowers the decade storer plates 94 once more to fix certain of the teeth 90, representing the stored result factors, in a deflected condition. 7 At this moment the feeler rails 110 of the totaliser are allowed to return to their normal position unlocking the term rails S and T which likewise return to their normal position under the action of springs 220. If the result is to be printed, it must first be introduced into the printing storer TAS at ( 13) When the carriage runs into the result column, printing takes place by transmission through from the printing storer to the selector rails 30-34 at ( 14), and for a fuller explanation of the way in which this is achieved, reference should be made to the later section entitled "INPUT AND OUTPUT " If a tens transmission is involved during totalising then by means of the distribution of the slots in the term rails S and T, of which S, is shown in Fig 59, one of the feeler rails F,( is permitted to move upwards at ( 15) under the pressure of a spring 297 at ( 9), raise the swinging flap 211 at ( 16) and lift the tens transmission rail D Zv by means of the above-described leaf spring at ( 17). The rail D Zv remains lifted until half way through the next calculating cycle and is then lowered again Its teeth and slots ensure that, in the next calculating operation, only those of the term rails at ( 7) can be moved which indicate a term higher by one. At ( 18) and ( 19) in cases of complementary and negative results, at the storing in the F< decade of the storing device for the result the sign is registered by storing the digits 2 respectively 5 through the rails F 2 respectively F 5 In a further calculation, when the stored values are to be read out by the rails 101, as Fig 53 shows, the stored digits 2 and/or 5 are read out first and permit the shifting of rails 400 and 401 at ( 20) and ( 21). These rails also act upon the term rails (or transmission links 101) by way of teeth and slots in the manner described above exactly as do the rails D Zv, so that the negative extraction or complementary extraction respectively takes place The rails 400 and 401 also act, however, on the result rails, and, further, on the tabulator rails at ( 22), so that the carriage, in the case of the negative result, is positioned into the debit column of an account sheet. In addition to the decimal tabulator bars shown in Fig 63 a column tabulator is also provided in known manner The latter is disposed either on the drum or on the carriage, in the manner shown in Fig 63

The raising of the tabulator bars is then again possible by a combinational position of the rails shown in Fig 63 or directly by electrical means as shown in Fig 67 by which the negative rail closes a contact and, by way of a magnet, raises the tabulator bar The carriage then slkips directly into the debit column when the setting of a negative rail indicates a negative result. ACTUATION BY 'CAMSHAFTS The interaction of the various camshafts, in the execution of the individual printing and calculating operations can be traced in Fig 60 with reference to Figs 16 and 17 100 According to Fig 16, the motor 5 drives pinions and bevel gears through the shaft 6 with a worm wheel drive The carriage of the machine is permanently connected with the control drum 6 a and may be brought to 105 the beginning of a line by engagement of the coupling 6 b The advance of the carriage in conjunction with the drum is effected by a return spring, which may act directly on the carriage or in the drum The motor drives 110 the vertical and horizontal camshafts, from which the individual decade storer shafts 120 and coupling shafts 708 are driven Here also, the alternative of an electrical step by step drive is possible, by which the individual 115 camshafts are driven by electrical stepping magnets (Fig 44) and similarly the supporting springs can be pushed upwards by the armature of a so-called lifting magnet (Fig. 43) instead of by the camshafts shown else 120 where. For a mechanical drive, the following two types of shafts are required (Fig 60). 1 Shafts which shift in steps, one step for each digit, and until actuation at the next 125 place of digits set the cams in an inactive position These are the decade storer shafts (Figs 24, 26 and 30) and the coupling shafts 708 which, on the so-called wording steps, influence the storers, but in the inter 130 7 ,5,285 mediate positions remain inoperative In Fig. are shown two of the said shafts, namely a decade storer shaft 120 and a coupling shaft 708. 2 Shafts which revolve once for each place of digits in order to press the supporting springs The cams of these shafts are profiled and angularly disposed in such manner that they ensure the timed sequence of the opera-tions, i e if, for instance, the horizontal selector cam shaft 97 has raised the supporting springs 96 of the storers, the spring thrust applied to the transmission links 101 is caused by cams which lag slightly on 97, and the raising of the feeler rails 110 in the totaliser and multiplier lags still further The cams of the shaft 720 for the transmission links 101 then allow these links to slide back, whilst at the same time a cam 701 displaces the links 84 by the associated springs 702, in order that the teeth of the swinging plates

90 may be swung to store the results After the return of the transmission links 101 and of the term rails S and T, the cams on shaft 97 release the supporting springs in the storers and, after the decade storer shaft 120 has entered the inactive position in the result storer thereby fixing the teeth of the swinging plates, the cam 701 releases the links 84, and the cam on shaft 297 of the totaliser and multiplier then releases the supporting springs of the feeler rails, so that the latter can fall to the normal position The shafts 97 and 297 may in practice be one and the same shaft or, as suggested by the separate designations, may be two connected shafts. In counting mechanisms, it is known already to advance a tens toothed wheel by one when a units toothed wheel has made a complete revolution In the same way, at the end of the revolution of those camshafts which revolve once for each place of digits, a single step is transmitted to one or more of the decade storer shafts and to the coupling shaft for selection of the next place of digits The coupling shaft is located laterally adjacent to each calculating mechanism line, since the coupling plates can run through many storers. A separate decade storer shaft, on the other hand, is required per storer, and, with a cam seated at the top end, causes the engagement for the duration of its operation of the levers 93 with the links 84 (Figs 24, 27 and 28) when the shaft moves out of the zero or normal position Contacts on the control drum are so set that they effect electrically the connection to the step-by-step drive of those decade storer shafts which appertain to the storers required to become operative in any one particular position of the carriage in the book keeping line The swinging plates of the storer concerned are thereby coupled with the links 84 and thus, of the plurality of storers located side by side in the calculating mechanism line, that one is selected which at the time is concerned with storing In the same way, on the common shaft 97, 297 below the calculating mechanism line, which has to lift the supporting springs, the coupling, as shown for example in Fig 62, is engaged which for the four supporting springs of the storer concerned causes four corresponding cams to complete one revolution The engagement of this coupling may be brought about by the decade storer shaft on leaving the zero position. INPUT AND OUTPUT In Figs 64 to 66 are shown details concerning the position and operation of the links 84 and 84 a These links run through the top 80 most portion of a calculating mechanism line, as will be seen from Figs 55 to 63 Depending on the composition of this line and of the component mechanisms, the displacement to the moved position of these links is from left 85 to right or from right to left The storers must then be fitted correspondingly, so that through this displacement the levers 93 bring the swinging plates into the

deflected position. Fig 60 illustrates a case where displacement 90 of the links 84 to the moved position is from right to left under the action of the springs 702 The springs are applied by means of the cam shaft 720 which is the one used to apply pressure to the transmission links 101 95 Fig 64 is a schematic plan view intended primarily to assist to an understanding of the operation of the links 84 and 84 a It should be noted, however, that in this figure is shown the alternative of displacing these links t Q the 100 moved position from left to right, in this case under the action of springs 220 and 2201. The former are analogous to the springs 220 acting on the term rails S and T in the totaliser and are therefore likewise desig 105 nated. On the left in Fig 64 is shown a part of the totaliser SB only, the engagement of the swinging gaps 207 with the result link 84, being shown Next to it, as representatives of 110 the many fundamental storers, three are shown bearing the references X, Y and Z and of each there is only indicated one lever 93, which on setting of the storer, is engaged with the link 84, 115 The result links 84 are extended to be engageable with the driver levers 93 of the key operated storer TAR and of the key operated printing storer TAS At the right-hand end of the result 120 link shown it interacts with the levers 81, 83, which in turn acts with the selector levers, as shown in Figs 63 and 65 In addition to the result link 84, a second, 84 a 1 now appears, which only needs to run through the two key 125 operated storers TAR and TAS and serves for the extraction of TAS for the purpose of printing. Among the various possibilities which present themselves at the transmission point 130 785,285 are relieved of pressure from the cams 85 or when such pressure as is applied by these cams is overcome by the applied loading, the lower lever arms 83 assume the position 1 and are then in blocking relationship with the links 70 84 If one or other of the selector rails 3036 is displaced to the moved position, that is from right to left as viewed in Fig 65, the corresponding lower lever arm 83 is displaced thereby to position 2, whereupon the corres 75 ponding link 84 is freed When it is required to deliver a result from the totaliser for reception into one of the fundamental storers, displacement of the links 84 must not in any way be obstructed by the lower lever arms 83 80 This condition pertains in position 2 which is obtained, in this case, by setting the cam shaft to apply sufficient pressure to engage the upper lever arms 81 with the left hand end of the slots of the selector rails 30-36, but not, 85 of course, so much pressure as would displace the selector rails from their normal positions. In position 2 the lower lever arms '83 are clear of the projections or teeth on both the links 84 and 84 a 90 2 The total values obtained by

calculation in the totaliser, which causes swinging of the flaps 207-211, must be transmitted into one of the fundamental storers In this case, the swinging flaps are in blocking engagement 95 with the links 84 in so far as they are not lifted clear by movement of the feeler rails to the moved position The lever arm 83 is in the neutral central position, where it cannot block the tooth 84 b When a spring 100 220 presses against the link 84, the numeral is transmitted into the fundamental storer X, Y or Z of which the lever 93 is engaged with the link 84, In dependence on the position of the carriage or drum, a particular decade 105 storer shaft 120 is rotated out of the zero position to effect this. 3 When the result of any calculation is to be printed a transmission must first take place into the key operated printing storer 110 TAS from the fundamental storer in which the result has been received In the present example the result is extracted as a fundamental term as in normal addition by means of the transmission links 101, but by rotating 115 the coupling camshaft 708 with reverse cam sequence with the highest place first As described in connection with addition, the extracted factors are then brought into the totaliser via the combiner, added to a key 120 operated term of 0, i e, reappear in the same form as an identical combination of factors, and are transmitted to the links 84 by the swinging flaps The factors to be brought into the printing storer TAS are thus passed on 125 by the links 84, exactly as in the introduction of a result into one of the fundamental storers as described in operation 2 above, with the exception that the levers 93 of TAS only are engaged with the links 84 The levers of TAR 130 of Figs 18 to 21, one definite form of execution is to be described as an example. The links 84 and 84 a perform the following operations: 1 When numerals set-up on the keyboard are being brought into the key operated calculating storer TAR and the key operated printing storer TAS, the levers 93 are engaged with the link 84 in TAR and TAS, whilst in the fundamental storers X, Y, and Z, this is not the case Dependent on the column and on a stop or contact on the carriage or on the drum, the respective storer shafts are turned out of the zero position to engage the driver levers 93 with the links in the manner shown in Fig 27 In order that the links 84 may move independently of the flaps 207211 in the totalizer, the shaft 297 extending below the totalizer is caused, during the key operated storing to rotate thereby by raising the feeler rails 110 by means of the springs 296 through such a small distance that the rearward projections of the swinging flaps clear the links 84 In successive stages the adjustment of the selector rails 30-34 swings out the lower lever arm 83 and pressure is then applied to the links by the springs 220 under the action of the

revolving cam shaft disposed vertically at the side, so that, when the tooth 84 b in the case of 84, is not obstructed by the lever arm 83 being in the moved position, this link can be displaced and brings the factor 1 which it represents, into the two storers TAR and TAS As Fig 65 shows, the upper lever arm 81 is, in this form of execution, movable in a fairly wide slot of the selector rails and thus, through the cam 85, the lower lever arm 83 is normally held out of the way of the tooth 84 b by such a distance that the link is freely movable Only on storing of the key operated numerals does the position of the cam 85 allow the lower end of the lever arm 83 to become placed with a blocking action in front of the tooth 84 b, unless the position of the corresponding selector rail maintains it in the unlocking position. As can be seen, the result link is subject to one driving force at spring 220 and is blocked at two points, at the swinging flap, and at the lever arm 83 In order that results from the totaliser may be stored in one of the fundamental storers X, Y, Z, the lever arm must be put into a neutral position, and when the key operated numerals are being stored, the swinging flaps must be disengaged As Fig. 66 shows, the lower arm 83 of the lever 81/83 is capable of assuming three different positions denoted 1, 2 and 3 in relation to the links 84 and 84 a Quite apart from any force which may be applied to the levers 81/83 by the cams 85, they are biassed to engage the right hand end of the slots in the selector rails 30-36 either by suitably balancing their own weights about the pivot 82 or by applied loading means Consequently when these levers 7.85,285 do not need to be engaged, unless the result to be printed is to be re-introduced for the purposes of a further calculation, in which case the result is re-stored additionally as a key operated term in the storer TAR. 4 The numeral introduced into the key operated printing storer TAS in this way is then transmitted to the selector rails in the lower compartment of the machine To enable this, the feeler rails 95 are merely extended upwards in the key operated printing storer TAS by such a distance that in the first operative position they engage in slots in the links 84 a When they are lifted to the second operative position they permit movement of the links 84 a The four links 84 a, which only need to run through the storers TAR and TAS, are thus able by their relative displacement under the influence of the spring 2201 to extract the factors from TAS digit by digit With teeth such as the tooth 84 bl shown on link 84 a 1, they then control the transmission to the selector rails by the doublearm levers 83/81 At first, for printing this result, a displacement from the position 1 into the position 2 is imparted to the links 84 a, as shown in Fig 66, so that the tooth 84 b Y is adjacent a lower lever 83 The link remains in this position, if no factor is extracted If, on the other hand, it is

indicated by the top end of the feeler rails 95 of TAS, which have moved into the second operative position, that the factor concerned is stored, then the link 84 a,, or other of the links 84 a, as the case may be, can be displaced into the position 3 of Fig 66 so that the tooth 84 bl is located to the other side of lever 83 If the revolving shaft 85 (Fig 18) thereupon presses the lever arin 83 towards the link 84 a' the teoth which has been pushed aside permits the displacement of arm 83 to position 3 without blocking, and the top end 81 adjusts the associated selector rail into the moved position. In order to avoid the links 84 a interfering with co-operation of the arms 83 with the links 84, the links 84 a normally occupy position 1 but are set into position 2 of Fig 66, which places the tooth 84 b 1 opposite the lever 83 only during output for printing. Finally, with reference to Figs 57 and 58, it should be mentioned how a transmission is made from the line calculating mechanism into the column calculating mechanism and vice versa When the line mechanism is required to deliver a result into the column mechanism and from here into TAS or TAR for the purpose of printing or further calculation. TAS or TAR also possesses at the lower end of their storer shafts levers 93 which then, in dependence on the column, are brought into engagement with the links 84 of the lower calculating mechanism If it is merely a matter of printing, then only TAS is provided with lower levers 93, but if further calculation is involved, TAR also possesses corresponding levers. In some cases it may also be necessary to extract and fill one and the same storer in differing sequence of digit places The camshaft concerned then carries two different cam 7 systems, and an axial displacement of the shaft by the width of the cams causes one system or the other to come into engagement. It is the function of the control drum to bring about the coupling at the right time of 7 the appropriate storer and calculating mechanisms by means of pins and angle levers (not shown) which act as stops In the case of the electrical solution, contacts are closed and coupling magnets are energised; in the case 8 of the mechanical solution, the coupling is engaged Numerous solutions have already become known in the art which permit coupling at a predetermined phase angle and for precisely one revolution These couplings, 8 such as become operative, for instance, in certain telegraph apparatus on the receipt of every signal, work in such a way that a spring F 7 (Fig 62) tends to engage the movable coupling part ano, which then transmits the 9 drive as an axial toothed coupling and that at the end of one revolution, the coupling disc r, runs against an oblique stop W 1 which disengages the coupling and swings back against the force of the spring, whereupon a locking 9 lever Hr drops in and maintains the coupling disengaged With

this construction, a small force suffices to lift out the locking lever Hr and the spring force then causes engagement in correct phase relationship for exactly one 1 ( revolution In the case of the electrical solution, either the drive of the camshaft is switched on and couplings may be omitted, or a toothed coupling disc is engaged by the armature (Fig 42) 1 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION In order to illustrate the interaction of the elements, reference is made to the book keeping example according to the accounts sheet Fig 68 This sheet has ten columns; in 1 column 1 the accounting lines are numbered, in order that each calculating operation may be identified The calculating mechanism does not participate in this column, and the printing is effected directly without storage When 1: keys are struck, printing takes place directly in this instance A column contact seated on the drum 6 a (Fig 16) determines whether direct printing or calculation is to be performed which contact governs the passing on 1 of the positional combination of the selector rails 30 to 34 to the links 84 by way of the double-armed levers 81, 83 (Figs 19 and 63). If the links 84 do not experience a longitudinal thrust because the camshaft concerned (e g 1 720, Fig 19) is not coupled with the drive then in this column the passing on of the factors into key operated storers does not take place. The same applies for the column 5, in 1: 785,285 storer shaft and then, by means of a revolution of the shaft 720 the displacement of the links 84 is brought about, whereby the selector rails 30 to 34 are set through the double armed levers 81/83 At this particular angle 70 of the decade storer shaft 120, that combination is transferred which causes the carriage to skip four places further with the aid of the tabulator; with this combination the tabulator bars are controlled by the testing 75 springs 24 a and in the selected position one such spring can engage in a series of aligned slots and raise the tabulator bar which permits exactly four steps Hereupon the decade storer shaft is shifted inoperatively back to zero 80 position. Storage has now taken place in both the key operated calculating storer and in the key operated printing storer Now extraction commences for calculation from the key 85 operated calculating storer and for the purpose of printing from the key operated printing storer In the calculating operation, the extraction takes place from the lowest digit place, because the selector shaft of TAR has made 90 four steps, whilst the storer shaft went back four steps into the zero position For calculation, the amount 12350 is added to the fundamental term O for line addition in the first line storer For column calculation, the 95 number 12350 is added to the fundamental term

present in the storer for column " 2," in order to keep a running total for the column. The fundamental term storer of the column " 2 " and the first line storer possess separate 100 decade storer shafts and a common coupling shaft 708, which goes into the first working position as the column is engaged As a result, at the lowest power of ten, the coupling plates 98 (Fig 32) are pushed in and the trans 105 mission links 101 (Fig 24), are then pressed against the teeth 102 of the feeler rails 95 by the camshaft 720 and springs 702 and the transmission links 101 (s, to stkz,) (Figs 51 and 61) are displaced according to their posi 110 tion in order to act on the converters of the two totalizers At the same time, from the key operated calculating storer TAR, the lowest digit value O is characterised by the fact that no feeler rail 604 can move upwards, 115 so that none of the transmission links s, to stk, can be displaced Thus, under the influence of the converter, key operated O is added to the fundamental O in the line storer mechanism, and in the column totalizer the 120 amount O is added to the fundamental term which is present there The supporting springs 296 of the totalizer lift, press the feeler rails (Figs 48 and 49) against the slots of the term rails and lock them At this moment, 125 the coupling shaft 708 of the two storers rotates into the intermediate position and the decade storer shaft of the two fundamental storers goes into the first working position, the decade storer plates 94 (Figs 30 and 31) being 130 which direct type is printed as a description of the entry This column can be of any desired breadth As will be seen from Fig 1, the type levers 66 can be actuated electrically or mechanically For example, the letter keys may be linked directly with the lever 65, so that when a key is depressed, the type is struck mechanically Electrical printing may also be provided for the figures in the directly printed columns in which case the angle lever 65, 64 is separated from the link drive and must then be struck by the finger 53 Depression of a key gives the combination; the pressure finger is selected and the pressure lever 59 produces the impact. In columns 2 and 3, the old balance is carried forward, if a debit balance in column 2, and if a credit balance in column 3 The operator brings the carriage into the column desired, e g 2, and here the selection of the key operated calculating and key operated printing storers concerned is completed automatically from the drum 6 a by engagement of a coupling, so that the decade storer shaft 120 of the storer turns one step every time a key is struck For a ten digit capacity of the storers, there are 20 step positions of this shaft, namely, ten working positions and ten intermediate positions At any time, when the storer shaft is in the working position (Fig. 31), the coupling shaft 708 is in the intermediate position and vice

versa The amount 12350 for instance is introduced from the keyboard, without regard to orientation in the column, in the sequence 1-2-3-5-0 The amounts are to be added up at the same time in columns with the amounts subsequently introduced from the keyboard into the respective columns To this end, as may be seen from Fig 57, two calculating mechanisms with two totalizers are provided, a line calculating mechanism and also a column calculating mechanism These are arranged one above the other As will be seen in Figs 57 and 58, the feeler rails 604 of the key operated calculating storer TAR run through the two lines located one under the other. Every time a numeral is introduced from the keyboard the decade storer shaft makes two steps, so that the five places, 1-2-3-5-0 are brought into the first five digit places of TAR and TAS Since in this operation the sign of the value brought in is already characterised by the column in which it is inserted the striking of a minus key is unnecessary. The decade storer shaft shifts automatically to store the factor 1 in the millions place M, 2 in HT, 3 in ZT, 5 in T and O in the H place After the operator has, if need be, confirmed at the visible checking point that he has not made any mistake, he strikes the actuating key 803 (Fig 63) and thus by removing the nose-shaped stops 305, brings the double-armed levers 300 to 304 into engagement with the cams 308 to 311 of the decade 785,285 lifted in order to allow the teeth of the swinging plates 90 to swing past freely The previous fundamental term in the digit place concerned is then cleared The vertical camshaft 720 with spring 702 now presses the links, the movement of which is controlled by the flaps 207-210 in the totalizers If, for example, the addition in the second fundamental storer to a previously present total were 6 + 0 = 6, then the column totalizer would have unlocked the links 84 with the values 1 and 5, the swinging plates 90 concerned would be swung aside, i e, into the storing position, and the decade storer plates 94 would then be lowered by a further shifting of the decade storer shaft, so that the amount concerned is stored Then, simultaneously, while the decade storer shaft moves out of the working position into the intermediate position, the common coupling shaft 708 of both the second fundamental column storer and the first line storer and likewise the coupling shaft of the key operated calculating storer TAR go into the next working position in order to cause the extraction of the digits immediately following Parallel with these operations, the figure " 1 " is extracted from the key operated printing storer TAS and transmitted via the links 84 a to the selector rails 30-34 (Figs 18 to 21 and 64 to 66) Totalizing and printing take place step by step at a speed of 7 to 10 operations per second until all digits have been extracted from the twvo key operated storers After the last

place has been dealt with, a releasing operation, which allows the credit column to be skipped, is produced by the control drum. In column 4, the date is printed automatically from the date storer At the beginning of the accounting day, in the same way as the key operated storing is brought into TAS, the date is brought into a date storer and may be extracted as often as desired without being cancelled until superseded by a fresh date The operations which take place here are the same as in the printing of the stored key operated terms. As stated, direct typing is printed in column 5, aind the carriage is then guided into the column 6 by the tabulator key In column 6 appear discounts i e, negative values, which have to be added together and subtracted in the line On engagement in the column, the minus rail 407 in the converter is shifted, by the drum or by magnets but only in the converter of the line calculating mechanism so that the factors are brought into the line totalizer complementarily In the key operated calculating and key operated printing storers, the numeral is taken up, as in the case of the column 2, after storing, and then printed automatically from TAS, added in the column totalizer positively to the fundamental term i.e, the minus rail 407 does not affect displacement of the transmission links The amount is then added complementarily to the fundamental term of the first line storer. In column 7, the operations of column 2 are repeated with different numerals with appropriate addition to the fundamental term of the sixth column storer and to the funda 70 mental contained in the first line storer The key operation is positive and the calculation proceeds simultaneously with the printing. Then the carriage skips automatically to the column 9 The automatic printing of the result 75 from the first line storer takes place simultaneously with the addition of this amount into the eighth column storer Thus from the first line storer, commencing at the highest place, the printing is effected, whilst at the same time, 80 commencing at the lowest place, this line storer has to deliver the key operated terms for addition to the fundamental term in the eighth column storer For this purpose, on engagement in column 9 the key operated printing 85 storer is coupled to the links 84 and likewise stores the total amount 245 50 whilst it is re-stored in the first line storer The printing is begun at the highest place by the coupling shaft, after the decade storer shaft 90 has traversed the storer and has caused the corresponding carriage shift steps and the selector shaft has likewise taken part in the corresponding steps For the totalizing in the eighth fundamental column storer, the first line 95 storer gives the particular key operated values, having transmitted them, also simultaneously with storing of the sum, to the key operated

calculating storer From the extended feeler rails of the key operated calculating storer, 100 the figures are brought into the column totalizer Here, however, the decade control shaft must, through a vertical displacement, bring about a reversed sequence of the cams, so that the numerals introduced from the key 105 board are distributed by TAR, beginning with the highest place. The automatic shifting of the carriage to the debit and credit columns on the printing of the results under " resulting balance " is 110 derived from the printing of the fundamental storer of the line mechanism The K-teeth, which indicate the sign of the result, are the last to be actuated by the decade storer shaft when storing takes place, but are the first 115 to be extracted Referring to Fig 68, which corresponds to a bank journal when the value K = 2 is extracted the result is stored complementarily and is consequently negative and must therefore be brought into the credit 120 column which is headed 19 in that Figure To shift the column from under head 9 to head there is provided for the column tabulator a stop member in a mechanical solution or a contact in an electrical solution, which, by 125 operating the tabulatory mechanism moves the carriage directly into the credit column 10 position The action of this stop is, however, prevented if, on extraction from the K-decade the value 2 indicates the negative sign Then 130 2 g 785,285 again indicate the result factors Both in the multiplier for the units PB 2 and for the tens PB 1 there are feeler rails 510 of the groups F,,, F,,, etc and the feeler rails for like factors are engageable at their upper ends with swing-ing flaps 508, 509, 511-516 The flaps 508516 can best be seen in Fig 56 which is a cross section through Fig 55 Flaps 508-516 are pivotal on respective shafts 5 '17,-517,, at one end and are pivotally connected at the other end to the feeler rails 518 by pins 519 (Fig 56). On the right of the multiplier for the units products, there is a converter ZFP similar to that already described which permits the number of feeler rails 510 to be reduced to approximately one half. On the right of the two product counters PB 1 and PB 2 and of the converter ZFP (Fig. 55) are located the storers for the multiplier M Sp and the multiplicand F Sp which are constructed as ordinary co-ordinate storers as shown in Fig 23 Depending on the nature of the book-keeping to be performed, several storers can be located here for one line of accounts, which are extracted in dependence on the column, in order to transmit the factors into the multiplier. The calculating operation will now be demonstrated with reference to a quantitative example The product 12,345 x 6,789 = 83,810,205 is to be calculated The multiplication is effected by digit place commencing

with the lowest place e and el of the multiplier and multiplicand respectively and the higher places are then multiplied with each other successively and the two terms of the result are added in correct place arrangement via the totalizer SB The following table indicates how the tens totalizer and the units totalizer proceed in approximately twenty steps of the decade camshafts and how the results of the intermediate partial products are added up in accordance with their decimal order. either an interrupted contact is opened or the stop is locked and the carriage prints in the credit column 10 and calculates this column in the line storer mechanism. By striking the balance key all columns are added up one after the other and recorded automatically During the recording, all values, that is to say in the table according to Fig. 68 the values of the debit and credit columns headed 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 are stored and controlled in a line mechanism By reckoning up the column values this line results: column 2 -column 3 column 7 -column 8 column 9 -column 10 nil. MULTIPLYING ARRANGEMENT. Fig 55 introduces solely the principle of the multiplying arrangement, which is shown in front elevation in half scale Fig 56 is a section through the corresponding calculating mechanism line In the former Fig 55 there is shown on the left a totaliser S'B, on the right hand side of which is shown a converter ZF with the transmission links st 1 to tz, These transmission links are controlled here, however, not solely by extraction from storers, but by the multipliers PB 1 and PB 2 which are disposed on the right thereof Multiplier PB 1 is for the tens products, and the other PB 2 for the units products which are less than ten. Just as, in the case of the totaliser, feeler rails 110 are provided for the individual result factors there are disposed in the multipliers feeler rails 510 which indicate the factors constituting the partial products The two numerals to be multiplied are brought into the multipliers by multiplier and multiplicand rails F 1 again indicating the factor 1, F 2 the factor 2, F 3 the factor 3, and F 5 the factor 5 in the case of the multiplicand factors. For the multiplier, the rails M,, M 2, M, and M, are appropriately provided The factor rails are crossed perpendicularly by the feeler rails 510 with inter-related slots and teeth so that those of the feeler rails which are lifted 785,285 Multiplicand F Multiplier M Result R 1 2 3 4 5 times 6 7 8 9 = 8 3 8 1 O 2 O 5 Storer teeth ztl tl h' z' el t h z e ZM M HT ZT T H Z E Operation, No. Addition Tens Units Tens Transmission Result Storer Z Mi M IHT ZT T Hj z E Factors Storer F M 1 Z E 4 5 5 9 el e 2 H Z + 3 + 6 4 9 z I e 4 0

5 3 H Z 4 O 5 8 el z 4 T H + 2 + 7 | 3 9 h' e 3 5 0 5 T H 3 2 4 8 Z 1 z 6 7 O 5 6 T H +X X 3 + 5 57 cl h 1 O2 O 51 1 1 1 1 j O 001 Multiplicand F Multiplier M Result R 1 2 3 4 5 times 6 7 8 9 8 3 8 1 O 2 O 5 Storer teeth ztl t 1 h' z I cl t h z e ZM M HT ZT T H Z E Addition Tens | Result Storer I Storer Operation I TransNo Tens Units mission ZM |M HT ZT T H Z E Factors F M 7 ZT T | 1 8 2 9 t e 8 ZT T + 1 2 + 4 3 8 h' z I 5 2 2 0 t 8 9 ZT T + 2 + 8 4 7 z I h 1 8 O 2 O 5 e 1 ZT T x x 3 O 5 6 el t I l 1 1 0 2 015 11 HT ZT + O + 9 l 1 9 ztl e 2 O O 2 O o 1 12 |IIT ZT 1 6 2 8 tl z 3 6 0 2 0 51 " 13 |HT ZT 2 1 3 7 h' h 7 0 2 0 5 I I 11571 O 2 015 1 0 o Ioo b I I O _^ Multiplicand F Multiplier M Result R 1 2 3 4 5 times 6 7 8 9 8 3 8 1 O 2 O 5 Storer teeth zt' tl h' z' el t h z e ZM M HT ZT T H Z E Addition Tens Result Storer I Storer Operation TransNo Tens Units mission ZM M HT ZT T H Z E Factors F M M HT + 0 + 8 1 8 ztl z 1 6 1 0 2 0 5 16 M HT + 1 + 4 2 7 tl h 3 0 1 0 2 0 5 17 M HT 1 8 3 6 h' t 4 8 1 0 2 0 5 18 ZM M + 0 + 7 1 7 ztl h 1 1 8 1 0 2 0 5 19 ZM M 1 2 2 6 tl t 2 3 8 1 0 2 0 5 HM ZM 26 1 6 ztl t 813 8 1 i O 2 0 5 x denotes tens transmission to the next-but-one digit place. CO cc. swinging plate 90 of the factor 5 remains fixed at the units place Shortly thereafter, the supporting springs 296 are pressed upwardly in the tens multiplier PB,, while those in the units multiplier PB 2 are released Correspond 70 ing to the tens value of the first product 45, viz, 40 = 10 + 30, the feeler rails 518 of the factors 1 and 3 are now elevated at 518 and the value 40 is then stored via the totaliser and the result links 84, and 84, into the tens 75 section of the product storer, since the decade storer shaft (Fig 56) raises the decade storer plate 94 of the tens digit place at this instant. As soon as reception into the storer has taken place, the supporting springs 296 of 80 the tens multiplier PB 1 are released and the calculation of the next partial product commences Through suitable cam arrangement of the coupling camshafts 708 of the two factor storers, which are now shifted one step further 85 to the next place, it is ensured that in the factor storer F Sp the coupling plate 98 remains in coupling position at the units place so that the numeral 9 is again extracted, whilst in the other storer M Sp the coupling plate 90 of tens place of digits is shifted so that the numeral 4 is extracted and transmitted for the next multiplication. In this way, the partial products are formed place by place, as indicated above, and added 95 in the totalizer to the numbers in the result storer Thus, with the totalizer one addition term is taken at any time from the freshly formed product, whilst the fundamental term is extracted from the result storer and fed by 100 the transmission links The transmission links s,-stz, of the converter on the right of

the totaliser are crossed and co-operate with the feeler rails of the result storer as well as the feeler rails 518 and can be set in dependence 105 on the fundamental term, i e the stored result, as well as the newly-formed partial product. The feeler rails 518 are thus constructed and operative in much the same manner as the lower halves of the feeler rails 604 which, as 110 will be remembered from the section entitled " NUMERAL TRA Ns M Iss Io N AND CAMSHAFT ACTUATION," act without the intermediary of a storer on the transmission links of the line calculating mechanism 115 The sequence of extraction and storing by correct digit place is conditioned only by the cam arrangement on the selector shafts of the factor storers and of the decade storer shaft of the result storer, which must be cor 120 rectly synchronised with each other As can be seen, the present example of calculation involves twenty partial products, which must be added in the units and the tens, so that forty cases of summation are thus required 125 This can be performed in approximately four seconds.

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* GB785286 (A)

Description: GB785286 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Regulating device operating through variations

Description of GB785286 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing Complete Specification April 20, 1954. Application Date April 20, 1953. 1 Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance -Class 38 ( 4), R( 40: 62: X).

International Classification: -G 05 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Regulating Device Operating through Variations I, RENE MARTIAL GEORGES DELAFONTAINE, a French Citizen, of 4, rue Duboc, Rouen, (Seine-Inferieure), France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and, the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to a regulating system designed to regulate machines This system effects regulation by effecting variations in the adjustment of machines, these variations in adjustment being determined by the measurement of typical variations in the operation of these machines Such a regulating method through measurement of the variations makes it possible to bring to and maintain a machine at the possible maximum (or minimum) of one characteristic of its operation. The invention consists in a machine regulating device in which electric and electronic components indicate and record measurement variations and produce, in an appropriate direction, variations of adjustment proportional to the difference between successive variations of measurement in order to attain a possible maximum or minimum value of these measurements. In the diagrammatic drawings accompanying the provisional specification are shown by way of examples suitable constructional embodiments of the invention In said drawings: Figure 1 shows, in rectangular co-ordinates, a curve representing a measurement as a function of an adjustment. Figure 2 is a diagram of an electronic device, made in accordance with the invention subjecting an adjusting variation to the measuring variation. Figure 3 shows the diagram of a device with condensers, designed to maintain in the form of a voltage the value of a measurement or of an adjustment that has taken place. Figure 4 is a diagram of a resistance type device, designed to maintain in the form of a voltage the value of a measurement or of an adjustment that has taken place. lPrice 3 s 6 d 41 Figure 5 is a diagram of a resistance type device, designed to obtain in the form of a voltage, the ratio of two measurements. The regulating system, according to this invention, operates in the following manner. It is assumed that the measurements of which the variations are introduced into the system is represented by the ordinates of a curve 1 (Fig 1), the abscissae corresponding to this curve showing the position of the adjustment effected by the regulating system Curve 1

presents a maximum 2 corresponding to adjustment xm which one wishes to attain and to keep In order to achieve this result, adjustment being initially at the arbitrary position x 0, it is sufficient, after a first adjusting variation also arbitrary (x,-x J), to create a sequence of adjusting variations (X 2-Xl)) {,X X 2) e, (X Xn-1) satisfying the law of servo-control x.+ 4 x = -1k(y -,) if (x -x -,) is positive, or complying with x,+,-x = -k(yn-youl) if (xn-x -,) is negative. Constant k is positive and must have a sufficient value. In the event of the curve representing the measure having a minimum and in case one would wish to reach that minimum and keep it, it would then necessary to take a negative constant k. Figure 2 is a diagram of an electronic device made in accordance with the invention, making it possible to obtain the above mentioned laws of servo-control The measurement according to which the adjustment is being made is made intermittently and is expressed as a D C voltage The voltage corresponding to measurement yn is applied to terminals 3 and 4, whereas that which corresponds to previous measurement y -,, and maintained through an appropriate recording means, is applied to terminals 5 and 4 These voltages are respectively applied to the grid and to the cathode of two electronic tubes 6 and 7, each of them having two anodes A resistance network connected in the anode circuits determines between points 8 and 9, on the one 785,286 No 10800/53. 785,286 hand, and 10 and 11, on the other hand, voltages which are equal as regards the absolute values but having contrary signs, proportional to the measuring variation (yn-y-,). The value of the adjustment to be controlled will also be expressed as a D C voltage The voltage corresponding to adjustment x 11 f 1 to be effected, is applied to terminals 12 and 13, whereas that corresponding to previous adjustment xn, and maintained through appropriate recording means, is applied to terminals 14 and 13 These voltages are respectively applied to the grid and to the cathode of two electronic tubes 15 and 16, each of them having two anodes A resistance network arranged in the anode circuits, produces between points 17 and 18, on the one hand, and 19 and 20, on the other hand, voltages which are equal and having the same sign, and which are proportional to the adjusting variation (x -x x). The device which ensures that an adjustment is carried out is actuated by any appropriate means through a relay comprising two electronic tubes 21 and 22, each of them having two grids and two anodes The voltages for controlling the adjusting device (not shown) are derived from terminals 23, 24, 25 of the anode circuits of said tubes These voltages control the adjusting device to vary the voltage corresponding to xal applied to terminals 12 and 13 until the

difference between the voltage proportional to yn-yn -1 and the voltage proportional to x,1 x 11 is zero, the law of servo-control is satisfied. When the four-way switch 26 is closed at periods such as are indicated later voltages between 8 and 9 and between 17 and 18 are placed in opposition, as also are the voltages between 10 and 11 and between 19 and 20. These voltages are placed in opposition respectively through twro resistance circuits 27 and 28, one of them being connected with the grids of tube 21, and the other with the grids of tube 22 However only one of these tubes 21 and 22 is operative at a time for altering the adjustment To this end, an electronic bi-stable circuit, such as a flip-flop indicated diagrammatically at 29 cuts-off the anode current of either of tubes 21 and 22. Flip-flop 29 itself is controlled upon the closing of switch 30 at periods such as are indicated later according to the adjustment variation sign (x xn,-) preceding the adjustment variation in progress (x 111-xn) Thus f Lip-flop 29 does not operate each time switch closes, but only operates to change its stable state when a change of sign occurs in the adjustment variations The assembly as described therefore makes it possible, through the output from terminals 23, 24 and 25, to control the adjustment variation in accordance with the preceding measurement variation or to that variation with a changed sign, taking into account the sign of the preceding adjustment variation In other words, this assembly makes it possible to realise the law of servo-control as stated above. Switches 26 and 30 are closed in the order indicated below for successive adjustment 70 variations The time during which switch 26 is closed corresponds to the time which may be necessary for the adjustment variation to take place Switch 30 only sends an impulse to flip-floy 29, therefore its closing 75 time is short and this closing takes place towards the end of the adjustment variation or between these variations the bi-stable circuit having the well known property of maintaining the electric condition as determined by 80 the sign of the impulse which it received. Adjustment variations may be effected at equal time intervals or in another manner The automatic control for maintaining the adjustment at the value corresponding to the maxi 85 mum (or to the minimum) of the measurement will be ensured by imparting a slight disturbance to the adjustment, at equal time intervals or in another manner. Figure 3 is a diagram of a device designed 90 to maintain the voltage corresponding, either to a measurement that has taken place, or to an adjustment that has taken place The voltage is applied to terminals 31 and 32 On the one hand, this voltage is carried over to 95 terminals

33 and 34, and on the other hand, this voltage serves as a load voltage for either of electric condensers 35 and 36, thanks to twin change-over swvitch 37 The voltage corresponding to the measurement or adjust 100 ment which has taken place is maintained by either of condensers 35 and 36 and is picked up between terminals 38 and 34 The measurements are taken intermittently and a measurement voltage y, applied to terminals 105 31 and 32 does not change in value during any one adjustment variation. Accordingly as the device as described above is used for maintaining the value of the measurement or for maintaining the adjust Il C ment position, terminals 33, 34, 38 will be respectively connected with terminals 3, 4, 5 or with terminals 12, 13, 14 of diagram in Figure 2. Change-over switch 37 is operated at the 115 appropriate times for the successive takings of measurements or adjustment variations. Figure 4 is a diagram showing another device designed to maintain the voltage corresponding, either to a measurement that has 12 C taken place, or to an adjustment that has taken place The voltage is applied to terminals 39 and 40 This voltage, on the one hand, is carried over to terminals 41 and 42, and on the other hand, this voltage is placed in oppo 12 f sition, through a relay 43 and a two-way switch 44, to a variable voltage given by a potentiometric arrangement including an electric source 45, one resistance 46 and either of sliders 47 or 48 moving over resistor 46 13 ( 785,286 Sliders 47 and 48 are driven in the required direction respectively through motors 49 and which are controlled, by switch 51, through relay 43 Motors 49 and 50 are fed by the electric source 52 The movements of switch 44 and of switch 51 are combined with those of two-way switch 53, connected with sliders 47 and 48 and with terminal 54. Switches 44, 53 and switch 51 are operated at the appropriate times tor the successive takings of measurement or of adjustment variations The successive values of measurement or of adjustment are expressed in turns by the position assumed by slider 47 or slider 48 on resistor 46 That slider which remains idle maintains the voltage corresponding to the measurement or adjustment that has taken place, this voltage can be used at terminals 54 and 42. It will be particularly desirable, in some cases, to operate the adjusting system according to the value of a measurement presenting itself as the ratio of two other measurements This will particularly be the case of an adjustment subjected to an efficiency variation For instance, one may consider the regulation of the air intake of an internal combustion engine of the fuel-injection type, by seeking, in every circumstance, the best possible efficiency of the engine. Figure 5 gives a simple example of a potentiometric assembly making it possible to have an electric voltage corresponding to the ratio of two

measurements respectively represented by the position of two sliders 55 and 56 on a resistor 57 fed from a source 58 The useful voltage will be picked up at terminals 59 and 60. Thus, in the aforementioned instance of regulating a fuel-injection type motor, the motion of slider 55 will correspond to the opening of the injection pump and the motion of slider 56 can then be linked up with that of a torque or force indicator such as a dynamometer. The adjusting system, according to the invention, can in some circumstances lead to undesirable or dangerous operations For instance, seeking a minimum consumption of an internal combustion engine will often create a rise in temperatures prejudicial to the motor It is however possible automatically to employ limit values of some characteristics to eliminate or to reverse, if necessary, the operations for regulating made by the system, by changing these values into electric voltages which will be made to act through appropriate means on the grids of tubes 21 and 22 (Fig 2), in order to avoid undesirable or dangerous conditions. By acting on grids of tubes 21 and 22, it will also bt possible to limit the amplitude of adjusting variations to a determined value, it being possible to express the said amplitude as a voltage which acts on a suitable relay, the said voltage being taken from the anode circuits of tubes 15 and 16 Such a limitation is useful in those cases where the adjustment tends to oscillate around the position corresponding to the maximum (or to the minimum) 70 of the measurement. The various switches as described may be driven by a common motor, with advantage. The various switches and commutators represented as electromechanical members, 75 oscillating or rotating, for instance, may be replaced by electronic switches. The previous description concerns more specially those cases where an adjustment is determined by the variations of a measure 80 ment An adjustment variation may also be determined by the variations of several measurements In such a case, the adjustment variation elements will be connected with those indicating the measurement var 85 ations, according to any chosen order Conversely, one may, according to any chosen order, connect the elements indicating the variations of a measurement with several adjustment varying devices in order to effect 90 several adjustments according to the variations of a single measurement. It results from the above that by applying the processes as described, it is possible to obtain regulating devices which, as compared 95 with previous devices, offer numerous advantages, namely the possibility of bringing to and maintaining in most favourable operating conditions,

with reduced response times, those machines fitted with the said devices 100 It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

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* GB785287 (A)

Description: GB785287 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Knitted fabric and method and apparatus for the production thereof

Description of GB785287 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 785287 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 12, 1953. FA a las No 13245/53. | Application made in Germany on May 12, 1952.

Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance: -Class 74 ( 2), Cl A 5, K 4 A( 2: 4: 8). International Classification:-DO 4 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Knitted Fabric and method and apparatus for the production thereof I, MAX NEBEL, of 160, Waldstrasse, Wiesbaden 16, Germany, a German citizen, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to knitted fabrics. The invention also provides a method of producing such fabrics, on a circular knitting machine. The invention is particularly concerned with a fabric of the kind wherein the stitches of a complete course are formed by knitting at one feeder upon alternate needles and subsequently knitting at a second feeder upon the intermediate needles In this way each complete course comprises two part-courses arranged on straight lines spaced apart from one another in the direction of the wales. The term " part-course " used herein is intended to denote a row in which stitches are formed only in alternate wales, stitches being formed in the intermediate wales in the next part course Thus a complete course consists of the full number of stitches but with successive stitches offset in zig zag formation between itwo adjacent part courses. The present invention consists in a knitted fabric of the foregoing kind, characterized in that one part of the thread for each partcourse is formed into stitches by the alternate needles and that part of the thread not being formed into a stitch is formed, in the next but one part-course in the adjacent wale, together with the thread of that next but one part-course into stitches formed from two threads (hereinafter referred to as " two thread stitches "), and that the leg of each of the sinker loops of a knitted loop crosses under and over the legs of sinker loops of two adjacent knitted loops in a next adjacent wale. The invention also consists in a method of producing the fabric above described which comprises forming a part course by feeding a lPrice 3 s 6 d l first yarn to alternate needles and forming the portions of said yarn between said alternate needles into long loops, knitting said first yarn fed to said alternate needles with a long loop formed from a second yarn during the knitting of a next but two preceding part course to produce two-thread stitches in alter nate wales and forming the next part course by feeding said second yarn to the intermediate needles and forming the portions of said second yarn

between said intermediate needles into long loops and knitting said second yarn fed to said intermediate needles with a long loop formed from said first yarn during the knitting of a next but two preceding part course to produce two-thread stitches in intermediate wales. Such a knitted fabric may be produced, according to the invention, on a circular knitting machine which comprises two groups of needles and two groups of loop transfer members (hereinafter referred to as "transferring sinkers ") associated therewith, the needles and transferring sinkers of the first group being arranged in alternation with the needles and transferring sinkers of the second group, a first thread guide for feeding a first yarn to the needles of the first group and over the transferring sinkers associated with the needles of the second group, a second thread guide for feeding a second yarn to the needles of the second group and over the transferring sinkers associated with the first group of needles, the needles of each group and the transferring sinkers associated therewith being operable in such manner that after the yarn is fed over a transferring sinker the latter is withdrawn out of the row of needles to hold the long loop formed thereover clear of the associated needle to permit said needle to receive yarn and thereafter to move back into the row of needles to transfer said long loop to the said needle to knit said long loop with the yarn fed thereto into a two thread stitch. P Mce 25 p r 'I il- 11 1 i T 2 __ _ In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate diagrammatically and by way of example, one embodiment thereof, and in which: Fig 1 illustrates the stitches or the construction of the knitted fabric according to the invention; Fig 2 is a rear view showing the mode of operating the transferring sinkers and the needles; Fig 3 is a corresponding top plan view of Fig 2; Figs 4, 5, 7, 8, 8 a and 9 show in elevation various positions of transferring sinkers and needles in the mode of operation according to Figs 2 and 3; Figs 6 and 12 respectively show in front view and elevation means for opening the latches; and Figs 10 and 11 show embodiments of transferring sinkers. The knitted fabric shown in Figure 1 is of the kind hereinbefore described having the stitches 4 of each complete course sequence arranged on two straight lines (part courses) spaced apart from one another in the direction of the wales, the stitches being formed from two threads a and b The stitch formation of the fabric according to the present invention consists in that one part of the thread a or b for each part-course is formed into stitches 4 by alternate needles and the part of the thread not being formed into a stitch, is formed, in the next but one part-course in the adjacent wale, together with the thread of that next but one part-course into two-thread stitches

4/5. A leg of each of the sinker loops Sa or 5 b of a knitted loop crosses under at la or lb and over at lb or la legs of the sinker loops 5 b or a of two adjacent knitted loops in a next adjacent wale. For producing such a knitted fabric a circular knitting machine is used which as shown in Figs 2 and 3 is provided with two groups of needles NI and N 2 and two groups of transferring sinkers P' and P 2 associated therewith The needles NI and transferring sinkers Pl of the first group are arranged in alternation with the needles N 2 and transferring sinkers Pl of the second group Two thread guides 1 and 21 are provided, the thread guide 1 being used to feed a first yarn a to the needles NI of the first needle group and over the transferring sinkers P' of the second group whereby the long loops 3 a are formed on the transferring sinkers P' In a similar manner the second yam b is fed by the thread guide 21 to the needles N 2 of the second group and over the transferring sinkers P' of the first group whereby the long loops 3 b are formed on the transferring sinkers ?l The needles of each group and the transferring sinkers associated therewith are operable in such manner that after the yarn is fed over a transferring sinker the latter is withdrawn out of the row of needles to hold the long loop formed thereover clear of the associated needle to permit said needle to receive yarn and thereafter to move back into 70 the row of needles to permit said long loop to be transferred to the said needle to knit said long loop with the yarn fed thereto into a two thread stitch. The succession of transferring and knitting 75 of the long loops in the successive forming of part-courses is therefore effected, as follows: 1ST Loo P FORMING OPERATION. The forming of the part-course a is effected by the needles N' in such manner that the 80 long loops 3 a are drawn over a transferring sinker P 2 The long loops 3 b of the preceding part-course b are not transferred to the needles N', but still hang on a transferring sinker P' behind the needles N 1, and these 85 transferring sinkers P' are drawn back so far that the thread cannot be placed on them during the drawing of loops by the needles N' The long loops 3 a of the preceding partcourse a are transferred and hang on the 90 needles N 2, vwhile the long loops 3 b of the next but one preceding part-course b, hanging on the needles N', are formed into stitches 4/5 together with the stitches 4 of this partcourse 95 2ND Loo P FORMING OPERATION. The forming of part-course b is effected by the needles N in such manner that long loops 3 b are drawn over a transferring sinker P' by the needles N' The long loops 3 a of the 100 preceding part-course a are not transferred to the needles N 2, but are still hanging on the

transferring sinkers P 2 behind the needles N 2 as Were the long loops 3 b in the preceding looping operation The long loops 3 b of the 105 preceding part-course b are transferred and are hanging on the needles N', while the long loops 3 a of the last but one preceding partcourse a which are hanging on the needles N 2, are formed into stitches 4/5 together with the 110 stitches 4 of this part-course. 3RD Loop FORMING OPERATION. The first looping operation is repeated. 4 Tii Loop FORMING OPERATION. The second looping operation is repeated, 115 and so on. The forming of a long loop into a stitch in the next but two following part-course is accomplished in such a manner that, for example, before the beginning of the looping 120 operation of part-course a the long loops 3 b of the preceding part-course b are not transferred to the needles N' but are still on the transferring sinkers P', and in consequence of this, those long loops hang out of reach of 125 needles N' The needles N' form the new partcourse a into stitches 4 and long loops 3 a on the transferring sinkers P 2 (see Figs 2 and 3), thus both the long loops 3 a and 3 b, each hang on a transferring sinker P 2 and P', respec 130 785,287 formed, when forming the part-courses a, b, the alternate crossing of the legs 5 a, 5 b at the points la, lb according to Figure 1, will be achieved. To produce the fabric according to Figure 70 1 in addition to the above described working of the needles and transferring sinkers, there are required some particular movements of the transferring sinkers and the needles as well as specially shaped transferring sinkers 75 The long loops 3 formed in the penultimate looping operation which are to be transferred to the needles, are positioned behind the long loops 3 of the last looping operation and intersect each other passing over one needle 80 (needle division) as shown in Figures 2 and 3, after the looping operation of the needles N' which cross the long loops 3 a positioned in front of the long loops 3 b The long loops 3 b positioned behind the long loops 3 a must now 85 be transferred, within zone of motion V of the needles and transferring sinkers, to the needles N' by the transferring sinkers P' In order to bring the long loops 3 b hanging on the transferring sinkers Pl in front of the long 90 loops 3 a, when moving the transferring sinkers P' into the transferring position V (but not in front of and over the needles N', which already have taken up long loops and are moving upwards to obtain thread for the following loop 95 ing operation) these needles N' are moved according to the invention so far upward that their heads are higher than the long loops 3 a hanging on the transferring sinkers P' This operation is shown, within range Y by the 100 position of the needles N' and transferring sinkers Pl in Figure 2 in rear view and in

Figure 8 a in side view The result of it is that, the long loops 3 a not to be transferred, can displace themselves only so far as the 105 back of the needles N' The long loops 3 a not to be transferred must be kept on the transferring sinkers P' until the next transferring operation which is to be performed In consequence of it the transferring sinkers P 2 110 again move through the needle row (see Fig. 4), while the transferring sinkers P', having transferred the long loops 3 b, move into the position of release P" (see Figs 2 and 3). Hence the long loops 3 a hang on the trans 115 ferring sinkers P' when the succeeding looping operation starts, while new loops should not be formed on these transferring sinkers. Advantageously, specially shaped transferring sinkers P', P' (see Figs 10 and 11) 120 are employed according to the invention which have a nib Pv directed upwards, the free end of which is positioned higher than the obliquely inclined edge pa (see Fig 9). In order to avoid during the forming of 125 long loops 3 b on transferring sinkers P', that long loops will also be formed on transferring sinkers P', the transferring sinkers P' are drawn back slightly from the needle row at the time during which the needles while 130 tively, and this is done in such manner, that the long loops 3 a hang between needles N' obliquely over the needles N', and the long loops 3 b between the needles NI obliquely over the needles N' In the following upward motion of the needles N' and NI the long loops 3 b are brought in front of and over the needles N' and are transferred to them by means of the throats Pb of the transferring sinkers P', as only the transferring sinkers Pl are moved forwardly into the transferring position Meanwhile long loops 3 a are not being transferred to the needles NI which in the next looping operation form the partcourse b, and hang on the transferring sinkers P', because these transferring sinkers, carrying only the long loops and positioned with their free ends somewhat through the needle row, move through the needle row during the transferring operation (see Fig 2 and Fig 3). The needles N' on to which the long loops 3 b have been transferred, move firstly upwards into the position of knocking over and put the old stitches 4/5 on the needle shank below the latch of the needle, while the long loops 3 b according to Fig 4 remain on the opened latch of the needle (see Fig 4) Then needles N', still in front of the thread-guide 1, move down into the tucking position for the next looping operation of the part-course b, as shown in Fig 5, which means that the needles keep long loops 3 b in their hooks and the stitches 4/5 on the closed latch and take downwards at the same time long loops 3 b in unison with their downward motion into the position PY of

release of the transferring sinkers (see Figure 3) from the long loops, and move through the needle row in this position as well during the succeeding looping operation This procedure avoids any danger of the long loops being pierced by transferring sinkers P' or P' during their forward movement between the needles. The return motion of the transferring sinkers Pl or P' after the transferring motion into the position of release P 7 for the transferred long loops 3 b or 3 a, far behind the needles (see Figure 3), will not be performed by the transferring sinkers of the other group P 2 or Pl which still carry long loops and have not yet transferred them These transferring sinkers however, move through during this operation with their free ends projecting somewhat through the needle row. The motion of the transferring sinkers towards the needles is the same for each looping operation as described above The transferring sinkers again move before the beginning of the looping operation from their position of release P' for the transferred long loops below the thread into the sinking position for the next looping operation. By putting the long loops 3 a, 3 b of the lastly formed part-course always in front of the long loops of the part-course previously 785,287 moving downwards draw the thread for the long loops on to the sinking edge P' of the transferring sinkers Pl (these are the transferring sinkers p 2 F or P in Figs 2 and 3); those transferring sinkers P 2 are drawn back only so far that the transferring sinkers with their free end, located adjacent the back of the needle, can no longer take up the thread. Hereafter these transferring sinkers are again moved slightly into the needle row before the needles have arrived at their lowest position for sinking, thus preventing again, that in sinking the long loops of that part-course on the transferring sinkers of that group, the long loops of the other part-course hanging during this operation on the transferring sinkers of the other group, fall down from them (see Figs 2, 3 and 5). After having drawn the newly sunk thread by the needles NI or N 2 so far down that it is positioned lower than the sinking edge Pa or nib P", the transferring sinkers P 2 (P') again move slightly between the needle row with their free end Due to the upwardly directed nib PV of the transferring sinker P', pa, which nib is positioned higher than the sinking edge Pa for the long loops, there is achieved an additional secure holding of the long loops (see Fig 5), since at this point of time the needle will be moved downwards and the fabric with the long loops will be drawn downwards too. The transferring sinkers P' and P 2 are of different length, i e, short sinkers P' and long sinkers P 2 The front part of the sinker is

made thinner up to the beginning of the lower part. The sinking of the long loops 3 which are longer than the usual ones (see Fig 9) is effected on the edge Pa of the transferring sinker, which is positioned lower than that part of the upper edge on which the long loops 3 are kept, whereupon the stitches 4/5 and long loops 3 must be separated in such a manner, that the stitches 4/5 are put on the shank of the needle below the opened latch, while the long loops 3 remain still on the latch (see Fig 8). The feature of the nib Pv being directed obliquely upwards has the purpose that the yarn will be positioned on an edge which gradually inclines obliquely towards the edge Ps, which is positioned lower than the free end, thus forming the long loops 3 on a point positioned lower than the free end, and that this point (that is the free end) with which the transferring sinkers again enter between the needles over the long loops being transferred on the needles, is positioned higher than the vertex of the long loops The sinking of the long loops can be performed up to the throat which is formed by the oblique sinking edge Pa and the ascending edge P' (see Fig 10), or can be formed up to the straight edge P 3 (see Fig 11) depending on the point to which the transferring sinker is moved between the needles. While moving the nib P' out of the long loop 3 no downward drawing of the fabric or of the long loops by the needles takes place, 70 thus the long loops are not taut on the edge Pa As shown by the shape of the transferring sinker according to Fig 11, the upwardly directed nib PV can also rise directly from the laying-on edge PF, if the distance from Pk to 75 Ps is sufficiently great, then the free end is positioned higher than the edge P', while in the case of the sinkers of Fig 10, the upwardly directed free end of the nib PV is at about the same height as the laying-on edge F' 80 When manufacturing the fabric according to Fig 1 as well as in all methods of producing fabric in which long loops are knitted into stitches in a succeeding course, the latches must be opened before the transferring of the long 85 loops, in order to put the long loops under the hooks of the needles For this purpose the needles perform a short up-and-down motion on and from the finishing of sinking and knocking over of the stitches until the transferring 90 of the long loops That is the short up-anddown motion of the needles shown in Fig 6, is effected between the motion of the needles within range 6 (See Fig 2) The needles N' perform thereby the motion for opening the 95 latches after the sinking, as shown by the course of motion drawn in dotted lines, while the needles N 2 move upwards before the motion of transferring of the needles N', also shown by the course of motion drawn in dotted lines 100 This up-and-down motion of the needles suffices for opening the latches by the stitches on themn, but is not sufficient for keeping

the latches open, because by moving the needles upwards and again downwards ithe latches, 105 which easily can be moved, will be closed again, which means that the hook is closed again, especially at the high speed of the machine. This disadvantage is obviated by the pro 110 vision of bridge B (for example, a bent piece of metal or a presser) is arranged in front of and at some distance from the needles which starts immediately after the needles N' (N 2) have arrived at their highest point in moving 115 upward for opening the latches by the stitches, thus the latches Z can swing only up to the bridge B in the following downward motion of the needles (see Fig 12, position of needles drawn in dotted lines) This bridge B is ad 120 vantageously attached to the machine in an oblique position and extends as far as the lowest position of the needles at the beginning of the transferring operation. The motion of the needles of one group for 125 opening the latches and the upward motion of the needles of the other group can be varied according to requirements, in order to avoid touching the lastly formed long loops during the upward motion of the needles According, 130 785,287 part-course by feeding a first yarn to alternate needles and forming the portions of said yarn between said alternate needles into long loops, knitting said first yarn fed to said alternate needles with a long loop formed from a second yarn during the knitting of a next but two preceding part-course to produce two-thread stitches in alternate wales and forming the next part-course by feeding said second yarn to the intermediate needles and forming the portions of said second yarn between said intermediate needles into long loops and knitting said second yarn fed to said intermediate needles with a long loop formed from said first yarn during the knitting of a next but two preceding partcourse to produce two-thread stitches in intermediate wales. 3 A circular knitting machine for producing

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