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Contents

Contributors .................................................................................. ix

Preface to Second Edition ............................................................ xiii

Preface to First Edition ................................................................. xv

General References ..................................................................... xvii

About the Authors ......................................................................... xix

Part A. System Considerations ................................................. 1.1.1 Section 1. System Fundamentals ............................................................ 1.1.3

1.1 Conceptual and Preliminary Design .................................... 1.1.5 1.1.1 Introduction ............................................................... 1.1.5 1.1.2 Concept Phase ......................................................... 1.1.6 1.1.3 Preliminary Design Phase ........................................ 1.1.14 1.1.4 References ............................................................... 1.1.18 1.1.5 Bibliography .............................................................. 1.1.18

1.2 Heating and Cooling Load Calculations .............................. 1.2.1 1.2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 1.2.1 1.2.2 Heating and Cooling Loads ...................................... 1.2.1 1.2.3 Trane Programs ........................................................ 1.2.4 1.2.4 Carrier Programs ...................................................... 1.2.11 1.2.5 References ............................................................... 1.2.13 Co

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Section 2. Design Considerations ............................................................ 2.1.1

2.1 Applications of HVAC Systems ........................................... 2.1.3 2.1.1 General Considerations ............................................ 2.1.3 2.1.2 Occupancies ............................................................. 2.1.11 2.1.3 Exhaust Systems ...................................................... 2.1.18 2.1.4 References ............................................................... 2.1.25

2.2 HVAC Applications for Cogeneration Systems .................... 2.2.1 2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 2.2.1 2.2.2 HVAC Applications for Thermal Energy .................... 2.2.1 2.2.3 Operational Criteria ................................................... 2.2.8 2.2.4 Fuel ........................................................................... 2.2.9 2.2.5 Prime Movers ............................................................ 2.2.10

2.3 Condensate Control ............................................................ 2.3.1 2.3.1 Condensate Carryover and Drips ............................. 2.3.2 2.3.2 Condensate Drain Pan ............................................. 2.3.5 2.3.3 Humidity and Temperature in Air Supply

System ...................................................................... 2.3.11 2.3.4 Position of Fan in Air Handler ................................... 2.3.15 2.3.5 Seal on the Condensate Drain Line (Draw-

Through Systems) .................................................... 2.3.18 2.3.6 Condensate Drain Lines ........................................... 2.3.28 2.3.7 References ............................................................... 2.3.30

Part B. Systems and Components ............................................ 3.1.1 Section 3. Components for Heating and Cooling .................................... 3.1.3

3.1 Piping .................................................................................. 3.1.5 Part 1: Water and Steam Piping ............................................... 3.1.5

3.1.1 Introduction ............................................................... 3.1.5 3.1.2 Hydronic Systems ..................................................... 3.1.5 3.1.3 Steam Systems ......................................................... 3.1.8 3.1.4 Refrigerant Systems ................................................. 3.1.10 References ............................................................................. 3.1.11 Co

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Part 2: Oil and Gas Piping .......................................................... 3.1.12 3.1.5 Introduction ............................................................... 3.1.12 3.1.6 Qil Piping .................................................................. 3.1.12 3.1.7 Gas Piping ................................................................ 3.1.21

3.2 Duct Sizing .......................................................................... 3.2.1 3.2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 3.2.1 3.2.2 Manual Method ......................................................... 3.2.2 3.2.3 Computer Method ..................................................... 3.2.3 3.2.4 References ............................................................... 3.2.4 3.2.5 Bibliography .............................................................. 3.2.4

3.3 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems ................................... 3.3.1 3.3.1 System Design .......................................................... 3.3.1 3.3.2 Typical System Designs ........................................... 3.3.8 3.3.3 Fan Modulation Methods .......................................... 3.3.23 3.3.4 Fan Deviation from Catalog Ratings ......................... 3.3.27 3.3.5 Fan Control Sensor Location .................................... 3.3.31 3.3.6 Fan Selection ............................................................ 3.3.35 3.3.7 Return-Air Fans ........................................................ 3.3.37 3.3.8 Design Check List for Good Indoor Air Quality

(IAQ) ......................................................................... 3.3.40 3.3.9 Reference ................................................................. 3.3.41

3.4 Fans and Blowers ............................................................... 3.4.1 3.4.1 Fan Requirements .................................................... 3.4.1 3.4.2 Fan Types ................................................................. 3.4.3 3.4.3 Fan Systems ............................................................. 3.4.9 3.4.4 Fan Laws .................................................................. 3.4.20 3.4.5 Fan Noise ................................................................. 3.4.22 3.4.6 Fan Construction ...................................................... 3.4.25 3.4.7 Fan Selection ............................................................ 3.4.31 References ............................................................................. 3.4.40

3.5 Pumps for Heating and Cooling .......................................... 3.5.1 3.5.1 Introduction ............................................................... 3.5.1 3.5.2 Centrifugal Pumps .................................................... 3.5.2

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3.5.3 Positive-Displacement Pumps .................................. 3.5.17 3.5.4 HVAC System Designs ............................................. 3.5.21 3.5.5 Heating Systems ....................................................... 3.5.22 3.5.6 Closed System Design ............................................. 3.5.25 3.5.7 Refrigeration Systems .............................................. 3.5.37 3.5.8 Selection ................................................................... 3.5.39 3.5.9 Variable Speed Energy Conservation ....................... 3.5.40 3.5.10 Installation and Operation ......................................... 3.5.40 3.5.11 Reference ................................................................. 3.5.42

3.6 Valves ................................................................................. 3.6.1 3.6.1 Introduction ............................................................... 3.6.1 3.6.2 Valve Sealing ............................................................ 3.6.1 3.6.3 Isolation Valves and Balancing Valves ..................... 3.6.19 3.6.4 Reference ................................................................. 3.6.23

3.7 Valance Units ...................................................................... 3.7.1 3.7.1 Description ................................................................ 3.7.1 3.7.2 Features .................................................................... 3.7.1 3.7.3 Construction .............................................................. 3.7.1 3.7.4 Operation .................................................................. 3.7.2 3.7.5 Design of the Valance ............................................... 3.7.5

Section 4. Heat Generation Equipment ................................................... 4.1.1

4.1 Boilers ................................................................................. 4.1.3 4.1.1 Introduction ............................................................... 4.1.3 4.1.2 Boiler Types .............................................................. 4.1.4 4.1.3 Operating Pressure ................................................... 4.1.4 4.1.4 Boiler Design Classifications .................................... 4.1.5 4.1.5 Selecting a Packaged Boiler ..................................... 4.1.7 4.1.6 General Design Criteria ............................................ 4.1.9 4.1.7 Water-Tube Boilers ................................................... 4.1.12 4.1.8 Fire-Tube Boilers ...................................................... 4.1.19 4.1.9 Cast-Iron Boilers ....................................................... 4.1.21 4.1.10 Specific Design Criteria ............................................ 4.1.23 Co

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4.1.11 Systems and Selections ........................................... 4.1.25 4.1.12 High Temperature Water Systems ........................... 4.1.29 4.1.13 Heat-Recovery Boilers .............................................. 4.1.38 4.1.14 Solid-Fuel Boilers ...................................................... 4.1.43 4.1.15 Unfired Boilers .......................................................... 4.1.48 4.1.16 Operation and Maintenance ..................................... 4.1.49 4.1.17 Electric Boilers .......................................................... 4.1.50

4.2 Burners and Fuels ............................................................... 4.2.1 4.2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 4.2.1 4.2.2 Fuels ......................................................................... 4.2.6

4.3 Burner Systems .................................................................. 4.3.1 4.3.1 Introduction ............................................................... 4.3.1 4.3.2 Gas Burners .............................................................. 4.3.1 4.3.3 Oil Burners ................................................................ 4.3.3 4.3.4 Solid-Fuel Burners .................................................... 4.3.7 4.3.5 Controls .................................................................... 4.3.13

4.4 Factory-Built Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and Stacks ................................................................................. 4.4.1 4.4.1 Introduction ............................................................... 4.4.1 4.4.2 Listed Factory-Built Chimneys and Vents ................. 4.4.2 4.4.3 Steel Stacks .............................................................. 4.4.32 4.4.4 Precast Reinforced-Concrete Chimneys .................. 4.4.37 4.4.5 Chimneys for Incinerators ......................................... 4.4.46 4.4.6 Design ...................................................................... 4.4.63 4.4.7 References ............................................................... 4.4.87

Section 5. Heat Distribution Systems ...................................................... 5.1.1

5.1 Steam ................................................................................. 5.1.3 5.1.1 Introduction to Steam ................................................ 5.1.3 5.1.2 Introduction to Steam Heating Systems ................... 5.1.6 5.1.3 General System Design ............................................ 5.1.6 5.1.4 Pressure Conditions ................................................. 5.1.6 5.1.5 Piping Arrangements ................................................ 5.1.7 Co

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5.1.6 Condensate Return ................................................... 5.1.7 5.1.7 Pipe-Sizing Criteria ................................................... 5.1.7 5.1.8 Determining Equivalent Length ................................. 5.1.8 5.1.9 Basic Tables for Steam Pipe Sizing .......................... 5.1.8 5.1.10 Tables for Low-Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing ............ 5.1.10 5.1.11 Tables for Sizing Medium- and High-Pressure

Pipe Systems ............................................................ 5.1.11 5.1.12 Air Vents ................................................................... 5.1.15 5.1.13 Steam Traps ............................................................. 5.1.16 5.1.14 Steam Trap Types .................................................... 5.1.17 5.1.15 Balanced-Pressure Steam Traps .............................. 5.1.18 5.1.16 Bimetallic Thermostatic Steam Traps ....................... 5.1.19 5.1.17 Liquid-Expansion Steam Traps ................................. 5.1.20 5.1.18 Bucket Steam Traps ................................................. 5.1.20 5.1.19 Float-and-Thermostatic Steam Traps ....................... 5.1.21 5.1.20 Thermodynamic Steam Traps .................................. 5.1.22 5.1.21 Steam Trap Location ................................................ 5.1.23 5.1.22 Steam Trap Sizing .................................................... 5.1.23 5.1.23 Steam Trap Selection ............................................... 5.1.25 5.1.24 Determining Condensate Load for a System ............ 5.1.25 5.1.25 Water Damage .......................................................... 5.1.25 5.1.26 Water Conditioning ................................................... 5.1.26 5.1.27 Freeze Protection ..................................................... 5.1.26 5.1.28 Piping Supports ........................................................ 5.1.26 5.1.29 Strainers ................................................................... 5.1.27 5.1.30 Pressure-Reducing Valves ....................................... 5.1.28 5.1.31 Flash Tanks .............................................................. 5.1.28 5.1.32 Steam Separators ..................................................... 5.1.28

5.2 Hot-Water Systems ............................................................. 5.2.1 5.2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.2.1 5.2.2 Classes of Hot-Water Systems ................................. 5.2.1 5.2.3 Design of Hot-Water Systems .................................. 5.2.2 5.2.4 Piping Layout ............................................................ 5.2.3

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5.2.5 Pressure Drop and Pumping Requirements ............. 5.2.6 5.2.6 Pipe Sizing ................................................................ 5.2.9 5.2.7 Venting and Expansion Tanks .................................. 5.2.10 5.2.8 Mechanical and Control Equipment .......................... 5.2.12

5.3 Infrared Heating .................................................................. 5.3.1 5.3.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.3.1 5.3.2 Types of Heaters and Applications ........................... 5.3.1 5.3.3 Physiology of Infrared Heating .................................. 5.3.2 5.3.4 Spacing and Arrangement of Electric Heaters .......... 5.3.3 5.3.5 Gas Infrared Radiant Heating ................................... 5.3.5

5.4 Electric Heating ................................................................... 5.4.1 5.4.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.4.1 5.4.2 System Selection ...................................................... 5.4.1 5.4.3 Central Hot-Water Systems ...................................... 5.4.4 5.4.4 Warm-Air Systems .................................................... 5.4.4 5.4.5 Convector with Metallic Heating Element ................. 5.4.6 5.4.6 Unit Ventilators ......................................................... 5.4.6 5.4.7 Unit Heaters .............................................................. 5.4.6 5.4.8 Baseboard Heaters ................................................... 5.4.6 5.4.9 Infrared Heaters ........................................................ 5.4.7 5.4.10 Valance, Cornice, or Cove Heaters .......................... 5.4.7 5.4.11 Radiant Convector Wall Panels ................................ 5.4.7 5.4.12 Integrated Heat Recovery ......................................... 5.4.8 5.4.13 Heat Pumps (See Also Chap. 6.3) ............................ 5.4.8 5.4.14 Specifying Electric Heating Systems ........................ 5.4.10 5.4.15 Electric Circuit Design ............................................... 5.4.10 5.4.16 Heat Pump Types ..................................................... 5.4.11

5.5 Solar Space Heating ........................................................... 5.5.1 5.5.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.5.1 5.5.2 Types of Distribution Systems .................................. 5.5.2 5.5.3 General Design ......................................................... 5.5.4 5.5.4 Heat-Transfer Media ................................................. 5.5.6 5.5.5 Water Drainback Systems ........................................ 5.5.7

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5.5.6 Pumping Considerations ........................................... 5.5.7 5.5.7 Additional Fluid System Considerations ................... 6.5.8 5.5.8 Materials and Equipment .......................................... 5.5.9

5.6 Snow-Melting Systems ........................................................ 5.6.1 5.6.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.6.1 5.6.2 Determination of the Snow-Melting Load .................. 5.6.2 5.6.3 Piping Layout ............................................................ 5.6.4 5.6.4 Determine the Gallons/Minute (Liters/Second)

Requirement and Specify a Heat Exchanger ............ 5.6.4 5.6.5 Select Specialties ..................................................... 5.6.5 5.6.6 Electrical Snow Melting ............................................. 5.6.6 5.6.7 Electric Heat Output .................................................. 5.6.6 5.6.8 Infrared (Radiant) Snow Melting ............................... 5.6.7 5.6.9 System Controls ....................................................... 5.6.8

5.7 Heat Tracing ....................................................................... 5.7.1 5.7.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.7.1 5.7.2 Basic Design Considerations .................................... 5.7.1 5.7.3 Electric Heat-Tracing Design .................................... 5.7.4 5.7.4 Accessory and Control Equipment ........................... 5.7.7

5.8 Unit Heaters ........................................................................ 5.8.1 5.8.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.8.1 5.8.2 Unit Heating System Differences .............................. 5.8.2 5.8.3 Classification of Unit Heaters .................................... 5.8.4 5.8.4 Typical Unit Heater Connections .............................. 5.8.7 5.8.5 Calculating Heat Loss for a Building ......................... 5.8.8 5.8.6 Selecting Unit Heaters .............................................. 5.8.10 5.8.7 When Quietness is a Factor ..................................... 5.8.15 5.8.8 Controls for Unit Heater Operation ........................... 5.8.20 5.8.9 Locating Unit Heaters ............................................... 5.8.21 5.8.10 Seven Good Reasons for Replacing Rather

Than Repairing Unit Heaters .................................... 5.8.23 5.8.11 References ............................................................... 5.8.25 Co

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5.9 Hydronic Cabinet Heaters ................................................... 5.9.1 5.9.1 Cabinet Unit HeatersHeating Only .......................... 5.9.1 5.9.2 Fan-Coil UnitsHeating and Cooling ........................ 5.9.3 5.9.3 Unit VentilatorsHeating, Cooling, and

Ventilating ................................................................. 5.9.5 5.9.4 Selection ................................................................... 5.9.5 5.9.5 Applications .............................................................. 5.9.17 5.9.6 References ............................................................... 5.9.21

5.10 Heat Exchangers ................................................................ 5.10.1 5.10.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.10.1 5.10.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers ............................. 5.10.1 5.10.3 Nonremovable (Fixed-Tubesheet) Tube

Bundles ..................................................................... 5.10.2 5.10.4 U-Tube Removable Tube Bundles ........................... 5.10.4 5.10.5 Packed Floating Tub Sheet Removable

Bundles ..................................................................... 5.10.5 5.10.6 Internal Floating Head Removable Bundles ............. 5.10.6 5.10.7 Tubes for Shell-and-Tube Design ............................. 5.10.6 5.10.8 Tube Joints ............................................................... 5.10.9 5.10.9 Headers for Shell-and-Tube Design ......................... 5.10.9 5.10.10 Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers .......................... 5.10.10 5.10.11 Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers ................................. 5.10.14 5.10.12 Coils .......................................................................... 5.10.15 5.10.13 Maintenance of Heat Exchangers ............................. 5.10.18 5.10.14 References ............................................................... 5.10.19 5.10.15 Bibliography .............................................................. 5.10.19

5.11 Radiators for Steam and Hot Water Heating ....................... 5.11.1 5.11.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.11.1 5.11.2 Heating Elements ..................................................... 5.11.2 5.11.3 Enclosures ................................................................ 5.11.4 5.11.4 Architectural Enclosures ........................................... 5.11.6 5.11.5 Ratings ...................................................................... 5.11.8 5.11.6 Selection ................................................................... 5.11.9

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5.11.7 Application ................................................................ 5.11.10 5.11.8 Piping Arrangements ................................................ 5.11.12 5.11.9 Automatic Control ..................................................... 5.11.13 5.11.10 References ............................................................... 5.11.15

5.12 Door Heating ....................................................................... 5.12.1 5.12.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.12.1 5.12.2 Characteristics of Door Heating Loads ..................... 5.12.1 5.12.3. Types of Door Heating Equipment Available ............ 5.12.2 5.12.4 Controls and Control Systems .................................. 5.12.6 5.12.5 Selection of Door Heaters ......................................... 5.12.8 5.12.6 Alternatives to Door Heating ..................................... 5.12.11 5.12.7 Door Heater Installation ............................................ 5.12.11 5.12.8 Door Heating WorksheetExplanation ...................... 5.12.12 5.12.9 Door Heating WorksheetSample Form for

Use ........................................................................... 5.12.15 5.13 Radiant Panel Heating ........................................................ 5.13.1

5.13.1 Introduction ............................................................... 5.13.1 5.13.2 Definitions and Terms ............................................... 5.13.1 5.13.3 History and Applications ........................................... 5.13.4 5.13.4 Design Considerations .............................................. 5.13.5 5.13.5 System Components ................................................ 5.13.12 5.13.6 System Design .......................................................... 5.13.28 5.13.7 Installation Methods .................................................. 5.13.44 5.13.8 Summary .................................................................. 5.13.54 5.13.9 References ............................................................... 5.13.54

Section 6. Refrigeration Systems for HVAC ............................................ 6.1.1

6.1 Refrigerants ........................................................................ 6.1.3 6.1.1 Introduction ............................................................... 6.1.3 6.1.2 Selection Criteria ...................................................... 6.1.3 6.1.3 Refrigerant Types ..................................................... 6.1.7 6.1.4 Refrigeration Systems .............................................. 6.1.11 6.1.5 Materials Compatibility .............................................. 6.1.13 Co

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6.1.6 References ............................................................... 6.1.14 6.2 Positive Displacement Compressors/Chillers and

Condensers ........................................................................ 6.2.1 6.2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 6.2.1 6.2.2 Reciprocating Compressors ..................................... 6.2.1 6.2.3 Screw Compressors ................................................. 6.2.7 6.2.4 Scroll Compressors .................................................. 6.2.8 6.2.5 Positive Displacement Liquid Chiller Systems .......... 6.2.9 6.2.6 Condensers .............................................................. 6.2.18

6.3 Centrifugal Chillers .............................................................. 6.3.1 6.3.1 Introduction ............................................................... 6.3.1 6.3.2 Refrigeration Cycles ................................................. 6.3.1 6.3.3 Components ............................................................. 6.3.4 6.3.4 Capacity Control ....................................................... 6.3.7 6.3.5 Power Consumption ................................................. 6.3.8 6.3.6 Ratings ...................................................................... 6.3.12 6.3.7 Controls .................................................................... 6.3.14 6.3.8 Installation ................................................................. 6.3.16 6.3.9 Operation .................................................................. 6.3.17 6.3.10 Maintenance ............................................................. 6.3.18 6.3.11 References ............................................................... 6.3.18

6.4 Screw Compressors ............................................................ 6.4.1 6.4.1 Introduction ............................................................... 6.4.1 6.4.2 Twin-Screw Compressors ......................................... 6.4.1 6.4.3 Single-Screw Compressors ...................................... 6.4.22 6.4.4 Semihermetic Screw Compressors .......................... 6.4.26

6.5 Absorption Chillers .............................................................. 6.5.1 6.5.1 Introduction ............................................................... 6.5.1 6.5.2 Description of the Cycle ............................................ 6.5.1 6.5.3 Equipment ................................................................. 6.5.3 6.5.4 Applications .............................................................. 6.5.4 6.5.5 Energy Analysis ........................................................ 6.5.4 6.5.6 Unit Selection ............................................................ 6.5.8

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6.5.7 Location .................................................................... 6.5.11 6.5.8 Installation ................................................................. 6.5.13 6.5.9 Insulation .................................................................. 6.5.13 6.5.10 Operation and Controls ............................................. 6.5.13 6.5.11 Operation and Maintenance ..................................... 6.5.16 6.5.12 References ............................................................... 6.5.19

6.6 Heat Pumps ........................................................................ 6.6.1 6.6.1 Air-Source Heat Pump Basics .................................. 6.6.1 6.6.2 Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps ............ 6.6.6

Section 7. Cooling Distribution Systems and Equipment ........................ 7.1.1

7.1 Chilled Water and Brine ...................................................... 7.1.3 7.1.1 Introduction ............................................................... 7.1.3 7.1.2 System Description ................................................... 7.1.3 7.1.3 Where Used .............................................................. 7.1.4 7.1.4 System Arrangement ................................................ 7.1.4 7.1.5 Distribution Systems ................................................. 7.1.6 7.1.6 Design Considerations .............................................. 7.1.7 7.1.7 Installation Considerations ........................................ 7.1.8 7.1.8 System Monitoring .................................................... 7.1.10 7.1.9 Brine ......................................................................... 7.1.10 7.1.10 Stratified Chilled-Water Storage System .................. 7.1.13 7.1.11 References ............................................................... 7.1.18

7.2 All-Air Systems ................................................................... 7.2.1 7.2.1 Single-Zone Constant Volume System ..................... 7.2.1 7.2.2 Single-Zone Constant-Volume System with

Reheat ...................................................................... 7.2.3 7.2.3 Multizone System ..................................................... 7.2.4 7.2.4 Induction Unit System ............................................... 7.2.7 7.2.5 Variable-Air-Volume System ..................................... 7.2.8 7.2.6 Dual-Duct System ..................................................... 7.2.11 7.2.7 Bibliography .............................................................. 7.2.13 Co

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7.3 Direct Expansion Systems .................................................. 7.3.1 7.3.1 System Description ................................................... 7.3.1 7.3.2 Equipment ................................................................. 7.3.3 7.3.3 Applications .............................................................. 7.3.9 7.3.4 Design Considerations .............................................. 7.3.10 7.3.5 References ............................................................... 7.3.12

7.4 Cooling Towers ................................................................... 7.4.1 7.4.1 Introduction ............................................................... 7.4.1 7.4.2 Tower Types and Configurations .............................. 7.4.1 7.4.3 Heat Exchange Calculations ..................................... 7.4.6 7.4.4 Cooling Tower Fill ..................................................... 7.4.13 7.4.5 External Influences on Performance ......................... 7.4.17 7.4.6 Choosing the Design Wet-Bulb Temperature ........... 7.4.19 7.4.7 Typical Components ................................................. 7.4.19 7.4.8 Materials of Construction .......................................... 7.4.24 7.4.9 Energy Management and Temperature

Control ...................................................................... 7.4.25 7.4.10 Wintertime Operation ................................................ 7.4.31

7.5 Coils .................................................................................... 7.5.1 7.5.1 Introduction ............................................................... 7.5.1 7.5.2 Coil Construction and Arrangement .......................... 7.5.1 7.5.3 Coil Types ................................................................. 7.5.2 7.5.4 Coil Applications ....................................................... 7.5.7 7.5.5 Coil Selection ............................................................ 7.5.10 7.5.6 Heat-Transfer Calculations ....................................... 7.5.11 7.5.7 Metal Resistance of External Fins and Tube

Wall ........................................................................... 7.5.13 7.5.8 Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Inside Surface .............. 7.5.13 7.5.9 Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Outside Surface ........... 7.5.14 7.5.10 Dehumidifying Cooling Coils ..................................... 7.5.14 7.5.11 References ............................................................... 7.5.15

7.6 Air Filtration and Air Pollution Control Equipment ................ 7.6.1 7.6.1 Gas Purification Equipment Categories .................... 7.6.1

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7.6.2 Particulate Contaminants .......................................... 7.6.2 7.6.3 Contaminant Effects ................................................. 7.6.13 7.6.4 Air Quality ................................................................. 7.6.21 7.6.5 Particulate Air Filters ................................................. 7.6.24 7.6.6 Gaseous Contaminant Air Filters .............................. 7.6.32 7.6.7 Particulate Air Pollution Control Equipment .............. 7.6.41 7.6.8 Gaseous Contaminant Air Pollution Control

Equipment ................................................................. 7.6.50 7.6.9 Gas Purification Equipment Performance

Testing ...................................................................... 7.6.52 7.6.10 References ............................................................... 7.6.56 7.6.11 Bibliography .............................................................. 7.6.58

7.7 Air Makeup (Replacement Air or Makeup Air) ..................... 7.7.1 7.7.1 Introduction ............................................................... 7.7.1 7.7.2 Types of Makeup Air (Replacement Air) Units .......... 7.7.2 7.7.3 Heat Sources ............................................................ 7.7.3 7.7.4 Heat-Recycled and Unheated Air ............................. 7.7.8 7.7.5 Cooling Systems ....................................................... 7.7.9 7.7.6 Types of Units by Air Moving Devices ...................... 7.7.12 7.7.7 ApplicationGeneral ................................................ 7.7.15 7.7.8 ApplicationPositive-Pressure Heating ................... 7.7.18 7.7.9 Summary .................................................................. 7.7.19

7.8 Desiccant Dehumidifiers ..................................................... 7.8.1 7.8.1 Introduction ............................................................... 7.8.1 7.8.2 Psychometrics of Air Conditioning Loads ................. 7.8.2 7.8.3 Behavior of Desiccant Materials ............................... 7.8.5 7.8.4 Desiccant Dehumidifiers ........................................... 7.8.8 7.8.5 Applications for Desiccant Systems .......................... 7.8.10 7.8.6 Evaluating Applications for Desiccant Systems ........ 7.8.12 7.8.7 Controls for Desiccant Systems ................................ 7.8.20 7.8.8 Controlling Liquid Desiccant Systems ...................... 7.8.26 7.8.9 Commercial Desiccant Systems ............................... 7.8.26 7.8.10 Summary .................................................................. 7.8.31

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7.8.11 References ............................................................... 7.8.31 7.8.12 Bibliography .............................................................. 7.8.32

Part C. General Considerations ................................................ 8.1.1 8.1 Automatic Temperature, Pressure, Flow Control Systems .............. 8.1.3

8.1.1 Control Basics ............................................................... 8.1.3 8.1.1.1 Control Systems ................................................. 8.1.3 8.1.1.2 Modes of Feedback Control ............................... 8.1.4 8.1.1.3 Flow-Control Characteristics .............................. 8.1.7

8.1.2 Control Equipment Types .............................................. 8.1.11 8.1.2.1 Sensors .............................................................. 8.1.11 8.1.2.2 Controllers .......................................................... 8.1.15 8.1.2.3 Final-Control Elements ....................................... 8.1.16 8.1.2.4 Auxiliary Equipment ............................................ 8.1.17 8.1.2.5 Pneumatic, Electric, Electronic

Comparisons ...................................................... 8.1.17 8.1.3 Control Applications ....................................................... 8.1.19

8.1.3.1 Boiler Control ...................................................... 8.1.19 8.1.3.2 Control of Excess Air .......................................... 8.1.21 8.1.3.3 HVAC Fan Systems ........................................... 8.1.23 8.1.3.4 Refrigeration Control .......................................... 8.1.37 8.1.3.5 Central Heating and Cooling Plants ................... 8.1.40 8.1.3.6 Water-Distribution Control .................................. 8.1.47

8.1.4 Building Management Systems ...................................... 8.1.52 8.1.4.1 Building Management System Types ................. 8.1.52 8.1.4.2 Management System Applications ..................... 8.1.56

8.1.5 Selection ........................................................................ 8.1.62 8.1.6 Total Building Function .................................................. 8.1.62

8.1.6.1 Type of Building and System Zoning .................. 8.1.63 8.1.6.2 Types of Occupancy and Use ............................ 8.1.63 8.1.6.3 Accuracy Requirements ..................................... 8.1.63 8.1.6.4 Economic Justification ........................................ 8.1.63 Co

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8.2 Noise Control .................................................................................... 8.2.1

8.2.1 Introduction .................................................................... 8.2.1 8.2.2 The Nature of Sound ..................................................... 8.2.1

8.2.2.1 Displacement Amplitude and Particle Velocity ............................................................... 8.2.3

8.2.2.2 Frequency .......................................................... 8.2.3 8.2.2.3 Wavelength ........................................................ 8.2.3 8.2.2.4 Sound Level ....................................................... 8.2.4

8.2.3 The Speed of Sound in Air ............................................. 8.2.4 8.2.4 The Speed of Sound in Solids ....................................... 8.2.5 8.2.5 The Decibel ................................................................... 8.2.5

8.2.5.1 Sound Power Level ............................................ 8.2.6 8.2.5.2 Sound Pressure Level ........................................ 8.2.8

8.2.6 Determination of Sound Power Levels ........................... 8.2.9 8.2.7 Calculating Changes in Sound Power and Sound

Pressure Levels ............................................................. 8.2.10 8.2.7.1 Sound Power Level ............................................ 8.2.10 8.2.7.2 Sound Pressure Level ........................................ 8.2.10

8.2.8 Propagation of Sound Outdoors ..................................... 8.2.12 8.2.9 The Inverse-Square Law ................................................ 8.2.14 8.2.10 Partial Barriers ............................................................... 8.2.15 8.2.11 Propagation of Sound Indoors ....................................... 8.2.17

8.2.11.1 Direct Sound Path .............................................. 8.2.17 8.2.11.2 Reverberant Sound Path .................................... 8.2.17 8.2.11.3 Effects of Direct and Reverberant Sound ........... 8.2.18

8.2.12 Sound Transmission Loss .............................................. 8.2.18 8.2.12.1 The Mass Law .................................................... 8.2.20 8.2.12.1 The Effect of Openings on Partition TL .............. 8.2.21 8.2.12.3 Single-Number TL Ratings: STC Ratings ........... 8.2.21

8.2.13 Noise Reduction and Insertion Loss .............................. 8.2.22 8.2.14 The Effects of Sound Absorption on Receiving-

Room NR Characteristics .............................................. 8.2.23 Cop

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8.2.15 Fan Noise ...................................................................... 8.2.24 8.2.16 Cooling Tower Noise ..................................................... 8.2.28 8.2.17 Duct SilencersTerminology and Types ......................... 8.2.28 8.2.18 Effects of Forward and Reverse Flow on Silencer

SN and DIL .................................................................... 8.2.31 8.2.18.1 Brief Theory of the Effects of Air-Flow

Direction on Silencer Performance ..................... 8.2.35 8.2.19 Combining Active and Dissipative Silencers .................. 8.2.36 8.2.20 Sound Transmission Through Duct WallsDuct

Break-out and Break-in Noise ........................................ 8.2.38 8.2.21 Noise Criteria ................................................................. 8.2.41

8.2.21.1 dBA Criteria ........................................................ 8.2.41 8.2.21.2 Community and Workplace Noise

Regulations ........................................................ 8.2.49 8.2.21.3 Noise Criteria (NC) Curves ................................. 8.2.51 8.2.21.4 Speech Interference Levels ................................ 8.2.57 8.2.21.5 Ambient Noise Levels as Criteria ....................... 8.2.58

8.2.22 Enclosure and Noise Partition Design Considerations ............................................................... 8.2.59 8.2.22.1 Actual Versus Predicted Sound

Transmission Losses .......................................... 8.2.59 8.2.22.2 Joints .................................................................. 8.2.60 8.2.22.3 Windows and Seals ............................................ 8.2.65 8.2.22.4 Doors and Seals ................................................. 8.2.66 8.2.22.5 Transmission Loss of Composite

Structures ........................................................... 8.2.69 8.2.22.6 Flanking Paths .................................................... 8.2.71 8.2.22.7 Room Performance ............................................ 8.2.72

8.2.23 Sound Absorption in Rooms .......................................... 8.2.72 8.2.24 Silencer Application ....................................................... 8.2.77

8.2.24.1 Specific Effects of Flow Velocity on Silencer Attenuation ......................................................... 8.2.77

8.2.24.2 Interaction of DIL with Self-Noise ....................... 8.2.78

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8.2.24.3 Pressure Drop .................................................... 8.2.79 8.2.24.4 Energy Consumption .......................................... 8.2.82 8.2.24.5 Effects of Silencer Length and Cross

Section ............................................................... 8.2.84 8.2.24.6 Impact on Silencer p of Proximity to Other

Elements in an HVAC Duct System ................... 8.2.85 8.2.24.7 Duct Rumble and Silencer Location ................... 8.2.86 8.2.24.8 Effect of Silencer Location on Residual

Noise Levels ....................................................... 8.2.87 8.2.25 Systemic Noise Analysis Procedure for Ducted

Systems ......................................................................... 8.2.88 8.2.25.1 Procedure ........................................................... 8.2.91 8.2.25.2 Silencer Selection ............................................... 8.2.103 8.2.25.3 Calculating the Attenuation Effects of Lined

Ducts .................................................................. 8.2.104 8.2.26 Acoustic Louvers ........................................................... 8.2.105 8.2.27 HVAC Silencing Applications ......................................... 8.2.107 8.2.28 Self-Noise of Room Terminal Units ................................ 8.2.113 8.2.29 The Use of Individual Air-Handling Units in High-

Rise Buildings ................................................................ 8.2.119 8.2.30 Built-Up Acoustic Plenums ............................................. 8.2.119 8.2.31 Fiberglass and Noise ControlIs It Safe? ....................... 8.2.120 8.2.32 References .................................................................... 8.2.130

8.3 Vibration Control ............................................................................... 8.3.1

8.3.1 Introduction .................................................................... 8.3.1 8.3.2 Theory ........................................................................... 8.3.1 8.3.3 Application ..................................................................... 8.3.4

8.3.3.1 Basic Considerations .......................................... 8.3.4 8.3.3.2 Isolation Materials .............................................. 8.3.9

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8.3.5 Seismic Protection of Resiliently Mounted Equipment ..................................................................... 8.3.33 8.3.5.1 Theory ................................................................ 8.3.33 8.3.5.2 Seismic Specifications ........................................ 8.3.39

8.3.6 Acoustical Isolation by Means of Vibration-Isolated Floating Floors ............................................................... 8.3.43 8.3.6.1 Theory and Methods .......................................... 8.3.43 8.3.6.2 Specification ....................................................... 8.3.44

8.4 Energy Conservation Practice .......................................................... 8.4.1

8.4.1 Introduction .................................................................... 8.4.1 8.4.2 General .......................................................................... 8.4.2 8.4.3 Design Parameters ........................................................ 8.4.3

8.4.3.1 Energy Audit ....................................................... 8.4.3 8.4.3.2 Design ................................................................ 8.4.12 8.4.3.3 Types of Systems ............................................... 8.4.22 8.4.3.4 Chillers ............................................................... 8.4.25 8.4.3.5 Boilers ................................................................ 8.4.28 8.4.3.6 Waste Heat and Heat Recovery ......................... 8.4.29 8.4.3.7 Automatic Temperature Controls (See Also

Chapter 8.1) ....................................................... 8.4.38 8.4.4 Life-Cycle Costing .......................................................... 8.4.44

8.4.4.1 General ............................................................... 8.4.44 8.4.4.2 Discounting, Taxes, and Inflation ....................... 8.4.45 8.4.4.3 Related Methods of Evaluation .......................... 8.4.49

8.4.5 Energy Management Systems ....................................... 8.4.50 8.4.5.1 Components ....................................................... 8.4.52 8.4.5.2 Software Programs ............................................. 8.4.53 8.4.5.3 Functions ............................................................ 8.4.54 8.4.5.4 Optional Security and Fire Alarm System .......... 8.4.55 8.4.5.5 Selecting an EMS ............................................... 8.4.55

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8.5 Water Conditioning ........................................................................... 8.5.1

8.5.1 Introduction .................................................................... 8.5.1 8.5.2 Why Water Treatment? .................................................. 8.5.1

8.5.2.1 Cost of Corrosion ............................................... 8.5.2 8.5.2.2 Cost of Scale and Deposits ................................ 8.5.3

8.5.3 Water Chemistry ............................................................ 8.5.5 8.5.3.1 Hydrologic Cycle ................................................ 8.5.5 8.5.3.2 Water Impurities ................................................. 8.5.6 8.5.3.3 Dissolved Gases ................................................ 8.5.7 8.5.3.4 Dissolved Minerals ............................................. 8.5.13

8.5.4 Corrosion ....................................................................... 8.5.14 8.5.4.1 General Corrosion .............................................. 8.5.14 8.5.4.2 Oxygen Pitting .................................................... 8.5.16 8.5.4.3 Galvanic Corrosion ............................................. 8.5.17 8.5.4.4 Concentration Cell Corrosion ............................. 8.5.20 8.5.4.5 Stress Corrosion ................................................. 8.5.21 8.5.4.6 Erosion-Corrosion .............................................. 8.5.22 8.5.4.7 Condensate Grooving ........................................ 8.5.22 8.5.4.8 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

(MIC) .................................................................. 8.5.22 8.5.5 Scale and Sludge Deposits ............................................ 8.5.23

8.5.5.1 Mineral Scale and Pipe Scale ............................ 8.5.24 8.5.5.2 Langelier Index ................................................... 8.5.25 8.5.5.3 Ryznar Index ...................................................... 8.5.26 8.5.5.4 Boiler Scale ........................................................ 8.5.29 8.5.5.5 Condensate Scale .............................................. 8.5.29

8.5.6 Foulants ......................................................................... 8.5.30 8.5.6.1 Mud, Dirt, and Clay ............................................. 8.5.30 8.5.6.2 Black Mud and Mill Scale ................................... 8.5.31 8.5.6.3 Boiler Foulants ................................................... 8.5.31 8.5.6.4 Construction Debris ............................................ 8.5.32 8.5.6.5 Organic Growths ................................................ 8.5.32 Co

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8.5.6.6 Algae .................................................................. 8.5.32 8.5.6.7 Fungi .................................................................. 8.5.33 8.5.6.8 Bacteria .............................................................. 8.5.33

8.5.7 Pretreatment Equipment ................................................ 8.5.33 8.5.7.1 Water Softeners ................................................. 8.5.33 8.5.7.2 Dealkalizer .......................................................... 8.5.35 8.5.7.3 Deaerators .......................................................... 8.5.36 8.5.7.4 Abrasive Separators ........................................... 8.5.38 8.5.7.5 Strainers and Filters ........................................... 8.5.39 8.5.7.6 Free Cooling ....................................................... 8.5.39 8.5.7.7 Gadgets .............................................................. 8.5.40

8.5.8 Treatment of Systems .................................................... 8.5.41 8.5.8.1 General ............................................................... 8.5.41 8.5.8.2 Boiler Water Systems ......................................... 8.5.41 8.5.8.3 Treatment for Open Recirculating Water

Systems .............................................................. 8.5.54 8.5.8.4 Treatment of Closed Recirculating Water

Systems .............................................................. 8.5.70 8.5.9 References .................................................................... 8.5.75 8.5.10 Bibliography ................................................................... 8.5.76

Appendices ................................................................................. A.1 Appendix A. Engineering Guide for Altitude Corrections ........................ A.1

A.1 Introduction ........................................................................... A.1 A.2 Adjustment Data for Various Kinds of Air-Conditioning

Equipment ............................................................................ A.2 A.3 Load Calculation ................................................................... A.24 A.4 System Pressure Loss .......................................................... A.25 Bibliography ................................................................................. A.26

Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors .................................................. B.1

Index ............................................................................................ I.1 Copy

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Front MatterPreface to Second EditionPreface to First EditionTable of ContentsPart A. System Considerations1. System Fundamentals1.1 Conceptual and Preliminary Design1.1.1 Introduction1.1.2 Concept Phase1.1.3 Preliminary Design Phase1.1.4 References1.1.5 Bibliography

1.2 Heating and Cooling Load Calculations1.2.1 Introduction1.2.2 Heating and Cooling Loads1.2.3 Trane Programs1.2.4 Carrier Programs1.2.5 References

2. Design Considerations2.1 Applications of HVAC Systems2.1.1 General Considerations2.1.2 Occupancies2.1.3 Exhaust Systems2.1.4 References

2.2 HVAC Applications for Cogeneration Systems2.2.1 Introduction2.2.2 HVAC Applications for Thermal Energy2.2.3 Operational Criteria2.2.4 Fuel2.2.5 Prime Movers

2.3 Condensate Control2.3.1 Condensate Carryover and Drips2.3.2 Condensate Drain Pan2.3.3 Humidity and Temperature in Air Supply System2.3.4 Position of Fan in Air Handler2.3.5 Seal on the Condensate Drain Line (Draw-Through Systems)2.3.6 Condensate Drain Lines2.3.7 References

Part B. Systems and Components3. Components for Heating and Cooling3.1 PipingPart I: Water and Steam Piping3.1.1 Introduction3.1.2 Hydronic Systems3.1.3 Steam Systems3.1.4 Refrigerant SystemsReferences

Part II: Oil and Gas Piping3.1.5 Introduction3.1.6 Oil Piping3.1.7 Gas Piping

3.2 Duct Sizing3.2.1 Introduction3.2.2 Manual Method3.2.3 Computer Method3.2.4 References3.2.5 Bibliography

3.3 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems3.3.1 System Design3.3.2 Typical System Designs3.3.3 Fan Modulation Methods3.3.4 Fan Deviation from Catalog Ratings3.3.5 Fan Control Sensor Location3.3.6 Fan Selection3.3.7 Return-Air Fans3.3.8 Design Check List for Good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)3.3.9 Reference

3.4 Fans and Blowers3.4.1 Fan Requirements3.4.2 Fan Types3.4.3 Fan Systems3.4.4 Fan Laws3.4.5 Fan Noise3.4.6 Fan Construction3.4.7 Fan SelectionReferences

3.5 Pumps for Heating and Cooling3.5.1 Introduction3.5.2 Centrifugal Pumps3.5.3 Positive-Displacement Pumps3.5.4 HVAC System Designs3.5.5 Heating Systems3.5.6 Closed System Design3.5.7 Refrigeration Systems3.5.8 Selection3.5.9 Variable Speed Energy Conservation3.5.10 Installation and Operation3.5.11 Reference

3.6 Valves3.6.1 Introduction3.6.2 Valve Sealing3.6.3 Isolation Valves and Balancing Valves3.6.4 Reference

3.7 Valance Units3.7.1 Description3.7.2 Features3.7.3 Construction3.7.4 Operation3.7.5 Design of the Valance

4. Heat Generation Equipment4.1 Boilers4.1.1 Introduction4.1.2 Boiler Types4.1.3 Operating Pressure4.1.4 Boiler Design Classifications4.1.5 Selecting a Packaged Boiler4.1.6 General Design Criteria4.1.7 Water-Tube Boilers4.1.8 Fire-Tube Boilers4.1.9 Cast-Iron Boilers4.1.10 Specific Design Criteria4.1.11 Systems and Selections4.1.12 High Temperature Water Systems4.1.13 Heat-Recovery Boilers4.1.14 Solid-Fuel Boilers4.1.15 Unfired Boilers4.1.16 Operation and Maintenance4.1.17 Electric Boilers

4.2 Burners and Fuels4.2.1 Introduction4.2.2 Fuels

4.3 Burner Systems4.3.1 Introduction4.3.2 Gas Burners4.3.3 Oil Burners4.3.4 Solid-Fuel Burners4.3.5 Controls

4.4 Factory-Built Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and Stacks4.4.1 Introduction4.4.2 Listed Factory-Built Chimneys and Vents4.4.3 Steel Stacks4.4.4 Precast Reinforced-Concrete Chimneys4.4.5 Chimneys for Incinerators4.4.6 Design4.4.7 References

5. Heat Distribution Systems5.1 Steam5.1.1 Introduction to Steam5.1.2 Introduction to Steam Heating Systems5.1.3 General System Design5.1.4 Pressure Conditions5.1.5 Piping Arrangements5.1.6 Condensate Return5.1.7 Pipe-Sizing Criteria5.1.8 Determining Equivalent Length5.1.9 Basic Tables for Steam Pipe Sizing5.1.10 Tables for Low-Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing5.1.11 Tables for Sizing Medium- and High-Pressure Pipe Systems5.1.12 Air Vents5.1.13 Steam Traps5.1.14 Steam Trap Types5.1.15 Balanced-Pressure Steam Traps5.1.16 Bimetallic Thermostatic Steam Traps5.1.17 Liquid-Expansion Steam Traps5.1.18 Bucket Steam Traps5.1.19 Float-and-Thermostatic Steam Traps5.1.20 Thermodynamic Steam Traps5.1.21 Steam Trap Location5.1.22 Steam Trap Sizing5.1.23 Steam Trap Selection5.1.24 Determining Condensate Load for a System5.1.25 Water Damage5.1.26 Water Conditioning5.1.27 Freeze Protection5.1.28 Piping Supports5.1.29 Strainers5.1.30 Pressure-Reducing Valves5.1.31 Flash Tanks5.1.32 Steam Separators

5.2 Hot-Water Systems5.2.1 Introduction5.2.2 Classes of Hot-Water Systems5.2.3 Design of Hot-Water Systems5.2.4 Piping Layout5.2.5 Pressure Drop and Pumping Requirements5.2.6 Pipe Sizing5.2.7 Venting and Expansion Tanks5.2.8 Mechanical and Control Equipment

5.3 Infrared Heating5.3.1 Introduction5.3.2 Types of Heaters and Applications5.3.3 Physiology of Infrared Heating5.3.4 Spacing and Arrangement of Electric Heaters5.3.5 Gas Infrared Radiant Heating

5.4 Electric Heating5.4.1 Introduction5.4.2 System Selection5.4.3 Central Hot-Water Systems5.4.4 Warm-Air Systems5.4.5 Convector with Metallic Heating Element5.4.6 Unit Ventilators5.4.7 Unit Heaters5.4.8 Baseboard Heaters5.4.9 Infrared Heaters5.4.10 Valance, Cornice, or Cove Heaters5.4.11 Radiant Convector Wall Panels5.4.12 Integrated Heat Recovery5.4.13 Heat Pumps (See Also Chap. 6.3)5.4.14 Specifying Electric Heating Systems5.4.15 Electric Circuit Design5.4.16 Heat Pump Types

5.5 Solar Space Heating5.5.1 Introduction5.5.2 Types of Distribution Systems5.5.3 General Design5.5.4 Heat-Transfer Media5.5.5 Water Drainback Systems5.5.6 Pumping Considerations5.5.7 Additional Fluid System Considerations5.5.8 Materials and Equipment

5.6 Snow-Melting Systems5.6.1 Introduction5.6.2 Determination of the Snow-Melting Load5.6.3 Piping Layout5.6.4 Determine the Gallons/Minute (Liters/Second) Requirement and Specify a Heat Exchanger5.6.5 Select Specialties5.6.6 Electrical Snow Melting5.6.7 Electric Heat Output5.6.8 Infrared (Radiant) Snow Melting5.6.9 System Controls

5.7 Heat Tracing5.7.1 Introduction5.7.2 Basic Design Considerations5.7.3 Electric Heat-Tracing Design5.7.4 Accessory and Control Equipment

5.8 Unit Heaters5.8.1 Introduction5.8.2 Unit Heating System Differences5.8.3 Classification of Unit Heaters5.8.4 Typical Unit Heater Connections5.8.5 Calculating Heat Loss for a Building5.8.6 Selecting Unit Heaters5.8.7 When Quietness is a Factor5.8.8 Controls for Unit Heater Operation5.8.9 Locating Unit Heaters5.8.10 Seven Good Reasons for Replacing Rather Than Repairing Unit Heaters5.8.11 References

5.9 Hydronic Cabinet Heaters5.9.1 Cabinet Unit Heaters-Heating Only5.9.2 Fan-Coil Units-Heating and Cooling5.9.3 Unit Ventilators-Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating5.9.4 Selection5.9.5 Applications5.9.6 References

5.10 Heat Exchangers5.10.1 Introduction5.10.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers5.10.3 Nonremovable (Fixed-Tubesheet) Tube Bundles5.10.4 U-Tube Removable Tube Bundles5.10.5 Packed Floating Tub Sheet Removable Bundles5.10.6 Internal Floating Head Removable Bundles5.10.7 Tubes for Shell-and-Tube Design5.10.8 Tube Joints5.10.9 Headers for Shell-and-Tube Design5.10.10 Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers5.10.11 Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers5.10.12 Coils5.10.13 Maintenance of Heat Exchangers5.10.14 References5.10.15 Bibliography

5.11 Radiators for Steam and Hot Water Heating5.11.1 Introduction5.11.2 Heating Elements5.11.3 Enclosures5.11.4 Architectural Enclosures5.11.5 Ratings5.11.6 Selection5.11.7 Application5.11.8 Piping Arrangements5.11.9 Automatic Control5.11.10 References

5.12 Door Heating5.12.1 Introduction5.12.2 Characteristics of Door Heating Loads5.12.3. Types of Door Heating Equipment Available5.12.4 Controls and Control Systems5.12.5 Selection of Door Heaters5.12.6 Alternatives to Door Heating5.12.7 Door Heater Installation5.12.8 Door Heating Worksheet-Explanation5.12.9 Door Heating Worksheet-Sample Form for Use

5.13 Radiant Panel Heating5.13.1 Introduction5.13.2 Definitions and Terms5.13.3 History and Applications5.13.4 Design Considerations5.13,5 System Components5.13.6 System Design5.13.7 Installation Methods5.13.8 Summary5.13.9 References

6. Refrigeration Systems for HVAC6.1 Refrigerants6.1.1 Introduction6.1.2 Selection Criteria6.1.3 Refrigerant Types6.1.4 Refrigeration Systems6.1.5 Materials Compatibility6.1.6 References

6.2 Positive Displacement Compressors/Chillers and Condensers6.2.1 Introduction6.2.2 Reciprocating Compressors6.2.3 Screw Compressors6.2.4 Scroll Compressors6.2.5 Positive Displacement Liquid Chiller Systems6.2.6 Condensers

6.3 Centrifugal Chillers6.3.1 Introduction6.3.2 Refrigeration Cycles6.3.3 Components6.3.4 Capacity Control6.3.5 Power Consumption6.3.6 Ratings6.3.7 Controls6.3.8 Installation6.3.9 Operation6.3.10 Maintenance6.3.11 References

6.4 Screw Compressors6.4.1 Introduction6.4.2 Twin-Screw Compressors6.4.3 Single-Screw Compressors6.4.4 Semihermetic Screw Compressors

6.5 Absorption Chillers6.5.1 Introduction6.5.2 Description of the Cycle6.5.3 Equipment6.5.4 Applications6.5.5 Energy Analysis6.5.6 Unit Selection6.5.7 Location6.5.8 Installation6.5.9 Insulation6.5.10 Operation and Controls6.5.11 Operation and Maintenance6.5.12 References

6.6 Heat Pumps6.6.1 Air-Source Heat Pump Basics6.6.2 Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps

7. Cooling Distribution Systems and Equipment7.1 Chilled Water and Brine7.1.1 Introduction7.1.2 System Description7.1.3 Where Used7.1.4 System Arrangement7.1.5 Distribution Systems7.1.6 Design Considerations7.1.7 Installation Considerations7.1.8 System Monitoring7.1.9 Brine7.1.10 Stratified Chilled-Water Storage System7.1.11 References

7.2 All-Air Systems7.2.1 Single-Zone Constant Volume System7.2.2 Single-Zone Constant-Volume System with Reheat7.2.3 Multizone System7.2.4 Induction Unit System7.2.5 Variable-Air-Volume System7.2.6 Dual-Duct System7.2.7 Bibliography

7.3 Direct Expansion Systems7.3.1 System Description7.3.2 Equipment7.3.3 Applications7.3.4 Design Considerations7.3.5 References

7.4 Cooling Towers7.4.1 Introduction7.4.2 Tower Types and Configurations7.4.3 Heat Exchange Calculations7.4.4 Cooling Tower Fill7.4.5 External Influences on Performance7.4.6 Choosing the Design Wet-Bulb Temperature7.4.7 Typical Components7.4.8 Materials of Construction7.4.9 Energy Management and Temperature Control7.4.10 Wintertime Operation

7.5 Coils7.5.1 Introduction7.5.2 Coil Construction and Arrangement7.5.3 Coil Types7.5.4 Coil Applications7.5.5 Coil Selection7.5.6 Heat-Transfer Calculations7.5.7 Metal Resistance of External Fins and Tube Wall7.5.8 Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Inside Surface7.5.9 Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Outside Surface7.5.10 Dehumidifying Cooling Coils7.5.11 References

7.6 Air Filtration and Air Pollution Control Equipment7.6.1 Gas Purification Equipment Categories7.6.2 Particulate Contaminants7.6.3 Contaminant Effects7.6.4. Air Quality7.6.5 Particulate Air Filters7.6.6 Gaseous Contaminant Air Filters7.6.7 Particulate Air Pollution Control Equipment7.6.8 Gaseous Contaminant Air Pollution Control Equipment7.6.9. Gas Purification Equipment Performance Testing7.6.10 References7.6.11 Bibliography

7.7 Air Makeup (Replacement Air or Makeup Air)7.7.1 Introduction7.7.2 Types of Makeup Air (Replacement Air) Units7.7.3 Heat Sources7.7.4 Heat-Recycled and Unheated Air7.7.5 Cooling Systems7.7.6 Types of Units by Air Moving Devices7.7,7 Application?General7.7.8 Application?Positive-Pressure Heating7.7.9 Summary

7.8 Desiccant Dehumidifiers7.8.1 Introduction7.8.2 Psychometrics of Air Conditioning Loads7.8.3 Behavior of Desiccant Materials7.8.4 Desiccant Dehumidifiers7.8.5 Applications for Desiccant Systems7.8.6 Evaluating Applications for Desiccant Systems7.8.7 Controls for Desiccant Systems7.8.8 Controlling Liquid Desiccant Systems7.8.9 Commercial Desiccant Systems7.8.10 Summary7.8.11 References7.8.12 Bibliography

Part C. General Considerations8.1 Automatic Temperature, Pressure, Flow Control Systems8.1.1 Control Basics8.1.1.1 Control Systems8.1.1.2 Modes of Feedback Control8.1.1.3 Flow-Control Characteristics

8.1.2 Control Equipment Types8.1.2.1 Sensors8.1.2.2 Controllers8.1.2.3 Final-Control Elements8.1.2.4 Auxiliary Equipment8.1.2.5 Pneumatic, Electric, Electronic Comparisons

8.1.3 Control Applications8.1.3.1 Boiler Control8.1.3.2 Control of Excess Air8.1.3.3 HVAC Fan Systems8.1.3.4 Refrigeration Control8.1.3.5 Central Heating and Cooling Plants8.1.3.6 Water-Distribution Control

8.1.4 Building Management Systems8.1.4.1 Building Management System Types8.1.4.2 Management System Applications

8.1.5 Selection8.1.6 Total Building Function8.1.6.1 Type of Building and System Zoning8.1.6.2 Types of Occupancy and Use8.1.6.3 Accuracy Requirements8.1.6.4 Economic Justification

8.2 Noise Control8.2.1 Introduction8.2.2 The Nature of Sound8.2.2.1 Displacement Amplitude and Particle Velocity8.2.2.2 Frequency8.2.2.3 Wavelength8.2.2.4 Sound Level

8.2.3 The Speed of Sound in Air8.2.4 The Speed of Sound in Solids8.2.5 The Decibel8.2.5.1 Sound Power Level8.2.5.2 Sound Pressure Level

8.2.6 Determination of Sound Power Levels8.2.7 Calculating Changes in Sound Power and Sound Pressure Levels8.2.7.1 Sound Power Level8.2.7.2 Sound Pressure Level

8.2.8 Propagation of Sound Outdoors8.2.9 The Inverse-Square Law8.2.10 Partial Barriers8.2.11 Propagation of Sound Indoors8.2.11.1 Direct Sound Path8.2.11.2 Reverberant Sound Path8.2.11.3 Effects of Direct and Reverberant Sound

8.2.12 Sound Transmission Loss8.2.12.1 The Mass Law8.2.12.1 The Effect of Openings on Partition TL8.2.12.3 Single-Number TL Ratings: STC Ratings

8.2.13 Noise Reduction and Insertion Loss8.2.14 The Effects of Sound Absorption on Receiving-Room NR Characteristics8.2.15 Fan Noise8.2.76 Cooling Tower Noise8.2.17 Duct Silencers-Terminology and Types8.2.18 Effects of Forward and Reverse Flow on Silencer SN and DIL8.2.18.1 Brief Theory of the Effects of Air-Flow Direction on Silencer Performance

8.2.19 Combining Active and Dissipative Silencers8.2.20 Sound Transmission Through Duct Walls-Duct Break-out and Break-in Noise8.2.21 Noise Criteria8.2.21.1 dBA Criteria8.2.21.2 Community and Workplace Noise Regulations8.2.21.3 Noise Criteria (NC) Curves8.2.21.4 Speech Interference Levels8.2.21.5 Ambient Noise Levels as Criteria

8.2.22 Enclosure and Noise Partition Design Considerations8.2.22.1 Actual Versus Predicted Sound Transmission Losses 8.2.598.2.22.2 Joints8.2.22.3 Windows and Seals8.2.22.4 Doors and Seals8.2.22.5 Transmission Loss of Composite Structures8.2.22.6 Flanking Paths8.2.22.7 Room Performance

8.2.23 Sound Absorption in Rooms8.2.24 Silencer Application8.2.24.1 Specific Effects of Flow Velocity on Silencer Attenuation8.2.24.2 Interaction of DIL with Self-Noise8.2.24.3 Pressure Drop8.2.24.4 Energy Consumption8.2.24.5 Effects of Silencer Length and Cross Section8.2.24.6 Impact on Silencer p of Proximity to Other Elements in an HVAC Duct System8.2.24.7 Duct Rumble and Silencer Location8.2.24.8 Effect of Silencer Location on Residual Noise Levels

8.2.25 Systemic Noise Analysis Procedure for Ducted Systems8.2.25.1 Procedure8.2.25.2 Silencer Selection8.2.25.3 Calculating the Attenuation Effects of Lined Ducts

8.2.26 Acoustic Louvers8.2.27 HVAC Silencing Applications8.2.28 Self-Noise of Room Terminal Units8.2.29 The Use of Individual Air-Handling Units in High-Rise Buildings8.2.30 Built-Up Acoustic Plenums8.2.31 Fiberglass and Noise Control-Is It Safe?8.2.32 References

8.3 Vibration Control8.3.1 Introduction8.3.2 Theory8.3.3 Application8.3.3.1 Basic Considerations8.3.3.2 Isolation Materials

8.3.4 Selection8.3.5 Seismic Protection of Resiliently Mounted Equipment8.3.5.1 Theory8.3.5.2 Seismic Specifications

8.3.6 Acoustical Isolation by Means of Vibration-Isolated Floating Floors8.3.6.1 Theory and Methods8.3.6.2 Specification

8.4 Energy Conservation Practice8.4.1. Introduction8.4.2 General8.4.3 Design Parameters8.4.3.1 Energy Audit8.4.3.2 Design8.4.3.3 Types of Systems8.4.3.4 Chillers8.4.3.5 Boilers8.4.3.6 Waste Heat and Heat Recovery8.4.3.7 Automatic Temperature Controls (See Also Chapter 8.1)

8.4.4 Life-Cycle Costing8.4.4.1 General8.4.4.2 Discounting, Taxes, and Inflation8.4.4.3 Related Methods of Evaluation

8.4.5 Energy Management Systems8.4.5.1 Components8.4.5.2 Software Programs8.4.5.3 Functions8.4.5.4 Optional Security and Fire Alarm System8.4.5.5 Selecting an EMS

8.4.6 References

8.5 Water Conditioning8.5.1 Introduction8.5.2 Why Water Treatment?8.5.2.1 Cost of Corrosion8.5.2.2 Cost of Scale and Deposits

8.5.3 Water Chemistry8.5.3.1 Hydrologic Cycle8.5.3.2 Water Impurities8.5.3.3 Dissolved Gases8.5.3.4 Dissolved Minerals

8.5.4 Corrosion8.5.4.1 General Corrosion8.5.4.2 Oxygen Pitting8.5.4.3 Galvanic Corrosion8.5.4.4 Concentration Cell Corrosion8.5.4.5 Stress Corrosion8.5.4.6 Erosion-Corrosion8.5.4.7 Condensate Grooving8.5.4.8 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)

8.5.5 Scale and Sludge Deposits8.5.5.1 Mineral Scale and Pipe Scale8.5.5.2 Langelier Index8.5.5.3 Ryznar Index8.5.5.4 Boiler Scale8.5.5.5 Condensate Scale

8.5.6 Foulants8.5.6.1 Mud, Dirt, and Clay8.5.6.2 Black Mud and Mill Scale8.5.6.3 Boiler Foulants8.5.6.4 Construction Debris8.5.6.5 Organic Growths8.5.6.6 Algae8.5.6.7 Fungi8.5.6.8 Bacteria

8.5.7 Pretreatment Equipment8.5.7.1 Water Softeners8.5.7.2 Dealkalizer8.5.7.3 Deaerators8.5.7.4 Abrasive Separators8.5.7.5 Strainers and Filters8.5.7.6 Free Cooling8.5.7.7 Gadgets

8.5.8 Treatment of Systems8.5.8.1 General8.5.8.2 Boiler Water Systems8.5.8.3 Treatment for Open Recirculating Water Systems8.5.8.4 Treatment of Closed Recirculating Water Systems

8.5.9 References8.5.10 Bibliography

AppendicesAppendix A: Engineering Guide for Altitude CorrectionsA.1 IntroductionA.2 Adjustment Data for Various Kinds of Air-Conditioning EquipmentA.3. Load CalculationA.4 System Pressure LossBibliography

Appendix B: Metric Conversion Factors

Index

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