47521589-criminal-law-book-2-titles-reviewer.doc

8/10/2019 47521589-Criminal-Law-Book-2-Titles-REVIEWER.doc

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TITLE ONECRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

Crimes against national security

1. Treason (Art. 114);

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);

3. Misprision of treason (Art. 116); and

4. Espionae (Art. 11!).

Crimes against the law o nations

1. "ncitin to #ar or i$in moti$es for reprisals (Art. 11%);

2. &iolation of ne'trality (Art. 11);

3. Correspondin #it ostile co'ntry (Art. 12*);

4. +lit to enemy,s co'ntry (Art. 121); and

5. -iracy in eneral and m'tiny on te i seas (Art. 122).

Te crimes 'nder tis title can e prosec'ted e$en if te criminal act or acts #ere committedo'tside te -ilippine territorial /'risdiction. 0o#e$er prosec'tion can proceed only if teoffender is #itin -ilippine territory or ro't to te -ilippines p'rs'ant to an etraditiontreaty. Tis is one of te instances #ere te e$ised -enal Code may e i$en etraterritorial

application 'nder Article 2 (5) tereof. "n te case of crimes against the law of nations teoffender can e prosec'ted #ene$er e may e fo'nd eca'se te crimes are rearded ascommitted aainst 'manity in eneral.

Article !!"TREASON

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines

b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved

c. That the offender either

1) Levies war against the government,1. reec of alleiance2. act'al assemlin of men3. for te p'rpose of eec'tin a treasonale desin

2) Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort1. reec of alleiance2. aderence3. i$in aid or comfort to te enemy

Re$uirements o le%ying war1) Act'al assemlin of men;

2) To eec'te a treasonale desin y force;

3) "ntent is to deli$er te co'ntry in #ole or in part to te enemy; and

4) Collaoration #it forein enemy or some forein so$ereinSuccess is not important. at matters is te act'al assemly of men and te eec'tion oftreasonale desin y force.

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Example +inancin arms proc'rement of enemy co'ntry. ?'t i$in of selter is notnecessarily i$in aid and comfort.G

Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together.

Adherence" #en a citiIen intellect'ally or emotionally fa$ors te enemy and arorscon$ictions disloyal to is co'ntryFs policy. ?'t memersip in te police force d'rin teocc'pation is =>T treason.Example Ji$in information to or commandeerin foodst'ffs for te enemy.

Adherence ma! be proved b! (1) one #itness; (2) from te nat're of te act itself; (3) fromte circ'mstances s'rro'ndin te act.

en tis aderence or sympaties are con$erted into aid and comfort only ten tey taHematerial forM. Tis material form is no# #at is made p'nisale. "t is 's'ally manifested y teoffender in i$in information commandeerin foodst'ffs ser$in as spy and s'pplyin te enemy#it #ar materials.

Treason is a CONTN!N" C#$E%E$en after te #ar offender can e prosec'ted.

Treason is a contin'in offense. "t can e committed y a sinle act or y a series of acts. "t cane committed in one sinle time or at different times and only one criminal intent. "n constr'inte pro$isions relatin to te commission of se$eral acts te same m'st e done in p'rs'ance orf'rterance of te act of treason.

=o matter o# many acts of treason are committed y te offender e #ill e liale for only onecrime of treason.

"f yo' con$ict a person for treason y reason of irresistile force or 'ncontrollale fear yo'

may 'se Art.12. No treason through negligence

"n te imposition of te penalty for te crime of treason te co'rt may disreard te presence ofmitiatin and ara$atin circ'mstances. "t may consider only te n'mer nat're and ra$ity ofte acts estalised d'rin te trial. Te imposition of te penalty rests larely on te eercise of/'dicial discretion.

'eenses that may (e a%aile) o (y the accuse)&

1. D'ress or 'ncontrollale fear of immediate deat; and

2. 8a#f'l oedience to a de factoo$ernment.

en Hillins and oter common crimes are cared as o$ert act of treason tey cannot erearded as (1) separate crimesor (2) as complex with treason%

"n te act of le$yin #ar or i$in aid or comfort to te enemy m'rder roery arson orfalsification may e committed y te offender. ?9T te offender does not commit te crime oftreason compleed #it common crimes eca'se s'c crimes are inerent to treason ein anindispensale element of te same.

Treason )istinguishe) rom Re(ellion&

The manner in which &oth crimes are committed in the same. "n treasono#e$er te p'rpose ofte offender is to deli$er te o$ernment to te enemy co'ntry or to a forein po#er. "nrebellion te p'rpose of te reels is to s'stit'te te o$ernment #it teir o#n form ofo$ernment. =o forein po#er is in$ol$ed.

Treason )istinguishe) rom Se)ition&

"n treason te offender rep'diates is alleiance to te o$ernment y means of force orintimidation. 0e does not reconiIe te s'preme a'tority of te tate. 0e $iolates is alleiancey fitin te forces of te d'ly constit'ted a'torities.

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"n sedition te offender disarees #it certain policies of te tate and seeHs to dist'r p'licpeace y raisin a commotion or p'lic 'prisin.

Article !!*CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT TREASON

ELEMENTS#

a. (n time of war

b. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to

1. lev! war against the government, or

2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort,

c. The! decide to commit it

L*%T+ & P-&P&+AL T& #&**(T T-A+&%a. (n time of war

b. A person who has decided to lev! war against the government, or to adhere to theenemies and to give them aid or comfort, proposes its eec$tion to some other

person/s.

Mere areement and decisions to commit treason is p'nisale

Mere proposal e$en #ito't acceptance is p'nisale too. "f te oter accepts it is alreadyconspiracy.

ile Treason as a crime so'ld e estalised y te t#o#itness r'le te same is not oser$ed#en te crime committed conspiracy to commit treason or #en it is only a proposal to committreason.

Article !!,MIS+RISION O- TREASON

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender m$st be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner

b. That he has 0nowledge of an! conspirac! to commit treason) against thegovernment

c. That he conceals or does not disclose and ma0e 0nown the same as soon aspossible to the governor or fiscal of the province or the ma!or or fiscal of the cit!in which he resides

'hile in treason( even aliens can commit said crime &ecause of the amendment to the article( nosuch amendment was made in misprision of treason% $isprision of treason is a crime that may &ecommitted only &y citi)ens of the *hilippines%

>ffender is p'nised as an accessory to te crime of treason

TaHe note tat te offender is a principal to te crime of misprision of treason yet e is penaliIedonly as an accessory. "n te imposition of te penalty te co'rt is not o'nd y te pro$isions ofArticle 63 and 64 referrin to indi$isile penalties. "n te presence of mitiatin and ara$atincirc'mstances te offender is p'nised t#o derees lo#er tan te penalty for te crime oftreason.

The criminal lia&ility arises if the treasonous activity was still at the conspiratorial stage

Tis crime does not apply if te crime of treason is already committed

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Crime of omission

This is a felony &y omission although committed with dolo( not with culpa%

To report within a reasona&le timeG B depends on time place and circ'mstance B te -C didnot fi time.

-C states 4 indi$id'als #at if yo' report to some oter iranHin o$ernment officialffendin te reliio's feelins (Art. 133);

!nder this title( the offenders are pu&lic officers( except as to the last crime = offending thereligious feelings under Article 744( which refers to any person% The pu&lic officers who may &eheld lia&le are only those acting under supposed exercise of official functions( al&eit illegally%But private persons may also &e lia&le under this title as when a private person conspires with a

pu&lic officer% 'hat is re+uired is that the principal offender must &e a pu&lic officer% Thus( if aprivate person conspires with a pu&lic officer( or &ecomes an accessory or accomplice( theprivate person also &ecomes lia&le for the same crime% But a private person acting alone cannot

commit the crimes under Article 7, to 74, of this title%

Classes o Ar(itrary 'etention#a. ?y detainin a person #ito't leal ro'nd. Delay in te deli$ery of detained persons to te proper /'dicial a'toritiesc. Delayin release

Article !6"ARBITRARY 'ETENTION

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee 8whose official duties include theauthority to ma0e an arrest and detain persons. 6urisdiction to maintain peace andorder9%

b. That he detains a person 8actual restraint9%

c. That the detention was witho$t legal gro$nds 8cannot &e committed if with warrant9%

'etention##en a person is placed in confinement or tere is a restraint on is person.

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>nly tose p'lic officers #ose official d'ties carry #it it te a'tority to maHe an arrest anddetain persons can e 'ilty of tis crime% So( if the offender does not possess such authority(the crime committed &y him is illegal detention%

To' te elements specify tat te offender e a p'lic officer or employee pri$ateindi$id'als #o conspire #it p'lic officers can also e liale.

"n a case decided y te 'preme Co'rt a Barangay Chairman#o 'nla#f'lly detains anoter #aseld to e 'ilty of te crime of aritrary detention. Tis is eca'se e is a person in a'tority$ested #it te /'risdiction to maintain peace and order #itin is aranay. "n te maintenanceof s'c peace and order e may ca'se te arrest and detention of tro'lemaHers or tose #odist'r te peace and order #itin is aranay. ?'t if te leal asis for te appreension anddetention does not eist ten te detention ecomes aritrary.

Legal gro$nds for the detention of an! person"a. commission of a crime

. $iolent insanity or oter ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinement of te patient in aospital

c. escaped prisoner

en te peace officers acted in ood fait e$en if te tree (3) ro'nds mentioned ao$eare not otainin tere is no Aritrary Detention.

itho$t legal gro$nds"a. e as not committed any crime or no reasonale ro'nd of s'spicion tat e as

committed a crime

. not s'fferin from $iolent insanity or any oter ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinementin a ospital

Gro$nds for warrantless arrest"a. Crime is ao't to e is ein as een committed in is presence

. >fficer m'st a$e proale ca'se to elie$e ased on personal Hno#lede of facts andcirc'mstances tat te person proaly committed te crime

>or escaped prisonerB no need for #arrant

Example:: #as Hilled y 'nHno#n assailant. >fficers ot a tip and arrested 7. 7 $ol'ntarilyadmitted to te officers tat e did it alto' e #as not asHed. 7 #as detained immediately.Accordin to te C tere #as => aritrary detention. y< ?eca'se once 7 made aconfession te officers ad a rit to arrest im.

Aritrary detention can e committed tr' simple impr'dence or nelience. People vs. *isa)

+erio)s o 'etention /enalie)#

1. Detention not eceedin tree days;

2. Detention for more tan tree days 't not more tan 15 days;

3. Detention for more tan 15 days 't not more tan 6 monts; and

4. Detention for more tan 6 monts.

Continuing crime is different from a continuous crime

-amos v. nrile# eels later on retire. Accordin to te C once yo' a$e committedreellion and a$e not een p'nised or amnestied ten te reels contin'e to enae inreellion 'nless te reels reno'nce is affiliation. Arrest can e made #ito't a #arranteca'se tis is a contin'in crime.

'istinction (etween ar(itrary )etention an) illegal )etention

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!& In ar(itrary )etention >>

The principal offender must &e a pu&lic officer% Civilians cannot commit the crime ofar&itrary detention except when they conspire with a pu&lic officer committing thiscrime( or &ecome an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y the pu&licofficer. and

The offender who is a pu&lic officer has a duty which carries with it the authority todetain a person%

6& In illegal )etention >>

The principal offender is a private person% But a pu&lic officer can commit the crime ofillegal detention when he is acting in a private capacity or &eyond the scope of his officialduty( or when he &ecomes an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y a private

person%

The offender( even if he is a pu&lic officer( does not include as his function the power toarrest and detain a person( unless he conspires with a pu&lic officer committing ar&itrary

detention%

'hether the crime is ar&itrary detention or illegal detention( it is necessary that there must &ean actual restraint of li&erty of the offended party% f there is no actual restraint( as theoffended party may still go to the place where he wants to go( even though there have &eenwarnings( the crime of ar&itrary detention or illegal detention is not committed% There is either

grave or light threat%

;owever( if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of li&erty(then the crime of either ar&itrary or illegal detention is still committed%

'istinction (etween ar(itrary )etention an) unlawul arrest

879 As to offender

n ar&itrary detention( te offender is a p'lic officer possessed #it a'tority to maHearrests.

n unlawful arrest te offender may e any person%

8,9 As to criminal intent

n ar&itrary detention te main reason for detainin te offended party is to deny im ofis lierty.

n unlawful arrest te p'rpose is 1) to acc'se te offended party of a crime e did notcommit; 2) to deli$er te person to te proper a'tority; and 3) to file te necessarycares in a #ay tryin to incriminate im.

'hen a person is unlawfully arrested( his su&se+uent detention is without legal grounds%

Article !6*'ELAY IN T8E 'ELI4ERY O- 'ETAINE' +ERSONS

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That he has detained a person for some legal gro$nds

c. That he fails to deliver s$ch person to the proper 7$dicial a$thorit! within"1. 12 ho$rs if detained for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y light penalties or teir

e@'i$alent2. 1: ho$rs for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y correctional penalties or teir

e@'i$alent or3. 4< ho$rs for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y capital p$nishment or afflictive

penalties or teir e@'i$alent

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Article 125 co$ers sit'ations #erein te person detained as een arrested #ito't a #arrant 'tis arrest is noneteless la#f'l. "t is a felony committed y omission eca'se of te fail're of teoffender to deli$er te detained person to te proper /'dicial a'tority #itin 12 o'rs 1% o'rsand 36 o'rs as te case may e.

At te einnin te detention is leal since it is in te p'rs'ance of a la#f'l arrest. 0o#e$erte detention ecomes aritrary #en te period tereof eceeds 12 1% or 36 o'rs as te casemay e dependin on #eter te crime is p'nised y lit correctional or afflicti$e penalty orteir e@'i$alent.

eally means delay in filin necessary information or carin of person detained in co'rt.

$ay &e waived if a preliminary investigation is as0ed for%

9nder te e$ised 'les of Co'rt #en te person arrested is arrested for a crime #ic i$esim te rit to preliminary in$estiation and e #ants to a$ail is rit to a preliminaryin$estiation e #o'ld a$e to #ai$e in #ritin is rits 'nder Article 125 so tat te arrestinofficer #ill not immediately file te case #it te co'rt tat #ill eercise /'risdiction o$er tecase. "f e does not #ant to #ai$e tis in #ritin te arrestin officer #ill a$e to comply #itArticle 125 and file te case immediately in co'rt #ito't preliminary in$estiation. "n s'c case

te arrested person #itin fi$e days after learnin tat te case as een filed in co'rt #ito'tpreliminary in$estiation may asH for preliminary in$estiation. "n tis case te p'lic officer#o made te arrest #ill no loner e liale for $iolation of Article 125.

Does not contemplate act'al pysical deli$ery 't at least tere m'st e a complaint filed.D'ty complied #it 'pon te filin of te complaint #it te /'dicial a'tority (co'rtsprosec'tors B to' tecnically not a /'dicial a'tority for p'rposes of tis article eFsconsidered as one.)

Deli$ery of detained person consists in maHin care of filin a compliant aainst te prisoner#it te proper /'dicial a'tority. "t does not in$ol$e te pysical deli$ery of te prisoner eforete /'de +a!o vs. #hief of Police).

Te filin of te information in co'rt does not c're illeality of detention. =eiter does itaffect te leality of te confinement 'nder process iss'ed y te co'rt.

To escape from tis officers 's'ally asH acc'sed to eec'te a #ai$er #ic so'ld e 'nderoat and #it assistance of co'nsel. 'c #ai$er is not $iolati$e of te acc'sed constit'tionalrit.

hat is length of waiver< ?ight offenseB 5 days. Serious and less serious offensesB ! to 1*days. (K'de -imentel)

Article does not apply #en arrest is $ia a #arrant of arrest

;& itin #at period so'ld a police officer #o as arrested a person 'nder a #arrantof arrest t'rn o$er te arrested person to te /'dicial a'torityrdinancere@'ires permits for meetins in p'lic places. But if police stops a meeting in a private place&ecause theres no permit(officer is liale for stoppin te meetin.

2istinctions &etween prohi&ition( interruption( or dissolution of peaceful meetings under Article747( and tumults and other distur&ances( under Article 734

879 As to the /artici/ation o the /u(lic oicer

n Article 747 te p'lic officer is not a participant. As far as te aterin is concernedte p'lic officer is a tird party.

"f te p'lic officer is a participant of te assemly and e proiits interr'pts ordissol$es te sameArticle 734 is violated if the same is conducted in a pu&lic place%

8,9 As to the essence o the crime

n Article 747( te offender m'st e a p'lic officer and #ito't any leal ro'nd e

proiits interr'pts or dissol$es a peacef'l meetin or assemly to pre$ent te offendedparty from eercisin is freedom of speec and tat of te assemly to petition arie$ance aainst te o$ernment.

n Article 734( te offender need not e a p'lic officer. Te essence of te crime is tatof creatin a serio's dist'rance of any sort in a p'lic office p'lic 'ildin or e$en apri$ate place #ere a p'lic f'nction is ein eld%

Article !:6INTERRU+TION O- RELIGIOUS 2ORS8I+

ELEMENTS#a. That the officer is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That religio$s ceremonies or manifestations of an! religion are abo$t to ta0e place orare going on

c. That the offender prevents or dist$rbs the same

Circumstance $ualiying the oense#if committed with violence or threats

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eadin of ?ile and ten attacHin certain c'rces in a p'lic plaIa is not a ceremony ormanifestation of reliion 't only a meetin of a reliio's sect. But if done in a privatehome( its a religious service

-eligio$s orship"people in te act of performin reliio's rites for a reliio's ceremony; amanifestation of reliion. E. Mass aptism marriae

7 a pri$ate person oed a priest #ile te priest #as i$in omily and #ile te latter #asmalinin a relati$e of 7. "s 7 liale< 7 may e liale 'nder Art 133 eca'se 7 is a pri$ateperson.

en priest is solemniIin marriae e is a person in a'tority alto' in oter cases eFsnot.

Article !::O--EN'ING RELIGIOUS -EELINGS

ELEMENTS#

a. That the acts complained of were performed

1. in a place devoted to religio$s worship, or for this element( no need of religiousceremony( only the place is material)

2. d$ring the celebration of an! religio$s ceremon!

b. That the acts m$st be notorio$sl! offensive to the feelings of the faithf$l deli&erateintent to hurt the feelings)

c. The offender is an! person

d. There is a deliberate intent to h$rt the feelings of the faithf$l, directed against

religio$s tenet

"f in a place de$oted to reliio's p'rpose tere is no need for an onoin reliio's ceremony

ample of religio$s ceremon!(acts performed o'tside te c'rc). -rocessions and specialprayers for 'ryin dead persons 't =>T prayer rallies

Acts m'st e directed aainst reliio's practice or doma or rit'al for te p'rpose of ridic'leas mocHin or scoffin or attemptin to damae an o/ect of reliio's $eneration

Tere m'st e delierate intent to 'rt te feelins of te faitf'l mere arroance or

r'deness is not eno'

"n determinin #eter an act is offensi$e to te feelins of te faitf'l te same m'st e$ie#ed or /'ded from te standpoint of te offended reliion and not from te point of $ie# ofte offender People vs. >aes, 'tsiders

"f not y p'lic officer t'm'lts

(nterr$ption of-eligio$sorship 142)

Crime aainst tef'ndamental la# ofte state

-'lic officers>'tsiders

"f y insider 'n/'st$eation"f not reliio's t'm'ltor alarms"f not notorio'slyoffensi$e 'n/'st$eation

&ffending the-eligio$s

Crime aainstp'lic order

-'lic officerspri$ate

"f not t'm'lts alarmsand scandal

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eeling 144) personso'tsiders

"f meetin illeal at onset incitin to sedition orreellion

TITLE T8REECRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC OR'ER

Crimes against /u(lic or)er

1. eellion or ins'rrection (Art. 134);

Co'p dF etat (Art. 134A)

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit reellion (Art. 136);

3. Disloyalty to p'lic officers or employees (Art. 13!);

4. "ncitin to reellion (Art. 13%);

5. edition (Art. 13);

6. Conspiracy to commit sedition (Art. 141);

!. "ncitin to sedition (Art. 142);

%. Acts tendin to pre$ent te meetin of Conress and similar odies (Art. 143);

. Dist'rance of proceedins of Conress or similar odies (Art. 144);

1*. &iolation of parliamentary imm'nity (Art. 145);

11. "lleal assemlies (Art. 146);

12. "lleal associations (Art. 14!);

13. Direct assa'lts (Art. 14%);

14. "ndirect assa'lts (Art. 14);

15. Disoedience to s'mmons iss'ed y Conress its committees etc. y te constit'tionalcommissions its committees etc. (Art. 15*);

16. esistance and disoedience to a person in a'tority or te aents of s'c person (Art.

151);

1!. T'm'lts and oter dist'rances of p'lic order (Art. 153);

1%. 9nla#f'l 'se of means of p'lication and 'nla#f'l 'tterances (Art. 154);

1. Alarms and scandals (Art. 155);

2*. Deli$erin prisoners from /ails (Art. 156);

21. E$asion of ser$ice of sentence (Art. 15!);

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22. E$asion on occasion of disorders (Art. 15%);

23. &iolation of conditional pardon (Art. 15); and

24. Commission of anoter crime d'rin ser$ice of penalty imposed for anoter pre$io'soffense (Art. 16*).

Article !:"REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. That there be

1. p$blic $prising and

2. ta0ing arms against the government forceviolence)

b. That the p$rpose of the $prising or movement is either

1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws 98 i. the territor! of the Philippines or an! part thereof, orACOU+ '9 ETAT

ELEMENTS#

a. +wift attac0

b. Accompanied b! violence, intimidation, threat, strateg! or stealth

c. irected against"

1. d$l! constit$ted a$thorities

2. an! militar! camp or installation

4. comm$nication networ0s or p$blic $tilities

9. other facilities needed for the eercise and contin$ed possession of power

d. +ingl! or sim$ltaneo$sl! carried o$t an!where in the Philippines

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d. #ommitted b! an! person or persons belonging to the militar! or police orholding an! p$blic office or emplo!ment with or witho$t civilian s$pport or

participation

e. ith or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation

f. P$rpose of sei'ing or diminishing state power

Te essence of the crime is a s#ift attacH 'pon te facilities of te -ilippine o$ernmentmilitary camps and installations comm'nication net#orHs p'lic 'tilities and facilities essentialto te contin'ed possession of o$ernmental po#ers% t may &e committed singly or collectivelyand does not re+uire a multitude of people%

The o&6ective may not &e to overthrow the government &ut only to desta&ili)e or paraly)e

the government through the sei)ure of facilities and utilities essential to the continuedpossession and exercise of governmental powers. t re+uires as principal offender a mem&erof the A>* or of the *N* organi)ation or a pu&lic officer with or without civilian support%+inally it may &e carried out not only &y force or violence &ut also through stealth( threat orstrategy%

6ow do !o$ disting$ish between co$p dCetat and rebellionD

#e&ellionis committed y any person #eter a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'lic officer #ereas incoup detat( te offender is a memer of te military or police force or oldin a p'lic office oremployment.

"n re&ellion te o/ect is to alienate te alleiance of a people in a territory #eter #olly orpartially from te d'ly constit'ted o$ernment; in coup detat( te o/ect or p'rpose is to seiIe

or diminis state po#er.

"n ot instances te offenders intend to s'stit'te temsel$es in place of tose #o are inpo#er.

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1. -romotes2. Maintains3. eads a reellion or ins'rrection

&% Any person who( while holding any pu&lic office or employment( ta0es part therein1. enain in #ar aainst te forces of te o$Ft

2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence

3. eactin contri'tions or di$ertin p'lic f'nds from te la#f'l p'rpose for #ic teya$e een appropriated

c% Any person merely participating or executing the command of other in a re&ellion

en conspiracy is present in te commission of te crime te act of one is te act of all. "ncommittin reellion and co'p dFetat e$en if conspiracy as a means to commit te crime isestalised te principal of criminal liaility 'nder Article 1! of te e$ised -enal Code is notfollo#ed.

(n Government +ervice %ot in Government +ervice

Anyone #o leads directs commands otersto 'ndertaHe a co'p. Anyone #o participates or in an manners'pports finances aets aids in a co'p.

erio's $iolence is tat inflicted 'pon ci$ilians #ic may res'lt in omicide. "t is not limitedto ostilities aainst te armed force.

Di$ertin p'lic f'nds is mal$ersation asored in reellion

NOTES#a. -'lic officer m'st taHe acti$e part eca'se mere silence or omission not p'nisale in

reellion

. "t is not a defense in reellion tat te acc'sed ne$er tooH te oat of alleiance to ortat tey ne$er reconiIed te o$ernment

c. eellion cannot e compleed #it m'rder and oter common crimes committed inp'rs'ance of te mo$ement to o$ertro# te o$ernment

'$ersion /'st liHe te crimes of reellion conspiracy or proposal to commit te crimes ofreellion or s'$ersion and crimes or offenses committed in f'rterance tereof constit'te directassa'lts aainst te tate and are in te nat're of contin'in crimes Emil vs. -amos).

d. illin roin etc for pri$ate persons or for profit #ito't any political moti$ation#o'ld e separately p'nised and #o'ld not e asored in te reellion.

Article !:,CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT COU+ '9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms against thegovernment

b. or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion

c. The! decide to commit it

+RO+OSAL TO COMMIT COU+ '9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. A person who has decided to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms the government

b. or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion

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c. Proposes its eec$tion to some other person/s

>raniIin a ro'p of soldiers solicitin memersip in and solicitin f'nds for teoraniIation so# conspiracy to o$ertro# te o$Ft

Te mere fact of i$in and renderin speeces fa$orin Comm'nism #o'ld not maHe teacc'sed 'ilty of conspiracy if tereFs no e$idence tat te earers ten and tere areed to

rise 'p in arms aainst te o$Ft

Conspiracy m'st e immediately prior to reellion

"f it is d'rin te reellion ten it is already taHin part in it.

Article !:.'ISLOYALTY O- +UBLIC O--ICERS AN' EM+LOYEES

ACTS +UNIS8E'#

a. ailing to resist rebellion b! all the means in their power

b. #ontin$ing to discharge the d$ties of their offices $nder the control of rebels

c. Accepting appointment to office $nder rebels

-res'pposes eistence of reellion

M'st not e in conspiracy #it reels or co'p plotters

"f tere are means to pre$ent te reellion 't did not resist it ten tereFs disloyalty. "ftere are no means no fa'lt

"f position is accepted in order to protect te people not co$ered y tis

Te collaorator m'st not a$e tried to impose te #ises of te reels on te people.

Disloyalty as a crime is not limited to reellion alone 't so'ld no# incl'de te crime of coupdetat% #e&ellionis essentially a crime committed y pri$ate indi$id'als #ile coup detat is acrime tat so'ld e classified as a crime committed y p'lic officers liHe mal$ersation rierydereliction of d'ty and $iolations of te antiJraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.

"f te p'lic officer or employee aside from ein disloyal does or commits acts constit'tin tecrime of reellion or coup detat( e #ill no loner e cared for te simple crime of disloyalty

't e sall e proceeded aainst for te ra$e offense of reellion or coup detat%

Article !:3INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender does not ta0e arms or is not in open hostilit! against thegovernment

b. That he incites others to the eec$tion of an! of the acts of rebellion

c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems,banners or other representations tending to the same end

"ntentionally calc'lated to sed'ce oters to reellion

Tere m'st e 'prisin to taHe 'p arms and rise p'licly for te p'rposes indicated in Art 134

>ne #o promotes maintains or eads a reellion and #o act at te same time incites orinfl'ences oters to /oin im in is #ar efforts aainst te d'ly constit'ted o$ernment cannot e

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eld criminally liale for te crime of incitin to reellion eca'se as te principal to te crimeof reellion te act of incitin to commit a reellion is inerent to te ra$er crime of reellion.

+ro/osal to Commit Re(ellion

=ot re@'ired tat te offender asdecided to commit reellion.

Te person #o proposes te eec'tion

of te crime 'ses secret means.

Te incitin is done p'licly.

Article !:5SE'ITION

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offenders rise

1. P$blicl! if no pu&lic uprising I tumult and other distur&ance of pu&lic order)

2. T$m$lt$o$sl! vis5J5vis re&ellion where there must &e a ta0ing of arms)

b. That the! emplo! force, intimidation, or other means o$tside of legal methods

c. That the offenders emplo! an! of those means to attain an! of the following ob7ects"

1. to prevent the prom$lgation or eec$tion of an! law or the holding of an! pop$larelection

2. to prevent the national government, or an! provincial or m$nicipal government,or an! p$blic thereof from freel! eercising its or his f$nctions, or prevent theeec$tion of an! administrative order

4. to inflict an! act or hate or revenge $pon the person or propert! of an! p$blicofficer or emplo!ee

9. to commit for an! political or social end, an! act of hate or revenge againstprivate persons or an! social class hence( even private persons may &e offendedparties)

8. to despoil, for an! political or social end, an! person, m$nicipalit! or province, orthe national government of all its propert! or an! part thereof

Se)ition#raisin of commotion or dist'rances in te tate. "ts 'ltimate o/ect is a $iolationof te p'lic peace or at least s'c meas'res tat e$idently enenders it.

Te crime of sedition is committed y risin p'licly and t'm'lt'o'sly. Te t#o elements m'stconc'r.

The crime of sedition does not contemplate the ta0ing up of arms against the government

&ecause the purpose of this crime is not the overthrow of the government% =otice from tep'rpose of te crime of sedition tat te offenders rise p'licly and create commotion anddist'rance y #ay of protest to epress teir dissent and oedience to te o$ernment or tote a'torities concerned. Tis is liHe te socalled civil diso&edience except that the meansemployed( which is violence( is illegal%

ifference from rebellionB o/ect or p'rpose of te 'prisin.

>or seditionB s'fficient tat 'prisin is t'm'lt'o's. n re&ellionB tere m'st e taHin 'p ofarms aainst te o$ernment.

Sedition B p'rpose may e eiter political or social. n re&ellionB al#ays political

T$m$lt$o$sG is a sit'ation #erein te dist'rance or conf'sion is ca'sed y at least fo'rpersons. Tere is no re@'irement tat te offenders so'ld e armed. -re$entin p'lic officers from freely eercisin teir f'nctions

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n seditionB offender may e a pri$ate or p'lic person (E. oldier)

-'lic 'prisin and te o/ect of sedition m'st conc'r

;#Are common crimes asored in seditionn te oter andif the person in authority or the agent was 0illed when no longer performingofficial functions( the crime may simply &e the material conse+uence of he unlawful act: murderor homicide% +or te crime to e direct assa'lt te attacH m'st e y reason of is officialf'nction in te past. Moti$e ecomes important in tis respect. Example( if a 6udge was 0illedwhile resisting the ta0ing of his watch( there is no direct assault%

"n te second form of direct assa'ltit is also important that the offended 0new that the personhe is attac0ing is a person in authority or an agent of a person in authority( performing his

official functions% =o Hno#lede no la#lessness or contempt%

>or example( if t#o persons #ere @'arrelin and a policeman in ci$ilian clotes comes and stopstem 't one of te protaonists stas te policeman tere #o'ld e no direct assa'lt 'nlesste offender Hne# tat e is a policeman.

"n tis respect it is eno' tat te offender so'ld Hno# tat te offended party #as eercisinsome form of a'tority. t is not necessary that the offender 0nows what is meant &y person inauthority or an agent of one &ecause ignorantia legis non excusat%

Circumstances $ualiying the oense


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Direct assa'lt cannot e committed d'rin reellion.

*a! direct assa$lt be committed $pon a private individ$alDYes. en a pri$ate person comesto te aid of a person in a'tority and e is liHe#ise assa'lted. 9nder -ep$blic Act %o. 1B3:, a pri$ate person #o comes to te aid of a person in a'tority is y fiction of la# deemed or is

considered an aent of a person in a'tority.

Article !"5IN'IRECT ASSAULT

ELEMENTS#

a. That a person in a$thorit! or his agent is the victim of an! of the forms of directassa$lt defined in A-T. 19:.

b. That a person comes to the aid of s$ch a$thorit! or his agent.

c. That the offender ma0es $se of force or intimidation $pon s$ch person coming to theaid of the a$thorit! or his agent.

(ndirect assa$lt can be committed onl! when a direct assa$lt is also committed

To be indirect assa$lt, the person who sho$ld be aided is the agent (not te person ina'tority eca'se it is already direct assa'lt te person comin to te aid of te person ina'tority ein considered as an aent and an attacH on te latter is already direct assa'lt).Eample. Aidin a policeman 'nder attacH.

The victim in indirect assault should &e a private person who comes in aid of an agent of aperson in authority% Te assa'lt is 'pon a person #o comes in aid of te aent of a person ina'tority. Te $ictim cannot e te person in a'tority or is aent.

Ta0e note that under Article 73,( as amended( when any person comes in aid of a person inauthority( said person at that moment is no longer a civilian = he is constituted as an agent of the

person in authority% f such person were the one attac0ed( the crime would &e direct assault

Article !*7'ISOBE'IENCE TO SUMMONS

Acts /unisha(le#

a. ref$sing witho$t legal ec$se to obe! s$mmons

b. ref$sing to be sworn or placed $nder affirmation

c. ref$sing to answer an! legal in5$ir! to prod$ce boo0s, records etc.

d. restraining another from attending as witness in s$ch bod!

e. ind$cing disobedience to a s$mmons or ref$sal to be sworn

Te act p'nised is ref'sal #ito't leal ec'se to oey s'mmons iss'ed y te 0o'se ofepresentati$es or te enate. "f a Constit'tional Commission is created it sall en/oy te samepri$ilee.

Te eercise y te leislat're of its contempt po#er is a matter of selfpreser$ationindependent of te /'dicial ranc. Te contempt po#er of te leislat're is inerent and suigeneris.

Tepower to punish is not extended to the local executive &odies. Te reason i$en is tat localleislati$e odies are 't a creation of la# and terefore for tem to eercise te po#er ofcontempt tere m'st e an epress rant of te same.

Article !*!

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a. ?aranay captain. ?aranay cairmanc. M'nicipal mayord. -ro$incial fiscale. K'stice of te peacef. M'nicipal co'ncilor. Teacers. -rofessorsi. -ersons cared #it te s'per$ision of p'lic or d'ly reconiIed pri$ate scools collees

and 'ni$ersities/. 8a#yers in te act'al performance of teir professional d'ties or on te occasion of s'c

performance

Agent o +erson in AuthorityB any person #o y direct pro$ision of la# or y election or yappointment y competent a'tority is cared #it te maintenance of p'lic order and teprotection and sec'rity of life and property.

EFam/les o agents o +IA a. ?arrio co'ncilman

. ?arrio policemanc. ?aranay leaderd% Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority

Section 4HH of the ?ocal "ovt Codepro$ides tat for p'rposes of te -C te p'nonaranay san'nian aranay memers and memers of te l'pon taapamayapa in eacaranay sall e deemed aspersons in authorityin teir /'risdictions #ile oter aranayofficials and memers #o may e desinated y la# or ordinance and cared #it temaintenance of p'lic order protection and te sec'rity of life property or te maintenanceof a desirale and alanced en$ironment and any aranay memer #o comes to te aid ofpersons in a'tority sall e deemedA"ENT of persons in authority%

en te offended party is a person in a'tority and #ile ein assa'lted a pri$ateindi$id'al comes to is resc'e s'c pri$ate indi$id'al y operation of la# mutates mutandisecomes an aent of a person in a'tority. Any assa'lt committed aainst s'c person is directassa'lt and not indirect assa'lt. ?'t if te person assa'lted is an aent of a person ina'tority and a pri$ate indi$id'al comes to is resc'e and is imself assa'lted #ile i$in teassistance as earlier disc'ssed te crime committed is indirect assa'lt.

CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC 'ISOR'ERS

Article !*:TUMULTS AN' OT8ER 'ISTURBANCES O- +UBLIC OR'ER

TY+ES#

a. #a$sing an! serio$s dist$rbance in a p$blic place, office or establishment

b. (nterr$pting or dist$rbing p$blic performances, f$nctions, gatherings or peacef$lmeetings, if the act is not incl$ded in Art 141 and 142 *u&lic Officers interrupting

peaceful meetings or religious worship).

c. *a0ing an! o$tcr! tending to incite rebellion or sedition in an! meeting, associationor p$blic place

d. ispla!ing placards or emblems which provo0e a dist$rbance of p$blic order in s$chplace

e. >$r!ing with pomp the bod! of a person who has been legall! eec$ted.

"f te act of dist'rin or interr'ptin a meetin or reliio's ceremony is =>T committed yp'lic officers or if committed y p'lic officers #o are not participants terein tis articleapplies.Art 747 and 74, punishes the same acts if committed &y pu&lic officers who are NOT

participants in the meeting

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Te o'tcry is merely a p'lic disorder if it is an 'nconscio's o't'rst #ic alto'reellio's or seditio's in nat're is not intentionally calc'lated to ind'ce oters to commitreellion or sedition oter#ise its incitin to reellion or sedition.

Tis article so'ld e distin'ised from incitin to reellion or sedition as disc'ssed 'nderArticle 13% and 142. "n teformer te meetin is leal and peacef'l. "t ecomes 'nla#f'lonly eca'se of te o'tcry made #ic tends to incite reellion or sedition in te meetin. "n

te latter case te meetin is 'nla#f'l from te einnin and te 'tterances made aredelierately artic'lated to incite oters to rise p'licly and reel aainst te o$ernment.at maHes it incitin to reellion or sedition is te act of incitin te a'dience to commitreellion or sedition.

TumultuousB if ca'sed y more tan 3 persons #o are armed or pro$ided #it means of$iolence (circ'mstance @'alifyin te dist'ranceLinterr'ption) B t'm'lt'o's in caracterG

The essence is creating pu&lic disorder% Tis crime is ro't ao't y creatin serio'sdist'rances in p'lic places p'lic 'ildins and e$en in pri$ate places #ere p'lic f'nctionsor performances are ein eld.

>or a crime to &e under this article( it must not fall under Articles 747 8prohi&ition(interruption( and dissolution of peaceful meetings9 and 74, 8interruption of religiousworship9%

"n te act of maHin o'tcry d'rin speec tendin to incite reellion or sedition te sit'ationm'st e distin'ised from incitin to sedition or reellion.

f the spea0er( even &efore he delivered his speech( already had the criminal intent to incite

the listeners to rise to sedition( the crime would &e inciting to sedition% 0o#e$er if theoffender had no such criminal intent( &ut in the course of his speech( tempers went high andso the spea0er started inciting the audience to rise in sedition against the government( thecrime is distur&ance of the pu&lic order%

The distur&ance of the pu&ic order is tumultuous and the penalty is increased if it is &roughta&out &y armed men. Te term armedG does not refer to firearms 't incl'des e$en i stonescapale of ca'sin ra$e in/'ry.

t is also distur&ance of the pu&lic order if a convict legally put to death is &uried with pomp .0e so'ld not e made o't as a martyr; it mit incite oters to atred.

Te crime of dist'rance of p'lic order may e committed in a p'lic or pri$ate place. "fcommitted in a pri$ate place te la# is $iolated only #ere te dist'rance is made #ile ap'lic f'nction or performance is oin on. ito't a p'lic aterin in a pri$ate place tecrime cannot e committed.

Article !*"UNLA2-UL USE O- MEANS O- +UBLICATION AN' UNLA2-UL UTTERANCES

TY+ES#

a. P$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished, b! means of printing, lithograph! or an!other means of p$blication as news an! false news which ma! endanger the p$blicorder, or ca$se damage to the interest or credit of the +tate.

b. nco$raging disobedience to the law or to the constit$ted a$thorities or b!praising, 7$stif!ing or etolling an! act p$nished b! law, b! the same means or b!

words, $tterances or speeches

c. *alicio$sl! p$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished an! official resol$tion ordoc$ment witho$t proper a$thorit!, or before the! have been p$blished officiall!

d. Printing, p$blishing or distrib$ting or ca$sing the same) boo0s, pamphlets,periodicals or leaflets which do not bear the real printerCs name or which areclassified as anon!mo$s.

Te p'rpose of te la# is to p'nis te spreadin of false information #ic tends to ca'se panicconf'sion distr'st and di$ide people in teir loyalty to te d'ly constit'ted a'torities.

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Act'al p'lic disorder or act'al damae to te credit of te tate is not necessary.

Re/u(lic Act No& 6"3 proiits te reprintin reprod'ction or rep'lication of o$ernmentp'lications and official doc'ments #ito't pre$io's a'torityTe article also p'nises any person #o Hno#inly p'lises official acts or doc'ments #ic arenot officially prom'lated.

Article !**ALARMS AN' SCAN'ALS

TY+ES#

a. ischarging an! firearm, roc0et, firecrac0er, or other eplosive within an! town orp$blic place, calc$lated to ca$se alarm or danger

b. (nstigating or ta0ing active part in an! charivari or other disorderl! meetingoffensive to another or pre7$dicial to p$blic tran5$ilit!

c. ist$rbing the p$blic peace while wandering abo$t at night or while engaged in an!other noct$rnal am$sement

d. #a$sing an! dist$rbance or scandal in p$blic places while intoicated or otherwise,provided the act is not covered b! Art 184 t$m$lt).

9nderstand te nature of the crime of alarms and scandals as one tat dist'rs p'lictran@'ility or p'lic peace. "f te annoyance is intended for a partic'lar person te crime isun6ust vexation%

#harivari B mocH serenade or discordant noises made #it Hettles tin orns etc desined toderide ins'lt or annoy

hen a person discharges a firearm in p$blic( te act may constit'te any of te possile crimes'nder te e$ised -enal Code

879 Alarms and scandals if te firearm #en discared #as not directed to any partic'larperson;

8,9 llegal discharge of firearm under Article ,3 if te firearm is directed or pointed to apartic'lar person #en discared 't intent to Hill is asent;

849 Attempted homicide( murder( or parricide if te firearm #en discared is directedaainst a person and intent to Hill is present.

"n tis connection 'nderstand tat it is not necessary tat te offended party e #o'nded or it.$ere discharge of firearm towards another with intent to 0ill already amounts to attemptedhomicide or attempted murder or attempted parricide% t can not &e frustrated &ecause theoffended party is not mortally wounded%

"nAraneta v. #o$rt of Appeals it #as eld tat if a person is sot at and is #o'nded te crimeis a'tomatically attempted omicide. ntent to 0ill is inherent in the use of the deadlyweapon%

(49 "rave Threats = "f te #eapon is not discared 't merely pointed toanoter

(5) Other ?ight ThreatsB "f dra#n in a @'arrel 't not in self defense

at o$erns is te res'lt not te intent

CRIME Nature o Crime 2ho are Lia(leT'm'lts and oterDist'rances (153)

Crime aainst -'lic >rder -ri$ate personso'tsider

Alarms and candals (155) Crime aainst -'lic >rder -ri$ate persons

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o'tsider

Article !*,'ELI4ERING +RISONERS -ROM ?AILS

ELEMENTS #

a. That there is a person confined in a 7ail or penal establishment.

b. That the offender removes therefor s$ch person, or helps the escape of s$ch personif the escapee is serving final 6udgement( he is guilty of evasion of sentence).

c. &ffender is a private individ$al

-risoner may e detention prisoner or one sentenced y $irt'e of a final /'dment

E$en if te prisoner is in te ospital or asyl'm or any place for detention of prisoner as lon ase is classified as a prisoner tat is a formal complaint or information as een filed in co'rtand e as een officially cateoriIed as a prisoner tis article applies as s'c place is

considered etension of te penal instit'tion.

A policeman assined to te city /ail as 'ard #o #ile offd'ty released a prisoner is lialeere

E$en if te prisoner ret'rned to te /ail after se$eral o'rs te one #o remo$ed im from /ail isliale.

"t may e committed tro' nelience

#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offenseB is committed y means of $iolence intimidation orriery.

*itigating circ$mstanceB if it taHes place o'tside te penal estalisment y taHin te'ards y s'rprise

correlate te crime of deli$erin person from /ail #it infidelity in te c'stody of prisonersp'nised 'nder Articles 223 224 and 225 of te e$ised -enal Code% n &oth acts( theoffender may &e a pu&lic officer or a private citi)en%

Do not tinH tat infidelity in te c'stody of prisoners can only e committed y a p'licofficer and deli$erin persons from /ail can only e committed y pri$ate person. ?ot crimesmay e committed y p'lic officers as #ell as pri$ate persons.

"n ot crimes the person involved may &e a convict or a mere detention prisoner%

Te only point of distinction et#een te t#o crimes lies on #eter te offender is te c'stodianof te prisoner or not at te time te prisoner #as made to escape. f the offender is the custodian at that time te crime is infidelity in te c'stody of

prisoners. But if the offender is not the custodian of the prisoner at that time e$en to'e is a p'lic officer te crime e committed is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.

Liabilit! of the prisoner or detainee who escapedB en tese crimes are committed #eterinfidelity in te c'stody of prisoners or deli$erin prisoners from /ail te prisoner soescapin may also a$e criminal liaility and tis is so if te prisoner is a con$ict ser$insentence y final /'dment. Te crime of evasion of service of sentence is committed &y

the prisoner who escapes if such prisoner is a convict serving sentence &y final6udgment.

f the prisoner who escapes is only a detention prisoner e does not inc'r liaility from escapinif e does not Hno# of te plan to remo$e im from /ail. But if such prisoner 0nows of the plot toremove him from 6ail and cooperates therein &y escaping( e imself ecomes liale fordeli$erin prisoners from /ail as a principal y indispensale cooperation.

f three persons are involved = a stranger( the custodian and the prisoner = three crimes arecommitted

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(1) "nfidelity in te c'stody of prisoners;

(2) Deli$ery of te prisoner from /ail; and

(3) E$asion of ser$ice of sentence.

(t is possible that several crimes ma! be committed in one set of facts. +or instance ass'mintat -edro te /ail #arden areed #it K'an to allo# Maria to escape y not locHin te ate ofte city /ail. -ro$ided tat K'an comes across #it -5***.** pesos as rie money. Tearranement #as not Hno#n to Maria 't #en se noticed te 'nlocHed ate of te city /ail setooH ad$antae of te sit'ation and escaped. +rom te facts i$en tere is no @'estion tat-edro as te /ail #arden is liale for te crime of infidelity in te c'stody of te prisoner. 0e#ill also e ale for te crime of riery. K'an #ill e liale for te crime of deli$erin a prisonerfrom /ail and for corr'ption of p'lic official 'nder Art. 212. "f Maria is a sentenced prisoner se#ill e liale for e$asion of ser$ice of sentence 'nder Article 15!. if se is a detention prisonerse commits no crime.

E4ASION O- SENTENCE OR SER4ICE

vasion of service of sentence has three forms"

879 ?y simply lea$in or escapin from te penal estalismentunder Article 73K.

8,9 +ail're to ret'rn #itin 4% o'rs after a$in left te penal estalisment eca'se of acalamity conflaration or m'tiny and s'c calamity conflaration or m'tiny as eenanno'nced as already passedunder Article 73H.

849 &iolatin te condition of conditional pardonunder Article 73G%

Article !*.E4ASION O- SER4ICE O- SENTENCE

ELEMENTS #

a. That the offender is a convict b! final 7$dgment.

b. That he is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of libert! destierroincluded)

c. That he evades the service of his sentence b! escaping d$ring the term if hissentence. fact of return immaterial).

?y te $ery nat're of te crime it cannot e committed #en te prisoner in$ol$ed is merelya detention prisoner. ?'t it applies to persons con$icted y final /'dment #it a penalty ofdestierro%

A detention prisoner even if he escapes from confinement has no criminal lia&ility. T'sescapin from is prison cell #en is case is still on appeal does not maHe said prisoner liale forE$asion of er$ice of entence.

n leaving or escaping from 6ail or prison( that the prisoner immediately returned isimmaterial. "t is eno' tat e left te penal estalisment y escapin terefrom. ;isvoluntary return may only &e mitigating( &eing analogous to voluntary surrender% But thesame will not a&solve his criminal lia&ility%

A continuing offense.

&ffenders B not minor delin@'ents nor detention prisoners

"f escaped #itin te 15 day appeal period B no e$asion

=o applicale to deportation as te sentence

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The crime of evasion of service of sentence may &e committed even if the sentence is

destierro(and tis is committed if te con$ict sentenced to destierro #ill enter te proiitedplaces or come #itin te proiited radi's of 25 Hilometers to s'c places as stated in te/'dment.

f the sentence violated is destierro( the penalty upon the convict is to &e served &y way ofdestierro also( not imprisonment% Tis is so eca'se te penalty for te e$asion can not e more

se$ere tan te penalty e$aded.

#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offense done thr$)"a. 'nla#f'l entry (y scalinG)

. reaHin doors #indo#s ates #alls roofs or floors

c. 'sin picHlocHs false Heys dis'ise deceit $iolence or intimidation

d. conni$ance #it oter con$icts or employees of te penal instit'tion

A a foreiner #as fo'nd 'ilty of $iolation of te la# and #as ordered y te co'rt to e

deported. 8ater on e ret'rned to te -ilippines in $iolation of te sentence. 0eld 0e is not'ilty of E$asion of er$ice of entence as te la# is not applicale to offenses eec'ted ydeportation.


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committed a $iolation of te la# not 'nder te present article 't for p're e$asion of ser$iceof sentence 'nder Article 15!.

*$tin! B oraniIed 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer a sedition a re$olt

The mutiny reerre) to in the secon) orm o e%asion o ser%ice o sentence does notincl$de riot& The mutiny reerre) to here in%ol%es su(or)inate /ersonnel rising against

the su/er%isor within the /enal esta(lishment& &ne who escapes d$ring a riot will bes$b7ect to Article 1830 that is0 sim/ly lea%ing or esca/ing the /enal esta(lishment&

Disarmin te 'ards is not m'tiny

&iolation attri'ted to te acc'sed is no loner referred to te co'rt for /'dicial in@'iry orresol'tion. Te la# as pro$ided s'fficient 'idelines for te /ail #arden to follo#.

Tis dis@'isition #ill not apply if te offender #o escapes taHin ad$antae of te calamitiesen'merated erein is appreended y te a'torities after 4% o'rs from te declaration tat tecalamity is o$er. "t is only etended to one #o ret'rns 't made inside te 4% o'rs delimited yte proclamation. At tis stae te $iolation is not s'stanti$e 't administrati$e in nat're.

Article !*54IOLATION O- CON'ITIONAL +AR'ON

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender was a convict.

b. That he was granted a conditional pardon b! the chief eec$tive.

c. That he violated an! of the conditions of s$ch pardon.

Condition etends to special la#s B $iolation of illeal $otinTe condition imposed 'pon te prisoner not to e 'ilty of anoter crime is not limited to tosep'nisale 'nder te e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des tose p'nised 'nder pecial 8a#. ffender m'st a$e een fo'nd 'ilty of te s'se@'ent offense efore e can e prosec'ted

'nder tis Article. ?'t if 'nder e$ised Admin Code no con$iction necessary. -resident aspo#er to arrest reincarnate offender #ito't trial

Article 73G is a distinct felony% t is a su&stantive crime. +or one to s'ffer te conse@'ence of its$iolation te prisoner m'st e formally cared in co'rt. 0e #ill e entitled to a f'll lo#nearin in f'll en/oyment of is rit to d'e process. >nly after a final /'dment as eenrendered aainst im may e s'ffer te penalty prescried 'nder Article 15 Torres vs.Gon'ales, et al., 182 +#-A 2B2)

4IOLATION O- +AR'ON OR'INARY E4ASION"nfrinement of conditionsLterms of To e$ade te penalty i$en y te co'rts

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!. Co'nterfeitin importin and 'tterin instr'ments not payale to earer (Art. 16!);

%. "lleal possession and 'se of fored treas'ry or anH notes and oter instr'ments of credit(Art. 16%);

. +alsification of leislati$e doc'ments (Art. 1!*);

1*. +alsification y p'lic officer employee or notary (Art. 1!1);

11. +alsification y pri$ate indi$id'als and 'se of falsified doc'ments (Art. 1!2);

12. +alsification of #ireless cale telerap and telepone messaes and 'se of said falsifiedmessaes (Art. 1!3);

13. +alse medical certificates false certificates of merit or ser$ice (Art. 1!4);

14. 9sin false certificates (Art. 1!5);

15. Man'fact'rin and possession of instr'ments or implements for falsification (Art. 1!6);

16. 9s'rpation of a'tority or official f'nctions (Art. 1!!);

1!. 9sin fictitio's name and concealin tr'e name (Art. 1!%);

1%. "lleal 'se of 'niforms or insinia (Art. 1!);

1. +alse testimony aainst a defendant (Art. 1%*);

2*. +alse testimony fa$orale to te defendant (Art. 1%1);

21. +alse testimony in ci$il cases (Art. 1%2);

22. +alse testimony in oter cases and per/'ry (Art. 1%3);

23. >fferin false testimony in e$idence (Art. 1%4);

24. Macinations in p'lic a'ction (Art. 1%5);

25. Monopolies and cominations in restraint of trade (Art. 1%6);

26. "mportation and disposition of falsely marHed articles or mercandise made of old sil$eror oter precio's metals or teir alloys (Art. 1%!);

2!. 'stit'tin and alterin trade marHs and trade names or ser$ice marHs (Art. 1%%);

2%. 9nfair competition and fra'd'lent reistration of trade marH or trade name or ser$icemarH; fra'd'lent desination of oriin and false description (Art. 1%).

Te crimes in tis title are in te nat're of fra'd or falsity to te p'lic. Te essence of tecrime 'nder tis title is tat #ic defra'd te p'lic in eneral. Tere is deceit perpetrated'pon te p'lic. Tis is te act tat is ein p'nised 'nder tis title.

Article !,!COUNTER-EITING GREAT SEAL O- GO4ERNMENT

TY+ES#

a. orging the great seal of the Government

b. orging the signat$re of the President

c. orging the stamp of the President

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en te sinat're of te -resident is fored it is not falsification 't forin of sinat're'nder tis article

inat're m'st e fored oters sined it B not te -resident.

Article !,6

USING -ORGE' SIGNATURE OR COUNTER-EIT SEAL OR STAM+ELEMENTS#

a. That the great seal of the rep$blic was co$nterfeited or the signat$re or stamp ofthe chief eec$tive was forged b! another person.

b. That the offender 0new of the co$nterfeiting or forger!.

c. That he $sed the co$nterfeit seal or forged signat$re or stamp.

>ffender is =>T te forerLnot te ca'se of te co'nterfeitin

Article!,:MAING AN' IM+ORTING AN' UTTERING -ALSE COINS

ELEMENTS #

a. That there be false or co$nterfeited coins need not &e legal tender).

b. That the offender either made, imported or $ttered s$ch coins.

c. That in case of $ttering s$ch false or co$nterfeited coins, he connives withco$nterfeiters or importers.

#oin is co$nterfeitB if it is fored or if it is not an article of te o$ernment as leal tenderreardless if it is of no $al'e

in)s o coins the countereiting o which is /unishe)

1. il$er coins of te -ilippines or coins of te Central ?anH of te -ilippines;

2. Coins of te minor coinae of te -ilippines or of te Central ?anH of te -ilippines;

3. Coin of te c'rrency of a forein co'ntry.

CountereitingB imitation of leal or en'ine coin (may contain more sil$er different desin)s'c as to decei$e an ordinary person in elie$in it to e en'ine

UtterB to pass co'nterfeited coins deli$er or i$e a#ay

Im/ortB to rin to port te same

?ot -ilippine and forein state coins

Applies also to coins #itdra#n from circ'lation

ssence of article"maHin of coins #ito't a'tority

Acts /unishe)

1. M'tilatin coins of te leal c'rrency #it te f'rter re@'irements tat tere e intentto damae or to defra'd anoter;

2. "mportin or 'tterin s'c m'tilated coins #it te f'rter re@'irement tat tere m'ste conni$ances #it te m'tilator or importer in case of 'tterin.

The first acts of falsification or falsit! are

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879 Counterfeiting = refers to money or c'rrency;

8,9 >orgery = refers to instr'ments of credit and oliations and sec'rities iss'ed y te-ilippine o$ernment or any anHin instit'tion a'toriIed y te -ilippine o$ernmentto iss'e te same;

849 >alsification = can only e committed in respect of doc'ments.

n so far as coins in circulation are concerned( there are two crimes that may &e committed:

879 #o$nterfeiting coins 55 This is the crime of rema0ing or manufacturing without anyauthority to do so%

"n te crime of co'nterfeitin te la# is not concerned #it te fra'd 'pon te p'lic s'c tateven though the coin is no longer legal tender( the act of imitating or manufacturing the coin ofthe government is penali)ed. "n p'nisin te crime of co'nterfeitin te la# #ants to pre$entpeople from tryin teir inen'ity in teir imitation of te man'fact're of money.

8,9 *$tilation of coins 55 This refers to the deli&erate act of diminishing the proper metalcontents of the coin either &y scraping( scratching or filling the edges of the coin and theoffender gathers the metal dust that has &een scraped from the coin%

Re$uisites o mutilation un)er the Re%ise) +enal Co)e

879 Coin m'tilated is of leal tender;

(2) >ffender ains from te precio's metal d'st astracted from te coin; and

(3) "t as to e a coin.

Tere is no epertise in$ol$ed ere% n mutilation of coins under the #evised *enal Code( theoffender does nothing &ut to scrape( pile or cut the coin and collect the dust and( thus(diminishing the intrinsic value of the coin%

$utilation of coins is a crime only if the coin mutilated is legal tender. "f it is not leal tenderanymore no one #ill accept it so noody #ill e defra'ded. ?'t if te coin is of leal tenderand te offender minimiIes or decreases te precio's metal d'st content of te coin te crime ofm'tilation is committed.

Te offender m'st delierately red'ce te precio's metal in te coin. Delierate intent arisesonly #en te offender collects te precio's metal d'st from te m'tilated coin. f the offenderdoes not collect such dust( intent to mutilate is a&sent( &ut *residential 2ecree No% ,K will

apply%

Article !,"

MULTILATION O- COINS 1 IM+ORTATION AN' UTTERANCE#

This has been repealed b! P 293.


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+orein notes and coins not incl'ded. M'st e leal tender.

M'st e intention to m'tilate.

$utilation under the #evised *enal Code is true only to coins . "t cannot e a crime 'nder tee$ised -enal Code to m'tilate paper ills eca'se te idea of m'tilation 'nder te code is

collectin te precio's metal d'st. ;owever( under *residential 2ecree No% ,K( mutilation isnot limited to coins%

;uestions Answers

1. Te people playin cara y cr'I efore tey tro# te coin in te air #o'ld r' temoney to te side#alH terey diminisin te intrinsic $al'e of te coin. "s te crime ofm'tilation committedorgery under the #evised *enal Code applies to papers( which are in the form of o&ligations andsecurities issued &y the *hilippine government as its own o&ligations( which is given the samestatus as legal tender. Jenerally te #ord co'nterfeitinG is not 'sed #en it comes to notes;#at is 'sed is forery.G Co'nterfeitin refers to money #eter coins or ills.

=otice tat mere cane on a doc'ment does not amo'nt to tis crime% The essence of forgery isgiving a document the appearance of a true and genuine document. =ot any alteration of aletter n'mer fi're or desin #o'ld amo'nt to forery. At most( it would only &e frustrated

forgery%

'hen what is &eing counterfeited is o&ligation or securities #ic 'nder te e$ised -enal Codeis i$en a stat's of money or leal tender( the crime committed is forgery%

;uestions Answers

1. "nstead of te peso sin (-) someody replaced it #it a dollar sin (S). as tecrime of forery committedorgery was not committed% The forged instrument and currency note must &e giventhe appearance of a true and genuine document% The crime committed is a violation of*residential 2ecree No% ,K% 'here the currency note( o&ligation or security has &een changed

to ma0e it appear as one which it purports to &e as genuine( the crime is forgery% n chec0s orcommercial documents( this crime is committed when the figures or words are changed whichmaterially alters the document%

2. An old man in is desire to earn sometin scraped a diit in a losin s#eepstaHesticHet c't o't a diit from anoter ticHet and pasted it tere to matc te series of diitscorrespondin to te #innin s#eepstaHes ticHet. 0e presented tis ticHet to te -ilippineCarity #eepstaHes >ffice. ?'t te alteration is so cr'de tat e$en a cild can notice tat tes'pposed diit is merely s'perimposed on te diit tat #as scraped. as te old man 'ilty offoreryalsification of a document &y a pu&lic officer( employee or notary pu&lic.

849 >alsification of a pu&lic or official( or commercial documents &y a private individual.

89 >alsification of a private document &y any person.

839 >alsification of wireless( telegraph and telephone messages%

Te crime of falsification m'st in$ol$e a #ritin tat is a doc'ment in te leal sense. Te#ritin m'st e complete in itself and capale of etin'isin an oliation or creatin rits orcapale of ecomin e$idence of te facts stated terein. 9ntil and 'nless te #ritin asattained tis @'ality it #ill not e considered as doc'ment in te leal sense and terefore tecrime of falsification cannot e committed in respect tereto.

'istinction (etween alsiication an) orgery#

>alsification is te commission of any of te eit acts mentioned in Article 1!1 on leislati$e(only te act of maHin alteration) p'lic or official commercial or pri$ate doc'ments or#ireless or telerap messaes.

Te termforgeryas 'sed in Article 16 refers to te falsification and co'nterfeitin of treas'ry oranH notes or any instr'ments payale to earer or to order.

=ote tat forin and falsification are crimes 'nder +oreries.

Article !.7

-ALSI-ICATION O- LEGISLATI4E 'OCUMENTS

ELEMENTS #

a. That these be a bill, resol$tion or ordinance enacted or approved or pendingapproval b! the national assembl! or an! provincial board or m$nicipal co$ncil.

b. That the offender an! person) alters the same.

c. That he has no proper a$thorit! therefor.

d. That the alteration has changed the meaning of the doc$ment.

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Te #ords Nm'nicipal co'ncilN so'ld incl'de te city co'ncil or m'nicipal oard B eyes.

Acc'sed m'st not e a p'lic official entr'sted #it te c'stody or possession of s'cdoc'ment oter#ise Art 1!1 applies .

Te falsification m'st e committed on a en'ine tr'e and a'tentic leislati$e doc'ment. "f

committed on a sim'lated sp'rio's or faricated leislati$e doc'ment te crime is not p'nised'nder tis article 't 'nder Article 1!1 or 1!2.

Article !.!-ALSI-ICATION O- 'OCUMENTS BY +UBLIC O--ICER0 EM+LOYEE0 OR NOTARY ORECCLESTASTICAL MINISTER

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender is a p$blic officer, emplo!ee, or notar! p$blic.

b. That he ta0es advantage of his official position.

c. That he falsifies a doc$ment b! committing an! of the following acts"

1. #o$nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat$re or r$bric.

-e5$isites"i. Tat tere e an intent to imitate or an attempt to imitate

ii. Tat te t#o sinat'res or and#ritins te en'ine and te fored earsome resemlance to eac oter

(lacH of similit'deLimitation of a en'ine sinat're #ill not e a ro'nd for

con$iction 'nder par. 1 't s'c is not an impediment to con$iction 'nder par.2)

2. #a$sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding whenthe! did not in fact so participate.

4. Attrib$ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statementsother than those in fact made b! them.

-e5$isites"i. Tat te offender ca'sed it to appear in a doc'ment tat a personLs

participated in an act or a proceedin; and

ii. Tat s'c personLs did not in fact so participate in te act or proceedin

9. *a0ing $ntr$thf$l statements in a narration of facts

-e5$isites"i. Tat te offender maHes in a doc'ment statements in a narration of facts

ii. Tat e as a leal oliation to disclose te tr't of te facts narrated y im;(re@'ired y la# to e done) and

iii. Tat te facts narrated y te offender are asol'tely false; and

i$. Tat te per$ersion or tr't in te narration of facts #as made #it te#ronf'l intent of in/'rin a tird person

Tere m'st e a narration of facts not a concl'sion of la#. M'st e on a materialmatter

+or one to e eld criminally liale for falsification 'nder pararap 4 te 'ntr'tf'l statementm'st e s'c as to effect te interity of te doc'ment or to cane te effects #ic it #o'ldoter#ise prod'ce.

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b. That he committed an! of the acts of falsification en$merated in A-T. 131.

1. #o$nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat$re or r$bric.

2. #a$sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding whenthe! did not in fact so participated.

4. Attrib$ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statementsother than those in fact made b! them.

9. *a0ing $ntr$thf$l statements in a narration of facts

8. Altering tr$e dates.


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b. That the falsification was committed in an! private doc$ment must affect the truthor integrity of the document)

c. That the falsification ca$sed damage essential element. hence( no crime of estafa thrufalsification of private document) to a third part! or at least the falsification wascommitted with intent to ca$se s$ch damage.

=ot necessary tat te offender profited or oped to profit from te falsification

+alsification of a pri$ate doc'ment is cons'mmated #en s'c doc'ment is act'ally falsified #itte intent to pre/'dice a tird person #eter s'c falsified doc'ment is or is not tereafter p'tto illeal 'se for #ic it is intended. Lope' vs. Paras, 4< Phil. 19ne and te same deceit or damae cannot i$e rise to more tan one crime. "t is eiterestafa or falsification.

Criteria to )etermine whether the crime is estaa only or alsiication only #

"+ te falsification of te pri$ate doc'ment #as essential in te commission of estafa eca'se tefalsification estafa cannot e committed te crime is falsification; estafa ecomes teconse@'ence of te crime.

"+ te estafa can e committed e$en #ito't resortin to falsification te latter ein resortedonly to facilitate estafa te main crime is estafa; falsification is merely incidental since e$en#ito't falsification estafa can e committed.

"f te estafa #as already cons'mmated at te time of te falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment#as committed for te p'rpose of concealin te estafa te falsification is not p'nisaleeca'se as reards te falsification of te pri$ate doc'ment tere #as no damae or intent toca'se damae.

A pri$ate doc'ment #ic is falsified to otain money from offended party is a falsification ofpri$ate doc'ment only.

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A pri$ate doc'ment may ac@'ire te caracter of a p'lic doc'ment #en it ecomes part ofan official record and is certified y a p'lic officer d'ly a'toriIed y la#

Te crime is falsification of p'lic doc'ments e$en if falsification tooH place efore tepri$ate doc'ment ecomes part of te p'lic records

Examples:

An employee of a pri$ate company #o p'nces te 'ndy clocH on ealf on a coemployee is'ilty of falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment.

>ne #o #ill taHe te ci$il ser$ice eamination for anoter and maHes it appear tat e is teeaminee is 'ilty of falsification of a p'lic doc'ment.

USE O- -ALSI-IE' 'OCUMENT


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Acts /unisha(le#

1. Ettering fictitio$s, wireless, telegraph or telephone message-e5$isites"a. Tat te offender is an officer or employee of te o$ernment or an officer or

employee of a pri$ate corporation enaed in te ser$ice of sendin or recei$in#ireless cale or telepone messae.

&% That the accused commits any of the following acts:- 'tterin fictitio's #ireless cale telerap or telepone messae or- falsifyin #ireless cale telerap or telepone messae

2. alsif!ing wireless, telegraph or telephone message-e5$isites"a. Tat te offender is an officer or employee of te o$ernment or an officer or

employee of a pri$ate corporation enaed in te ser$ice of sendin or recei$in#ireless cale or telepone messae.

. That the accused commits any of the following acts- 'tterin fictitio's #ireless cale telerap or telepone messae or-

falsifyin #ireless cale telerap or telepone messae

4. Esing s$ch falsified message-e5$isites"a. Tat te acc'sed Hne# tat #ireless cale telerap or telepone messae #as

falsified y any of te person specified in te first pararap of art. 1!3.

. Tat te acc'sed 'sed s'c falsified dispatc.

c. Tat te 'se of te falsified dispatc res'lted in te pre/'dice of a tird party ortat te 'se tereof #as #it intent to ca'se s'c pre/'dice.

Te p'lic officer to e liale m'st e enaed in te ser$ice of sendin or recei$in #irelesscale and telerap or telepone messae

Article !."-ALSI-ICATION O- ME'ICAL CERTI-ICATES0 CERTI-CATES O- MERIT OR SER4ICE AN' T8E LIE#

+ersons lia(le#

a% *hysician or surgeon who( in connection with the practice of his profession( issued a falsecertificate 8note: such certificate must refer to the illness or in6ury of a person9

&% *u&lic officer who issued a false certificate of merit of service( good conduct or similarcircumstances

c% *rivate individual who falsified a certificate under 879 and 8,9

Article !.*USING -ALSE CERTI-ICATES

ELEMENTS#

a. That a ph!sician or s$rgeon has iss$ed a false medical certificate, or a p$blicofficer has iss$ed a false certificate of merit or service, good cond$ct, or similarcirc$mstances, or a private person had falsified an! of said certificates.

b. That the offender 0new that the certificate was false.

c. That he $sed the same.

Article !.,MANU-ACTURING AN' +OSSESSION O- INTRUMENTS OR IM+LEMENTS -OR -ALSI-ICATION#

Acts /unisha(le#

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a. *a0ing or introd$cing into the Philippines an! stamps, dies or mar0s or otherinstr$ments or implements for co$nterfeiting or falsification

b. Possessing with intent to $se the instr$ments or implements for co$nterfeiting orfalsification made in or introd$ced into the Philippines b! another person

Te implement confiscated need not form a complete set

Constr'cti$e possession is also p'nised

OT8ER -ALSITIES

Article !..USUR+ATION O- AUT8ORITY OR O--ICIAL -UNCTIONS#

6 ways o committing the crime#

a. >! 0nowingl! and falsel! representing oneself to be an officer, agent orrepresentative of an! department or agenc! of the Philippine govCt or an! foreign

govCt.

b. >! performing an act pertaining to an! person in a$thorit! or p$blic officer of thePhil govCt or foreign govCt $nder the pretense of s$ch official position, and witho$tbeing lawf$ll! entitled to do so.

(n $s$rpation of a$thorit!"Te mere act of Hno#inly and falsely representin oneself is

s'fficient. =ot necessary tat e performs an act pertainin to a p'lic officer.

Elements

1. &ffender 0nowingl! and falsel! represents himself

2. As an officer, agent or representative of an! department or agenc! of thePhilippine government or of an! foreign government.

(n $s$rpation of official f$nctions""t is essential tat te offender so'ld a$e performed anact pertainin to a person in a'tority

Elements

1. &ffender performs an! act

2. Pertaining to an! person in a$thorit! or p$blic officer of the Philippinegovernment or an! foreign government, or an! agenc! thereof

4. Ender pretense of official position

9. itho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so.

A pu&lic officer may also &e an offender

The act performed witho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so m$st pertain"a. to te o$Ft. to any person in a'torityc. to any p'lic office

+orein o$ernment ad$erted to in tis article refers to p'lic officers d'ly a'toriIed to performo$ernmental d'ties in te -ilippines. Te la# cannot refer to oter forein o$ernments as itsapplication may rin 's to leal prolems #ic may infrine on constit'tional o'ndaries.

"f te offender commits te acts of 's'rpation as contemplated erein and e does it eca'se eis a reel and p'rs'ant to te crime of reellion or ins'rrection or sedition e #ill not e liale'nder tis article eca'se #at is attri'ted aainst im as a crime of 's'rpation is in fact one ofte elements of committin reellion.

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Te elements of false pretense is necessary to commit te crime of 's'rpation of officialf'nction.

Article !.3USING -ICTITIOUS NAME AN' CONCEALING TRUE NAME

ELEMENTS

damae

-'rpose is to conceal identity

Commonwealth Act No& !"6


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Te #earin of a 'niform or insinia of a noneistin office or estalisment is not a crime. "t isnecessary tat te 'niform or insinia represents an office #ic carries a'tority respectdinity or infl'ence #ic te p'lic looHs 'p to.

o also an exact imitation of a uniform or dress is unnecessary; a colorale resemlancecalc'lated to decei$e te common r'n of people is s'fficient.

Te #earin of insinia ade or emlem of ranH of te memers of te armed forced of te-ilippines or consta'lary (no# -=-) is p'nised y ep'lic Act =o. 43.

en te 'niform or insinia is 'sed to empasiIe te paeantry of a play or drama or in mo$inpict're films te crime is not committed.

Three orms o alse testimony

1. +alse testimony in criminal cases 'nder Article 1%* and 1%1;2. +alse testimony in ci$il case 'nder Article 1%2;3. +alse testimony in oter cases 'nder Article 1%3.

alse testimon!, defined"t is te declaration 'nder oat of a #itness in a /'dicial proceedin #ic is contrary to#at is tr'e or to deny te same or to alter essentially te tr't.

%at$re of the crime of false testimon!.1. "t cannot e committed tro' recHless impr'dence eca'se false testimony re@'ires criminal

intent or intent to $iolate te la# is an essential element of te crime.

2. "f te false testimony is d'e to onest mistaHe or error or tere #as ood fait in maHin tefalse testimony no crime is committed.

Article !37

-ALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A 'E-EN'ANT ELEMENTS#

a. That there be a criminal proceeding.

b. That the offender testifies falsel! $nder oath against the defendant therein.

c. That the offender who gives false testimon! 0nows that it is false.

d. That the defendant against whom the false testimon! is given is either ac5$ittedor convicted in a final 7$dgment prescriptive period starts at this point)

#e+uires criminal intent( cant &e committed through negligence. =eed not imp'te 'ilt 'ponte acc'sed

Te defendant m'st at least e sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine or m'st a$eeen ac@'itted

Te #itness #o a$e false testimony is liale e$en if te co'rt did not consider is testimony

Te proati$e $al'e of te testimonial e$idence is s'/ect to te r'les of e$idence. "t may not econsidered at all y te /'de. ?'t #eter te testimony is credile or not or #eter it isappreciated or not in te contet tat te false #itness #anted it to e te crime of falsetestimony is still committed since it is p'nised not eca'se of te effect it prod'ces 'teca'se of its tendency to fa$or te acc'sed. People vs. -e!es)

-enalty is dependent 'pon sentence imposed on te defendant

Article !3!-ALSE TESTIMONY IN -A4OR O- 'E-EN'ANT in a criminal case#

Elements#1. A person gives false testimon!2. (n favor of the defendant4. (n a criminal case.

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+alse testimony y neati$e statement is in fa$or of te defendant

+alse testimony need not in fact enefit te defendant

A statement of a mere opinion is not p'nisale

Con$iction or ac@'ittal is not necessary (final /'dement is not necessary). Te false

testimony need not infl'ence te ac@'ittal

A defendant #o $ol'ntarily oes 'p on te #itness stand and falsely imp'tes te offense toanoter person te commission of te offense is liale 'nder tis article. "f e merely denieste commission of te offense e is not liale.

>asis of penalt!"ra$ity of te felony cared aainst te defendant

Article !36-ALSE TESTIMONY IN CI4IL CASES

ELEMENTS#

a. That the testimon! m$st be given in a civil case.

b. That the testimon! m$st relate to the iss$es presented in said case.

c. That the testimon! m$st be false.

d. That the false testimon! m$st be given b! the defendant 0nowing the same to befalse.

e. That the testimon! m$st be malicio$s and given with an intent to affect the iss$espresented in the said case

=ot applicale #en testimony i$en in a special proceedin (in tis case te crime isper/'ry)

>asis of penalt!"amo'nt in$ol$ed in te ci$il case

Distinctions et#een per/'ry and false testimony+ER?URY -ALSE TESTIMONY

1. =on/'dicial proceedins. 1. Ji$en in a /'dicial proceedin.2. tatement or testimony is re@'ired yla#.

2. Testimony need not e re@'ired y la#.

3. Amo'nt in$ol$ed is not material. 3. Amo'nt in$ol$ed in ci$il cases ismaterial.

4. immaterial #eter statement ortestimony is fa$orale or not to teacc'sed.

4. "t is al#ays material in criminal cases.

Article!3:-ALSE TESTIMONY IN OT8ER CASES AN' +ER?URY IN SOLEMN A--IRMATION

ELEMENTS#a. That an acc$sed made a statement $nder oath or made an affidavit $pon a

material matter.b. That the statement or affidavit was made before a competent officer, a$thori'ed

to receive and administer oath.c. That in that statement or affidavit, the acc$sed made a willf$l and deliberate

assertion of a falsehood, and

d. That the sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsit! is re5$ired b! law.

2 wa!s of committing per7$r!"a. y falsely testifyin 'nder oat

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. y maHin a false statement

+$bornation of per7$r!"proc'res anoter to s#ear falsely.

+olemn affirmation"refers to non/'dicial proceedins and affida$its

A false affida$it to a criminal complaint may i$e rise to per/'ry

T#o contradictory s#orn statements are not s'fficient to con$ict te affiant for te crime ofper/'ry. Tere m'st e e$idence to so# #ic is false. Te same m'st e estalised or pro$edfrom so'rces oter tan te t#o contradictory statements. People vs. #apistrano, 9@ Phil. B@2)

A matter is material #en it is directed to pro$e a fact in iss'e

Te test of materiality is #eter a false statement can infl'ence te co'rt People vs. >na'il).

A =competent person a$thori'ed to administer an oath?means a person #o as a rit toin@'ire into te @'estions presented to im 'pon matters 'nder is /'risdiction

Tere is no per/'ry if te acc'sed sined and s#ore te statement efore a person not a'toriIedto administer oat People vs. >ella avid).

Tere is no per6ury through negligence or imprudencesince te assertion of falseood m'st e#illf'l and delierate

?eca'se of te nat're of per/'ry #ic is te #illf'l and corr'pt assertion of a falseood tere isno per/'ry committed tro' recHless impr'dence or simple nelience 'nder Article 365. inceadmittedly per/'ry can only e committed y means of dolo tengood faith or lac0 of malice isa good defense when one is indicted for the crime of per6ury%

E$en if tere is no la# re@'irin te statement to e made 'nder oat as long as it is madefor a legal purpose( it is sufficient

"f tere is no re@'irement of la# to place te statement or testimony 'nder oat tere isno -er/'ry considerin te prases oat in cases in #ic te la# so re@'iresG in Article 1%3.

Te affida$it or s#orn statement m'st e re@'ired y la# liHe affida$it of ad$erse claim toprotect oneFs interest on real property; or an affida$it of ood moral caracter to taHe te areamination% So if the affidavit was made &ut the same is not re+uired &y law( even if theallegations are false( the crime of per6ury is not committed%ia' vs. People, 1B1 +#-A :


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Article !3"O--ERING -ALSE TESTIMONY IN E4I'ENCE

ELEMENTS#

a That the offender offered in evidence a false witness or false testimon!.

bThat he 0new the witness or the testimon! was false.

c That the offer was made in a 7$dicial or official proceeding.

Te false #itness need not e con$icted of false testimony. Te mere offer is s'fficient.

Te offender in tis article Hno#s tat te #itness to e presented is a false #itness or tat te#itness #ill lie #ile testifyin. Te proceedins is eiter /'dicial or official. Tere is a formaloffer of testimonial e$idence in te proceedins. Te #itness is ale to testify and te offenderHno#in te testimony is i$en y te #itness to e false ne$erteless offers te same ine$idence. "n tis case te person offerin te false testimony m'st a$e notin to do in temaHin of te

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