46 lng shipping news january 22

A newly formed a joint venture,Sirius Veder Gas AB by Dutchmulti-gas operator Anthony Vederand Swedish chemical tanker op-erator Sirius Rederi, will jointlyown an LNG bunkering and feeder-ing ship. The partners are decidingwhich one will technically managethe vessel.

Sirius Rederi already operatesan LNG bunker vessel in the portof Stockholm,187 cubic metre ca-pacity “Seagas”, providing Finnishoperator Viking Line’s cruiseferry“Viking Grace” 60-70 tonnes ofLNG when the ship is moored atStadsgården in Stockholm.

It’s newly announced bunkership “Coralius”, with 5,800 cubicmetres LNG cargo capacity, willoperate for Skangass between Nor-way and Sweden to meet SECAemissions targets for LNG-fuelledvessels from its delivery date inearly 2017. Currently LNG-fuelledtankers and ferries operate in theregion.

“Coralius” will load LNG in Nor-way and Sweden and distribute inthe Baltic area, bunkering shipsand also feedering, possibly forterminals. The ship features Iceclass notation 1A, enabling Baltictrading in winter. This ship willalso operate in the strait lying be-tween Norway in Sweden, calledSkagerrak.

Skangass has previously an-nounced plans to supply LNGbunkers in the area that includes

its newly opened Swedish LysekilLNG terminal, Swedish Gothen-burg LNG Terminal in and the Danish port of Skagen (The Skaw).

Target markets for feed fromthe new vessel include customersin areas that need natural gas supply but don’t have access topipelines.

Skangass has previously char-tered Anthony Veder vessels. Since2010 the supplier has entered intotwo long term charter contractsfor small scale LNG carriers withAnthony Veder.

It charters 15,600 cubic metresLNG carrier “Coral Energy” deliv-ered 2012 and 6,500 cubic metres“Coral Anthelia”, delivered 2013.

So far Skangass supplies LNGbunkers to clients using truck-to-ship (TTS) and terminal-to-shipbunkering interfaces, making“Coralius” the first ship it is using ina ship-to-ship (STS) configuration.

Skangass in December, 2014 entered into its first STS LNG

bunkering contract with Finnishtanker operator North EuroepanOil Trade (NEOT), which is char-tering two new LNG-fuelled prod-uct tankers from Danish operatorTerntank from 2016.

The news follows on Skangass’ssecuring a two-year LNG supplywith LNG from Italian oil companyEni via from Fluxys LNG terminalin Zeebrugge Belgium, to be trans-ported to Skangass’s Lyseki LNGterminal.

With five LNG-fuelled tankerson order, Anthony Veder has plansto use an LNG bunker ship to fuelits LNG fuelled ships.

“We hope to receive our bunkersin the future from bunker vessels,”said Anthony Veder’s commercialdirector, Klaas Kerssemakers

“The design is a “new design”by Anthony Veder in collaborationwith Sirius, dual fuel and capableof running LNG as fuel.

The ship is being built undera joint Industry Project FLEXI included in PILOT LNG, which ispart of the collaboration platformZero Vision Tool (ZVT), a sustain-able shipping collaborative organ-ization. This project is co-fundedby the EU through the TEN-T programme. �

A LNG JOURNAL TITLE ON LNG TANKERS AND SMALL SCALE 22 January 2015

LNG Shipping NewsAnthony Veder, Sirius launch Baltic LNG bunkering

SHIPPINGNEWS

AGENDA

US LNG bunkeringstart up expected in 2015

3

BUNKERING

MARKETS

Round trip Panamatransit costs$680,480

4

Norway, DNV GL,Teekay studying “hybrid” LNG

2

BUSINESS

A Swedish-Dutch shipbuilding JV has ordered ice-class LNG bunker ship “Coralius”

with a Dutch yard for charter by Finnish-state controlled LNG bunker supplier and

terminal operator Skangass.

TECHNOLOGY

FLNG process andsafety considerations

5

5,800 cubic metres “Coralius” Source: Anthony Veder

LNG small scale fleet

10

With five LNG-fuelled tankers on order, Anthony Veder has plans to use an LNG

bunker ship to fuel its LNG fuelled ships.“

”

LNG vessels ordered

8

LNG ORDERBOOK

“They can help to reduce fuelscosts and to prevent emissions ofmethane in the low power areas.

It is a very good combination inmany cases,” Mjøs told LNG Ship-ping News.

Norwegian ministers last weeksigned a declaration of coopera-tion with industry players. Theprogramme will have three phasesover 10 to 20 years, and call uponship owners, freight forwarders,shipping companies, banks, ports,and gas and electricity suppliers.

Ships would run entirely orpartly on batteries, LNG or othergreen fuels. invovled could be afleet of offshore vessels, tankers,cargo, container, bulk and passen-ger ships, ferries, fishing andaquaculture vessels, tugs andother coastal vessels.

In Phase 1, particpants willstudy the potential for combinedbattery and gas-based maritimetransport in Norway, which DNV GLcalls “hybrid ships”.

Participants in Phase 1 willidentify the commercial potentialof different ship types for theirbusinesses, clarify for authoritiesthe socioeconomic benefits forexample of reducing road trafficand emissions, as well as startpilot projects.

In Phase 2 they will develop theirbusiness cases, and discuss possibleregulatory, financial, procurementpolicies and incentives with theNorwegian government. In Phase 3 targets for emissions reducitonswill be set and in Phase 4 the pro-gramme will be implemented.

Ship types that may use a “hy-

brid” system include retrofittedferries, while newbuilding tugsand Offshore Supply Vessels (OSV)can also use the system, said DNVGL. It lists payback on investmentfrom fuel savings on these hybridships from 4-5 years.

The decades-long fleet upgradeprogramme is receiving supportfrom Norway’s Ministry of Trade,Industry and Fisheries and the Min-istry of Climate and Environment.

The declaration is based on astudy submitted to the Ministry ofTrade and Industry in 2010 by Mar-itim21, an industry-led maritimeresearch body. �

Norway, DNV GL, Teekay studying how “hybrid” batteries combined with LNG saves shipowners fuel

� NEWS LNG Shipping News 22 January 20152

Class body DNV GL has initiated the Green Coastal Shipping programme, a joint effort by Norwegian min-istries and international industry players. “Batteries can have a vital role for LNG-powered ships,” said DNVGL’s programme director for the Green Coastal Shipping programme, Narve Mjøs.

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EU funds Greek shippers’ LNG-as-fuel planThe EU's TEN-T Programme is donating around €600,000 to beneficiaries, including ferry operators, to studyLNG fuel and plan a small scale supply network on the Greek coast of the Aegean Sea.

Companies receiving funding in-clude Greece’s state-owned gasutility, Public Gas Corporation(DEPA) and the Shipping Companyof Crete, an affiliate of shipperANEK lines, an operator of passen-ger ferries.

Other beneficiaries are Centrefor Research & Technology Hellas,Syros Shipbuilding & Industrial En-terprises "Neorion", and Regions ofthe South Aegean.

The study aims to promote LNGas fuel for passenger and cargo

ships between the Greek islands.It will identify options for an LNGsupply chain in the South Aegean,required retrofits and infrastruc-ture in ports, ships and shipyards,business plans for each operator,and finish in December 2015.

It will bring together a numberof key LNG value chain stakehold-ers with the objective to identifythe technical and economic frame-work for LNG as marine fuel in theSouth Aegean. Specifically, thegroup will look into the main sup-

ply chain options, required retro-fits and infrastructure in ports,ships and shipyards, as well as busi-ness plans for each operator.

The project will provide rec-ommendations to the Greek gov-ernment in view of supporting thefuture LNG fuelling network.

The project was selected forEU funding with the assistance ofexternal experts under the TEN-TAnnual Call 2013, priority 'Decar-bonisation/oil substitution or envi-ronmental cost reduction'.

Its implementation will bemonitored by INEA, the EuropeanCommission's Innovation and Net-works Executive Agency. �

Source: DNV GLTeekay Shipping NorwayCargo Freighters AssosiationNorwegian Shipowners' AssociationNor LinesABBGasNorStatoilNorsk IndustriDNV GLMinistry of trade, industryand fisheriesMinistry of Climate and EnvironmentNorledEnergi NorgeRisavika HavnKongsberg MaritimePosten og BringNHO SjøfartNOx-fondet

Green Coastal ShippingParticipants

The new joint venture owned 70%by CSSC and 30% by Wärtsilä, as-sumes ownership of Wärtsilä's 2-stroke engine technology.

The head office of WinGD re-mains in Winterthur, Switzerlandand the company has subsidiariesin China, South Korea and Japan.Wärtsilä will remain responsiblefor its global service network.

WinGD, founded in 1898, designs two-stroke low-speed gas and diesel engines under the Wärtsilä brand name andunder license in four shipbuildingcountries. WinGD has its head-quarters in Winterthur, Switzer-land, where its activities were,and employs about 350 people

worldwideWärtsilä aims to enhance the

market opportunities for Wärtsilä2-stroke engines through thepartnership: CSSC is the largestshipbuilding conglomerate inChina and exports ships and re-lated products worldwide. It ishoped the move wil accelerateproduct development and bringnew engine technologies to themarket faster than earlier.

"The combination of Wärt-silä's technical leadership andCSSC's industrial strength willsupport the aim of WinGD toserve the industry with ad-vanced products," says Mr MartinWernli, CEO, WinGD. �

22 January 2015 LNG Shipping News NEWS � 3Wärtsilä, CSSC JV to build 2-stroke enginesWinterthur Gas & Diesel (WinGD), a joint venture company of Wärtsilä and ChinaState Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) will take-over of Wärtsilä's 2-stroke enginebusiness. The deal was finalised Monday after gaining Government approvals.

NEWSNUDGE

Greek Chandris makesLNG moveGreek ocean liner operatorChandris moved to establish anLNG fleet after placing the orderfor two LNG carriers with KoreanShipyard DSME, with an addi-tional option for 1, for deliveryin 6-2018, according to datafrom Turkish Broker Golden des-tiny. TradeWinds reported Chan-dris, which to date has a 25%stake in LNG carrier MethaneNile Eagle, was forming a part-nership with Japanese LNG fleetoperator K Line for the manage-ment of the LNG carrier.

ABS approves KC-1LNG tankAmerican maritime class bodyABS has granted Korean utilityKOGAS extended general designapproval for the KC-1 LNG cargocontainment system (CCS). Thenew membrane type will be in-stalled on newbuild LNG carrierscurrently on order for KOGAS,the world’s largest LNG importer.

Golar LNG CEO Arnellsucceeded by Smith Doug Arnell, who is choosing toreturn to Canada, will be suc-ceeded by Gary Smith, whobrings with him "a track recordof leadership and operationalmanagement success in the mid-stream oil and gas, shipping andLNG businesses." Smith has a ca-reer spanning 35 years, including25 years with Shell and CaltexAustralia, in roles including Gen-eral Manager LNG Shipping forShell (Stasco) and General Man-ager Refining, Supply and Distri-bution for Caltex. The changewill occur on February 1.

First China-built LNGcarrier for export A wholly-owned subsidiary ofChina State Shipbuilding Corpora-tion (CSSC), Hudong ZhonghuaShipbuilding held a naming cere-mony in Shanghai for 172,000cubic metres LNG carrier “Papua”to serve ExxonMobil’s PNG LNG.

Brown helped produce DNV’s Sep-tember report on US LNG bunker-ing with the American governmentbody, the Maritime Administra-tion, which noted a “significantregulatory gap” in infrastructureoperation.

DNV expects LNG bunkering tobe adopted at ports around the USGulf Coast, in Florida and Tacoma,WA, once missing pieces of regula-tion are completed

“Some of the missing pieces in

the regulatory framework are wellunderway, like clarifications andupdates to the US Coast Guard’sNavigation and Vessel InspectionCirculars (NVIC) and policy letterscurrently in draft form.

“Then there are some site se-lection criteria from the NationalFire Protection Association’s Stan-dard for the Production, Storage,and Handling of LNG (NFPA 59a) tobe verified.”

“Naturally there could be addi-

tional state, county and municipalregulations. But with a nationalregulatory framework designed toprevent major hazards using a riskbased approach, particular localvariations can be addressedthrough risk assessments, allowingfor a consistent and predictablenational regulatory framework,”he added.

DNV GL’s Bjørn-Harald Bang-stein, Director of Maritime Advi-sory, Americas, said, “We believethat the last pieces of the nationalregulatory framework puzzle willfall into place this year, so that2015 is the year when LNG bunker-ing infrastructure becomes avail-able for ships in US ports.”

He continued, “The US CoastGuard is very aware of (a need forsafety in LNG), and in statementsto us they have made clear that itis a priority to finalize the remain-ing regulatory requirements in atimely manner, while allowing fora consultative process with the industry.” �

US LNG bunkering start up expected in 2015

Harvey Gulf International Marine’s LNG Facility Source: Harvey Gulf

“The first is probably going to be Harvey Gulf’s Port Fourchon facility in 2015,” says Aaron Brown, Aaron Brown, DNV’s Senior Consultant, Environmental and Navigational Risk.

A Wärtsilä RT-flex50DF engineSource: Wärtsilä


The new transit tariffs for theCanal will come into force in Feb-ruary 2016 after the full expansionproject is complete at a cost of$5.25 billion.

The expanded Canal with newand wider locks will allow 80 per-cent of the global LNG fleet to useof the waterway.

The use of the expanded Canal,rather than the longer voyagearound the tip of South America,will cut voyages to Asia from theUS Gulf coast by more than 7,500nautical miles.

LNG carriers will be charged bycargo-tank capacity that will notdifferentiate between Moss-stylestorage tanks and membrane-typeships.

The expanded Panama Canaltariffs based on cubic metres ofliquid cargo differs from the SuezCanal, which calculates fees ac-cording to a vessel's gross tonnage.

LNG carriers from the US GulfCoast, Atlantic LNG in Trinidad,Cove Point in Maryland and Cana-dian export projects in Nova Sco-tia would benefit economicallyfrom using the Panama Canal. Theroute will also be favoured by ar-

bitrage traders in the AtlanticBasin, with LNG cargoes valued ataround $35 million or more.

"The LNG vessel type is createdto incorporate gas carrier vesselstransporting liquefied natural gas.The unit of measurement to beused for toll collection of this newtype of ship is the cubic metre ofcargo capacity," the Panana CanalAuthority explained.

"This unit is commonly used inthe maritime industry to measurethis particular type of ship, aswell as in the trading of LNG,which would make the Canal tariffsystem easier to understand forthis segment.

"This toll proposal contem-plates the use of four bands thatinclude the first 60,000 cubic me-tres of cargo capacity, the next30,000 cubic metres of cargo ca-pacity, an additional 30,000 cubicmetres of cargo and a last bandfor the remaining capacity," theauthority said.

The proposals show that ladenLNG carriers would be charged$2.50 per cubic metre (cbm) forthe first 60,000 cbm, $2.15 percbm for the next 30,000 cbm,

$2.07 per cbm on the subsequent30,000 cbm and $1.96 per cbm onthe remainder.

LNG carriers in ballast aredeemed to be those carrying up to10 percent of their cargo volume.

Under the proposals, the carri-ers in ballast would qualify for adiscount if returning within agiven time frame, saving $34,830.The ballast fees are: $2.23 percbm on the first 60,000 cbm,$1.88 per cbm on the next 30,000cbm, $1.80 per cbm on the subse-quent 30,000 cbm and $1.71 percbm on the remainder.

"Shippers that use the same ves-sel for a voyage to and from a spe-cific place through the Canal willpay the laden tariff for the ladenportion of the trip and would be el-igible for a round-trip ballast fee,if the return transit in ballastthrough the Canal is made within60 days," the authority explained.

The tariff tables would meanthat an LNG vessel of 173,000cubic metres capacity, regarded asthe optimum in terms of voyageeconomics, would pay fees pertransit ranging from $380,480laden down to $300,000 in ballast.

Round trip Panama transit costs $680,480LNG carriers of around 173,000 cubic metres capacity will pay a total of $680,480 for round-trip transits throughthe expanded Panama Canal delivering a cargo from the US Gulf Coast or the Atlantic Basin to the Far East andreturning with ballast, according to new tariffs released by the canal authority.

With the first gate on the new locks in January, the expansion projectis 85% compete Source: PCA

Nigeria charters Golar LNG vessels while awaiting newbuilds from Korean yard Golar LNG has been awarded two time charters by West African producer nation Nigeria to employ the recentlydelivered "Golar Frost" and "Golar Crystal" carriers as the West African nations awaits the delivery of newbuildsfrom a South Korean shipyard.

Employment of both vessels underthese contracts will commence inJanuary 2015 and will continue fora duration of around 12 monthsfor each vessel, Golar said.

NLNG has elected to retire ear-lier than planned three of itssmaller and less efficient LNG car-riers and to replace these withGolar's more modern and techni-cally advanced ships, while the

country awaits the delivery of itsown recently ordered newbuilds.

Golar's Chief Executive DougArnell said of the short-term char-ters: "Golar is delighted to be se-lected by NLNG for these charters.

"This new business opportunityprovides the clearest possibledemonstration of the significantbenefits available from the vesselsdelivered under Golar's existingnew-building program.

"Significant reduction in boil-offand a material improvement in fuelefficiency have contributed to thedecision to replace the older ves-sels with Golar's new buildings."

The 160,000 cubic metres ca-

pacity "Golar Crystal" was deliv-ered in October 2013 from theSamsung Heavy Industries (SHI)shipyard in South Korea. Alongwith the same capacity sister ship,the "Golar Frost", delivered inJune 2014.

The "Golar Frost" is namedafter a previous Golar vesselwhich was converted into a Float-ing Storage and Regasification Unitfor offshore Italy and renamed.

NLNG shipping unit Bonny GasTransport ordered four newbuildsin April 2013 from SHI in Korea ata cost of $900 million. Under thatdeal the four carriers will be de-livered in 2015 and 2016.

The company is a joint ventureinvolving Nigerian National Petro-leum Corp., Royal Dutch Shell,France's Total and Italy's Eni. It hascapacity to produce 22 milliontonnes of LNG per annum. How-ever, the company has been in-creasing its spot cargo deliveriesto Japan, while also facing pro-duction problems.

NLNG has regularly declared"force majeure" over the lastthree years because of feed-gasproblems and a dispute betweenthe LNG company and the localmaritime authority led to someLNG carriers ships being temporar-ily blockaded. �Image credit: Golar LNG

22 January 2015 LNG Shipping News NEWS � 5

Shell’s Prelude FLNG is expectedto start up in coming years, andother ships under construction belong to Petronas, Murphy andExmar. Companies that are per-foming engineering studies areExxonmobil, Noble Energy, Eni,GDF, Chevron and Petrobras amongothers.

Just like in LNG, the design ofFLNG processes are heavily influ-enced by safety considerationsand regulations, so they need tobe taken into consideration rightat the start of the project.

DMR liquefaction recommendedThe Dual Mixed Refrigerant (DMR)process currently being used inmany FLNG projects being imple-mented offers more flexibilityand compression efficiency thanthe C3MR process. The DMRprocess uses two loops of mixedrefrigerants, which run on axialcompressors, and have a higherefficiency than compressors usedin the C3MR propane loop (cen-trifugal compressors). The DMRcooling curve is adjusted toclosely match the cooling curveof natural gas, therefore maxi-mizes LNG production for a cer-tain driver and minimizes specificenergy requirements. If the com-position of the feed changes, sodoes the mixed refrigerant com-

position. In addition, the DMRprocess does not use purepropane, a big improvement froma safety perspective. Licensors ofDMR technology include Air Prod-ucts and Chemicals (APCI) andShell Global Solutions. The mixedrefrigerants used in the DMRprocess also require less equip-ment than single refrigerants ineach compression loop, which isbeneficial in terms of the eco-nomic advantage of using lessweight and space.

Motion impacts on process While designing an FLNG facility, itis important to design it for differ-ent feed compositions as the shipwill move from time to time to ex-ploit different reservoirs. Changesin feed gas composition can affectthe entire process. CO2 removal,Heavy Recovery Unit (HRU) andfeed and mixed refrigerant com-pressors should be designed ac-cordingly.

Distillation is a key processthat is strongly affected by motionas channeling occurs. Both aminetowers and the HRU need to bedesigned taking tilting and motioninto consideration. No more than50 parts per million by volume(ppmv) of CO2 should leave theamine units in order to prevent astable operation of the cryogenic

processes. Less than 0.1% mole ofC5+ should leave the HRU in orderfor the liquefaction process to runsmoothly.

As the CO2 removal system alsoneeds to be flexible to handle CO2concentrations of up to 10% ormore, the current industry con-sensus is to have first a dual mem-brane system that will reduce theCO2 concentration down to 2% andthen use a typical amine towersystem to take down the concen-tration to 50 ppmv. Membranesystems are not influenced by mo-tion, unfortunately current com-mercial systems are economicalonly down to 2% mol output. Sev-eral vendors are working to offer afull membrane system, but thesystems are not yet commercial.Tilting of towers can reduce theirperformance from 10 to 60% duechanneling of liquid and gas. TimCullinane et al have recommendhaving redistributors every two di-ameters or less. These should havesufficient residence time to keepenough volume of liquid to distrib-ute within all the diameter oncethe tower is tilted. Structuredpacking has been preferred overrandom packing, and trays are not recommended.

Sloshing negatively impacts theperformance of separators and thedampening baffles within them,which are needed to protect the

compressors from liquid and pre-vent waves from forming in theseparators.

Process Flow DirectionCheck valves, layout and processcontrol enforce the flow directionwithin the process. While on landsimple small slopes ensure flow di-rection, they do not do so suffi-ciently in a wavy offshoreenvironment. Load assessmentsand momentum forces need to betaken into consideration while set-ting up the layout and supports. Amoving environment may cause alot of stresses in towers and heavy

FLNG process and safety considerations With many FLNG projects currently under consideration or construction, owners must choose technologies that

will work best in terms of process flexibility, weight, space, and safety, explains process engineering consultant

Gabriel Castaneda, founder of Gabchem Solutions.

Gabriel Castaneda, PE, DirectorGabchem Solutions, is a processengineer with working experiencein LNG, GTL, refining and up-stream. He has a BA in chemicalengineering from ITESM, an MA inchemical engineering and an MBAfrom McGill University. He is anengineer registered in Texas, USand Alberta, Canada.

Cooling curve of natural gas with different liquefaction processes A) Single refrigerant curve with three compression stages B) single mixed refrigerant curve C)Dual Mixed Refrigerant Curve D) C3MR process curve

� NEWS LNG Shipping News 22 January 20156equipment. Centers of gravity alsoneed to be checked.

Saving opexWeight and space in offshore facil-ities always need to be taken intoconsideration as they are expen-sive. Processes with less equip-ment, being everything else thesame, should be preferred. Com-pressors and turbines are key inweight reduction efforts as theyhave considerable weight. In manyoffshore projects, aeroderivativeturbines are used due their lowerweight and smaller dimensionswhen compared to industrial tur-bines. In addition, they are 10-15%more efficient. Core-in-kettleheat exchangers occupy about 50%of the space and have about 25%of the weight of shell and tube ex-

changers.Coil Wound Heat Exchangers

(CWHE) in the precooling cycle oc-cupy less plot space than conven-tional propane kettle evaporators,a plus for the DMR process.

Design for safetyAs in onshore LNG projects, safetyconcerns strongly influence layoutof facilities and processes to beused. It is important to have bothprocess and safety engineersworking together right from thestart of the project in order tocome up with feasible, cost andtime effective solutions.

Both ENI and Shell report thatspacing between the differentmodules of the plant is importantto enhance ventilation betweenthem in case of refrigerant or

product leaks. Good ventilationreduces asphyxiation and explo-sion hazards. It also preventsfires from expanding from onearea to another. They both keepliving quarters away from the liq-uefaction and flare areas. Per-sund came out with generalguidelines which affect the gen-eral layout such as: Higher riskareas should be distant from ac-commodation, gaps betweenprocess modules for mitigation ofescalation by jet fires and explo-sions, minimising walls to pro-mote ventilation, no gas turbinesabove LNG or LPG tanks, utilityarea to separate accommodationfrom process, use of submerged

hydrocarbon pumps as much aspossible, no use of reciprocatingequipment and others.

Management of rapid phasetransition issues should be re-viewed. Rapid phase transitions oc-curs when a liquefied gas is heatedup and suddenly expands, creatinga physical, not chemical, explosion.It usually happens when it gets incontact and mixed with water.

Designs should aim to preventcryogenic spills: they should beminimised as they embrittle steelstructures (module structures,hull, other carbon steel structuresand equipment) and are an explo-sion hazard. �Contact: [email protected]

General tips to decreasecryogenic spill impact:� Using guidelines in the Amer-

ican government’s Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 49 CFR-193 and American National Fire Protection Association NFPA 59A. Even though these standards were made for onshore liquefac-tion, many of their principles apply to offshore LNG processing.

� Choose plated and grated process decks to keep vapors from migrating to other areas. Grated process decks will promote ventila-tion when compared with plated decks. They can be chosen depending on the purpose. A CFD model could be used to review the end results.

� Limitation of module conges-tion level, as the more con-gested a module is, the more stagnant vapors will contain.

� Minimize LPG inventories. LPG inventories are usually held under pressure, which mean that BLEVE may be present.

� Minimize leak points (flanges). As leaks may be collected locally and directed overboard, drip trays should be of suitable materials such like stainless steel

� Use insulation to avoid con-tact with metal structures. For example polyurethane, wood or concrete may be used

� Using spray guards, which may be installed where high pressure cryogenic spills may occur

� Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in layout design facilitates designing layouts that promote ventila-tion. Studies generated by Gexcon using FLACs show that the rate of dispersion of vapors can be increased by having spaces between dif-ferent modules, using grated decks and decreasing con-gestion within modules. Spacing between modules help to keep fires located to a single module. �

Check valves, layout and process control enforce the flow direction within the process.

Simple small slopes do not ensure flow direction in a wavy offshore environment.

“

”

Comparison between compression loop and cooling curves of singleand mixed refrigerants

Condenser

Evaporator 1

Evaporator 2

Evaporator 3

Process

Refrigerant

Three-stage single refrigerant loop Cooling curve with single refrigerant

W

W

W

T

H

Process

Refrigerant

T

H

Condenser

Evaporator

W

Mixed refrigerant loop Cooling curve with mixed refrigerant

Golar Ice Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q4-14 Golar LNG 2048 WilhelmsenGolar

LNG Venus Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q4-14 Osaka Gas Mitsui OSK / 2295 MOL(Osaka Gas NB-1) Osaka Gas

Esshu Maru Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q4-14 Chubu Electric MC/CE/MOL 4:4:2 2298 NYK(Chubu NB-3)

Gaslog Saratoga Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 155000 Q4-14 Gaslog 2043 CERES

Golar Snow Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q4-14 Golar LNG 2047 WilhelmsenGolar

Golar Eskimo Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q4-14 Jordan FSRU Golar LNG 2024 WilhelmsenGolar

BW Pavilion Venda Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 161880 Q1-15 BW Gas 2571 BW

Clean Horizon Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 162000 Q1-15 Dynagas 2566 Dynagas

Papua Hudong Membrane SSD 170000 Q1-15 PNG / Gorgon Mitsui OSK H1670A MOL

Asia Excellence Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q1-15 Chevron Portfolio Chevron 1941 Chevron Shipping

BW Malacca (NB-2) Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 161880 Q1-15 BW Gas 2572 BW

Gaslog Salem Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 155000 Q1-15 Gaslog 2044 CERES

Hoegh NB-4 FSRU Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q1-15 Høegh LNG 2251 Høegh LNG

Clean Vision Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 162000 Q2-15 Dynagas 2567 Dynagas

Maran Gas Mistras DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 159400 Q2-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas 2405 Anangel

Maran Gas Sparta Hyundai Samho TZ Mk. III DFDE 164000 Q2-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas S626 Anangel

Osaka Gas NB-2 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q2-15 Osaka Gas Mitsui OSK / Osaka Gas 2296 MOL

Osaka Gas NB-3 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q2-15 Osaka Gas Mitsui OSK / Osaka Gas 2311 MOL/ Kyushu

SCF Mitre STX O&S GT NO 96 DFDE 170200 Q1-15 Shell Portfolio Sovcomflot 1913 Sovcomflot

Golar Kelvin Hyundai Samho TZ Mk. III DFDE 162000 Q2-15 Golar LNG S659 WilhelmsenGolar

Cool Explorer Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q2-15 Thenamaris 2049 Bernard Schulte

Southern Cross Hudong Membrane SSD 170000 Q2-15 PNG / Gorgon Mitsui OSK H1671A MOL(MOL PNG NB-2)

Brunei NB-2 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 154800 Q2-15 Brunei Fleet Brunei Gas Carriers 2607 STASCO

Maran Gas Lindos DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 159400 Q2-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas 2292 Anangel

Petronas FLNG NB DSME GT NO 96 FLNG 180000 Q2-15 Petronas FLNG Petronas 6302 TBD

Asia Endeavour Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q2-15 Chevron Portfolio Chevron 1942 Chevron Shipping(Chevron NB-4)

Maran Gas Alexandria Hyundai Samho TZ Mk. III DFDE 164000 Q3-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas S627 Anangel

Maran NB-13 Hyundai Samho TZ Mk. III DFDE 164000 Q3-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas S688 Anangel

Maran Gas Troy DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 159400 Q3-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas 2406 Anangel

SCF Melampus STX O&S GT NO 96 DFDE 170200 Q2-15 Shell Portfolio Sovcomflot 1912 Sovcomflot

BW Gas NB-3 FSRU Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q4-15 BW Gas 2074 BW Gas

Energy Atlantic NB-1 STX O&S GT NO 96 DFDE 160000 Q4-15 TBN (x-Alpha) 1670 TBD

LNG Bonny (NLNG NB-1)Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q4-15 Nigeria LNG Bonny Gas Transport 2636 BGTMaran NB-12 Hyundai Samho TZ Mk. III DFDE 164000 Q4-15 BG Portfolio MaranGas S689 Anangel

Beidou Star Hudong Membrane SSD 170000 Q4-15 PNG / Gorgon Mitsui OSK H1672A MOL(MOL PNG NB-3)

Golar Tundra Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q4-15 Gas Atacama FSRU Golar LNG 2056 WilhelmsenGolar

Chubu NB-3 Kawasaki Moss DFDE 164700 Q4-15 Chubu Electric K-Line 1713 K-Line

LNG Lagos (NLNG NB-2)Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q4-15 Nigeria LNG Bonny Gas Transport 2637 BGTNLNG NB-3 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q4-15 Nigeria LNG Bonny Gas Transport 2077 BGT

Chevron NB-5 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q1-16 Chevron Portfolio Chevron 2069 Chevron Shipping

Shell NB-1 Samsung TZ Mk. III FLNG 225000 Q1-16 Shell FLNG Shell 2030 STASCO

Sinopec NB-1 Hudong Membrane DFDE 174000 Q1-16 APLNG China Shipping Group H1715A TBD/ Mitsui OSK

Maria Energy Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q1-16 Tsakos 2612 TBD

NLNG NB-4 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q1-16 Nigeria LNG Bonny Gas Transport 2078 BGT


MOL PNG NB-4 Hudong Membrane SSD 170000 Q1-16 PNG / Gorgon Mitsui OSK H1673A MOL

Teekay NB-1 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173400 Q1-16 Cheniere Teekay LNG 2407 Teekay LNG

NLNG NB-5 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q2-16 Nigeria LNG Bonny Gas Transport 2637 BGT

Chubu NB-4 Kawasaki Moss DFDE 164000 Q2-16 0 K-line 1720 K-Line

Sovcomflot NB 1 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q2-16 Yamal LNG Sovcomflot 0 SovcomflotChevron NB-6 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 160000 Q2-16 Chevron Portfolio Chevron 2070 Chevron Shipping

Kansai NB-1 Kawasaki Moss DFDE 164700 Q2-16 Kansai Kansai / NYK 1712 NYK

NLNG NB-6 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q2-16 Nigeria LNG Bonny Gas Transport 2079 BGT


Teekay NB-2 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173400 Q2-16 Cheniere Teekay LNG 2408 Teekay LNG

Gaslog NB 2073 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 173400 Q3-16 BG Portfolio Gaslog 2073 CERES

Maran NB-16 DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 170000 Q3-16 BG Portfolio MaranGas 2412 Anangel

Teekay NB-4 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173400 Q3-16 Teekay LNG 2417 Teekay LNG

Teekay NB-3 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173400 Q3-16 Teekay LNG 2416 Teekay LNG



Uruguay FSRU DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 263000 Q3-16 Uruguay FSRU Mitsui OSK TBN MOL

Knutsen OAS 1 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III MEGI 176000 Q3-16 Gas Natural KOAS 2733 0

Ichtys NB-1 Kawasaki Moss DFDE 182000 Q4-16 Ichtys LNG K-Line 1718 K-Line

Inpex NB-3 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 164000 Q4-16 0 K-line 1729 K-Line

Maran NB-17 DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 170000 Q4-16 BG Portfolio MaranGas 2413 Anangel

BW Gas NB-4 FSRU Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q4-16 BW Gas 2118 BW

Petronas NB-2 Hyundai Heavy Moss STRH 150000 Q4-16 Petronas Fleet Petronas 2730 MISC

Sinopec NB-3 Hudong Membrane DFDE 174000 Q4-16 APLNG China Shipping Group H1717A TBD

THE WORLD’S NEWEST LNG CARRIERSName Yard Design Prop. CBM Delivery Trade Route Ship Owner Hull Operator

DFDE = dual fuel diesel engines, STRH = steam turbine reheat / ultra steam turbine, MEGI = marine electric gas

injection, DRL = slow speed diesel, FSRU = vessel with regas capacity, FLNG = floating LNG production unit


22 January 2015 LNG Shipping News NEWS � 9

DFDE = dual fuel diesel engines, STRH = steam turbine reheat / ultra steam turbine, MEGI = marine electric gas

injection, DRL = slow speed diesel, FSRU = vessel with regas capacity, FLNG = floating LNG production unit

/ Mitsui OSK

Petronas NB-1 Hyundai Heavy Moss STRH 150000 Q4-16 Petronas Fleet Petronas 2729 MISC

SK Marubeni NB-1 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 180000 Q4-16 Total Portfolio SK Shipping / Marubeni 2081 SK Shipping

Knutsen OAS 2 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III MEGI 176000 Q4-16 Gas Natural KOAS 2734 Knutsen OAS


Hyproc. NB1 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q1-17 0 Hyproc 0 0

Hyundai LNG Shipping DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 174000 Q1-17 0 Hyundai LNG Shipping 0 0NB1

KLC NB1 DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 174000 Q1-17 0 Korea Line Corporation 0 0

Petronas NB-3 Hyundai Heavy Moss STRH 150000 Q1-17 Petronas 2731 MISC


SK Marubeni NB-2 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 180000 Q1-17 Total Portfolio SK Shipping / Marubeni 2080 SK Shipping

SK NB1 MEGI Samsung KC-1 DFDE 174000 Q1-17 0 SK Shipping 0 0

Flex NB-1 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 174000 Q1-17 Flex LNG 2107 TBD

Teekay NB-5 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173400 Q1-17 Teekay LNG TBN Teekay LNG


Hyproc. NB2 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q1-17 0 Hyproc 0 0

Hyundai LNG DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 174000 Q1-17 0 Hyundai LNG Shipping 0 0Shipping NB2

KLC NB2 DSME GT NO 96 DFDE 174000 Q1-17 0 Korea Line Corporation 0 0

SK NB2 MEGI Samsung KC-1 DFDE 174000 Q1-17 0 SK Shipping 0 0

Hoegh NB-5 FSRU Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III DFDE 170000 Q1-17 Available Høegh LNG 2252 Høegh LNG

Flex NB-2 Samsung TZ Mk. III DFDE 174000 Q1-17 Flex LNG 2108 TBD

Inpex NB-1 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 155300 Q2-17 Ichtys LNG K-Line / Inpex 2310 K-Line

Kansai NB-2 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 155300 Q2-17 Kansai Kansai / Mitsui OSK 2299 MOL

Teekay NB1 Hudong GT No 96 DFDE 174000 Q2-17 0 Teekay/CETS/CLNG 0 Teekay

Tokyo Gas | MOL NB-1 JMU IHI SPB DFDE 165000 Q2-17 0 MOL/NYK 5070 MOL/NYK

JF NB 1 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 172400 Q2-17 John Fredriksen 0 0

BG - Teekay NB2 Hudong GT No 96 DFDE 174000 Q2-17 0 Teekay/CETS/CLNG 0 Teekay

MOL - CSDC NB 1 2424 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q4-17 Yamal LNG MOL/CSDC 2424 MOL


Sovcomflot NB 2 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE- Azipod 172410 Q2-17 Yamal LNG Sovcomflot 0 Sovcomflot

Teekay - CLNG DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q4-17 Yamal LNG Teekay/CLNG 2423 Teekay LNGNB1 2423

Inpex NB-2 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q3-17 0 K-line 1728 K-Line

BG - Teekay NB3 Hudong GT No 96 DFDE 174000 Q3-17 0 Teekay/CETS/CLNG/BW 0 Teekay

JF NB 2 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 172400 Q3-17 John Fredriksen 0 0

Tokyo Gas | NYK NB-2 JMU IHI SPB DFDE 165000 Q3-17 0 MOL/ NYK 5071 MOL/NYK

Elcano 1 Imabari TZ Mk. III MEGI 178000 Q3-17 Gas Natural Elcano TBN Elcano

Gaslog NB 2130 Samsung TZ Mk. III MEGI 174000 Q3-17 GasLog 2130 CERES

Gaslog NB 2800 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III MEGI 174000 Q3-17 GasLog 2800 CERES

Petronas NB-4 Hyundai Heavy Moss STRH 150000 Q3-17 Petronas 2732 MISC


Elcano 2 Imabari TZ Mk. III MEGI 178000 Q4-17 Gas Natural Elcaon TBN Elcano

BG - Teekay NB4 Hudong GT No 96 DFDE 174000 Q4-17 0 Teekay/CETS/CLNG/BW 0 Teekay

BW NB 1 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173000 Q4-17 BW Gas 0 BW Gas

Gaslog NB 2131 Samsung TZ Mk. III MEGI 174000 Q4-17 GasLog 2131 CERES

MOL - CSDC NB 2 2426 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q3-17 Yamal LNG MOL/CSDC 2426 MOL

Sovcomflot NB 3 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q4-17 Yamal LNG Sovcomflot 0 Sovcomflot

Teekay - CLNG NB2 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q4-17 Yamal LNG Teekay/CLNG 2425 Teekay LNG

BP NB1 MEGI DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173400 Q1-18 0 BP 0 BP Shipping

Gaslog NB 2801 Hyundai Heavy TZ Mk. III MEGI 174000 Q1-18 GasLog 2801 CERES

Mitsui Cameron NB-1 Samsung TZ MK. III DFDE 174000 Q1-18 Cameron NYK 0 NYK

Mitsui Cameron-1 Mitsui Chiba Moss STRH 180000 Q1-18 0 MOL 0 MOL

Mitsui Cameron-2 Mitsui Chiba Moss STRH 180000 Q1-18 0 MOL 0 MOL

Mitsui NB-1 Kawasaki Moss DFDE 155000 Q1-18 Cameron MOL 2017 NYK






BW NB 2 DSME GT NO 96 MEGI 173000 Q2-18 BW Gas 0 BW Gas

Mitsui NB-2 Kawasaki Moss DFDE 155000 Q2-18 Cameron MOL 2018 MOL

MOL - CSDC NB 3 DSME GT NO 96 TFDE - Azipod 172410 Q2-18 Yamal LNG MOL/CSDC 2432 MOL


TEPCO NB-2 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q2-18 0 NYK 2312 NYK

TEPCO NB-3 Mitsubishi H.I. Moss STRH 153000 Q2-18 Ichtys LNG NYK 2313 NYK









Name Yard Design Prop. CBM Delivery Trade Route Ship Owner Hull Operator

10 small carriers TBN?** 5000? LNG 2015 Bimantara Group

LNG bunker barge 1? 2,250 LNG 2015 China Yes Anhui Huaqiang Natural Gas



Akebono Maru 3,556 LNG 2011 Japan Yes Chuo Kaiun

Aman Bintulu 18,928 LNG 1993 Malaysia - Japan Yes Perbadanan/NYK

Aman Hataka 18,800 LNG 1998 Malaysia - Japan Yes Perbadanan/NYK

Aman Sendai 18,928 LNG 1997 Malaysia - Japan Yes Perbadanan/NYK

CETS TBN 30,000 LNG 2015 China Yes CETS (CNOOC)

Coral Anthelia 6,500 LNG/Ethylene 2013 Anthony Veder

Coral Energy 15,600 LNG Ice Class 1A 2012 Northwest Europe/Baltics Yes Anthony Veder

Coral Methane 7,551 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2009 Northwest Europe/Baltics Yes, sometimes Anthony Veder

Dalian TBN 27,500 LNG March 2015 China Yes Dalian Inteh Group

Evergas TBN 27,500 LNG/Ethylene 2015 Markus Hook - Rafnes Ethane, for Ineos Evergas








Jahre TBN** 6,200 LNG 2015? Norway Yes Donsotank/Jahre Marine AS

JX Energy TBN 2,500 LNG 2013 Japan Yes JX Energy

Kakurei Maru 2,536 LNG 2008 Japan Yes Hogaki Zosen

Kakuyu Maru 2,500 LNG 2013 Japan Yes Tsurumi Sunmarine

Kayoh Maru 1,517 LNG 1988 Japan Yes Daiichi

LNG Barge TBN 3,000 LNG Barge 2015 US Coast Yes LNG America

LNG Inland bunker** 800 LNG 2015 Germany Yes Veka

LNG-Oil combi** 2,000 LNG 2014? Germany Yes Veka

Navigator TBN 35,000 Ethane/Ethylene April 2016 Markus Hood - Stenungsund Ethane, for Borealis Navigator

Navigator TBN 35,000 Ethane/Ethylene 2017 US Ethane Navigator



Norgas Bahrain Vision 12,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2011 Worldwide No Norgas Carriers

Norgas Conception 10,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2011 Worldwide No Norgas Carriers

Norgas Creation 10,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2010 Worldwide No Norgas Carriers

Norgas Innovation 10,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2010 Worldwide No Norgas Carriers

Norgas Invention 10,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2011 Worldwide No Norgas Carriers

Norgas TBN** 17,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2015 Worldwide Norgas Carriers

Norgas TBN** 17,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2015 Worldwide Norgas Carriers

Norgas Unikum 12,000 LNG/LPG/Ethylene 2011 Worldwide No Norgas Carriers

North Pioneer 2,500 LNG 2005 Japan Yes Japan Liquid Gas

NYK Bunker barge TBN 5,100 LNG 2016 Northwest Europe Yes NYK

Ocean Yield TBN 36,000 Ethane/Ethylene 2016 US - Teeside Ethane, for Sabic Gaschem Services



PetroChina TBN 30,000 LNG March 2015 China PetroChina

Pioneer Knutsen 1,100 LNG 2003 Norway Yes Knutsen

Shell Bunker Barge TBN 1 6,500 LNG Barge 2016 Northwest Europe Yes Anthony Veder? / Shell?




Shinju Maru No.1 2,540 LNG 2003 Japan Yes Shinwa

Shinju Maru No.2 2,540 LNG 2008 Japan Yes Shinwa

Short Sea LNG Tanker ** 4,000 LNG 2014? Germany Yes Veka

Sun Arrows 19,531 LNG 2007 Malaysia - Russia - Japan Yes Mitsui

Surya Aki 19,475 LNG 1996 Indonesia - Japan Yes MCGC

Surya Satsuma 23,096 LNG 2000 Indonesia - Japan Yes MCGC

TBN 14,000 LNG Aug 2015 China Yes Zhejiang Huaxiang

TBN 1 27,500 LNG 2015 China? Danyang?



Yuan He 1 30,000 LNG 2015 China Yes CSR

Coralius 5,800 LNG Ice Class 1A Feb 2017 Northwest Europe/Baltics Yes, for Skangass Anthony Veder

Seagas 187 LNG Barge 1974 Sweden Yes AGA

WORLD SMALL SCALE LNG FLEET*

Name CBM Cargo Type Built Trading area Trading in LNG? Ship Owner / Operator

For more information please visit http://small-lng.com

*Includes multi-gas, ethylene and LNG bunker ships with 40,000 cubic metres LNG cargo capacity or less

TBN = To Be Nominated indicates ships are still at construction/planning stage

** = project shelved ?=Data to be verified Data last updated = January 16, 2015


46 lng shipping news january 22

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