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Ch. 46-47Reproduction and

Development

Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

Under what circumstances would each be anadvantage?When would each be a disadvantage?

Hermaphroditic & sequential hermaphroditicSessile, burrowing, parasitic

Parthenogenesis (egg production w/out ____ )

Maori Wrasse: protogynous, protandrous

External fertilization:Fertilization happens in the environmentUsually needs moisture

Needs environmental cues: Timing, location, pheromones etc.

Internal fertilizationCopulation, usually fewer eggs, but more protection of embryos (iteroparity)

(see Ch 52, table 52.3 , and fig 52.4 other figures)

Page 1089: semelparity (r) vs iteroparity (K) R and K selected populations -- see p.

Spermatogenesis

Male forms of birth control

About howlong can humansperm last in thefemale body?

Each meioticdivision cyclemakes __sperm.

Do men havean equivalent tomenopause?

Acrosome

Semencomponents:

Sperm from?Sugars & mucus,

alkaline fluid: from?Citrate nutrient (acidic) from ?

Neutralizer from?

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Menstrual cycle vs. estrous (heat)Forms of female birth control?What are fertility drugs?How many eggs are produced for each meiotic cycle?What is menopause? (cause?)

Oogenesis

Study the phasesand thehormones at each

phase

GnRHLHFSHHCGProgesteroneEstrogenTestosterone

Fertilization, Cleavage,Implantation:

what, where, when how?

Acrosomal and Cortical Reactions(Fast-block and Slow-block to polyspermy)

Blastocyst:implantation

Trophoblast becomes the:Embryonic

placenta

VIDEOPlacental barrier: What crosses to and from the fetus?

What cannot cross? WHY?

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Ecology terms and figures to look up

Mostly from ch 51, 52P. 1070 1075CohortSurvivorship curves, typesI, II, & IIIFig 52.4, 52.8, 52.1052.5 (r and K)SemelparityIteroparity

PopulationTable 52.3Carrying capacityFigs. 52.20 , 52.21What is fecundityDensity dependent factorsDensity independentfactors (examples?)Biomagnification and oestrogens (from chapter 54) p. 1147

Environmental estrogens

Endocrine-disruptors

Endocrine-modulators

Ecoestrogens

Environmental hormones

Xenoestrogens

Hormone-related toxicants

Endocrine-active compounds

Phytoestrogens

DDT:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

Biomagnification or Bioaccumulation

UrchinG astrulation( proto or d eutero-stome ? )

Triploblastic(know 3 layers)

ArchenteronO rganogenesistrimesters

Tabl e 47.1

GERM L AY ER

p. 945

Org an s an d tissues f orme d

ECTODERM Skin, cornea and lens of eye, nervous system (neuraltube), mouth and rectum

ENDODERM Digestive tract lining,respiratory system lining,many organs

MESODERM Notochord, skeleton,muscles, circulatorysystems, reproductivesystem, excretory system

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Nerve cord? Notochord?Primitive streak

What structure(s)does each layer giverise to?

Organogenesis(differentiation)happens very early

Spina bifida

Thalidomide (mutagen) caused horrific birthdefects in the 1960s, when pregnant women in 48countries used it as a sedative and to treat morningsickness. More than 12,000 babies were born withmissing or misshapen limbs before the drug was

banned worldwide.

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MORPHOGENES IS

CA M s Cell Adhesion M olecules:On surfaces of cells, help regulate morphogenetic move-ments and tissue binding, re-aggregation of dissociated cells

Convergent Ex tension: (ECM) Glycoproteins: includingfibronectins

B ody ax es, ce ll d i ff ere n ces i n the ea r l y em b r yo

Egg polarity genes, gray crescent fromfertilization, general positional information

Morphogen: its concentration determines cells positions along a gradient

Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA): avian limb buds, see p. 956-957, positional information-- posterior Thalidomide drug, Folic acid (B vitamin)

Egg polaritygenes,gray crescentfromfertilization(cytoplasmicdeterminants), general

positionalinformation

Egg polarizing(crude, earlydirectionalcontrol)

Cytoplasmicdeterminants

Lizards (fig 46.2)

Humans: Know the reproductive anatomyand functions of males and females