Index

AAddHealth, 11, 17–19, 42–44, 61, 70, 73, 108, 362Adolescence, 15, 29, 40, 42–44, 46, 55, 61, 73, 88,

101–104, 106–113, 207, 222, 237, 353, 360Adoption, 29, 197, 245, 280, 281, 284, 285, 339, 346,

350, 355Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System

(AFCARS), 280Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), 284–287, 355Aging incarcerated parents, xxivAlcohol use, 72, 73, 110Alternative caregiver, 89, 123, 358Alternative punishment, 28Antisocial behaviour, 60, 66, 109–111, 117, 206,

220–223, 231, 347Arrest, xxii, 4–6, 13, 25–30, 32, 40, 42, 47, 56, 70, 71, 72,

86, 87, 89, 91, 93–95, 104, 109–111, 113, 120,141, 142, 157, 158, 175, 187, 189, 213, 240, 252,262, 272, 273, 280, 282, 283, 288, 289, 292, 300,306, 319, 332, 333, 337–339, 347, 349, 350,360–362, 364, 365

Attachment, 8, 76, 85–88, 90–93, 104, 105, 123, 141,152, 167, 172–174, 176, 188, 191, 206, 314, 318,331, 335, 337, 347, 356–360

Authentic research, 264

BBig Brothers Big Sisters, 208, 336Big data, 306

CCambridge Study, 69, 73, 109Caregiver, xx, xxiii, 30, 60, 77, 86–90, 94, 96, 104, 105,

109, 112, 117, 119–125, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137,140–144, 154–156, 167, 169, 173, 174, 186, 187,198, 210, 225, 226, 262, 273, 283–285, 289, 318,331, 332, 334, 337–340, 346–348, 350, 354, 360,362, 364, 365, 376

Caregiver support, 144, 332, 333, 338, 339Caregiving, 6, 8, 29, 86–92, 96, 105, 117–125, 211, 314,

348, 360–362, 365, 376Central America, 168

Childhood, xxxiii, xxxv, 3, 4, 12–16, 19, 25, 33, 39–44,46, 56, 60, 69, 71, 74, 85–88, 90, 92, 93, 96, 104,109, 118, 119, 134, 159, 177, 206, 222, 309, 321,346, 353

Child protective services, xxxi, 122, 252, 282Children, xviii–xxxv, 3–9, 11–21, 25–33, 37–43, 45–49,

53–63, 65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–78, 85–96,101–114, 117–126, 131–144, 149–161, 167–178,183–196, 198–200, 205–214, 219–228, 230, 231,233, 237, 238, 240–246, 252, 253, 256, 260–262,264, 267–276, 279–292, 295–298, 300, 301, 306,307, 309, 311–326, 331–341, 345–350, 353–369,373–379

Children of incarcerated parents, 3–9, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33,85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 103, 120, 136, 141,149–151, 153, 154, 156–161, 196, 197, 205, 206,208–214, 220, 221, 223, 225, 228, 233, 238, 260,262, 267, 279–282, 288, 289, 291, 309, 315, 317,320–323, 326, 331, 336, 337, 346, 353–363,365–369, 373, 375, 378

Children’s well-being, xviii, xix, xxiii, xxxiii, 3, 4, 7, 21,27, 37, 39, 41, 47, 48, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60–62, 86,89, 90, 92, 93, 101, 106, 132, 142, 237–243, 245,246, 349, 375, 376

Child separation from parent, xxxi, 6, 240, 340, 361Child welfare agencies, xxi, 29, 30, 33, 281, 283, 284,

288, 289Child welfare system, xxiii, xxix, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvi, 9,

29, 122, 226, 241, 279, 280, 284–286, 340, 355Close custody, 296, 297, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307Cognitive behavioral intervention, xxixCognitive development, 74, 102, 188, 211, 357Community, xviii, xx–xxii, xxiv–xxxii, xxxiv–xxxvi, 5,

6, 8, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 91, 95, 96, 112, 119, 125,137, 140, 141, 154, 160, 167–178, 184, 188, 189,191, 200, 207–209, 220–222, 226–229, 232,237–246, 251, 253–264, 281, 282, 288, 291, 292,296, 300, 302–304, 306–309, 317, 318, 321, 323,325, 332, 333, 336, 338–341, 354–359, 361–367,374, 376, 378

Community based participatory research, xxvi, 9, 126,253, 256

Community-based sentencing, 213, 240, 246Community collaboration, 255, 258

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019J. M. Eddy and J. Poehlmann-Tynan (eds.), Handbook on Childrenwith Incarcerated Parents, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3

381

Community empowerment, 254Community engagement, 253, 254, 264Community partners, xxviii, 112, 171, 176, 253–255,

263, 326Complexities of the criminal justice system, xxiii, 25Contact, xxii, xxiv, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvi, 6, 8, 11–14, 17,

18, 20, 21, 26–28, 31–33, 37, 39–41, 45, 46, 48,49, 57, 69, 77, 87, 95, 101, 104, 105, 119, 125,131–136, 138–144, 149, 151–155, 158, 160, 174,186, 187, 190, 193–196, 198–200, 210, 211, 213,220, 224, 230, 237, 240–243, 245, 260, 262, 268,270–272, 274, 280, 282, 283, 288–291, 297, 298,300, 315–317, 319, 333–337, 339, 347, 348, 350,356, 361, 364, 365, 373, 375, 376

Correctional officers, 33, 152, 230, 290, 292, 314Couple relationships, 312, 314Courts, xxvi, xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, 6, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 69,

90, 141, 142, 157, 158, 174, 238–240, 262,271–273, 281, 282, 285, 291, 296, 299, 319, 325,338, 341, 349

Criminal justice reform, xxxv, 49, 124, 244, 260Criminal justice system, xix, xx, xxiii–xxvii, xxxi–xxxvi,

5, 6, 9, 11–13, 17, 21, 25–29, 31–33, 37–41,46–49, 85, 86, 104, 111, 120, 124–126, 142, 149,160, 177, 178, 185, 219, 220, 227, 229, 230, 238,239, 242, 258, 262, 273, 281, 282, 284, 288, 303,306, 307, 311–313, 319, 320, 325, 331, 338,355–357, 361, 373–375

Cross-country studies, 71

DDenmark, xix, 11, 158, 243, 267–269, 271, 273, 274, 276Department of corrections, xviii, xx, xxiii, xxvi, xxx, 30,

32, 133, 141, 225, 226, 230, 254, 256, 257, 259,263, 280, 282, 290, 291, 298

Department of Human Services (DHS), xx, xxx, 297, 298Depression, xxi, 44, 58, 59, 77, 106, 109, 122, 125, 138,

170, 172, 173, 188, 189, 192, 206, 207, 241, 288,318, 331, 334, 336, 339, 346

Detention, 6, 27, 56, 61, 91, 157, 158, 267, 270, 272, 332,333, 345, 346, 348–350, 356

Dignity and humanity for all families, xxviiDisadvantage, 12, 16, 18, 19, 38, 39, 41, 45, 49, 53, 59,

61, 65, 88, 93, 117–119, 122, 124, 125, 134, 238,376

Drug use, 38, 58, 66, 71, 73, 89, 105, 106, 110, 111, 355

EEarly childhood development, 42–44, 86, 87, 93, 353Economic well-being, xx, 56, 57, 62El Salvador, xviiEmployment, xxx, 28, 108, 109, 113, 168, 174, 195, 213,

224, 227–232, 239, 243, 244, 259, 270, 300, 306,308, 349

Europe, 11, 168, 269–271Evaluation, xx–xxii, xxiv, xxvii, xxx–xxxiii, 29, 31, 32,

125, 137, 157, 174, 176, 178, 183, 186, 190–197,199, 200, 208–211, 226, 228, 230, 232, 238, 245,246, 256, 288, 333–335, 339, 340, 350, 356, 367

Evidence-based practice, xxiv, 3, 9, 231, 283, 367, 368Exposure, xxxi, xxxiii, 7, 11–21, 38–41, 47–49, 53, 55,

56, 59, 65, 73, 77, 87, 89, 104, 106, 108, 109, 118,121, 272, 288, 347, 357, 360, 364, 377

FFamilies affected by incarceration, xxvii, 27, 107, 159,

200, 256, 260, 261, 362, 377Family, xviii–xxxv, 3–89, 11, 12, 16–19, 25–33, 37–39,

41, 43–49, 53–63, 65–67, 71, 73, 74, 76–78, 85,86, 88, 89, 91–96, 102–113, 117–126, 131–133,135–140, 142–144, 150, 152–154, 156–159, 167,169, 172, 178, 186–188, 191, 194, 196, 197, 200,205–207, 210–214, 220, 222–224, 227, 228,230–232, 239–241, 243, 245, 246, 251–253, 257,259–262, 264, 267, 269–272, 275, 279, 281, 284,285, 287, 288, 290–292, 300, 306, 309, 313–316,318–320, 325, 326, 331–333, 336–341, 345–350,354–358, 360–362, 364, 365, 367, 369, 374–378

Family and Offender Sentencing Alternative, 245, 280Family environments, xxviii, 53, 54, 56, 61, 62, 207Family interventions, 199, 366Family-oriented programs, 290, 374Family relationships, xxix, 43, 73, 77, 89, 104, 112, 117,

143, 159, 183, 197, 231, 270, 334, 347, 348, 354,376

Family stability, 117–121, 244, 376Family systems, 56, 57, 73, 94, 137, 367Foster care, xxvi, xxxii, 29, 33, 89, 118, 122, 226, 237,

240, 244–246, 280–282, 284–286, 289–292, 297,306, 313, 314, 317, 319, 324, 325, 340, 355, 363

Fragile Families, 7, 11, 16, 17, 41, 44, 45, 48, 53–62, 92,108, 119, 132, 211, 362, 375

Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 7, 11, 16,17, 41, 44, 45, 48, 53–55, 119, 211

GGuatemala, xvii

HHealth, xvii–xxiv, xxvii–xxxv, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15–17, 21,

25, 26, 31, 41, 43–45, 47, 49, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62,66, 70, 73, 91, 96, 97, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110,117, 121–123, 158, 170, 172–177, 191, 210, 224,225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 238, 241, 242, 246, 253,257–259, 267, 270, 280, 282, 288, 291, 306, 313,323, 346, 347, 349, 353, 354, 360, 362, 375

Honduras, xvii

382 Index

Housing, xx, xxx, 21, 28, 38, 57, 89, 113, 118, 125, 138,167, 168, 174, 219, 222, 224, 227–230, 232, 233,259, 287, 349, 350, 373, 374

Humanizing language, 325

IIllegal, 71–73, 152, 348, 364Immigration, xix, 6, 38, 56, 61, 345, 346, 348–350, 355Imprisonment, xix–xxi, xxx, xxxv, 15, 16, 27, 28, 39, 40,

65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–78, 89, 90, 109, 110,113, 120, 125, 134, 137, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159,176, 239, 240, 251, 268–272, 274, 332, 375

Incarcerated parent, xvii–xix, xxi–xxiii, xxvi–xxviii, xxxi,xxxii, xxxv, 8, 30, 31, 46, 59, 62, 86–88, 90, 91,96, 101, 104–106, 110, 111, 118, 120, 122, 124,131, 133, 135–139, 143, 144, 150, 155, 159, 184,185, 199, 200, 206, 209, 211, 220, 226, 238, 240,252, 254, 259, 261, 262, 264, 281, 283, 285, 289,291, 311–313, 315, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 336,339, 340, 347, 348, 350, 356, 361, 375, 377

Incarcerated parents of color, 7, 9, 39–41, 45–48, 61, 159,251–253, 292, 346, 350, 375

Incarceration, xix–xxvii, xxxi, xxxiii–xxxv, 4, 6–9, 11,12, 14, 17–21, 26–28, 30, 31, 33, 37–49, 53–60,62, 69–71, 73, 76, 85–87, 89–97, 101–114,117–126, 131–136, 138, 141–144, 149–151,153–161, 169, 173, 176, 177, 183–185, 192–194,197–200, 205, 206, 212–214, 219, 221, 223–225,232, 233, 237–245, 251, 252, 258–263, 267–270,279, 280, 282, 284–287, 289–292, 300, 309,311–314, 316–326, 331, 332, 335, 337, 339, 340,346–350, 356, 359, 361–364, 368, 369, 373–378

Infants, xxi, 3, 4, 8, 37, 39, 44, 47, 48, 85, 86, 88, 90–97,101, 167–178, 188, 231, 270, 319, 347, 356, 357,359–361, 376

Interdisciplinary research, xxv, 253, 353, 354Intergenerational consequences, 53–55, 58–62Intergenerational transmission, xix, xx, xxxiii, 111, 220,

223, 231Intervention, xvii–xxii, xxiv–xxxiii, xxxv, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9,

21, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 49, 77, 90–92, 96, 110, 113,117, 124–126, 135, 137, 138, 141, 143, 160, 167,170, 173–176, 183–187, 189, 191, 193–200, 205,206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 220, 221, 223–227,230–233, 251, 253, 254, 256–258, 261–264, 275,279, 286, 299, 302, 331–341, 349, 350, 353–369

JJail, xxii, xxviii, xxxi, xxxiii–xxxv, 3, 4, 6–8, 11, 13, 14,

16–18, 20, 21, 27, 31, 32, 38–40, 45, 47, 53, 56,58, 85–88, 91, 95, 101, 104, 110, 118, 119, 121,122, 124, 131–133, 135, 138–144, 149, 150, 154,158, 159, 170, 176, 184–186, 189, 191, 192, 194,196, 197, 199, 200, 205, 220, 221, 226–228, 231,233, 237–239, 241, 242, 245, 251, 252, 257–263,

267–269, 279–283, 286, 288, 291, 302, 312, 313,315–319, 331–336, 338–341, 346, 347, 354, 356,360–365, 368, 373–376

Juvenile Justice Information System (JJIS), 298Juvenile justice system, 295–298, 302, 303, 305, 307, 309

KKeeping families connected, 280

LLaw enforcement agencies, 27, 29, 33, 113, 142, 282,

283, 288, 289Life course data, 69Literature review, 67, 184Lived experience, 8, 49, 118, 149, 150, 154, 322–326,

367, 376Longitudinal data, xx, 20, 53, 55, 62, 65, 76, 106, 110,

360

MMaintaining parent-child bond, 12, 31, 136, 187, 262,

314–316, 318–320, 323, 325Mass incarceration, xxvii, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxv, 12, 25, 26,

33, 38, 39, 47, 48, 54, 62, 117, 121, 123, 131, 239,240, 245, 260, 267, 311–313, 323, 324, 353–355

Maternal incarceration, 29, 42, 43, 45, 54, 55, 57–60, 89,104, 108, 118, 120–122, 150, 167, 240, 363, 364

Mater Study, 73Meaning, 149, 150, 284, 317, 318, 322, 334, 356, 357,

360, 378Measure 11, 298Measurement, xxxi, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 191–193, 195,

197, 198, 242, 357, 361, 363–365Mental health, xxi, xxii, xxviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, 3–5,

27–29, 55, 58, 62, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 89, 97, 105,108–111, 118, 119, 122, 134, 172, 175–177, 189,192, 193, 199, 213, 224, 229, 237, 239, 241, 243,258, 260, 270, 282, 297, 306, 324, 326, 335, 337,348, 349, 358, 362

Mental illness, xxxiii, 33, 65–67, 74, 78, 89, 206, 241Mentee, 208–210, 336, 337Mentor, xxvi, 7, 112, 150, 156, 207–213, 227, 336, 337Mentoring, xvii, xviii, xxiv, xxx, xxxii, 8, 205–214, 220,

224, 227, 331–333, 336, 337, 339, 355, 356, 358Methodology, xxvi, xxviii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 70, 78, 86, 125,

139, 151, 157, 280, 295, 304, 322Mexico, xxix, xxxii, 168, 169Middle childhood, 19, 55, 58–60, 101–104, 106–109,

111–113Minority populations, 123Multidisciplinary, xix, xxiv, 9, 273, 275Multimodal, xviii, 8, 212, 213, 219, 221, 224, 226,

230–233, 365, 367Multiple components, 260

Index 383

NNon-parental adults, 207, 211

OOffending, 65–67, 69, 70, 74, 76–78, 111, 137, 158, 194,

197, 206, 241, 246Oregon, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, xxiii, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxii,

xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, 135, 169, 225, 227, 228, 230,245, 246, 279, 280, 282, 283, 290–292, 295, 297,298, 300, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 334

Oregon Youth Authority (OYA), xx, xxx, 295–309

PParent, xvii–xxxvi, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13–16, 18, 20, 26–31,

33, 38–40, 45, 47, 53, 56, 62, 69, 74, 76, 77,85–92, 94–96, 101–114, 117–124, 131–138,141–144, 149, 151–161, 171–175, 184–196, 198,200, 206, 207, 212, 219–227, 231, 240–242, 245,252, 260, 262, 267, 269, 271–273, 281–285, 287,288, 290–292, 296, 297, 306, 311, 313–321, 324,325, 331, 332, 337–340, 346–350, 354, 356,359–362, 364, 365, 368, 373–376

Parental, xix, xx, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, 4, 6,7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 26–32, 37, 39–41, 46–49, 55, 56,58, 59, 62, 65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–78, 86–89,92, 94, 104–106, 109–111, 113, 119, 120, 122,123, 125, 131, 133–135, 138, 141–143, 158, 159,173, 186, 188, 191, 194, 206, 208–210, 219, 224,240–242, 245, 262, 280, 282, 285, 287–289, 291,292, 307, 315, 319, 320, 332–334, 336–339, 346,348–350, 357, 360, 361, 364

Parental incarceration, xix, xx, xxii–xxvi, xxxi, xxxiii,3–9, 11–21, 25–27, 31, 39–42, 45–48, 53–56,58–63, 66, 69–73, 75, 77, 85–88, 90–93, 95–97,101–113, 117–125, 131, 132, 135, 137, 141, 143,149–154, 156, 157, 159–161, 184, 205, 206,237–242, 245, 246, 256, 259, 260, 262–264, 269,279–281, 283, 285–287, 292, 309, 312, 313, 316,318–324, 326, 331, 332, 336, 339, 340, 345–350,354, 355, 357–359, 361, 362, 364–366, 368,375–378

Parental romantic relationships, 56, 57Parent-child, xix–xxi, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 6, 8, 26, 56, 87,

90, 91, 105, 106, 125, 132–136, 138–140,142–144, 149–152, 160, 184, 193, 199, 200, 220,225, 279, 282–284, 289, 314–320, 323, 325,332–334, 336–340, 348, 349, 365, 375, 376

Parent-child relationships, xx, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 6,87, 90, 91, 132–136, 138, 144, 149, 152, 160, 199,220, 246, 261, 281, 284, 285, 314, 316–319, 340,374

Parent-child separation, xxxi, 6, 240, 340, 349, 361Parenting classes, 171, 183, 213, 221, 224, 231, 233, 307,

331–335, 337, 339, 340Parenting education programs, 186, 190, 191, 196Parenting interventions, xxxii, xxxiii, 184, 185, 191, 194,

196, 197, 223, 224, 233, 339, 364

Parenting programs, 31, 32, 56, 171, 183–187, 189–191,193–200, 219–221, 223, 224, 230–233, 291, 334,335, 365, 367, 374

Parenting quality, 118, 121, 124, 125, 354Parent Management Training (PMT), 223–226, 228Parent Sentencing Alternative, 280Peers, 3, 4, 8, 59, 61, 71, 88, 89, 93, 102–104, 106, 107,

110, 111–113, 119, 136, 151, 153, 174, 175, 189,206, 209, 222, 223, 230, 348, 353, 356, 357, 360,367

Penal reform, 267, 268People of color, 38, 40, 46, 251, 252, 375Physical development, 103Physical health, 37, 39, 55, 67, 103, 106, 219, 270Placement, 29, 89, 93, 104, 120, 142, 169, 237, 281, 282,

284–286, 289, 290, 292, 300, 302–304, 307, 348Policy, 3, 5, 7–9, 19, 21, 25, 30, 38, 39, 49, 56, 60, 62, 66,

67, 74, 76, 77, 85, 86, 92–94, 96, 102, 111–113,117, 124–126, 137, 141, 142, 151, 160, 161,167–169, 175, 178, 183, 196, 199, 200, 205, 206,212, 214, 219, 221, 231, 232, 237, 242, 245, 246,253, 254, 256, 258–261, 263, 269–271, 279, 283,284, 286–289, 312, 322, 326, 331, 332, 338–340,345, 346, 348, 353–356, 367, 368, 375, 378

Policy reforms, 67, 243Population forecast, 300Practice, xxii, xxiv, xxxi, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 20, 28–32, 39,

48, 49, 60, 62, 66, 86, 93, 94, 96, 102, 103,111–113, 120, 124, 131, 135, 141, 160, 161, 168,178, 183–185, 193, 194, 198–200, 206, 207, 209,212, 213, 219, 221, 223, 226, 231–233, 242–244,254, 256, 261, 263, 267–271, 273–275, 279, 281,283–285, 286, 288, 289, 292, 295, 297, 299, 302,311, 315–317, 319–321, 324, 325, 326, 331–337,339, 340, 341, 345–347, 349, 350, 353, 354, 356,358, 360, 362, 366–368, 374–378

Prevention, 5, 168, 176, 178, 205, 208, 214, 223, 226,257, 258, 280, 307, 364, 365

Prison, xxi, xxv, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, 3, 4, 6–8, 11,13, 14, 16–18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 31–33, 37–39, 45,47, 53, 56, 58, 66, 70, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 91, 94,95, 101, 104, 106, 107, 118–122, 124, 131–144,149, 150, 153–156, 158, 159, 167–178, 183–185,187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 196–200, 205, 220, 221,223–231, 233, 237–239, 241–245, 252, 261,256–258, 262, 263, 267–274, 276, 279–292, 308,311–319, 326, 331–335, 336, 338–341, 346, 347,354–356, 360–362, 364–368, 373–378

Prison boom, 30, 312Prisoner, xx, xxviii, xxxiii, 6, 27, 32, 65–67, 70, 71, 74,

76–78, 104, 140, 154, 158, 167, 168, 170, 171,175, 176, 178, 197, 205, 210, 211, 243, 268–276,283, 288–291, 335, 376, 378

Prison nursery, xxviii, 8, 91, 93, 94, 167–178, 184, 186,191, 231, 319, 365, 367

Prison versus jail, 4, 158Probation, xix, 6, 7, 11, 27, 28, 101, 142, 228–230,

237–244, 270, 273, 297, 304, 338, 341, 346, 355,375

384 Index

Program enhancements, 213, 214Program evaluation, xxi, 210, 213, 245, 300, 350, 376Protection, xxiv, 95, 96, 167, 178, 255, 282, 288, 360Psychosocial outcomes, 109

QQualitative methods, 48, 150, 159, 210

RRacial/ethnic disparities, 3, 7, 13–15, 17, 18, 20, 25–27,

29, 37–42, 44–49, 54, 61, 62, 124, 156, 168, 251,252, 284, 288, 313, 346, 353–356, 375

Reentry, xxi, xxvii, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, 31, 32, 86, 94, 95,137, 154, 155, 157, 158, 169, 171–178, 185, 197,200, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 282, 288, 292, 320,340, 355, 378

Research, xviii–xxxvi, 3–9, 11–13, 18–21, 25–29, 31–33,37–39, 41, 45–49, 53, 55–62, 65–67, 69, 73, 74,76–78, 85–90, 92, 93, 95–97, 101–104, 107,109–112, 117–119, 121–123, 126, 132, 135–139,144, 149–161, 170, 173–176, 178, 183, 184, 194,197, 198, 200, 206–209, 212, 214, 219, 221, 225,226, 228, 231–233, 237–246, 251, 253–264,267–271, 273–276, 279, 282, 285, 286, 289, 291,292, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302, 308–313, 315,318, 320–327, 331–333, 335–340, 345–349,353–369, 374–379

Revocation, 302, 305, 306, 355Rights of children, 267, 271, 273Risk, xix–xxiv, xxvi–xxviii, xxx, xxxii–xxxiv, 3–7, 11,

13, 15–20, 25–27, 30, 39–41, 44, 45, 49, 58–61,65, 67, 69–71, 73, 76–78, 86, 88–94, 96, 102, 103,105–113, 117, 118, 122–125, 134, 141–143, 149,158, 161, 168, 173, 176, 177, 200, 205–207, 209,210, 212, 213, 220, 222, 228–230, 233, 237, 239,244, 258, 264, 280, 284–286, 300, 302–307, 317,326, 331, 332, 338, 346–349, 357–361, 363, 364,366, 373–375

SSampling, xvii, xxv, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 30, 53, 54, 56,

151, 154, 157, 361, 363School, xxv, 5, 6, 8, 17, 19, 21, 29, 37–39, 42, 43, 45, 54,

59, 61, 72, 75, 77, 101–104, 107–113, 123, 140,152, 153, 156, 158, 208–210, 212, 213, 229, 238,240, 241, 252, 254, 291, 300, 306, 313, 314, 318,319, 324, 333, 336, 348, 355, 357–360, 362–365,369, 375–377

Sentencing, xxxv, 4, 8, 30, 31, 38, 67, 95, 104, 109, 142,157, 158, 174, 177, 214, 237–246, 252, 287, 298,320, 332, 338, 362

Separation, xxii, xxxi, 6, 69, 73, 76, 85, 89, 90, 92, 109,111, 133, 158, 161, 167–169, 171–174, 185, 192,198, 206, 240, 241, 280, 315, 320, 332, 345–349,364, 376

State prison, xxx, xxxv, 6, 21, 27, 28, 85, 89, 119,132–134, 169, 170, 183, 184, 221, 225, 228, 229,257, 260, 280, 313, 315, 317, 346, 375

Stigma, xxviii, 41, 46, 62, 76, 77, 103, 106, 107, 112,113, 117, 121, 125, 149, 151, 153, 156, 160, 171,212, 240, 241, 253, 262, 270, 313, 320, 321, 326,347, 350, 356, 360, 361, 377

Stories, xxxv, 4, 126, 136, 149, 150, 259, 263, 268, 302,312, 314, 322, 324, 325

Strength in families, 226, 280Subjective, 150, 210–212Substance use, 65–67, 71, 74, 78, 109–111, 190,

206–208, 223, 337, 375Support systems, 159

TTermination of parental rights, 279, 284, 287, 355Training, xviii, xxvii, xxx, xxxvi, 30, 31, 94, 96, 113,

142, 143, 175, 183–185, 187–190, 195, 196, 198,199, 210, 212, 213, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 239,255, 257–260, 267, 282–284, 289–292, 296, 306,308, 322, 324, 337, 339, 341, 350

Transfive study, 70Transportation, 95, 131, 133, 140, 227, 267, 274, 282,

315–317, 339Treatment, xxi, xxx, xxxi, xxxv, xxxvi, 20, 37, 89, 91, 93,

110, 140, 152, 173–176, 184, 190, 191, 194–196,198, 213, 223, 224, 229, 239, 242, 244–246, 258,259, 282, 285, 296, 298–300, 302–307, 316, 323,335, 337, 349, 362, 366

Typology, 303, 304

UUnited States, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 17, 25–27, 37, 40, 53, 54,

61, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 78, 94, 104, 113, 131,167–169, 175, 186, 237, 238, 240, 243, 245, 251,252, 312, 331, 345, 349, 350, 355, 356, 364, 375

VVisitation, xxxiii, 6, 8, 28, 31, 56, 66, 86–91, 93–95, 103,

105, 138, 141, 144, 150, 185, 188, 193, 196, 198,200, 213, 227, 240, 282–284, 288–290, 292, 325,331–333, 335, 336, 339, 347, 348, 350

Visits, xix, xxii, xxxi, 8, 29, 31, 56, 77, 87, 91, 94–96,104, 105, 113, 119, 131–144, 152–154, 160, 173,184, 187, 193, 196, 197, 200, 211, 226, 252, 260,262, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274, 279, 283, 284, 290,292, 306, 307, 315–320, 325, 335–337, 339, 347,348, 350, 356, 362, 364, 365, 376, 377

Voices, 126, 149, 150, 159, 160, 197, 253, 254, 261–263,312, 324, 326, 341, 357, 368, 376

WWashington State, xviii, xxix, 30, 169, 225, 226, 245,

279, 280, 282, 286, 287

Index 385

YYoung children, xix, xxi, xxxv, 55, 85–97, 112, 123, 134,

138–141, 152, 156, 169, 240, 319, 350Youth, xvii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxvi, xxix, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv,

xxxv, 17–19, 21, 30, 42, 45, 47, 61, 70, 71,101–113, 121, 123, 124, 126, 135, 158, 159,205–214, 220, 221, 223, 253, 259, 260, 288,295–310, 320, 336, 340, 358

Youth mentoring, 208, 209, 220, 228, 358, 367Youth Reformation System (YRS), 296, 299–302, 306,

309

ZZero tolerance, 345, 348

386 Index