45243551 folio chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 9 :
MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
NAME : SITI KHADIJAH ATIKAH BT
SHAMSUDDIN
CLASS : 4 EXCELLENT
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TEACHER : MR. ZAFRI
CONTENT
Content PageIntroduction 39.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4 9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5 9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9 9.1.4 Environmental pollution b sulphuric acid 129.2 !mmonia and its salt 9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 13 9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 1" 9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 1#9.3 !llo s
9.3.1 Ph sical properties of pure metals 1$ 9.3.2 %eanin& and purpose of ma'in& allo s 2(
9.4 S nthetic pol mers 9.4.1 The meanin& and t pes of pol mers 21 9.4.2 !dvanta&es of s nthetic pol mers 23 9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused b s nthetic pol mers 23 9.4.4 %ethods to overcome the environmental pollution caused
b s nthetic pol mers
23
9.5 )lass and ceramics 249." *omposite material 2$*onclusion 3(+eferences 31
INTRODUCTION
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All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all thesechemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
Chapter 9 of orm ! syllabus introduces the students with manufactured
substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of
chemistry that is still new for themselves. "ersonally, # think that this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. #t
also gives me new knowledges of the uses of chemical substances that # usually found in
the laboratories.
# hope, by learning this chapter, # will be more interested in learning chemistry as
it will help me in the future. All the e$uations from this chapter make me more
understand of the previous chapters.
9.1 SULPHURIC ACID
3,i&ure 9.1 A molecule ofsulphuric acid.
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9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid
%. &ulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid .'. #ts molecular formula is ( ' &) ! .
*. #t is soluble in water .
!. &ulphuric acid is a non+volatile diprotic acid.
. #t is a highly corrosive, dense and oily li$uid.
-. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless li$uid.
,i&ure 9.2 "roperties of sulphuric acid
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid
4
"roperties ofsulphuric acid
on+volatileacid
/iproticacid
&oluble inwater
(ighlycorrosive
)ilyli$uid
0iscouscolourless
li$uid
/ense
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1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertili1ers that can be made of sulphuric acid. &ome of them are2
a3 Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 4superphosphate3
b3 Ammonium sulphate
c3 "otassium sulphate
2) To manufacture detergents
5
' (' &) !
5 Ca*4")
!3
'6 Ca4(
' ")
!3
' 5 'Ca&)
!
sulphuric acid 5 tricalcium phosphate 6 calcium dihydrogen phosphate
( ' &) ! 5' (
*6 4 (
!3
'&)
!
sulphuric acid 5 a$ueous ammonia 6 ammonium sulphate
( ' &) ! 5' (
*6 4 (
!3
'&)
!
sulphuric acid 5 a$ueous ammonia 6 ammonium sulphate
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&ulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. &ulphonic acid is then
neutrali1ed with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. 7xamples of hydrocarbon
3) To manufacture synthetic fibres
&ynthetic fibres are polymers 4 long chain molecules3. 8ayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
4) To manufacture paint pigments
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, a&) !. The neutrali1ation ofsulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
5) As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
6) To remo e metal o!ides from metal surfaces before electroplating
") To manufacture pesticides
#) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are$
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidi1ing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
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,i&ure 9.3 :ses of sulphuric acid
"
:ses of sulphuric acid
;anufacture pesticides
8emovemetal oxidesfrom metal
surfaces before
electroplating
As anelectrolyte in
lead+acidaccumulators
;anufacture paint
pigments
;anufacturesynthetic
fibres
;anufacturedetergents
;anufacturefertili1ers
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As an acid'C to =>C.
c3 A pressure of one atmosphere
%
&ulphur 6 &ulphur dioxide 6 &ulphur trioxide 6 &ulphuricacid
# ## ###
& 5 )' 6
&)'
'?n& 5 * )' 6 ' &)' 5'?n)
' &)' 5 )
' 6
' &)*
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-. Sta&e III 2 "roduction of sulphuric acid
a3 &ulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, ( ' &) ! to produce oleum,
( ' &' ) @
b3 )leum is reacted with water to form concentrated ( ' &) ! .
@. #n stage ##, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to produce sulphur trioxide . This is2
a3 To remove water vapour
b3 To remove contaminants
. #n stage ###,sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because2
a3 sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water
b3 sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of
a li$uid
1&
('&)
!5 &)
* 6
('&
')
@5 (
') 6 '
( ' &) !
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9.1.4 Environmental pollution b sulphuric acid
%. &ulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur+containing fuels
such as coal or oil are burned.
'. &ulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the
presence of water . #t also produces sulphurous acid.
*. &ulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain.
!. Acid rain can cause many effects such as2
i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure
ii. /estroys trees and plants
iii. /ecrease the p( of th soil and make it become acidic
iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
a$uatic living things.
. (ence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by2
i. :se low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii. 8emove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released
12
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9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia
%. A colorless, pungent gas.
'. #ts molecular formula is ( *
*. #t is extremely soluble in water.
!. #t is a weak alkali.
. #t is about one half as dense as air
-. #t reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to produce
white fumes of ammonium chloride.
@. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in neutrali1ation
to produce salts . or examples2
. A$ueous solutions of ammonia produces )( B ions 4except a 5 ion, 5 ion,
and Ca '5 ion3 forming metal hydroxides precipitate.
13
(* 5 (Cl 6 (!Cl
' ( * 5 ( ' &) ! 6 4 ( ! 3 ' &) !
(* 5 ( )
*6 (
! )
*
,i&ure 9." A molecule ofammonia.
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9. &ome metal hydroxides such as 1inc hydroxide and copper 4##3 hydroxide
dissolves in excess a$ueous ammonia to form complexes.
14
e*5 5 * ) ( B 6 e4 ) (3
*
rown precipitate
;g'5
5 ' ) (B
6 ;g4 ) (3 'Dhite precipitate
?n4)(3' 5 ! (
*6 E?n4 (
*3
!F '5 5
' ) (
B
Cu4)(3' 5 ! (
*6 ECu4 (
*3
!F '5
5
' ) (
B
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"roperties of ammonia
Colorless "ungentsmell
7xtremelysoluble in
water Deak alkali
,i&ure 9.# "roperties of ammonia
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9.2.2 The uses of ammonia
%.The major use of ammonia and its compounds is as fertili1ers.
'.Ammonia is also used for the synthesis of nitric acid.
*.Ammonium fertili1ers contain ammonium ions, ( ! 5, that can be converted into
nitrate ions by bacteria living in the soil.!. itrogen is absorbed by plants to produce protein in the form of nitrates, ) *B,
which are soluble in water.
.The effectiveness of ammonium fertili1ers is determined by the percentage of
nitrogen by mass in them. The fertili1er with a higher percentage of nitrogen is
more effective.
-.The percentage of nitrogen by mass can be calculated using this formula2
16
;ass
of nitrogen
- %==<
;olar mass of fertili1ers
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9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia
%. (aber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.
'. #t needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the
presence of a catalyst, often iron.*. itrogen gas used in (aber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of
li$uid air.
!. (ydrogen gas used in (aber process can be obtained by two methods2
a3 The reaction between steam and heated coke 4carbon3
b3 The reaction between steam and natural gas 4 consisting mainly of
methane3
. #n the (aber process2
a3 A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of
hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between '== G == atmospheres.
b3 The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a
temperature of ! = + =>C.
c3 At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.
1"
C 5 (
') 6 C) 5
('
C(
! 5 '(
') 6 C)
' 5
!('
'5 *(
' 6 ' (
*
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9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Ph sical properties of pure metals
%."ure metals have the following physical properties
a3Hood conductor of electricity b3;alleable
c3/uctile
d3(igh melting and boiling point
e3(igh density
'. "ure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a3 A pure metal contains atoms of the same si1e arranged in a regular and
organi1ed closed+packed structure.
b3 "ure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables
the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force
is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires.
c3 There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal
atoms. 7mpty space exist in the structures of pure metals. Dhen
hammered or pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new
positions in the empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be
made into different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.
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"roperties ofmetals
Hood conductor of electricity
/uctile
(igh melting and boiling point
;alleable
(igh density
*. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms re$uires high energy to
overcome it. (ence, most metals have high melting points.
!.The close+packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of
metals.
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,i&ure 9.$ "roperties of metals
9.3.2 %eanin& and purpose of ma'in& allo s
%. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain composition
in which the major component is a metal.
'. in the process of alloying, one or more foreign elements are added to a
molten metal. Dhen the alloy hardens, the positions of some of the metalatoms are replaced by the atoms of foreign elements, which si1e may be
bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms.
2&
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*. #n an alloy, these atoms of foreign elements disrupt the orderly
arrangement of the metal atoms and also fill up any empty space in the
metal crystal structure.
!. (ence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over eachother easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less
malleable than its pure metals.
. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal2
a3 To increase the hardness and strength of a metal
b3 To prevent corrosion or rusting
c3 To improve the appearance of the metal surface
9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
9.4.1 The meanin& of pol mers
%. "olymers can be defined as large molecules composed of numerous smaller,
repeating units known as monomers which are joined by covalent bonds.
'. "olymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joinedtogether to form the big molecule known as the polymers.
*. There are two types of polymeri1ation process2
a3Addition polymeri1ation
b3Condensation polymeri1ation
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!. A polymer is a very big molecule 4macromolecule3. (ence, the relative
molecular mass of a polymer is large.
. The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.
-. "olymers can be divided into two types2
a3 aturally occurring polymers
%. This type of polymer exists in living things in nature like the plants and
animals.
'. 7xamples of naturally occuring polymers are2
a3 "rotein
b3 Carbohydrate
c3 atural rubber*. aturally occuring polymers are formed by the joining of monomers by
polymeri1ation.
!. "rotein is formed by the joining of monomers known as amino acid.
. Carbohydrate is formed by the joining of monomers known as glucose.
-. atural rubber is formed by the joining of monomers known as isoprene.
b3&ynthetic polymers
%. This type of polymer are man+made by chemical process in the
laboratories.
'.The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
*.The types of synthetic polymers include2
a3 "lastics
b3 ibres
c3 7lastomers
!. 7xamples of plastics are polythene4polyethylene3,polyvinylchloride4"0C3,
polypropene 4polypropylene3, polystyrene , "erspex and bakelite.
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."olythene and "0C are produced by addition polymeri1ation
-. 7xamples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They are produced
by condensation polymeri1ation.
9.4.2 !dvanta&es of s nthetic pol mers
a3 &trong and light
b3 Cheap
c3 Able to resist corrosion
d3 #nert to chemical reactions
e3 7asily moulded or shaped and be coloured
f3 Can be made to have special properties
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused b s nthetic pol mers
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a3 As most of polymers are non+biodegradable, they will not
decay like other organic garbage.
b3 urning of polymers release harmful and poisonous gases.
9.4.4 %ethods to overcome the environmental pollution caused
b s nthetic pol mers
a3 8educe, reuse and recycle synthetic polymers
b3 /evelop biodegradable polymers
9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS
%. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, &i) ' .
'. oth glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow
a3 (ard and brittle
b3 #nert to chemical reactions
c3 #nsulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d3 Dithstand compression but not stretching
e3 Can be easily cleaned
f3 Iow cost of production
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*. /ifferences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while
ceramic is opa$ue. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
!. Types of glass are
a3 used glass
#t is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
#t has high heat resistance
b3 &oda lime glass
#t cannot withstand high temperatures
c3 orosilicate glass
#t can withstand high temperature
d3 Iead glass
(igh refractive index
. :ses of improved glass for specific purpose
a3 "hotochromic glass
#t is sensitive to light intensity
b3 Conducting glass
#t conducts electricity
-. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the
main constituent of aluminosilicate with small $uantity of sand and feldspar.@. &uperconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
'lass
%. Hlass is made up from sand.
'. The major component of glass is &i) '.
*. There are four types of glass which are as follows2
used glass &oda+lime glass
orosilicate glass
Iead crystal glass
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Name of glass Properties Chemical
composition
Examples of uses
,used &lass0ery high softening
point 4%@== >C3hence, highly heat
resistant
Transparent to
ultraviolet and
infrared light
/ifficult to be made
into different shapes
/oes not crack when
temperature changes
4very low thermal
expansion
coefficient3
0ery resistant to
chemical reactions
&i) ' 499
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orosilicate
&lass(igh softening point
4 ==>C3. Thus it is
heat resistant
/oes not crack easily
with sudden
temperature changes
Transparent to
ultraviolet light
;ore resistant tochemical reactions
/oes not break easily
&i) ' 4 =
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!. 8ed clay contains iron 4###3 oxide which gives the red colour .
. Heneral uses ceramics are as follows of 2
very hard and strong but brittle
inert to chemical reaction
has a very high melting point
good electric and heat insulator
able to withstand compression
9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL
%. A composite material is a structural material formed by
combining two or more materials with different physical properties, producing a
complex mixture.
'. The composite material produced will have different properties
far more superior to the original materials.
*. The composite material produced are harder, stronger, lighter,
more resistant to heat and corrosion and also for specific purposes.
!. Dhen composite material is formed, the weakness of the
components will not exist anymore.
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*omposite
material
*omponent Properties of
component
Properties of
composite
+einforced
concrete
Concrete (ard but brittle,
Dith low tensile
strength
Stron&er0 hi&her
tensile stren&th0
not so brittle0 does
not corrode easil 0
can ithstand
hi&her applied
forces and loads0
relativel cheaper
&teel (ard with high
tensile strength but
expensive and can
corrode
,ibre optics
Hlass of low
refractive index
Transparent, does
not reflect light
rays.
+eflect li&ht ra s
and allo li&ht
ra s to travel alon&
the fibreHlass of high
refractive index
(eavy, strong but
brittle and non+
flexible
,ibre&lass
Hlass (eavy, strong but
brittle and non+
flexible
/i&ht0 stron&0
tou&h0 resilient and
fle ible0 ith hi&h
tensile stren&th and
not flammable
"olyester plastic Iight, flexible,
elastic but weak and
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inflammable
Photochromic &lass
Hlass Transparent and not
sensitive to light
Sensitive to li&ht
dar'ness hen
li&ht intensit is
hi&h0 becomes clear
hen li&ht intensit
is loSilver chloride0 or
silver bromide
Sensitive to li&ht
,i&ure 9.9 Composite material and their new properties
CONCLUSION
De must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. )ne of the way is by
doing continuous research and development 4 8 J / 3 to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. ew materials are re$uired to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. &ynthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. ew technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
ew materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well+being of mankind. ew needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. or example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. "lastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
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The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for
both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic
materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic
materials and their by+product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The
recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be
enforced.