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The Cold Warand the middle

east


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The Cold War: Containment

Containment- the best defense strategyagreed upon by American officialsagainst the Soviet threat by the timeWorld War II ended.
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-iihttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii


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The Cold War: The Atomic Age

Arms Race - American officialsencouraged the developments of atomicweapons like the ones that had endedWorld War II. In 1949, the Soviets tested

an atom bomb of their own. In response,President Truman announced that theUnited States would build an even moredestructive atomic weapon: the

hydrogen bomb, or "superbomb."


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The Cold War: The Red Scare

the House Un-American ActivitiesCommittee (HUAC) began a series ofhearings designed to show thatcommunist subversion in the United

States was alive and well.


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The Cold War Abroad

the first military action of the Cold Warbegan when the Soviet-backed NorthKorean Peoples Army invaded its pro-Western neighbor to the south.

The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961

Cuban missile crisis

Vietnam, where the collapse of theFrench colonial regime had led to a
http://www.history.com/topics/bay-of-pigs-invasionhttp://www.history.com/topics/cuban-missile-crisishttp://www.history.com/topics/cuban-missile-crisishttp://www.history.com/topics/bay-of-pigs-invasion


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The Close of the Cold War

President Richard Nixon (1913-1994)began to implement a new approach tointernational relations.

After a trip in China (1972), began to

establish diplomatic relations with Beijing. Atthe same time, he adopted a policy of"dtente""relaxation"toward the SovietUnion.

In 1972, he and Soviet premier Leonid
http://www.history.com/topics/richard-m-nixonhttp://www.history.com/topics/richard-m-nixon


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Despite Nixons efforts, the Cold Warheated up again under PresidentRonald Reagan (1911-2004).

He worked to provide financial and militaryaid to anticommunist governments andinsurgencies around the world. (ReaganDoctrine)

Soviet Union was disintegrating.

Premier Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-) took

office in 1985 and introduced two'
http://www.history.com/topics/ronald-reaganhttp://www.history.com/topics/ronald-reagan


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In November of that year, the BerlinWallthe most visible symbol of the

decades-long Cold War was finallydestroyed


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Superpower Alignmentsin the Middle EastBACKGROUND

There were TWO superpowers: United Statesand Soviet Union

United States- Western World

Soviet Union- satellite states that constitute the Eastern Bloc

Marshall Plan and COMECON (Council for Mutual

Economic Assistance)

Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact

NATO- military alliance

Warsaw Pact- mutual defense treaty between communist


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Middle East

The region lay directlysouth of the SovietUnion, whotraditionally had greatinfluence

in Turkey and Iran.The area also had vastreserves of oil whichwould be essential for American allies Europe and Japan


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The original American plan for the Middle Eastwas to form a defensive perimeter along the north

of the region. Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan signed the

Baghdad Pact and joined CENTO (Central Treaty

Organization

The Eastern response was to seek influence instates such as Syria and Egypt. Czechoslovakiaand Bulgaria made arms deals to Egypt and Syria,giving Warsaw Pact members a strong presencein the region.


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In 1956, General Gamal Abder Nasser drove outBritish forces in his campaign to nationalize theSuez Canal.

This was a major victory for the Soviet Union because

Egypt was a former British protectorate.The same goes for Syria which was a former French

protectorate

The Suez Crisis ensues- UK and Francelaunched an Israeli invasion of Egypt to regainWestern control of the region and to remove

Nasser from power

Suez Crisis


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hesis

tatementIn the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian

Conflict, the Israelis are theaggressor.

INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTIONSignificance of the topic

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one ofthe worlds longest-standing conflicts.The differences between the two groupshave caused wars and violence that

claimed countless lives from both sides.


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Additionally, this is also a considerable source ofpolitical instability in the world. The Israeli-Palestinian

have significantly contributed to Arab and Muslimgrievances against the West in general and the US inparticular.

Failure to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict mayfurther fuel extremism throughout the Middle East.


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Why the topic isargumentative

The world is divided on this issue. On onehand, some people are saying that the

Palestinians are extremists and tyrants.While on the other hand, the Israelis areaccused of being usurpers and land-grabbers.

This report is argumentative insofar as itchallenges and questions the actions of

Israel.


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Definition of Terms

Palestinians: Arabic-speaking people whohave lived in Palestine, the region betweenthe Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan river.

Currently, they occupy Gaza Strip and parts ofWest Bank. Predominantly Muslims.

Israelis- inhabitants of the modern state ofIsrael with the Israeli Jews as the largestethnic group.


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Definition of Terms

Imperialism- characterized by expansionistand mercantilist policies

Mercantilist control of foreign trade

Primarily has been applied to Western political andeconomic dominance in the 19th and 20th

centuries.


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Argument # 1:

PALESTINE:One Land, Two Communities


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Explanation:vThe West Bank and theGaza Strip became distinctgeographical units as aresult of the 1949 armisticethat divided the new Jewishstate of Israel from otherparts of Mandate Palestine.

From 1948-67, the WestBank, including EastJerusalem, was ruled byJordan, which annexed the

area in 1950 and extendedcitizenship to Palestiniansliving there


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s Israel invaded theWest Bank and East

Jerusalem in 1967and has occupied itsince. The occupationis illegal according to

international law. It isalso illegal, underinternational law, forIsrael to buildsettlements and

populate occupiedterritory with its owncivilian population.
http://middleeast.about.com/od/israel/p/me071125.htmhttp://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/a/me081005g.htmhttp://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/a/me081005g.htmhttp://middleeast.about.com/od/israel/p/me071125.htm


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Number of Settlements andOutposts

Since 1967, Israel has built120 settlements in the West

Bank, and 12 settlements inEast Jerusalem. The InteriorMinistry calls themcommunities, though somesettlements land boundariesare not contiguous.

In addition to the settlements,Israelis have built 100 so-called outposts that donthave the status of settlementsin the Interior Ministrys eyesbut do enjoy the sameprotection from the Israelimilitary, the same fundingfrom Israeli nationals and thesame special treatment fromIsraeli authorities, such asroads, utilities and schools for

the exclusive use of settlers.


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Population of the Settlements

The Jewish rate of population growth inthe settlements, at 5.8%, is far higher

than in Israel proper (1.8%), leading to arapid rise in settler the population. In2009, some 300,000 Israelis lived in theWest Bank, not including EastJerusalem.

Israel's Separation Barrier in the West Bank


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Israel's Separation Barrier in theWest Bank: Security Fence orLand Grab?

Israel began building the planned

425-mile separation barrier in theWest Bank in June 2002.

official purpose was to reduce

suicide bombings in Israel, which

Israel s Separation Barrier in the West BankSecurity Fence or LandGrab?


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was also a recognition on Israel's partthat Israeli public opinion supports atwo-state solution

is taking shape as both a physicalbarrier and a psychological separationthat literally sums up in concrete andbarbed wire the many dead ends of thepeace process.


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But the barrier has created a set of newPalestinian resentments.

The barrier does not follow the boundaries ofthe Green Line (the unofficial border

delineating the West Bank from Israelfollowing the 1967 Six-Day War). Rather,Israeli security forces are building it wellinside the West Bank and in circuitous

patterns that in places surround entirePalestinian communities.


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Argument # 2:

Israel:A Colonial Imperialistic

Project


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Explanation:

"His Majesty's Government views withfavour the establishment in Palestine of a

national home for the Jewish people, and

will use their best endeavors to

facilitate the achievement of this object, itbeing clearly understood that nothing

shall be done which may prejudice thecivil and religious rights of existing non-

Jewish communities [over 90% of the

inhabitants] in Palestine"


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In an era of European colonialism, which in1918 controlled 85% of the globe, the

British Empire could dismiss the rights of

local populations around the empire. LordBalfour wrote in a letter of August 1919,"In Palestine we do not propose even to gothrough the form of consulting the wishes

of the present inhabitants of the country."


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The arrogance of the British Government (HisMajesty's) was challenged by an official

American report from the King-Crane Commissionwhich in 1919 reported to President

Woodrow Wilson.

Wilson, as the present President Bush, haddreams of democratizing the world - theworld should no longer be dominated by

European colonial powers.


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The American democratic vision wasrejected by the Imperial-Colonial powersof Europe and as a consequence the

League of Nations in 1920 assigned theresponsibility (mandate) for Palestine toGreat Britain.


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Argument # 3:

Israel: A Christian-ZionistProject


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Explanation:

What is Zionism?

Zionism is a totalitarian ideology thataims to control the religious, social and

political life of mankind in all its aspects-- the life of its followers withoutqualification, and the life of those whofollow the so-called tolerated religions toa degree that prevents their activitiesfrom getting in the way in any manner.

The term "Zionism" itself is derived from

the word Zion (Hebrew: , Tzi-yon),
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion


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The term "Zionism" was first introducedin 1893 by Nathan Birmbaum, butTheodor Herzl, an Austrian Jew born to

a prosperous, emancipated Budapestfamily, is recognized as the founder ofthe Zionist ideology when he publishedhis book in 1896, "The Jewish State",

where he declared that the cure for anti-Semitism was the establishment of aJewish state. As he saw it, the bestplace to establish this state was in

Palestine.


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Herzl stated in his diary:

It is essential that the sufferings of Jews.. .become worse. . . this will assist in

realization of our plans. . .I have anexcellent idea. . . I shall induce anti-

Semites to liquidate Jewish wealth. . . Theanti-Semites will assist us thereby in thatthey will strengthen the persecution and

oppression of Jews. The anti-Semites shallbe our best friends.


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Benny Morris (the Israeli Historian),described how Herzl foresaw how anti-Semitism could be "HARNESSED" for

the realization of Zionism. He stated:

"Herzl regarded Zionism's triumph as

inevitable, not only because life inEurope was ever more untenable forJews, but also because it was inEurope's interests to rid the Jews and

relieved of anti-Semitism: The European

a s r s an


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a s r s anZionism?

Christian Zionism is a belief amongsome Christians that the return of theJews to the Holy Land, and the

establishment of the State of Israel in1948, is in accordance with Biblicalprophecy. It overlaps with, but is distinctfrom, the nineteenth century movement

for theRestorationof the Jews to the Holy Land, which hadboth religiously and politically motivatedsupporters. The term Christian Zionism

was popularized in the mid-twentieth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Jews_to_the_Holy_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Jews_to_the_Holy_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Jews_to_the_Holy_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Jews_to_the_Holy_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity


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Christian Zionist Philosophy

and Its Influence on VariousEvents in the Arab-Israeli

Conflict

Th Phil h


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The Philosophy

John Nelson Darby, father ofcontemporary visions of Armageddon,believed that Gods involvement in

history was exhibited in the sevendifferent epochs ordispensations,beginning with the creation and endingwith Christs thousand year reign of

peace.

He posited that the nation of Israel,

destroyed by the Romans in 70-135


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The restoration of Israel will preparehistory for the two comings of Christ:

First, he will appear in the heavens and

the born again Christians will be sweptup to meet him in the heavens (TheRapture).

Then after seven years of chaos andtorment (The Great Tribulation) whereintwo thirds of the Jews will die, Christ willreturn a second time to reign on Earth. Inthis reign the remaining Jews will acceptJesus as Lord and Savior rei n with

n uences on ven s n


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n uences on ven s nthe Arab-Israeli Conflict

Lord Balfour, author of the BalfourDeclaration in 1917, was a member ofthe Brethren, a Christian community

deeply influenced by Darbysphilosophy. Not only did he accept thisview of the Bible, but Lord Balfour wasdetermined to help God make it happen.

American Christian EvangelicalFundamentalists fully supported Israel

with the belief that only a Jewish state


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Fundamentalist leaders like JerryFalwell and Pat Robertson claimed tospeak for millions as they advocated a

fanatic support of Israel by the U.S.A. Inreward for this political and financialsupport the Prime Minister of Israel,Menachen Begin, gave Rev. Jerry

Falwell the Jabotinsky Award from thegovernment of Israel.

Former US President George Bush is a


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Christian Zionism terrorizescontemporary Palestinian Christian

People who are committed to non-violent struggle against Israels injustice.


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On August 22, 2006, the Latin Patriarchof Jerusalem, the Syrian OrthodoxPatriarchate of Jerusalem, the Episcopal

Bishop of Jerusalem and the Bishop ofthe Evangelical Lutheran Church inJordan and the Holy Land in "TheJerusalem Declaration on Christian

Zionism" stated: "We categorically rejectChristian Zionist doctrines as falseteaching that corrupts the Biblicalmessage of love, justice and

reconciliationWe are committed to


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CONCLUSION:

In the on-going Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, thePalestinians simply defended their homeland that hasbeen usurped and occupied by Israeli foreigners.Moreover, the war will continue until Israelis learn tocooperate with their Palestinian neighbors in developing aprosperous state rather than an oppressed one. Lastly,the Jewish State, along with its superpower supporters,firmly believe that the events that occurred in the bible isstill relevant to the 21st century issue; when for in fact, it

only served as a justification for the waged war againstPalestine. It therefore follows that the aggressors are notthe Palestinians, but the Jews.

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