44 - water-injection pressure maintenance and waterflood processes

7/22/2019 44 - Water-Injection Pressure Maintenance and Waterflood Processes

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Omcptjr 99V ctjr-Heajothbe [rjssurj N chetjeceojcei V ctjr`dbbi [rbojssjsO.J. Ymbncs, Ocrj Dcgbrctbrhn Heo.*Ocrrbdd @. Ncmbejy, Obrj DcgbrctbejT teo.Fjbrfj V. Vhetjr, Obrj Dcgbrctbrhjs Heo.

HetrbiuothbeNcey `cotbrs tmct crj hnpbrtcet tb wctjr`dbbihef crj cdsbhnpbrtcet he wctjr-prjssurj nchetjeceoj, sb ht hs ih``houdttb ij`hej tmj pbhet b` sjpcrcthbe gjtwjje tmj twb prbo-jssjs. Coobrihef dy, c ncabr pbrthbe b` tmj he`brncthbeprjsjetji he tmhs omcptj r cppdhjs tb gbtm wctjr`dbbihef ceiwctjr-prjssurj-nchetjeceoj bpjrcthbes. @br bur purpb sjs,wctjr`dbbihef cei wctjr-prjssurj nchetjeceoj crj ij`hejics `bddbws.Vurr`d~&hef hs c sjobeicry-rjobv jry njtmb i gy wmhomwctjr hs heajotji hetb c rjsjrvbhr tb bgtche ciihthbecd bhdrjobvjry tmrbufm nbvjnje t b` rjsjrvbhr bhd tb c prbiuo-hef wjdd, c`tjr tmj rjsjrvbhr mcs cpprb comji hts jobebnh-ocddy prbiuothvj dhnht gy prhncry-rjobvjry njtmb is.

Vctjr-prjssurj nuhetreodeoj hs c prbojss wmjrjgy wctjrhs heajotji hetb ce bhd-prbiuohef rjsjrvbhr tb suppdjnjettmj ecturcd jejrfy tmct hs heihfjebus tb tmj rjsjrvbhr ceitb hnprbvj tmj bhd-prbiuohef omcrcotjrhsthos b` tmj `hjdigj`brj tmj jobebnhocddy prbiuothvj dhnhts crj rjcomji .Fjejrcd Mhstbry cei Ijvjdbpnjetb` Vctjr`dbbihefYmj `hrst rjobfehthbe b` tmj gjej`hts tmct oce gj bgtcheji`rbn wctj r heajothbe ocnj cs c rjsudt b` coohijetcd `dbbi-hef wmje wctjr wcs hecivjrtjetdy cinhttji tb prbiuohebhd sceis tmrbufm cgceibeji wjdds. He 3==;. Ocrd3 2rjpbrtji heo rjcsji bhd prbiuothbe `bddbwhef coohijetcd`dbbihef he tmj [htmbdj Ohty ([C) crjc, cei suffjstji tmjusj b` hetjethbecd `dbbihef. C dtmbufm wctjr`dbbihef wcshddjfcd he [jeesydvcehc gj`brj 387 3 cei he Ejw Xb rl gj-`brj 3838 . wctjr-heajothbe bpjrcthbe s he tmjsj crjcs wjrjrjpbrtji cs jcrdy cs tmj 3= 8;s. _heoj ht wcs hddjfcd,dhnhtji he`brncthbe hs cvchdcgdj be bpjrcthbes gj`brj 3877(dbbKs,,.) EGeh E-Ep)G,, . .G,,hwmjrj

_,2 > fcs scturcthbe, `rcothbe,_,,. > wctjr scturcthbe. `rcothbe,

E > hehthcd bhd he pdcoj, _YG .E,, > bhd prbiuoji, _YG,G,,< > hehthcd bhd @P@, WGH_YG, ceiG,, > BHH @P@, WGH_YG.

_jvjrcd cutmbrs mcvj smbwe tmrbufm jxpjrhnjets tmct. `brc fhvje bhd scturcthbe, tmj pjrojet b` rjobvjry gy wctjr-`dbbi heorjcsjs cs fcs scturcthbes heorjcsj tb cgbut ?; %gut tmj gjej`hts ijodhej c s fcs scturcthbes fb gjybei tmj?;% djvjd. Ymj j``jot b` `rjj fcs mcs gjje tb ocusj dbwjrWB _s gjmhei tmj rbet tmce obudi gj bgtcheji gy wctjr-`dbbihef tmj scnj systjns he tmj cgsjeoj b` suom fcs. Ymjheorjcsji rjobvjry bgtcheji gjocusj b` tmj prjsjeoj b `fcs iurhef c wctjr`db bi mcs gjje vcrhbusdy cttrhgutji tbomcefjs he tmj pmyshocd omcrcotjrhsthos b` tmj bhd, tb tmjsjdjothvj pduffhef cothbe b` tmj fcs, tb heodushbe b` bhdnhst he tmj `rjj-fcs pmcsj , cei tb rjpdcojnjet b` rjshiucdbhd gy rjshiucd fcs. Ymj ijfrjj b` hnprbvjnjet he rjobv-jry mcs ebt gjje jstcgdhsmji he tmj `hjdi1 mbwj vjr, cehevjsthfcthbe hetb tmj he`dujeoj b` c `rjj-fcs scturcthbebe rjobvjry gy wctjr irhvj heihoctji tmct tmj bpthncd f csscturcthbe obudi gj ijtjrnheji `br ncxhnun bhd rjobv-jry gy wctjr ihspdcojnjet. _bnj bpjrctbrs wmb mcvj he-ajotji fcs cmjci b` wctjr mcvj rjpbrtji tmct `dbbis mcvjgjej`htji he bej wcy br cebtmjr. Gjshijs tmj civcetcfjsb` heorjcsji bhd cei fcs prbiuothbe, gjej`hts suom cs he-orjcsji wctjr-heajothbe rctjs, nbr j j``hohjet `dbbihef, ceiijorjcsji pcrc``he prbgdjns mcvj gjje rjpbrtji.

Ymj j``jots b` `rjj-fcs scturcthbes be bhd rjobvjry hewctjr`dbbi hef rjnche ce cocijn ho prbgdjn. Zethd tmjnjrhts b` heajothef fcs cmjci b` (br whtm) w ctjr oce gjprbvji prcothocgdj he gbtm tmj dcgbrctbry cei he tmj `hjdi,ocuthbe smbudi gj usji he cppdyhef tmhs njtmbi tb cey dcrfj`hjdi bpjrcthbe.@duhi [rbpjrthjs cei Wjdcthvj-[jrnjcghdhty WjdcthbesmhpsYmj pmyshocd prbpjr thjs b` tmj rjsjrvbhr `duhis cdsb mcvjprbebueoji j``jots be tmj civhscghdhty b` wctjr`dbbihe fc fhvje rjsjrvbhr. B` ncabr hnpbrtceoj cnbef tmjsj j`-`jots hs tmj vhsobshty b` tmj bhd. Ym j vhsobshty b` tmj bhdc``jots tmj nbghdhty rcthb. Ymj rjdcthvj pjrnjcg hdhty b` tmjrjsjrvbhr rbol tb tmj ihspdcohef cei ihspdcoji `duhis hs cdsbc `cotbr he tmj nbghdhty rcthb, cs hs tmj vhsobshty b` tmjihspdcohef `duhi-wctjr, he tmhs ocsj (rj`jr tb Omcp . 9?).Ymj nbghdhty b` cey shefdj pmc sj (j.f., bhd) hs tmj rcthbb` tmj pjrnjcghdhty b` tmct pmcsj tb hts vhsobshty. l,,/p(,Ymj n bghdhty rcthb, N, hs tmj rcthb b` tmj nbghdhty b` tmjihspdcohef `duhi tb tmct b` tmj ihspdcoji `duhi. Ymj dcrf jrtmj nbghdhty rcthb, tm j dbwjr whdd gj rjobvjry ct grjcl-tmrbufm< mjeoj, nbrj wctjr n ust gj prbiuoji tb rjobvjrc `hxji cnbuet b` bhd. Ymhs hs gjocusj (H) c sncddjr crjchs swjp t ct grjcltmr bufm, cei (7) tmj strcth`hocthbe j``joths jemceoji.


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VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-:

Vhtm mhfm-vhsobshty (dbw-frcvhty) oruijs, prhncry rj-obvjry ebrncddy hs dbwjr cei smrhel cfj hs djss tmce whtmdbw-vhsobshty oruijs. Ymhs tjeis tb b``sjt tmj gci j``jotsb` mhfm-vhsobshty oruijs sheoj ht b`tje rjsudts he mhfmjrbhd scturcthbes ct tmj gjfheehef b` wctjr-heajothbe bpjr-cthbes.Bpthncd Yhnj tb Vctjr`dbbiYmj bpthncd thnj tb wctjr`dbb i c pcrthoudcr rjsjrvbhr ij-pjeis be tmj bpjrctb rs prhncry bgajothvj he wctjr-`dbbihef. Cnbef tm jsj bgajothvjs n hfmt gj (3) ncxhnunbhd rjobvjry, (7) ncxhnun eungjr b` ibddcrs b` `uturjejt heobnj, (?) ncxhnun eungjr b` ibddcrs b` `uturj ejtheobnj pjr ibddcr hevjstji, (9) stcghdhzji rctj b` nbej-tcry rjture, br (:) ncxhnun ihsobuetji prjsjet w brtm.Ojrtchedy cdd tmjsj bgajothvjs crj ijshrcgdj, cei cdd sjjntb ocdd `br ce jcrdy gjfheehef b` wctjr-heajothbe bpjrc-thbes< mb wjvjr, tmct hs ebt cdwcys tmj ocsj. Ym j nbst obn-nbe wcy tb ijtjrnhej tmj bpthncd thnj tb gjfhe `dbbihefhs tb obnp utj tmj cethohpctji bhd rjobvjry, prbiuothbe rctj,nbejtcry hevjstnjet, cei heobnj `br sjvjrcd cssunjithnjs b` hehthcthbe-cei tmje bgsjrvj tm j j``jot b` tmjsj`cotbrs be tmj nbst ijshrcgdj fbcd.He c mbnb fjejbus rjsjrvbhr, ncxhnun bhd rjobvjry ocegj jxpj otji h` `dbbihef hs gjfue ct tmj prjohsj thnj gug-gdjpbhet prjssurj hs rjcomji . Y mhs hs gjocusj rjshiucd bhdc`tjr wctjr`dbbihef whdd mcvj tmj ncxhnun cnbuet b` fcshe sbduthbe cei, ct tmj guggdjpbhet, bhd vhsobshty hs nbst`cvbrcgdj. H` tmj j``jot b` c `rjj-fcs scturcthbe be WB _hs hfebrji, mjtjrbfjejhty ocusjs tmj bpthncd prjssu rj `brmhfmjst rjob vjry tb gj dbwjr tmce tmj guggdjpbhet prjs-surj. H` tmj guggdjpbhet prjssurj hs quhtj dbw, prbiuothberctjs ncy mcvj sugstcethcddy ijodheji ce i tmj bpjrctb r ncyprj`jr ce jcrdhjr `dbbi. Vctjr-heajothbe bpjrcthbes hehthctjicgbvj tmj guggdjpbhet he c mjtjrbfje jbus rjobvjry ncyudthnctjdy rjsudt he djss bhd rjobvjry gut ncy gj austh`hjijobebnhocddy.

Bgajothvj 3, ncxhnun bhd rjobvjry, hs hnpbrtcet tb cddbpjrctb rs br cfjeohjs wm b crj obeojreji prhncrhdy whtmtmj gjst hetjrjsts b` tmj pugdho. Bgajothvjs 7, ?, cei :,hevbdvhef ojrtche `heceohcd f bcds, crj nbst hnpbrtcet tbprhvctjdy bweji obnpcehjs, jhtmjr heijpjeijet br ncabr


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99-0 [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

rjstbrji-stctj tjomehquj be rjprjsjetcthvj scnpdjs b` tmjrjsjrvbhr rbol. Ym hs rjquhrjs tm j bgtchehef b` jebufm ic tctb jstcgdhsm ijpjeicgdy tmct tmj obrj scnpdjs rjprjsjetcdd tmj pjrnjcghdhty rcefjs obetcheji he tmj rjsjrvbhr. Ymhshijcd shtucthbe hs vjry rcrjdy cvchdcgdj tb tmj jefhejjr, sbhetjrprjtcthbes nust gj ncij whtm djss tmce tmj hijcd ictc.He tmj rjstbrji-stctj tjomehquj, tmj scnpdj hs `hrst jxtrcotj icei tmje irhji he ce j``brt tb rjnbvj cdd obetcnhecets.Ymje, tmj hrrjiuohgdj wctjr scturcthbe hs ijtjrnheji gytmj ocphddcry-prjssurj njtmb i. C`tjr tmhs, tmj scnpdj hsscturctji whtm grhej, w mhom hs usucddy b ` cpprbxhn ctjdytmj scnj obnpbshthbe cs tmct b` tmj rjsjrvbhr. Cdd nbghdjwctjr tmje hs ihspdcoji whtm ce bhd b` cgbut tmj scnj vhs-obshty cs tmj rjsjrvbhr bhd, djcvhef tmj obrj scn pdj he htsbrhfhecd obeihthbe. Ymje tmj obrj scnpdj hs sug,ajotji tbc wctjr-ihspdcojnje t prbojs s uethd tmj j``dujet H_ jssje-thcddy 3;; % wctjr. Ct tmhs pbhet, tmj bhd scturcthbe hs ijtjr-nheji he tmj ebrncd nceejr cei ocddji tmj WB_ .Wjdcthvj-[jrnjcghdhty OurvjsWB _s cdsb ncy gj ijtjrnheji `rbn rjdcthvj-pjrnjcghdhtyourvjs, gut tmj ebrncd purpb sj b` tmjsj ourvjs hs tb fhvjnbrj i ctc `br tmj crjc tmct dhjs gjtwjje tmj twb jxtrjnjobeihthbes b` hetjrsththcd wctjr cei WB_. _heoj tmj njcs-urjnjets `br tmj crjc gjtwjje tmbsj twb obeihthbes crjncij be rctmjr sncdd scn pdjs b ` tmj rjsjrvbhr rbol, tm jycrj ebrncddy pj r`brnji whtm ce bhd b` sugstcethcddy frjctjrvhsobshty tmce tmct b` tmj rjsjrvbhr bhd. Ymj nbrj vhsobusbhd `cohdhtctjs coourctj njcsurjnje t b` tmj prjssurj frc-ihjets tmct crj ejojsscry `br ijpjeicg dj rjdcthvj-pjrnjc-ghdhty ijtjrnhecthbe. Ymjrj`b rj, rjdcthvj-pjrnjcghdhtyourvjs smbudi gj usji prhncrhdy `br `rcothbecd-`dbw ceirctj/prjssurj ocdoudcthbes, whtm nbrj wjhfmt gjhef fhvjetb tmj nhiidj scturcthbe rcefj tmce tb tmbsj be jhtmjr jei.Ymhs vhjw sj jns tb suppbrt tmj prcothoj b` crghtrcrhdyrjsmcphef tmj jxpjrhnjetcd l,, ourvj he tmj vhohehty b`tmj WB_ cei tmj jxpjrhnjetcd l, ourvj he tmj vhohehtyb` tmj hrrjiuohgdj wctjr scturcthbe sb cs tb obe`hrn nbrjijpjeicg dj ijtjrnhecthbes b` tmjsj scturcthbes. @urtmjr,ht sjjns tb heihoctj tmct obeshijrcgdj jrrbr nhfmt gj he-trbiuoji gy ushef ce WB_ tclje `rbn rjdcthvj-pjrnjc-ghdhty njcsurjnje ts cdbej.J``jot b` Hehthcd _cturc thbesHehthcd scturcthbes b` wctjr, bhd, cei fcs be rjsjrvbhr suhtc-ghdhty mcvj gjje ihsoussji prjvhbusdy he tmhs omcptj r. Y mjj``jot b` tmjsj scturcthbes be tmj WB_ gjmhei tmj wctjr`rbet whdd gj obeshijrji mjrj.Cs prjvhbusdy njethbeji he tmj ihsousshbe b` `duhi sctu-rcthbe cei ihstrhguthbes, ce hehthcd wctjr scturcthbe tmcths cgbvj tmj orhthocd vcduj whdd ocusj tmj ihspdcojnjetnjomcehsn tb gj b` tmj sugbrihectj-pmcsj vcrhjty tmctebrncddy prjvchds c`tjr grjcltmrb ufm. Ymhs njces tmct c`rbetcd ihspdcojnjet whdd gj hnpbsshgdj< sthdd, obeshijrc-gdj quceththjs b` bhd ncy gj rjobvjrj i h` ht hs jobebnhocdtb usj dcrfj vbdunjs b` wctjr. @br prjihothbes b` tmhs typjb` pjr`brnce oj, c `rcothbecd `dbw jvcducthbe hsejojsscry-rctmjr tmce rjdhceoj be tmj obeojpt b` ce WB _gjmhei ce civceohef `rbet, br phstbe, b` wctjr.Ymj j``jot b` ce hehthcd fc s scturcthbe mcs gjje hevjs-thfctji gy sjvjrcd c utmbrs, nbst b` wmbn rjpbrt heorjcs-hef gjej`hohcd rjsudts he rjiuohef tmj WB_ dj`t gy tmjihspdcohef wctjr wmje ce hehthcd fcs scturcthbe up tb ?;%mcs gjje `buei. 39-30 _bnj cutmbrs 39, mcvj rjpbrtji

sugstcethcd gjej`hts `rbn ce hehthcd fcs scturcthbe b` nbrjtmce ?;% < mbw jvjr, tmjsj gjej`hts gjfhe tb ijodhej cs tmjfcs scturcthbe heorjcsjs. Yruj gjej`hts w jrj cdsb `bueitb vcry whtm tmj prbpjrthjs b` tmj rjsjrvbhr rbol cs wjddcs whtm tmj prbpjrthjs b` tmj rjsjrvbhr `duhis. Cdd cutmbrsrjpbrt sugstcethcd heorjcsjs he WB_ s cs tmj bhd/wctjr vhs-obshty rcthb heorjcsji. Coourctj prjihothbes b` tmj cnbuetgy wmhom tmj WB_ ncy gj rjiuoji cs c rjsudt b` cey heh-thcd fcs scturcthbe hs c ncttjr `br dcgbrctbry ijtjrnhec-thbe br `br ocdoudcthbe `rbn `hjdi pjr`brnce oj ictc. Orc`t cei M cwlhes H7 stctj tmc t tmj tbtcd rjshiucdmyirbocrgb e scturcthbe whdd gj cgbut tmj scnj vcduj,wmjtmjr `br bhd br fcs, br c obnghecthbe b` bhd cei fcs.Ymhs vhjw hs ebt rhfhidy suppb rtji gy dcgbrctbry ictc guttmj vcduj ncy gj usji cs ce cpprbxhncthbe.He`dujeoj b` VjttcghdhtyHt mcs gjje smbwe tmct wjttcghdhty mcs ce he`dujeoj be tmjhetjrsththcd wctjr scturcthbe, WB_, ocphddcry prjssurj, rjdc-thvj pjrnjcghdhty, wctjr`dbb i pjr`brnceoj, cei tmjrjshsthvhty heijx b` bhd`hjdi obrjs. He smbrt, cey prbpjrtytmct hs he`dujeoji gy scturcthbe obeihthbes cei/br hetjr`c-ohcd rjdcthbesmhps cdsb whdd gj he`dujeoji gy wjttcghdhty.Ymhs heihoctjs tmj hnpbrtceoj b` cssurhef tmct cdd njcs-urjnjets b` suom prbpjrthjs crj ncij ueijr tmj obrrjotobeihthbes. Cey dcgbrctbry njcsurjnje ts tmct crj ncijueijr hnprbpjr wjttcghdhty obeihthbes whdd fhvj rjsudts tmctwhdd ih``jr tb c pbtjethcddy dcrfj ijf rjj `rbn tmj truj ncf-ehtuij b ` tmj prbpjrty cs ht jxhsts he tmj rjsjrvbhr. Ymjhnpbrtceoj b ` wjttcghdhty he rjsjrvbhr-rbol-`duhi gjmcvhbrmcs gjje heorjcshefdy jnpm cshzji he rjojet dhtjrcturj. -He nbst ocsjs, tmj dcgbrctbry ictc, jefhejjrhef ocdou-dcthbes, ce i `hjdi jxpjrhjeoj whdd heihoctj tm ct wctjr hsfjejrcddy nbrj j``hohjet tmce fcs he ihspdcohef bhd `rbnrjsjrvbhr rbols. Y mjrj crj twb prhncry rjcsbes `br tmhs1(3) tmj vhsobshty b` wctjr hs nuom ejcrjr tmct b` bhd tmcehs tmj vhsobshty b` fcs, ce i (7) tmj wctjr booup hjs tmj djssobeiuothvj pbrthbes b` tmj pbrj spcojs wmjrjcs tmj fcsboouphjs tm j nbrj obeiuothvj pbrthbes. Ymus, he wctjrihspdcojnjet, tmj bhd hs dj`t tb tmj ojetrcd cei nbrj obe-iuothvj p brthbes b` tmj pbrj omceejds. Ymhs ohrounstceojhs truj bedy `br rjsjrvbhr rbols tmc t crj prj`jrjethcddywctjr-wjt (myirbpmhdho), cs hs tmj ocsj `br nbst rjsjrvbhrrbols. Vmjrj tmj rbol hs prj`jrjethcddy bhd-wjt (myirbpmb -gho), tmj ihspdcohef wctjr whdd hevcij tmj nbrj obeiuo-thvj pbrthbes `hrst (aust cs tmj fcs ibjs), tmus rjsudthef hedbwjr ihspdcojnjet j``hohjeohjs. Mbw jvjr, tmj j``hohje-oy gy wctjr ihspdcojnjet sthdd jxojj is tmct gy fcs ihs-pdcojnjet gjocusj b ` tmj vhsobshty civ cetcfj. Ymhs j``joths coobuetji `br he ocphddcry-prjssurj cei rjdcthvj-pjrnjcghdhty njcsurjnje ts bedy h` tmj rbol scnpdjs hetmj dcgbrctbry jxmhght tmj scnj eungjr cei ijfrjj b`myirbpmhdho cei/br m yirbpmb gho qucdhthjs cs tmbsj tmct prj-vchd he tmj rjsjrvbhr. Vctjr`dbb i bhd-rjobvjry prjihothbestmct wjrj gcsji be obrj-cecdyshs ictc mcvj smbwe rjobv-jrhjs `rbn wctjr-wjt rbol tb jxojj i rjobvjrhjs `rbn bhd-wjt rbol gy cs nuom cs 3: % b` tmj brhfhecd bhd he pdcoj(BBH[). Cppcrjetdy, obrhef `duhis cei obrj-mceidheftjomehqujs oce ihsturg tmj ecthvj wjttcghdhty omcrcotjrhs-thos b` rjsjrvbhr rbol sur`cojs cei ncy rjeijr u eijpjei-cgdj tmj dcgbrctbry njcsurjnj ets tmct crj ncij be ceypcrthoudcr obrj. Mbwjvjr, c `jw obrhef `duhis, grhej hepcrthoudcr, mcvj gjje `buei eb t tb c``jot obrj wjttcghdhty,cei obrj mceidhef cei prjsjrvhef prboji urjs mcvj gjje


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VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-6

YCGDJ 99.3-J]CN[DJ_ B@ YMJ _YHDJ_ OCDOZDCYHBEl>

[jrnjcgtd H ty ctJei ;3 Frbup

> 3% lmNb (lm), lm(Jqd +(` %+ 3H P

>'(:='HV - (:3(8)

73;; 796:- 6.67:3007 907; 6.:?;306 3 0:7 : 6, 36:390 9 3.?08: 0, 6;:378 : H , 0?3: 0,78:3;=8 7, 900 ; :,08;

Cvjrcfj[jrnjcgd d d ty

b Frbup(ni) > (V7)(0)

77: ;38:;366:, :06

wctjrut(`rcodd be)>(0) 3(3;)

(33); ;?3; ;:6;3;0; 36;; 770; ?;9;938; :09

Wjobvjry Wjobvjryn ,` Qdd B)

>(?) +(37) >(3?)/ m,33?3 (39)?6 0 ;?3;97 9 ; ?9=90 8 od?=9:7 7 ; 97=:= : ; 9=;06 7 ;::366 ; ;0?3=0 0 ; 63;

Ocpcod d yT e Frbup(ni-H t)

(9)77:38:?::96;97;

lm , m/ d / h>(8Pd 6)

3373?0 0

lmN,b +w,- lm > ,0) + 8)33;3

6.867 :6.887 ;=.;76 :=.;69 :=.330:8.360 ;0.70: ;

("V)(:)77:97;66:

3.79:9; 997 89: 79= ::7 7:? ;9= 0

t 00: 39;;338;. 70;

?.3:;9.?;;:,0;;

80 8=7 30= ;:? ;

_B : ?,90: ; 9,0;;6: H 9,6?; ; ?,0:;0; : 0.770 ; 7.78;9: : 6,:00 ; 3.;6;?3 : =, 766 : 97:30? =,007 : 6:- ;.69: ; ;

=.?0; ;0.:30 ;0,0?0 ;0.6;7 :8,6?6 :

; 6?3 ?6 8 8: 8 ; 6=0; 060 7?.: , ;9: ; 0:63;8:3 3?: 333 : ;839

, 300 ; 8:08833 ;;;

90;; 377; 3 ;;;

3; 9: 0;b 7?3, ?; 9:; 3637 3: tb?; 393? btb 3: 3;

m. >377

H . 77;09:

0.00;6.:7:6.=6:6,8:;

?687: ;

6:?:;6:

o. >6,8:;8,69: ;

lN wb ~, d h b(~)~b. 7bb~~( , 3;;)>33;;.l rb `h g+ ; 0;; ; 8;

ijvjdbp ji tb prjsjrvj wjttcghdhty omc rcotjrhsthos iurhefstbrcfj cei dcgbrctbry tjsthef.[rjihothef Vctjr Heajothbe Bhd Wjobvjrycei [jr`brnceoj[rjihothbes b` ùturj bhd rjobvjry cei rjsjrvbhr pjr`brn-ceoj `br wctjr`dbb i cei wctjr heajothbe p rbajots prb vhijtmj gcshs `br tmj jobebnho jvcducthbe b` tmj prb`htcghdhtyb` prbpbsji prbajots. Ym jsj pjr`brnceoj cei rjobvjryprbajothbes smbudi g j ncij he su``hohjet ijtchd tb ij`hejtmj jobebnho vhcghdhty b` tmj prbajot. Ymhs ij`hehthbesmbudi gj ncij c`tjr obeshijrcthbe hs fhvje tb tmj hevjst-njet rjquhrjnjets, obst b` bpjrcthbes, prbajotji rjobv-jry, ce i tmj rjture tmct hs jxpj otji be tmj hevjstnjet.He sbnj o csjs, ce jsthnctj b` tmj udthnctj bhd rjobvjrytmct hs jxpj otji `rbn tmj bpjrcthbe ncy gj su``hohjet< he`cot, ht ncy gj tmj bedy jsthnctj pbsshgdj h` gcsho rjsjr-vbhr cei pcst prbiuothbe ictc crj dhnhtji br crj b` qujs-thbecgdj rjdhcghdhty. Mbw jvjr, he nbst ocsjs, ijtchdjiprbajothbes crj rjquhrji `br nclhef jobebn ho jvcducthbes.Ymjsj heoduij tmj prbajothbe b` ùturj wjdd rjquhrjnjetscei rjobnpdjthbes, heihvhiucd wjdd heajothbe cei prbiuo-hef rctjs, rjsjrvbhr cei heajothbe prj ssurjs, prbiuohefVBW s, cei bhd rjobvjry tmrbufmbut tmj obursj b` tmjprbajot. Ijtchdji prbajothbes rjquhrj obnpdjx prjihothvjnjtmb is cei obnpdj tj cei ijtchdji rjsjrvbhr ictc. Ht hstmj rjspbeshghdhty b` tmj rjsjrvbhr jefhejjr tb ombb sj tmjijtchd cei obnpdjxhty b` tmj pjr`brnce oj prbajothbes-`bddbwhef obeshijrcthbe b` tmj ncecfjnje t rjquhrjnjets,tmj obst b` ijvjdbphef tmj prbajothbes, cei tmj cnbuet ceirjdhcghdhty b` tmj gcsho rjsjrvbhr cei jobebnho ictc tmctcrj cvchdcgdj.

obeshijrcthbe b` cotucd `duhi nbghdhthjs rctmjr tmce ce cs-sunpthbe b` jqucd nbghdhty `br tmj ihspdcohef cei ihspdcoji`duhis. Vhtm tmhs jxojpthbe, tmj gcsho cssunpthbes ncijhe tmj ijvjdbpnj et b` gbtm tjomehqujs crj jssjethcddy tmjscnj.@br tmj ijsorhpthbe b` wctjr/bhd ihspdcojnjet hembnbfjejbus rjsjrvbhrs, twb njtmbis crj b` prhncry hn-pbrtceoj1 tm j Guoldjy-D jvjrjttB `rbetcd civceoj tmjjcei c sugsjqujet jxtjeshbe b` tmhs wbrl gy %Vjdfj.Ymjsj twb tjomehqujs prbvhij t mj ùeicnjetcd gcshs `brijsorhghef tmj wctjr/bhd ihspdcojnjet omcrcotjrhsthos b`c dhejcr rjsjrvbhr sjfnjet whtm mbnb fjejbu s prbpjrthjs.

_thdjs Ocdoudcthbe. He tmj _thdjs H8 njtmb i, tmj `bddbw-hef cssunpthbes crj ncij. Ym j rctj b` `dbbi civceoj hec dhejcr gji hs prbpbrthbecd tb tmj pjrnjcghdhty b` tmct gji.C`tjr grjcltmrbu fm, tmj wctjr/bhd prbi uothbe rctjs crjfbvjreji gy, rjspjothvjdy, tmj wctjr cei tmj bhd nbghdhtyrcthbs b` tmj gjis tmct prbiu oj tmj wctjr cei bhd he tmjbutput wjdd. Ymhs dcttjr pbhet hs jquhvcdjet tb tmj cssunp-thbe tmct tmj rctj b` `duhi nbvjnje t he jcom g ji hs prbpbr-thbecd tb tmj bhd nbghdhty h` grjcltmrb ufm mcs ebt boourrji,br prbpbrthbecd tb tmj wctjr pjrnjcghdhty h` grjcltmrb ufmmcs boourrji , cei tmct tmjrj hs eb orbss`dbw gjtwjje gjis.Ymj _thdjs njtmb i hevbdvjs c ocdoudcthbe prboji urj tmctfhvjs rjobvjry vcdujs `br c ueht b` tmj tbtcd rjsjrvbhr.

Ymj ictc ejjiji `br tmj ocdoudcthbes crj tmj heihvhiu-cd, njcsurji , pjrnjcghdhty vcdujs `br tmj rjsjrvbhr uehtgjhef obeshijrji, tmj wctjr/bhd nbghdhty rcthb, cei tmj bhd@P@ ct `dbbi obeihthbes. Ymj _thdjs ocdoudcthbes fhvj tmjvcdujs b` prbiu oji wctjrou t vs. bhd rjobvjry cs c `rco-thbe b` tmj tbtcd rjobvjrcgdj bhd. He prcothocd cppdhocthbes,tmj tbtcd rjobvjrcgdj bhd hs ijtjrnheji heijpjeijetdy, cstmj ih``jrjeoj gjtwjje tmj cnbuet b` bhd he tmj rjsjrvbhrct tmj stcrt b` tmj wctjr`dbbi cei tmj cnbuet b` bhd rj-nchehef c`tjr tmj `dbbi mcs gjje obnpdjtji (tb 3;;%wctjr out)< tmhs ih``jrjeoj hs tmje ciaustji gy ce crjc3obvjrcf j `cotbr `br tmj `dbbi ueht.@br obevjehjeoj he ocdoudcthef, tmj pjrnjcghdhty vcdujscrj crrcefji he c eunjrhocddy ijsojeihef sjqujeoj. H`tmjrj crj c frjct ncey vcdujs. tmjy ncy gj frbupji gypjrnjcghdhty rcefjs cei tmj tbtcd nhddhicroy-`bbt ocpcoh-ty cei `bbtcfj `br jcom rcefj hs obnputji. He tmj ocsjb` suom frbupj i vcdujs, ht hs prj`jrcgdj tb sjt tmj rcefjs

Ihspdcojnjet Ocdoudcthbe [rbojiurjsYmjrj crj c eungjr b` njtmb is prjsjetji he tmj dhtjrc-turj `br ocdoudcthef tmj pjr`brnce oj b` c wctjr`dbb i prba-jot. Ywb b` tmj jcrdy njtmbis tmct wjrj ijvjdbp ji `brcppdhocthbe he strcth`hji rjsjrvbhrs crj tmj _thdjs H8 ceiIylstrc-[crsbes. H: Ymj _thdjs njtmbi hs gcsji be tmj cs-sunpthbes tmct `duhi ihspdcojnjet boours he c phstbe-dhljnceejr, he c dhejcr gji b` c spjoh`ho pjrn jcghdhty, ceitmct tmj rctj b` civceoj b` tmj `dbbi `rbet hs prbpbrthbecdtb tmj pjrnjcghdhty b` tmj gji. Ymj I ylstrc-[crsbesnjtmb i `br prjihothef wctj r`dbbi pjr`brn ceoj heoduijs


8/52

99-= [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

.-=;tb9; H

HH

33 H H )37 : 3; 7; N9;:bN)6;=; w 8: 8= 8888.:[BWYHBE B` YBYCD _CN[DJ MCPHEF MHFMJW [JWNJCGHDHYX

@hf. 99.3-Dbf-ebrncd pjrnjcghdhty ihstrhguthbe.

sb tmct tmjrj whdd gj cpprbxhn ctjdy jqucd ocpcohthjs he tmjnhiidj pjrnjcghdhty rcefjs cei sbnj wmct sncddjr ocpco-hthjs he tmj mhfm cei dbw pjrnjcghdhty rcefjs.Pcdujs `br ounudcthvj ocpcohty cei ounudcthvj tmhol-ejss, cs wjdd cs tmj cvjrcfj pjrnjcghdhty `br jcom frbup,tmje crj ocdoudctji. Ymj `rcothbecd ounudcthvj ocpcohtyncy gj pdbttji vs. `rcothbecd oun udcthvj tmholejss< tmjrjsudt b` tmhs prbojiu rj hs rj`jrrji tb cs c ocpcohty-ihstrhguthbe ourvj. He tmj brhfhecd _thdjs njtmb i. tmj pjr-njcghdhty ictc crj pdbttji ct tmj nhipbhet vcdujs b ` ou-nudcthvj tmhol ejss, c snbb tm ourvj hs ircwe tm rbufm tm jpbhets. cei c ejw sjt b` pjrnjcghdhty vcdujs crj rjci cttmj tmholejss vcdujs tb gj usji he tmj hecd ocdoudcthbes.He tmj jquhvcdjet ocdoudcthbe njtmb i prjsjetji he tmhsomcptj r, tm j pdbtthef n cy gj jdhnhectji gjocusj tmjsnbbtmhef b` pjrnjcghdhty vcdujs hs coobn pdhsmji gy `br-wcri hetjrpbdcthbe gjtwjje suoojsshvj pjrnjcghdhtyvcdujs. Ym j ocdoudcthbe b` `rcothbecd ocpcohty cei tmhol-ejss cdsb ncy gj jdhnhectji h` tmj ocpcohty-ihstrhguthbeourvj hs ebt rjquhrji.

Ce jxcnp dj b` c wctjr-out rjobvjry ocdoudcthbe hssmbwe he Ycgdj 99.3, He tmct. tcgdj, tmj djttjrs m cei MH,he Obds. ? cei :, rjprjsjet ounudcthvj `bbt cei nhddhicroy-`bbt ocpcohty, rjspjothvjdy< m, cei (lm), , heObds. 7 cei9, rjprjsjet tmj obrrjspbeihef tbtcds< cei l, he Obd. 6,ijshfectjs tm j hetjrpbdctji cvjrcfj pjrnjcg hdhty he nhd-dhicrohjs. Ymj jqucthbes `br tmj `rcothbecd wctjr out ceirjobvjry, ct tmj thnj wmje m `jjt crj prbiuohef wctjr,crj cs `bddbws.

`,, > lmN,w, tmN,,,, + lm), -lmcei

E,,,D l-t (lm)r-lm , .m, l

wmjrj N,,, jqucds tmj wctjr/bhd nbghdhty rcthb nudthpdhjigy tmj @P@ b` tmj rjsjrvbhr bhd ct tmj thnj b` `dbbihef1

wmjrjl,,./l, > wctjr/bhd rjdcthvj pjrnjcghdhty rcthb,`hD,/p, > bhd/wctjr vhsobshty rcthb,

G > @P@,E

3 rjobvjry tb ijpdjthbe (cgceibenjet),> ocpcohty b` `dbwhef wctjr, cei

3 -lm > ocpcohty b` `dbwhef bhd.Ymj rjsudthef rjobvjry vs. wctjr-out ictc ncy gj usjics tmj stcrthef pbhet `br `urtmjr ocdoudcthbes he obeejothbewhtm tmj `dbbi ueht. @br jxcn pdj, h` tmj ueht hs c `hvj-spbthe c ijpdjtji `hjdi cei ce jsthnctj b` tmj fcs spcoj he tmjrjsjrvbhr hs cvchdcgdj, ocdoudcthbes b` tmj thnj gjmcvhbrb` tmj `dbbi n cy gj ncij `br ce cssunji heajothbe-rctjsomjiudj. Ym jsj ocdoudcthbes wbudi hevbdvj ijtjrnhecthbeb` tmj `hdd-up thnj ce i c sugsjqujet cppdhocthbe b` tmjwctjr-out rjobvjry ourvj sb cs tb ocdoudctj tmj bhd prb-iuothbe rctj vs. thnj.Cs ebtji prjvhbusdy, tmj _thdjs njtmbi fhvjs rjobvjryvs. wctjr-out ictc `br c mypbtm jthocd `dbbi ueht, he wmhomgrjcltmrb ufm hetb vcrhbus prbi uohef wjdds b` tmj uehtboours ct tmj scnj thnj. Y mj he`brncthbe obudi gj jx-pjotji tb cpprbxhnctj tmct `br tmj gjmcvhbr b` c `hvj-spbtpcttjre br tmct `br c frbup b` `hvj-spbts, prbvhiji ce cp-prbprhctj crjc3 obvjrcfj `cotbr hs cppdhji.

Iylstrc-[crsbes Ocdoudcthbe. Iylstrc cei [crsbes H:pjr`brnj i c sjrhjs b` dcgbrctbry wctjr`dbbihef tjsts be`hjdi obrj scnpdjs cei obeoduiji tmct bhd rjobvjry gywctjr`dbbihef hs c `ueothbe b` gbtm nbghdhty rcthb cei pjr-njcghdhty ihstrhguthbe, whtm tmj nbghdhty rcthb gjhef ij-`heji cs `bddbws.

N- lw [B , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9)[ H, lo,wmjrj l, hs tmj pjrnjcghdhty tb wctjr he tmj wctjr-obetcotji pbrthbes b` tmj rjsjrvbhrs, cei l, hs tmj pjr-njcghdhty tb bhd cmjci b` tmj wctjr`rbet (br nbghdhty b`swjpt tb ueswjpt rjfhbe).Be tmj gcshs b` tmj dcgbrctbry tjst rjsudts, cei ocdoudc-thbes nci j be c dcyjrji dhejcr n bijd he wmhom ht wcscssunji tmjrj wcs eb orbss`dbw, c obrrjdcthbe tmct rjdctjiwctjr`dbbi rjobvjry tb gbtm nbghdhty rcthb cei pjrnjc-ghdhty ihstrhguthbe wcs ijvjdbp ji. [jrnjcghdhty ihstrhgu-thbe wcs njcsurji gy tmj j``hohjeoy b` pjrnjcghdhtyvcrhcthbe JL, cs `bddbws.

l -l,JL>-, . . RRR R. :)lwmjrj l hs tmj njce pjrnjcghdhty cei l, hs tmj pjrnjc-ghdhty vcduj ct =9.3% b` tmj ounudcthvj scnpdj, cs smbwehe @hf. 99.3.9


9/52


L rwX bN>--l rb [ w

@hf. 99.7-[jrnjcghdhty vcrhcthbevs. nbghdhty rcthb, smbwhef hejsb` obestcet J,(d -_,) `br c prbiuohef VBW b` 3.

Ymj obrrjdcthbes ijvjdbp ji gy Iyls trc cei [crsbeswjrj `br VBWs b` 3, :, 7:, cei 3;;, whtm rjobvjry rj-dctji tb pjrnjcghdhty vcrhcthbe, hetjrsththcd wctjr scturc-thbe, WB_ , cei nbghdhty rcthb. Ymj gcsho jqucthbes usjihe ijvjdbphef tmj obrrjdcthbes wjrj gcsji be tmj `bddbw-hef cpprbcom.

Ct tmj gjfheehef b` heajothbe, tmj nbghdhty he c dcyjrhs ijtjrnheji gy tmj bhd cei fcs pmcsjs. Cs wctjr civceojshetb c dcyjr, tmj nbghdhty hs c obnp bshtj b` bhd, fcs, ceiwctjr nbghdhthjs< c`tjr hdd-up, tmj nbghdhty hs ijtjrnhejigy tmj rjdcthvj pjrnjcghdhty cei tmj vhsobshty rcthbs. Ymjvcryhef ecturj b ` tmj bvjrcdd nbghdhty rjsudts he c obe-theubusdy omcefhef heajothvhty. Ymhs njtmb i cssunjs tmcttmj pjrnjcghdhty ihstrhguthbe hs dbf-ebrncd.

Gy usj b` tmj dhejcr Icroy `dbw jqucthbe `br heobn-prjsshgdj `duhis, tmj `bddbwhef jqu cthbes `br obvjrcf jbr obe`brnceoj j` hohjeoy cei VBW wjrj ijvjdbpji1

cei Gro lhh>d

@,,.,,>h lhd>(ddM, )

A

0)

. . . ..R....................... 6)

@hf. 99.?-[jrnjcghdhty vcrhcthbe vs. nbghdhty rcthb, smbwhef dhejsb` obestcet JW(d -;.67._,,) `br c prbiuohef VBWb` :.

wmjrjJO >

@ NBe>l< >l, >N >

eGY

`rcothbecd o bvjrcf j br obe`brnceojj``hohjeoy,

VBW,eungjr b` dcyjrs,pjrnjcghdhty b` dcyjr,pjrnjcghdhty b` x dcyjr, br tmj dcyjr tmct

mcs aust gjje `dbbiji,nbghdhty rcthb, ceieungjr b` dcyjrs he wmhom w ctjr mcs

grblje tmrbufm (vcrhjs `rbn 3 tb e).Vmje tmj obvjrcfj cei @,, , crj lebwe, ht hs pbsshgdj tbprjihot bhd rjobvjry cei wctjr out cs c `ueothbe b` thnj,prbvhiji tmj heajothbe rctjs oce gj ijtjrnheji cijquctjdy .Yb ijvjdbp tmj rjdcthbesmhp gjtwjje tmj prbiuohefVB W cei obvjrcf j, br `rcothbecd bhd rjobvjry, tmj jquc-thbes nust gj sbdvji `br grjcltmrb ufm obeihthbes he jcomdcyjr b` tmj systjn, br ct djcst `br c sugstcethcd eungjrb` dcyjrs. Ymhs nj tmbi hs dcgbrhbu s `br mcei ocdoudcthbescei, he c dctjr pcpjr, Abmesb e77 prjsjetji c frcpmhocdtjomehquj `br cppdyhef tmj Iylstrc-[crsbes njtm bi tmctwcs gcsji be tmj pdbts smbwe he @hfs. 99.7 tmrbufm 99.:,wmjrj JW hs tmj `rcothbecd rjobvjry b` BH[ ct c fhvjeprbiuohef VBW. Ce jxcnpdj b` tmj nceejr he wmhomtmjsj pdbts wjrj usji he cppdyhef tm j Iylstrc-[crsbestjomehquj wcs prjsjetji gy Orchf.Gbtm tmj _thdjs cei tmj Iylstrc-[crsbes njtmbis wjrjijvjdbp ji `br dhejcr, phstbe-dhlj ihspdcojnjet he c strcth-`hji systjn, cei tmj rjsudts tmc t crj bgtcheji wmje cp-pdyhef tmjsj tjomehqujs nust gj hetjrprjtji whtmhe tmjobetjxt b` tmj dhnhtcthbes hnpbsji gy tmj gcsho cssunp-thbes. Mbwj vjr, tmj obeojpts jstcgdhsmji cs c rjsudt b`tmhs jcrdy w brl prbvhiji tmj gcshs `br c eungjr b` prjiho-thvj tjomehqujs tmct mcvj sheoj gjje ijvjdbpji .@rbetcd Civceoj Ocdoudcthbe. Ymj `rbetcd civceoj ocd-oudcthbe w cs ijrhvji `rbn tmj obeojpt b` `rcothbecd `dbwprjsjetji gy Djvjrjtt 7? he mhs odcssho 3893 pcpjr. Ymj`rcothbecd `dbw jqucthbe wcs ijvjdbp ji `rbn Icroys dcw`br wctjr cei bhd cei, he fjejrcdhzji `brn, ht hs cs `bddbws.


10/52

99-3; [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

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@hf. 99.9-[jrnjcghdhty vcrhcthbe vs. nbghdhty rcthb, smbwhef dhejsb` obestcet J,(d -;.:7._,,) `br c prbiuohef VBWb` 7:.

3 -(lb/p,q) cp,Q-fCp she ;5 . . . (=)w>

wmjrj` h t >

l l . >`rcothbe b` wctjr he tmj `dbwhef strjcn,j``jothvj `brncthbe pjrnjcghdhty tb tmj

spjoh`ho pmcsj, ll, cei ll,,,bhd vhsobshty,wctjr vhsobshty,`duhi vbdunjtrho `dbw rctj pjr ueht orbss-

sjothbecd crjc,[,. >

D>Cp >

ocphddcry prjssurj, p. -peihstceoj cdbef ihrjothbe b ` njcsurjnj et,ijeshty ih``jrjeoj gjtwjje wctjr cei bhd,

[DH [B5K>f>

cefdj b` `brncthbe ihp rj`jrjeoji tbmbrhzbetcd, cei

coojdjrcthbe ocusji gy frcvhty.He prcothocd uehts, tmj jqucthbe gjobn js

3 +;.;;3376D D.`w > OAt[b 7 -;.9?9C.p she ;)

wmjrj` h tl ol,,. >

C>93 >[,. >

Cp >c>-d>D>

, + ODH lo,~; lw

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. (8)`rcothbecd `dbw b` tmj ihspdcohef `duhi,j``jothvj pjrnjcghdhty tb bhd, ni,j``jothvj pjrnjcghdhty tb wctjr, niorbss-sjothbecd crjc b` `dbw, sq `t,tbtcd `dbw rctj, (qN.+qb), GHI,ocphddcry prjssurj, p. -p ,,,, psh,ijeshty ih``jrjeoj, f/on? , p,,, -pb,ihp cefdj, pbshthvj u pihp,pmcsj vhsobshty, op, ceiihstceoj. `t.

lrw[bN>- lrb[w@hf. 99.:-[jrnjcghdhty vcrhcthbe vs. nbghdhty rcthb, smbwhef dhejs

b` obestcet J,(d -;.9B_,,) `br c prbiuohef VBW b`3;;.

He tmj ocsj b` c wctjr i rhvj, ejfdjothef tmj j``jots b`tmj ocphddcry prjssurj frcihjet cei tmj ihp b` tmj rjsjr-vbhr, tmj tjrns i[,/cD cei fCp she `?gjobnj heshfeh`h-ocet. Ymj `rcothbecd `dbw jqucthbe tmje rjiuojs tb

3` w d+ l,/l,,,) p,,,/,u,) . . . (3;)

wmhom stctjs tmct tmj `rcothbe b` wctjr he tmj `dbw strjcnhs c ùeothbe b` tmj rjdcthvj-pjrnjcghdhty rjdcthbesmhps hewmhom p; cei O D, crj obestcet `br c fhvje rjsjrvbhr prjs-surj. _heoj l,/l, hs c ùeothbe b` scturcthbe, Guoldjy ceiDjvjrjtt7 ; ijrhvji tmj `bddbwhef `rbetcd-civceoj jquc-thbe be tmj gcshs b` rjdcthvj-pjrnjcghdhty obeojp ts.

s,~) . . . . . . 33)

wmjrj D > ihstceoj, `t,8, > tbtcd `dbw rctj, G/I,`$ > pbrbshty,C > orbss-sjothbecd crjc, sq `t, ceit > thnj, icys.

Ymhs stctjs tmct tmj ihstceoj c pdcej b` obestcet scturc-thbe (_,) civceojs hs ihrjotdy prbp brthbecd tb thnj ceitb tmj ijrhvcthvj (cÀc_,) ct tmct scturcthbe. Ymj vcdujb` tmj ijrhvcthvj ncy gj bgtcheji `br cey vcduj b` wctjrscturcthbe gy pdbtthef ` grbn Jq. 8 vs. _,,. cei frcpm h-ocddy tclhef tmj sdbpjs ct vcdujs b` _,,. @hf. 99.0 smbw sc pdbt b``,. vs. _,,, he ciihthbe tb tmj rjsudtcet i`,,,./i_,vs. _,. rjdcthbesmhps `br tmj _,, vs. l,/l,,, ictc ct c vhs-obshty rcthb b` wctjr tb bhd b` ;.:; (sjj Ycgdj 99.7).H` tmj i`,,di_, vcdujs `buei he @hf. 99.0 crj sugsthtutjihetb Jq. 33, tmj ihstceoj tmct c fhvje w ctjr-scturcthbepdcej br `rbet w hdd civceoj `br cey thnj ` oce gj ocdoudct-ji `br tmj lebwe tmrbufmput q he gcrrjds pjr icy, `rco-thbecd pbrbshty, cei orbss-sjothbecd crjc (he sq `t).


11/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ =. VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-33

@hf. 99.6 rjprjsjets tmj wctjr-scturcthbe prb`hdj br`rbetcd-civceoj ourvjs `br c gji tmct hs 3,?7; `t whij cei7; `t tmhol, cei mcs c pbrbshty b` 7;% cei c tmrbufmputb` 8;; G/I `br 0;. 37;, cei 79; icys whtm tmj `,,,,D?`,,,/& _,,.vs. _,,. rjdcthbesmhp smbwe he @hf. 99.0 Ymjourvjs smbw e he @hf. 99.6 crj omcrcotjrhsthocddy ibugdj-vcduji br trhpdj-vcduji. @br jxcnp dj, tmj wctjr scturc-thbe c`tjr 79; icys ct 9;; `t hs 7;, ?0 , cei 0;%. Ymj sctu-rcthbe oce mcvj bedy bej vcduj c t cey pdcoj cei thnj, ceitmj ih``houdty hs rjsbdvji gy irbpphef pjrpjeihoudcrs sbtmct tmj crjcs tb tmj rhfmt (C) jqucd tmj crjcs tb tmj dj`t (G).@hf. 99 .= rjprjsje ts tmj hehthcd wctjr cei bhd ihstrhgu-thbes he tmj jxcnp dj rjsjrvbhr cei cdsb tmj ihstrhguthbesc`tjr 79; icys. Ymj crjc tb tmj rhfmt hs tmj `dbbi `rbetbr bhd gcel, cei tmj crjc tb tmj dj`t hs tmj wctjr-hevcijizbej. Ymj crjc cgbvj tmj 79;-icy ourvj cei gjdbw tmj8;% wctjr-scturcthbe ourvj rjprjsjets bhd tmct ncy gj rj-obvjrji gy tmj ihspdcojnjet b` ciihthbecd vbdunjs b`wctjr tmrbufm tmj crjc. Ymj crjc cgbvj tmj 8;% wctjrscturcthbe ourvj rjprjsjets uerjobvjrcgdj bhd gjocusj tmjWB_ hs 3;%.Vjdfj Ocdoudcthbes. He 38:7 , Vj3 j* jxtjeiji tmjjcrdhjr wbrl b` Guoldjy cei ?;Djvjrjtt tb ijrhvj c shn-pdh`hji njtmbi `br ocdoudcthef `rcothbecd `dbw cei rjobv-jry pjr`brnceoj c`tjr wctjr grjcltmrbufm. Ymj gcshojqucthbes ijvjdbp ji gy Vjdfj crj cs `bddbws1

_,*,-_,,.* >wh`4,* (37)cei

wh>-, 3_wM

, . . . . . (3?)i_w s,3

wmjrj_, > cvjrcfj wc tjr scturcthbe. `rcothbe b` [P,_ w7 > wctjr scturcthbe ct tmj prbiuohef jei b`

tmj systjn,HP< > ounudcthvj [Ps b` wctjr heajotji,

`rcothbe, cei`;7 > `rcothbe b` bhd `dbwhef ct tmj prbiuohef jei

b` tmj systjn.Ce jxcnpdj b` tmj usj b` tmj Vjdfj tjomehquj `br ocd-oudcthef wctjr`dbbi ihspdcojnjet pjr`brnceoj wcsprjsjetji gy Orchf. 9 Gcsho ictc usji he tmj jxcnpdj ocd-oudcthbe crj cvjrcfj pjrnjcghdhty, :; ni< pbrbshty, 7;%


12/52


YCGDJ 99.?--WJDCYHPJ [JWNJCGHDHYXOMCWCOYJWH_YHO_

Vctjr _cturcthbe, Wjdcthvj [jrnjcghdhty(`rc%be)

Bhd, l(`rcothibe) ~`Qrthbe~

;.3; 3.;;; ;.;;;;.?; ;.?6? ;.;6;;.9; ;.73; ;.308;.9: ;.39= ;.770;.:; ;.3;; ;.?;;;.:: ;.;03 ;.?60;.0; ;.;?? ;.960;.0: ;.;37 ;.0;;;.6; ;.;;; ;.69;

Ymj `rcothbecd `dbw ourvj `rbn tmhs ocdoudcthbe hs smbwehe @hf. 99.8. @br wctjr grjcltmrbufm, tmj tcefjet tb tmj`rcothbecd `dbw ourvj `rbn tmj pbhet b` hrrjiuohgdj wctjrscturcthbe ij`hejs (3) _ ,,., tmj cvjrcfj wctjr scturcthbegjmhei tmj `rbet, (7) _,,.z. tmj wctjr scturcthbe ct tmjprbiuohef jei b` tmj systjn, cei (?)`,., tmj `rcothbecd`dbw b` wctjr ct tmj ibwestrjcn jei b` tmj systjn.s,, > ;.:0? [P,

_. ,GY > cvjrcfj wctjr scturcthbe ct wctjrgrjcltmrbufm, % [P,

_,,.,< > wctjr scturcthbe ct upstrjcn jei b` tmjstcghdhzji zbe j, % [P,

_,,.z > ;.908 [P, cei`ro* > ;.68=.

@rbn tmj `rcothbecd `dbw ourvj, i`,di_,, hs ijtjrnheji`br wctjr scturcthbes tmct crj mhfmjr tmce _,,.2 ct wctjr

8

; H B 7; ?; 9; :; 0; 6;_, . VCYJW _CYZWCYH BE, % [P

@hf. 99.8-@rcothbecd `dbw ourvj, jxcnpdj prbgdjn.

YCGDJ 99.9-@WCOYHBECD @DBV ICYCVctjr _cturcthbe,

(;,1 g)@rcothbecd @dbw b` Vctjr,

`&v3; ;.;;;;?; ;.76789; ;.030=9: ;.6:??:; ;.=:63:: ;.87:;0; ;.800:0: ;.88;36; 3 bbbb

grjcltmrb ufm obeihthbes, cei tmj i`,,./i_,,. vs. _, ourvjhs ijvjdbpji, cs smbwe gy @hf. 99.3;. @rbn Jq. 3?, Vhhs ocdoudctji `br heorjcshef vcdujs b` _,,z cei`,,z cei obr--rjspbeinf vcdujs b` _V7 crj ocdoudctji `rbn Jq . 37.Ymj rjsudts `br tmj ocdoudcthbes b` tmj jxcnp dj prbg-djn crj smbwe he Ycgdj 99.:.Crjcd _wjjp cei [cttjre J``lhjeoyYmj prjvhbus ihsousshbe ijcdt whtm `ueicnjetcd tjomehqujs`br ij`hehef wctjr/bhd i hspdcojnjet omcrcotjrhsthos he dhejcrrjsjrvbhr sjfnjets he strcth`hji rjsjrv bhrs cei hembnbfjejbus rjsjrvbhr rbol systjns. Mbwjvjr, `rbn cprcothocd stceipbhet, c trudy dhejcr ihspdcojnjet hs ejvjrusji he wctjr`dbbi bpjrcthbes. He prcothoj, wctjr hs he-ajotji hetb sbnj wjdds cei bhd cei wctjr crj prbiuoji `rbnbtmjrs, cei b`tje pbrthbes b` tmj rjsjrvbhr crj ejvjr obe-tcotji gy tmj heajotji wctjr. Ymjrj`brj. ht hs ejojsscrytb obeshijr tmj crjc3 swjj p j``hohjeoy sb cs tb nclj jsth-

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@hf. 99.3;-[dbt b` i`,/i_, jxcnpdj prbgdjn.


13/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-3?

YCGDJ 99.:-VCYJW@DBBI IH_[DCOJNJEY [JW@BWNCEOJ(Jxcnpdj [rbgdjn)

`sJxht-&i

Jxh%i _@dbwhef _trjcn i`,/i_,, Cvj


14/52


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@hf. 99.33O-Ymj `hvj-spbt wjdd ejtwbrl. Icsmji sjfnjet rjp- @hf. 99.33I-Ymj sjvje-spbt wjdd ejtwbrl. Icsmji sjfnjetrjsjets gcsho synnjtry jdjnjet. rjprjsjets gcsho synnjtry jdjnjet.

pcohty b` tmj vcrhbus pc ttjre ejtwbrls. Cs jcrdy cs 38?9 ,Nuslct cei Vyolb``7= prjsjetji c tmjbrjthocd njces b`wjdds cei c hs tmj ih``jrjeoj gjtwjje ciacojet wjdds hec shefdj rbw. Ymj frcpm smbws c ourvj `br gbtm ihrjot

ocdoudcthef crjc3 swjjp j``hohjeoy `br gcsho dbbi pcttjres. dhejirhvj cei stcffjrji dhejirhvj pcttjres whtm i/u vcdujs@hf. 99.3? hs tclje `rbn tmj hr jcrdy wb rl cei ht smbw s `rbn ;.9: tb 9.;. Jvje tmbu fm tmj cgsbdutj vcdujs b` pct-tmj vcrhcthbe he ocdoudctji stjciy-stctj mbnbfjejbus-`duhi tjre j``hohjeoy prjsjetji he tmhs hddustrcthbe cppdy tb c shn-swjjp j``hohjeohjs `br dhejirhvj e jtwbrls whtm ih``jrjet pdh`hji systjn, tmjrj crj twb obeodushbes tmct oce gj ircwevcdujs b` i/u, wmjrj i hs tmj ihstceoj gjtwjje rbws b` `rbn tmj he`brncthbe1 (3) ct grjcltmrbufm, tmj stcffjrji

t--*--t--*---+--*--t--*--YH H H H H

h b h b h b h b h

@hf. 99.3 dJ-Ehej-spbt heajothbe systjn smbwhef tmj rjsjrvbhrjdjnjet rjprjsjetji gy tmj nbijd.

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@hf. 99.37-Yyphocd rceibn `dbbi ejtwbrl


15/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_

;9 /H/;7,

;3 H H H H H H H H; ;9 ;= 3.7 3.0 7.; 79 7= ?7 ?0 9;

@hf. 99.3?-Ymj vcrhcthbe b` tmj ocdoudctji stjciy-stctj,mbnbfjejbus-`duhi swjjp j``hohjeohjs b` dhej-irhvjejtwbrls whtm i/c > ihstceoj gjtwjje tmj heajothbecei prbiuohef dhejs/(wjdd spcohef whtmhe tmj dhejs).H > ihrjot dhej irhvj cei HH > stcffjrji dhej irhvj.

dhej irhvj whdd cdwcys rjsudt he c frjctjr pcttjre j``hohje-oy tmce tmj ihrjot dhej irhvj rjfcridjss b` tmj vcduj b` i/u,cei (7) tmj heorjcsj he pcttjre j``hohjeoy hs rctmjr heshf-eh`hocet `br i/u vcdujs tmct crj frjctjr tmce 7.9.Nuslct prjsjets stjciy-stctj jqucthbes `br obnputhefgrjcltmrbufm thnj cei grjcltmrbufm swjjp j``hohjeoy `brtmj sjvjrcd wctjr`dbbihef ejtwbrls. Ymj eunjrhocd vcdujsb` tmjsj hijcdhzji `dbw ocpcohthjs cei swjjp j``hohjeohjscrj tmj rjsudt b` obnp djx p rjssurj ihstrhguthbes whtmhe tmj`dbbi pcttjre. Cs tmj `dbbi `rbet civceojs tmrbufm tmj pct-tjre, tmj hsbpbtjethcd dhejs, wmho m obetrbd tmj strjcndhejscei prjssurj frcihjets, crj obestcetdy omcefhef. Mbw-jvjr, `br tmj spjohcd ocsj b` c nbghdhty rcthb b` bej, hths pbsshgdj tb prjihot tmj prjssurj ihstrhguthbe cei strjcn-dhejs b` c fhvje pcttjre gy rjcsbecgdy shnpdj cecdythocd

:0

:::9:?:7:3:;989=96

@hf. 99.39-Ymj stjciy-stctj, mbnbfjejbus-`duhi jquhprjssurj @hf. 99.30-Ymj stjciy-stctj, mbnbfjejbus-`duhi jquhprjssurjobetburs cei strjcndhejs He c Hwb-wjdd jdjnjet b` obetburs cei strjcndhejs he c qucircet b` c hvj-spbtc ihrjot-dhej-irhvj ejtwbrl. Eungjrs rjprjsjet pjr- ejtwbrl jdjnjet. Eungjrs rjprjsjet pjrojetcfjsojetcfjs b` tmj tbtcd prjssurj irbp. b` tmj tbtcd prjssurj irbp.

?= ?0 ?9?77= ;7:?;?? ?: ?6

@hf. 99.3:-Ymj stjciy-stctj, mbnbfjejbus-`duhi jquhprjssurjobetburs cei strjcndhejs he c twb-wjdd jdjnjet b`c stcffjrji-dhej-irhvj ejtwbrl. Eungjrs rjprjsjetpjrojetcfjs b` tmj tbtcd prjssurj irbp.


16/52


@hf. 99.36-Ymj stjciy-stctj, mbnbfjejbus-`duhi jquhprjssurjobetburs cei strjcndhejs he c sjfnjet b` c sjvje-spbt-ejtwbrl jdjnjet. Eungjrs rjprjsjet pjroje-tcfjs b` tmj tbtcd prjssurj irbp.

tjomehqujs. @hfs. 99.39 tmrbufm 99.36 crj tclje `rbn ht hs jcsy tb ijtjrnhej tmj `duhi hetjr`coj pbshthbe ct ceyNuslct cei Vyolb``z= cei rjprjsjet stjciy-stctj thnj iurhef tmj `dbbi gy ushef tmj njtmb is ijso rhgji gyhsbpbtjethcd obetburs cei strjcndhejs `br systjns whtm Orc`t cei Mcwlhes. H7 He tmj pcrthoudcr ocsj cecdyzji `brmbnb fjejbu s `duhis tmct mcvj ihrjot dhejirhvj, stcffjrji c thvj-spbt pcttjre cei c nbghdhty rcthb b` 3 B, ijphotjidhejirhvj, `hvj-spbt, cei sjvje-spbt ejtwbrls, rjspjothvj- gy @hf. 99.3= , tm j ocdoudctji grjcltmrb ufm swjj p j``h-dy. Vmje tmj hsbpbtjethcd dhejs cei strjcndhejs crj lebwe, ohjeoy hs 67 %. Ymhs obrrjspbeis tb c vcduj b` 6 3.: % tmct

,. - . -- . .

:7

:9:::0:6:=7107 :006;=;

@hf. 99.3=-[btjethbnjtrho nbijd stuiy b` tmj `hvj-spbt ejtwbrl,smbwhef tmj hsbpbtjethcd dhejs, tmj `dbw dhejs, ceitwb `dbbi `rbets.

@hf. 99.38-@dbbi gjtwjje cdtjrectj dhejs b` heput cei butputwjdds

@hf. 99.7;-@dbbi he `hvj-spbt crrcy.


17/52


@hf. 99.73-@dbbi he hevjrtji sjvje-spbt crrcy

wcs obnputji gy Nuslct cs tmj stjciy-stctj grjcltmrbufmswjjp j``hohjeoy `br tmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre ct c nbghdhtyrcthb b` 3.;.Cecdbf N jtmbis `br Hev jsthfcth ef C rjc3 _w jjp J``h-ohjeoy. _jvjrcd typjs b` cecdbf nbijds mcvj gjje usjihe tmj pjtrbdjun heiustry tb stuiy tmj smcpj b` heajothbe-`duhi `rbets cei tb jvcductj crjcd swjjp j``hohjeohjs. Cddtmj nbijds ijpjei be tmj cecdbfy gjtwjje Icroys dcwcei Bmns dcw `br c obeiuothvj njihun tmct hs socdjitb rjprjsjet tmj rjsjrvbhr fjbn jtry. Bej b` tmj jcrdhjstb` tmjsj cecdbVyolb`` jt cd. :8s hs ce jdjotrbdytho nbijd i jshfeji gyHts bpjrcthbe hs gcsji be tmj nbvjnjetb` obpp jr cnnbehun cei zheo cnnbehun hbes he c njih-un suom cs gdbtthef pcpj r br fjdcthe. @hfs. 99. H8 tmrbufm99.77 crj pmbtb frcpmho mhstbrhjs b` vcrhbus pcttjre `dbbisueijr stjciy-stctj, mbn bfjejbus-`duhi `dbw obeihthbes,cs bgtcheji gy ushef c gdbttjr-typj jdjotrbdytho nbijd. @hf.99.7? smbws tmj scnj typj b` pmbtbfrcpmho mhstbry gutht rjprjsjets ce hrrjfudcr wjdd ejtwbrl cei wc s bgtchejiwhtm tmj fjdcthe typ j b` jdjotrbdytho nbijd. ?bYmj pbtjethbnjtrho nbijd wcs hetrbiuoji tb tmj heius-try he 38?8 gy _wjcrhefje? cs c njtmb i `br stuiyhefswjjp j``hohjeoy he fcs-oyodhef bpjrcthbes< tmj nbijd mcsgjje `urtmj r rj`heji `br wctjr`dbb i stuihjs gy Murst ceiNoOcrty ?7 cei Djj?? Ymj pbtjethbnjtrho nbijd hs gcsjibe tmj scnj gcsho prheohpdj cs tmj jdjotrbdytho nbijd jx-ojpt tmct jdjotrbe `dbw, rctmjr tmce hbeho `dbw, hsnjcsurji.[brbus Wjsjrvbh r N bijds. Ymj cpprbcom p rjsjetji gy

_dbgbi cei OcuidjN hs cebtmjr tmct mcs gjje usji gy tmjpjtrbdjun heiustry `br stuiyhef crjcd pcttjre j``hohjeoy


18/52

deput>?;.=% b` Crjc3 mput > =7 b` Crjc7

Heput 3?; b` Crjc?

Obnpbshtj @dbbi:

Heput 38:% b` Crjc9

@hf. 99.7?-Ymj pmbtbfrcpmho mhstbry b` tmj heajothbe-`duhi `rbetshe ce heajothbe prbajot b` dhnhtji crjc cei whtm cehrrjfudcr wjdd ihstrhguthbe, ueijr stjciy-stctj,mbnbfjejbus-`duhi-`dbw obeihthbes cs bgtcheji whtmc fjdcthe jdjotrbdytho nbijd. Ibugdj ohrodjs heihoctjheajothbe wjdds.

@hf. 99.79-Yyphocd rcihbfrcpm smbwhef crjcd swjjpbut j``hohje-oy `br tmj `hvj-spbt wjdd spcohef. Nbghdhty rcthb > 3.

[JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

; HEAJOYHBE VJDD. [WBIZOYHBE VJDDt, JSZCD-YHNJ DHEJ

@hf. 99.7:-Yyphocd `dbbi pcttjre rjsudthef `rbn `hjdi stuiy.

pdcohef `duhi hs tmj scnj cs tmct b` tmj ihspdcoji pmcsj .Mbw jvjr, ht hs wjdd lebwe tmct hsbpbtjethcd dhejs omcefjobestcetdy iurhef n bst heajothbe bpjrcthbe s. Obesjqujet-dy, tmj cotucd pcttjre j``hohjeoy tmct whdd rjsudt he tmj rjsjr-vbhr oce gj quhtj ih``jrjet `rbn tmct heihoctji gy cshnpdh`hji cecdyshs tm ct cssunjs c nbghdhty rcthb b` 3.Ymj nbghdhty rcthb hs prbgcgdy tmj nbst hnpbrtcet `co-tbr hevbdvji he ijtjrnhehef pcttjre j``hohjeoy. Jvjetmbufm tmj njtmbis prjvhbusdy ohtji wjrj gcsji be tmjcssunpthbe b` c nbghdhty rcthb b` uehty, ht ibjs ebt njcetmct tmjy crj ebt b` prcothocd usj, cei tmj rjsudthef he`br-ncthbe m cs sjrvji cs c gcshs `br `urtmjr jxpjrhnjetcd he-vjsthfcthbes b` ojrtche fjbnj trhocd om crcotjrhsthos tmctobnj hetb pdcy iurhef wctjr`dbbi bpjrcthbes.

Cdtmbufm tmj jcrdy cecdbf nbijds tmct wjrj usji `brstuiyhef pcttjre j``hohjeoy ihi ebt tclj hetb obeshijrc-thbe tmj nbghdhty-rcthb j``jots, dctjr hevjsthfcthbes mcvjncij usj b` hefjehbus hijcs tb ohrounvjet tmhs rjstrho-thbe. Gurtbe cei Orcw`bri?0 ijsorhgji ce jdjotrbdythonbijd tmct mcs gjje usji tb jsthnctj `dbbi obvjrcfj gynbghdhty rcthbs b` ;.:,;.=:, 3.7, cei ?. He tmct wbrl, tm j


19/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ =. VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-3s

HEAJOYHBE VJDD[WBIZOYHBE VJDDJSZCD-YHNJ DhEJ

@hf. 99.70-Yyphocd `dbbi pcttjre rjsudthef `rbn `hjdi stuiy.

ciaustnjet `br nbghdhty rcthbs wcs coobnp dhsmji tmrbufmtmj usj b` njtcddho obn pdjx cnnbehun hbes btmjr tmcetmj obppjr cei zheo obnpbu eis usji gy Vyolb`` jt cd. 78Crbeb`sly ?6 mcs gjje cgdj tb heoduij nbghdhty rcthbsbtmjr tmce uehty he c spjohcd ci c[ tcthbe b` tmj pbtjethb-njtrho n bijd. Ebgdjs cei Acezje = mcvj prjsjetji c vcr-hcthbe b` tmj pbtjethbnjtrho nbijd gy rjpdcohef tmj dhquhiwhtm c systjn b` hetjrobeejothef rjshstbrs< gy omcefheftmj vcdujs b` tmjsj rjshstbrs, tmjy wjrj cgdj tb hetrbiuojnbghdhty-rcthb j``jots.Ymj nbst dbfhocd n bijd w htm wmhom tb stuiy nbghdhty-rcthb j``jots hs c pbrbus nbijd, br, spjoh`hocddy, c pbrbusnbijd tmct usjs ]-rcy smc ibw frcpm tjomehqujs. He tmhstypj b` cecdyshs, tmj heajothbe cei ihspdcoji p mcsjs ncygj sjdjotji sb tmct cdnbst cey nbghdhty rcthb oce gj `hxjihe tmj rjsjrvb hr nbijd. Jxpjrhnje tcd stuihjs gy _dbgbicei Ocuidj?9 tclj civcetcfj b` tmhs `jcturj b` tmj ]-rcysmcib wfrc pm tjomehquj, sb tmct dhquhis b` ih``jrjet vhs-obshthjs oce gj usji cs tmj ihspdcoji cei ihspdcohef pmcsjscei tmj j``jot b` nbghdhty rcthbs oce gj jvcductji. Ymjhrbrhfhecd wbrl mcs gjje jxtjeiji gy Ocuidj jt c d . ?y @hf.

WJOH[WBOCD B@NBGHDHYX WCYHB ~7.7

WJOH[WBOCD B@

/WJOH[WBOCD B@NBGHDHYXWCYHB>B.G

@hf. 99.76-Crjcd swjjpbut pcttjres, `hvj-spbt wjdd spcohef.

WJOH[WBOC D B@ NBGHDHYX WCYHB

@hf. 99.7=-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy vs. rjohprbocd b` nbghdhtyrcthb `br tmj `hvj-spbt wjdd spcohef.

99.76 hs ce ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm tmct smbws tmj j``jots b`tmj rjohprbocd b` nbghdhty rcthb be swjjp j``hohjeoy ctgrjcltmrb ufm `br tmrjj ih``jrjet rjohprbocds b` nbghdhtyrcthbs. @hf. 99 .7= hs c pdbt b` tmj rjohprbocd nbghdhty rc-thb vs. `hvj-spbt pcttjre swjjpb ut j``hohjeoy ct grjcl-tmrbufm . Ht hs cppcrjet `rbn tmjsj hddustrcthbes tmct tmjrjhs dhttdj omcefj he grjcltmrb ufm j``hohjeoy `br rjohprbocdnbghdhty rcthbs tmct crj frjctjr tmce 6.He mhs nbebfrcpm, Orchf9 mcs sunncrhzji tmj crjc3swjjp j``hohjeoy stuihjs tmct mcvj gjje prjsjetji he tmjdhtjrcturj `br vcrhbus `dbbihef pcttjres. Ymjsj sunncrhjscrj dhstji he Ycgdjs 99.0 tmrbufm 99.37.@hf. 9 9.78 hs c pdbt b` tmj crjc3 swjjp j``hohjeohjs ctgrjcltmrb ufm tmct wjrj ijvjdbp ji cs c `ueothbe b` nb-ghdhty rcthb gy tmj vcrhbus hevjsthfcthbes rj`jrjeoji he Yc-gdj 99.6. Cs heihoctji, tmjrj hs fbbi cfrjjn jet he tmjrjfhbe gjdbw c nbghdhty rcthb b` 3 B< mbwj vjr, obeshijr-cgdj ijvhcthbe jxhsts ct mhfmjr n bghdhty rcthbs. Orc hf9pbhets but tmct pbtjethbnjtrho nbijd ictc bgtcheji `br mhfmnbghdhty rcthbs ncy yhjdi mhfm swjjp j``hohjeoy vcdujscei tmct nhsohgdj ihspdcojnjet njtmb is ncy fhvj dbw rj-


20/52

99-7; [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

YCGDJ 99.0-CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-DHEJIWHPJ [CYYJWE_

Ictj Cutmbr(s) Njtmbi38?? Vyolb`` jt c/. jdjotrbdytho nbijd38?9 Nuslct cei Vyolb`` jdjotrbdytho nbijd38:7 Crbeb`sly eunjrhocd ceipbtjethbnjtrho nbijd38:7 _dbgbi cei Ocuidj ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushef

nhsohgdj `duhis38:9 Iyjs jt cd. * ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushef

nhsohgdj `duhis38:: Omjjl cei Njezhj `duhi ncppjr38:0 [rcts eunjrhocd cpprbcom38:0 Gurtbe cei Orcw`bri fjdcthe nbijd

Dhej Irhvjihrjotihrjot

stcffjrjiihrjotihrjotihrjot

stcffjrjiihrjot

stcffjrjiihrjot

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;.: tb 9.;;.: tb 9.;

3.:3.:3 b3 b7.;

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;.3. 3.;. 3;;.3 tb 3;;.3 tb 36

;.;9 tb 33.;3.;

;.: tb ?.; C tjr - grjcltmrbufm pjrd brnceoj cd sb prjsjetji H tmjsj rj` jrjeojs

YCGDJ 99.6-CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-IJPJDB[JI @HPJ-_[BY

Ictj Cutmbr(s) Njtmbi38?? Vyolb`` jt c. jdjotrbdytho nbijd38?9 Nuslct cei Vyolb`` jdjotrbdytho nbijd38:3 @cy cei [rcts eunjrhocd38:7 _dbgbi cei Ocuidj ]-rcv smcibwbrcpm ushef38:? Murst38:9 Iyjs jt cd . *38:: Orchf jt cd. 38:: Omjjl cei Njezhj38:0 Crbeb`sly cei Wcnjy38:= Ebgdjs cei Acezje380; Mcgjrncee3803 Grcidjy jt cd.

C tjr - g jcltmrbufm pjr` brnceoj cd sb , , rj jetji , e tmjsj r j`jrjeojs

nhsohgdj-`duhis -eunjrhocd

]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushefnhsohgdj `duhis

]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushefhnnhsohgdj `duhis

`duhi ncppjrpbtjethbnjtrho nbijd

rjshstceoj ejtwbrl`duhi `dbw nbijd ushef

iyji `duhispbtjethbnjtrho nbijd

ushef obeiuothvj odbtm

NbghdhtvWcthb3.;3.;9.;

;.3 tb 3;3.;

;.0 tb 3;;.30 tb :.;;.;9 tb 3;.;

3; tb 3;.;;.3 tb 0.;

;.;?6 tb 3?; 90;.7: tb 9 96

Wj`jrjeoj787=9??9999;9:93?6?=

Wj`jrjeoj787=

?6?99;9397?0

YCGDJ 99.0-CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-EBWNCDCEI HEPJWYJI @HPJ-_[BY [HDBY

NbghdhtyIctj Cutmbr(s) Njtmbi Yypj Wcthb38:= [cudsjdd * `duhi ncppjr hevjrtji ;.?38

3.;7.;3

38:8 Nbss jt cd. pbtjethbnjtrho hevjrtji380; Ocuidj cei Dbeocrho ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ebrncd ;.3 tbn3;.;3807 Ejhdsbe cei @dbol rbol `dbw nbijd hevjrtji ;.97?

Crjcd _wjjpJ``hohjeoy ctGrjcltmrbufm

(V Wj`jrjeoj336.; 9=3;:.;88.;87.; 98t :;33;.; :3

h Ebtj gcsj crjc>c . wmjrj c H _ tmj ihstceoj gjtwjje ciwjet prbiuoh ef wjd d s)C tjr . grjcltmrcufm pjr` brnceoj cd sb prjsjetji e tmjsj rjd jrjeojs

Ijpjeis be rct d bb` , , jot, be ctj tb prbiwef rctj.

suhts gjocusj b` nhxhef. Cs c rjsudt, mj obeoduiji tmcttmj nbst prbgcgdj vcduj b` swjj p j``hohjeoy ct mhfm nb-ghdhty rcthbs `br tmj hvj-spbt pcttjre hs rjprjsjetji gy tmjsbdhi dhej b` @hf. 99.78. Grjcl tmrbuf m swjjp j``hohjeohjsbgtcheji dctjr, `rbn hevjsthfcthbes whtm eunjrhocdnjtmbis obeiuotji he 3868 gy Ncrthe cei Vjfejr,s0 crjhe cfrjjnje t whtm tmhs obeodushbe.Ymjrj crj hesu` hohjet ictc `br pcttjres b tmjr tmce tmj`hvj-spbt tb cddbw c obnpcrhsbe b` tmj rjsudts bgtchejigy vcrhbus hevjsthfctbrs1 mbwj vjr, tm j obrrjdcthbes smbwe

he @hfs. 99.?; tmrbufm 99.9= crj stceicris he tmj heius-try `br ijtjrnhehef crjcd swjjp j` hohjeoy rjdcthbesmhps`br tmj ebrncd pcttjres. He tmjsj `hfurjs,Pi > ihspdcojcgdj [Ps heajotji. `rcothbe,`, > `rcothbe b ` tbtcd `dbw obnhef `rbn tmj

swjpt pbrthbe b` tmj pcttjre,`ao,d, > obrejr wjdd prbiuohef wctjr out, cei`a,r,d, > shij wjdd prbiuohef wctjr out.


21/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ =. VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-73

YCGDJ 99.8-CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-IJPJDB[JIEBWNCD _JPJE-_[BY [CYYJWE

NbghdhtyIctj Cutmbr(s) Njtmbi Wcthb38?? Vyolb`` jt cd. jdjotrbdytho nbijd 3.;38?9 Nuslct cei Vyolb`` jdjotrbdytho nbijd 3.;38:0 Gurtbe cei Orcw`bri* fjdcthe nbijd ;.??

;.=:7.;

38=3 Fuoljrt ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushef ;.7:nhsohgdj `duhis ;.??

;.:3.;7.;?.;9.;

C tjr - grjcltmrbufm pjr` brnceoj cd sb prjsjetji H tmjsj rj` jrjeojs

Crjcd _wjjpJ``hohjeoy ctGrjcltmrbufm

V) Wj`jrjeoj=7.; 7869.; 7==; : ?066.;69.:

==.3 tb ==.7 :7==.9 tb ==.0=;.? tb =;.:67.= tb 6?.00=.3 tb 08.:00.; tb 06.?09.; tb 09.0

YCGDJ 99.3;-CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-IJPJDB[JI HEPJWYJI (_HEFDJHEAJOYHBE VJDD) _JPJE-_[BY [CYYJWE

Ictj Cutmbr(s)38?? Vyolb`` jt cd.

Njtmbijdjotrbdytho nbijd

Wcthb*3.;

Crjcd _wjjpJ``hohjeoy ctGrjcltmrbucm

( ) -=7.7

Wj`jrjeoj78

38:0 Gurtbe cei Orcw`bri fjdcthe nbijd ;.: 66.; ?03.? 60.;7.: 6:.;

3803 Fuoljrt* ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushef ;.7: =6.6 tb =8.; :7nhsohgdj `duhis ;.?? =9.; tb =9.6

;.:; 68.; tb =;.:3.; 67.= tb 6?.67.; 0=.= tb 08.;?.; 00.? tb 06.79.; 0?.; tb 0?.0

C tjr - grjcltmrbufm pjr` brnceoj cd sb prjsjetji n tmjsj rj`jrjeojs

YCGDJ 99.33 -CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-IJPJDB[JI EBWNCD EHEJ-_[BY [CYYJWE

NbghdhtyIctj Cutmbr Njtmbi Wcthb Wj`jrjeoj38?8- Lruttjr Jdjotrbdytho3803 Fuoljrt nbijt 3.; :?

]-rcysmcibwfrcpmushef nhsohgdj`duhis 3.; cei 7.; :7

C tjr grjcltmrbufm pjr` brnceoj cd sb prjsjetji n tmh s rj` jrjeoj

YCGDJ 99.37-CWJCD _VJJ[ J@@HOHJEOX _YZIHJ_-HEPJWYJI(_HEFDJ HEAJOYHBE VJDD) EHEJ-_[BY [CYYJWE

Ictj Cutmbr Njtmbi3809 Lhngdjr jt cd. ]-rcy smcibwfrcpm ushef nhsohgdj `duhis3809 Vctsbe jt cd. `duhi `dbw nbijd ushef iyji `duhi C d jr- grjcltmrbufm pjr` brnceoj cd sb prjsjetji h e tmjsj rj` jrjeojs

NbghdhtyWcthb Wj`jrjeoj

;.3 tb 3;.; 7:;.3 tb 3;.; :9


22/52


[CYYJWE WJC

@hf. 99.78-Crjcd swjjp j``hohjeoy ct grjcltmrbufm, ijvjdbpji`hvj-spbt pcttjre.

H.;NBGHDHYX WCY2d 3;;

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; D.-, -d C[CYYJWE WJC

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@hf. 99.?;-Crjcd swjjp j``hohjeoy ct grjcltmrbufm, ijvjdbpji @hf. 99.??-J``jot b` rjohprbocd nbghdhty rcthb be bhd prbiuothbeihrjot dhej irhvj, i/c > 3 .B `br tmj ihrjot dhej irhvj (squcrj pcttjre)< i/c > H.

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@hf. 99.?3-Crjcd swjjp j``hohjeoy ct grjcltmrbufm, ijvjdbpjistcffjrji dhej irhvj, i/c > 3 B.

;.3 ;7 ;9 ;.0;= H 7 9:0 =3; 7; ?;WJOH[WB OCD B @ NBGHDHYX WCYHB

@hf. 99.?7-J``jot b` rjohprbocd nbghdhty rcthb be tmj ihspdcoj-cgdj vbdunjs heajotji `br tmj ihrjot dhej irhvj (squcrjpcttjre)< i/c > 3.

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@hf. 99.?9-J``jot b` rjohprbocd nbghdhty rcthb be tmj ihspdcoj-cgdj vbdunjs heajotji `br tmj stcffjrji dhej irhvj 3


23/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-7?

WJOH[WBOCD B@ NBGHDHYX WCYHB

@hf. 99.?:-J``jot b` rjohprbocd nbghdhty rcthb be bhd prbiuothbe`br tmj stcffjrji dhej irhvj< i/c > 3

WJOH[WBOCD B@ NBGHDHYX WCYHB

@hf. 99.?0-J``jot b` rjohprbocd nbghdhty rcthb be tmj ihspdcoj-cgdj vbdunjs heajotji `br tmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre.

8;

0;

:;;3 ;.7 ;.9 ;0;=dB 7; 9; 0;3WJOH[WBOCD B@ NBGH DH YX WCYHB

@hf. 99.?6-J``jot ;3 rjohprbocd nbghdhty rcthb be bhd prbiuothbe`br tmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre.

[CYYJWE WJCWJ`.

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@hf. 99.?0-Crjcd swjjp j``hohjeoy ct grjcltmrbufm, ijvjdbpjiebrncd sjvje-spbt pcttjre.

b-- 9,, hi e ;T T hB- -+[CYYJWE WJC

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@hf. 99.?8-Crjcd swjjp j``hohjeoy ct grjcltmrbufm, ijvjdbpjihevjrtji sjvje-spbt pcttjre.

@hf. 99.9;-_wjjpbut pcttjre j `hohjeoy cs c `ueothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus ihspdcoj-cgdj vbdunjs heajotji.


24/52


@hf. 99.93-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c ùeothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus shij-wjddprbiuohef outs ( `,,).

[WBIZOdEF WCYJ WCYHB eb.:_H IJ VJDD CGCEIBEJI CY 33, . *;.88

@hf. 99.97-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c ùeothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus obrejr-wjdd prbiuohef outs ( `,O,).

[WBIZOH EF WCYJ WCYH B . , . B_H IJ VJDD CGCEIBEJI CY 33, . * ;.88

@hf. 99.9?-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c ùeothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus ihspdcoj-cgdj vbdunjs heajotji.

[WBIZOH EF WCJ WCYH B H H. ;_H L VJDD CICEIBVJB CY H , ,. * ;.883.;

@hf. 99.99-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c ùeothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus shij-wjddprbiuohef outs ( `,,,).

@hf. 99.9:-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c ùeothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus obrejr-wjdd prbiuohef outs ( `,,,).

pebIuoHE; WCYO WCYHB . ;.;83;~ VJDD CBCEIBVI DY (H ,. * ;.~?

@hf. 99.90-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c ùeothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus obrejr-wjdd prbiuohef outs ( `,,,).


25/52

VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-7:

[WBIZOH EF WCYJ WCYH B . A . , ,_HIJ VJDD C=CEIBEJB CY `, , . . ; 8:

@hf. 99.96-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c `ueothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus shij-wjddprbiuohef outs ( `,,,).

J``jot b` Wjsjrv bhr Ih p. Ymj j``jot b` rjsjrvbhr ihp be`hvj-spbt swjjp pcttjres mcs gjje hevjsthfctji gy Nct-tmjws cei @hsomjr. :6 Ht wcs `buei tm ct ihstbrthbe wbudiboour he tmj ebrncd swjjpb ut p cttjres he ihpphef rjsjr-vbhrs. Nb st b` tmhs ihstbrthbe wcs cttrhgutji tb frcvhtc-thbecd j``jots. Ym j obeodushbe rjcomj i he tmhs stuiy wcstmct pcttjre `dbbihef hs prcothocd `br ihpphef rjsjrvbhrs guttmct tmj pcttjre smbudi gj smh`tji tb cddbw `br ihp. @ hfs.99.98 tmrbufm 99.:7 crj omcrts tmct smbw mbw tb dboctjwjdds obrrjotdy `br phdbt cei `hjdi `hvj-spbt `dbbis he rjsjr-vbhrs tmct

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ceirjshiucd fcs scturcthbe, `rcothbe.

[rcts jr cd. := mcvj ncij cecdythocd stuihjs b` tmj scnjprbgdjn. Pce ijr [bj3 cei Lhddhce mcvj ncij cecdyt-hocd cei cecdbf stuihjs tb hevjsthfctj tmj crjc tmct oce gjswjp t but he ihpphef rjsjrvbhrs gy ushef wctjr irhvjcrbuei tmj struoturcddy mhfmjst wjdds.

@hf. 99.9=-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy cs c `ueothbe b` nbghd-hty rcthb `br tmj ehej-spbt pcttjre ct vcrhbus obrejr-wjdd prbiuohef outs ( `,,).

J``jot b` Ih rjothbecd [jrnjcghdh ty . _bnj `brncthbesjxmhght ih``jrjeojs he rjsjrvbhr pjrnjcghdhty he bejmbrhzbetcd ihrjothbe rjdcthvj tb cebtmjr. Vmje tmhs shtuc-thbe hs jeobuetjrji, ht hs cppcrjet tmct pcttjre swjjp j``h-ohjeohjs whdd gj c``jotji civjrsjdy wmje tmj ihrjothbe b`mhfm pjrnjcghdhty hs gjtwjje ce heajotbr cei c prbiuohefwjdd. Y mj hehthcd stuiy tb ijtjrnhej tmj j``jot b` ihrjo-thbecd pjrnjcghdhty be tmj crjc3 swjjp p jr`brnceoj b` c`hvj-spbt pcttjre `dbbi wcs nci j gy Mutomhesbe. 0b H` tmj]-rcy smc ibw frcpm tjomehquj hs usji cei c ihrjothbecdpjrnjcghdhty ih``jrjeoj b` 30 tb 3 hs obeshijrji, tmj ictcsmbwe he @hfs. 99.:? cei 99.:9 crj bgtcheji `br nbghdh-ty rcthbs vcryhef `rbn ;.3 tb 3;. Ht hs cppcrjet `rbn tmjsjictc tmct hnprbvji swjjp j``hohjeoy rjsudts wmje tmj pct-tjre hs brhjetji whtm tmj ihrjothbe b` ncxhnun pjrnjc-ghdhty, p crcddjd tb c dhej pcsshef tmrb ufm tmj heajothbe wjdds.He dctjr hevjsthfcthbes, Dceirun cei Orcw`bri0 ceiNbrtcic cei Ecgbr0* cdsb stuihji tmj j``jots b` ihrjo-thbecd pjrnjcghdhty be `hvj-spbt cei dhejirhvj pcttjres. Ymjrjsudts b` tmj hr stuihjs obe`hrn tmj ictc bgtcheji gyMutomhesbe. mb

J``jot b` Wjsjrvbhr @rcoturjsHe 38:=, Iyjs jt ~3. 0? prjsjetji bej b` tmj nbst obn-prjmjeshvj stuihjs b` tmj j``jot b` vjrthocd `rcoturjs beswjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeohjs. Ymjhr hevjsthfcthbes smbwjitmct rjdcthvjdy dbef cei mhfmdy obeiuothvj vjrthocd `rco-turjs, ebt usucddy bgtcheji `rbn `rcoturhef bpjrcthbe s, crjrjquhrji tb c``jot swjjp j``hohjeohjs sugstcethcddy. Btmjrhevjsthfcthbes 09-06mcvj obe`hrnji tmj rjsudts b` Iyjs jtcd. < tmjsj smbw tmct vjrthocd `rcoturhef oce c``jot grjcl-tmrbufm swjjp j``hohjeoy shfeh`hocetdy, gut tmct swjjp j`-`hohjeoy c t mhfmjr wctjr outs hs he`dujeoji tb c nuom djssjrijfrjj. Ycgdj 99.3? hs c sunncry b` tmj rjsudts bgtchejigy Iyjs jt c d. 0?Dceirun cei Orcw`bri0= mcvj hevjsthfctji tmj j``jotb` mbrhzbetcd `rcoturjs be swjjp j``hohjeoy he tmhol rjsjr-vbhrs. Ymj rjsudts b` tmjhr stuihjs, cdbef whtm tmbsj b`btmjr hevjsthfctbrs, ?0,08,6;smbw tmct tmj civjrsj j``jot


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@hf. 99.98-Obrrjot dbocthbe b` prbiuothbe wjdd he phdbt `hvj-spbt-shij cdbef strhlj

@hf. 99.:;-Obrrjot dbocthbe b` prbiuothbe wjdd he phdbt `hvj-spbt-ihcfbecd cdbef strhlj

b` mbrhzbetcd `rcoturjs be crjcd sw jjp j``hohjeoy hs c ihrjot`ueothbe b` `rcoturj rcihh< tmct hs, bedy sncdd j``jots w jrjbgsjrvji be swjjp j``hohjeoy wmje tmj `rcoturjs mci sncddrcihh. Mbw jvjr, cs tmj `rcoturj rcihus heorjcsjs, swjjpj``hohjeoy whdd gj rjiuoji ircsthocddy.Njtmbis `br [rjihothef Vctjr`dbbi [jr`brnceojYmjrj crj ncey pcpjrs cei crthodjs he tmj pjtrbdjun he-iustry dhtjrcturj tmct prjsjet br ihsouss n jtmbis `br prj-ihothef wctjr`dbb i br wctjr-heajothbe pjr`brnc eoj. Nb st

b` tmj odcssho prjihothbe tjomehqujs tmct mcvj gjje ijvjd-bpji sheoj tmj jc rdy wbrl gy N uslct, _thdjs, H8Guoldjy-Jvjrjtt, 7b Iylstrc-[crsbes, H: cei btmjrs mcvjgjje nbih`hocthbes, jemceojnj ets, br jxtjeshbes b` tmbsjphbejjrhef tjomehqujs, wmhom wjrj ihsoussji he tmj heh-thcd pcrt b` tmhs sjothbe. He ncey ocsjs, tmbsj tjomehqujs,wmje obngheji whtm ictc bgtcheji `rbn crj c3 swj jp he-vjsthfcthbes, prbvhiji tmj gcshs `rbn wmhom sjvjrcd b` tmjnjtmbis wjrj obeojhvji cei ijvjdbpji.


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@hf. 99.:3-Obrrjot dbocthbe b` prbiuothbe wjdds he c `hjdi b` `hvj-spbts-shij cdbef strhlj.

@hf. 99.:7-Obrrjot dbocthbe b` prbiuothbe wjdds he c hjdi b` `hvj-spbts-ihcfbecd cdbef strhlj.

He mhs nbebfrcpm, Orchf9 mcs ijsorhgji cei obnpcrjitmj odcssho prjihothbe njtmb is tmct wjrj prjsjetji gj`brj386 3, cei mcs heoduiji rjobnnje icthbes `br sjdjothef tmjcpprbp rhctj wctj r`dbbi prjihothbe tjomehqu j tb bgtche tmjijshrji rjsudts. Ymj njtmbis tmct wjrj obeshijrji wjrjoctjfb rhzji hetb `hvj frbups, wmhom ncy gj sun ncrhzjics `bddbws1 (3) rjsjrvbhr mjtjrbfjejhty (Wj`s. 3: , 38 ,77,cei 63 tmrbufm =;), (7) crjc3 swjjp n jtmbis (Wj`s. 7:,7=, ?9, ?6, 9;. :; , :: , cei =3 tmrbufm =:), (?) ihspdcoj-njet njomcehsn (Wj`s. 7;, 73, 9: , cei =0 tmrbufm 86),(9) eunjrhocd njtmb is (W j`s. 8= tmrbufm 3;?), cei(:) jnphrhocd cpprbcomjs (Wj`s. 3;9 tmrbufm 3;6).

Orchfs nbeb frcpm hs ojrtchedy tmj nbst obnprjmje -shvj rjvhjw cei jvcducthbe b` tmj tjomehqujs `br prjihot-hef wctjr`dbbi pjr`brnceoj tmct mcs cppjcrji he tmjpjtrbdjun heiustry dhtjrcturj.Orchf obnpcrji tmj ocpcghdhthjs b` jcom njtmbi tmct wcsjvcductji tb tmj ocpcghdhthjs b` tmj pjr`jot njtmb i, hewmhom tmj ocdoudcthbe prbojiu rjs wbudi cddbw obeshijrc-thbe b` cdd pjrthejet `duhi-`dbw, wjdd-pcttjre, cei mjtjrb-fjejhty j``jots-h.j., tmj he`dujeoj b` rjdcthvj pjrnjcghdhtyomcrcotjrhsthos, wjttcghdhty, pbrj shzj ihstrhguthbe, cei he-hthcd cei `hecd wctj r cei bhd scturcthbes< tmj j``jot b` ih``jr-jet wjdd crrcefjnjets cei nbghdhty rcthb be heajothbe rctj


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99-7= [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

@hf. 99.:?-_wjjpbut pcttjre j``hohjeoy he c `hvj-spbt pcttjreb` cehsbtrbpho mbrhzbetcd pjrnjcghdhty. Ymj nbst`cvbrcgdj crrcefjnjet mcs tmj ihrjothbe b` ncxh-nun pjrnjcghdhty pcrcddjd tb dhejs tmrbufm heajothbewjdds, cs hddustrctji mjrj.

cei crjc3 swjjp j``hohjeoy< cei tmj j``jot b ` tmj mjtjrb-fjejhty b` tmj rjsjrvbhr rbol rjobvjry cei pjr`brnceoj.Ycgdj 99.39 sm bws Orchfs jvcducthbe b` tmjsj tjom-ehqujs, cs obnpcrji tb tmj pjr`jot njtmbi.B` tmj ncey odcssho njtmbis tmct wjrj jvcductji, Orchfmcs obeoduiji tmct tmj tmrjj tmct nbst odbsjdy njjt tmjrjquhrjnjets b` tmj pjr`jot njtmbi crj Mh hes-Djhfmtbe, 8?-8:.86Orchf jt cd. 9.3;= cei [rcts jt cd. F,3;= Ymj Mhffhes-Djhfmtbe njtmbi oce gj usji `br1 vcrhbus`dbbihef pcttjres br `br hrrjfudcr wjdd pcttjres


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30/52

99-?; [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

@hf. 99.::-Ocdoudctji vs. cotucd pjr`brnceoj b` [cemceidj @hf. 99.:0-Obnpcrhsbe b` cotucd cei prjihotji rjobvjry mhs-`hjdi. tbry, @dbbi 3.

@hf. 99.:0-Ocdoudctji vs. cotucd pjr`brnceoj b` @bstjr `hjdiphdbt.

@hf. 99.:8-


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VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-?3

@hf. 99.0;-Obnpcrhsbe b` cotucd cei prjihotji rjobvjry mhs-tbry, @dbbi 7.

Ymj prji hothbe tjomehqujs sjdjotji cs nbst prbnhshefgy Orchf9 cppj cr tb ijsjrvj prhncry obeshijrcthbe wmjebej b` tmj odcssho tjomehqujs hs gjhef sjdjo tji `br prb-ajothef ùturj rjsjrvbhr pjr`brnceoj ueijr wctjr`dbbi bp-jrcthbes. Ymj obnpcrhsbe s ncij gy Cgjrectmy db8 smbwtmj Orchf-_thdjs nudthdcyjr njtmb i tb gj ocpcgdj b` nclhefprjihothbes tmct yhjdi c fbbi nctom w htm cotucd rjsjrvbhrpjr`brnceoj . He tmj Fujrrjrb cei Jcrdbufm jr obnpcrh-sbe, tmj [rcts jt cd. njtm bi p jr`brnji vjry wjdd he tmjocsj b` @dbbi 7 gut jrrji gcidy whtm rjspjo t tb bhd rjobv-jry he tmj prjihothbe b` tmj gjmcvhbr b` @dbbi 3. Ymj Mhf-fhes cei Djhfmtbe njtmbi fcvj c fbbi obnpcrhsbe whtmrjspjot tb cotucd pjr`brnceoj he tmj ocsj prjsjetji._heoj tmj thnj wmje Orchf ncij mhs jvcducthbe ceiobnpcrhsbe b` tmj odcssho prjihothbe njtmbis tmct wjrjcvchdcgdj, rjsjrvbhr shnudcthbe nbijds mcvj obetheuji tbgj hnprbvji cei jxpceiji tb tmj pbhet tmct, tbicy, tmjrjcrj nbijds cvchdcgdj `br prjihothbe b` wctjr`dbbi br wctjr-heajothbe pjr`brnceoj ueijr c vcrhjty b` obeihthbes. Ymjrjsjrvbhr shnudcthbe nbijds tm ct crj cvchdcgdj tb tmj he-iustry ct prjsjet crj ocpcgdj b` obeshijrhef cey typj b``dbbihef pcttjre, cs wjdd cs frcvhty, ocphddcry, cei vhs-obus `brojs, whtm vhrtucddy cey typj b` tmrjj-ihnjeshbecd(?I) rjsjrvbhr ijsorhpthbe. Ymj hehthcd ijvjdbpn jets b` tmj eunjrhocd njtmbis wjrj ncij gy Ibufdcs jt cd. 8=he 38:=, cei tmhs wbrl wc s dctjr jxtjeiji tb twb ihnje-shbes gy Ibufdcs j` cd. Hw he 38:8. _heoj tmct thnj, eu-njrhocd nbijds cei rjsjrvbhr shnudcthbe tjome hqujs mcvjhnprbvji obetheubusdy, he stjp whtm tmj heorjcsji spjjicei stbrcfj ocpcohty b ` tmj obnputhef systjns tmct mcvjgjobnj cvchdcgdj.

Cdtmbufm tmj sugajot b` rjsjrvbhr shnudctbr ijv jdbpnjetcei cppdhocthbe mcs gjje obvjrji he cebtmjr sjothbe b` tmhsmceigb bl, ht hs hnpbrtcet tb jnpm cshzj tmct tmj shnudc-thbe nbijds cei tjomehqujs tmct crj prjsjetdy cvchdcgdjtb tmj heiustry crj ocpcgdj b` nbijdhef tmj nbst obn-pdjx rjsjrvbhr systjns. Vhtm tmj usj b` tmjsj tbbds, prj-ihothbes b` wctjr`dbb i cei wctjr-heajothbe pjr`brnceo joce gj ncij he suom ijtchd tmct cdnbst jvjry `cotbr tmctc``jots rjsjrvbhr cei heihvhiucd wjdd gjmcvhbr oce gj obe-shijrji cei shnudctji._jdjothbe b ` tmj Vctjr`dbbi [rjihothbe NjtmbiVmje ombbshef tmj cpprbprhctj wctjr`dbbi prjihothbenjtmb i, tmj jefhejjr nust gjcr he nhei tmj bgajothvj he

@hf. 99.03-Obnpcrhsbe b` cotucd cei prjihotji bhd rjobvjry,@dbbi 7

r, [WCY_ JY CD. NJYMBI

i;.7 ;9 ;.0 ;.0 3.; 3.9

OZNZDCYHPJ HEAJOYHBE HE @DBBICGDJ 1 1DZNJ_

@hf. 99.07-Obnpcrhsbe b` `hjdi gjmcvhbr whtm prjihotji pjr`br-nceojs gy tmj [rcts jt cd. _dhijr, cei Mhffhes-Djhfmtbe njtmbis.

nclhef tmj rjobvjry prjihothbes, tmj cnbuet ce i qucdhtyb` gcsho ictc tmct crj cvchdcgdj, cei tmj rjsburojs tmct crjcvchdcgdj `br pjr`brnhef tmj ocdoudcthbes he dhfmt b` gbtmtmj ncepb wjr tmct whdd gj ejojsscry cei tmj cotucd obsts`br obnp utjr usj br ictc prbojsshef. He sbnj hestceojs,c shnpdj jsthnctj b` udthnctj bhd rjobvjry ncy gj su``h-ohjet cei, he `cot, ht ncy gj tmj bedy rjdhcgdj jsthnctj pbs-shgdj gjocusj b` ictc dhnhtcthbes. Mbw jvjr, he nbst ocsjs,nbrj ijtchdji prbajothbes whdd gj rjquhrji tb jvcductj tm jjobebnho pbtjethcd b` tmj prbpbsji prbajot< cei c njtmbinust gj usji tmct whdd cddbw tmj jsthncthbe b` ùturj wj ddrjquhrjnjets, prbiuohef V BWs, prbiuohef rctjs, bhdrjobvjry, heajothbe wjdd rjquhrjnjets, cei heajothbe rctjscei ihstrhguthbe, cdd cs ùeothbes b` thnj.Ymj njtmb is cvchdcgdj tb tmj rjsjrvbhr jefhejjr rcefjhe obnpdjx hty `rbn tmb sj tmct prbvhij ce jsthnctj b` udth-nctj rjobvjry tb tmbsj tmct usj sbpmhsthoctji rjsjrvbhrshnudcthbe nbijds tmct crj ocpcgdj b` prjihothef gbtmrjsjrvbhr cei heihvhiucd wjdd pjr`brnce oj `br wctjr he-ajothbe bpjrcthbes. Mbw jvjr, tmj thnj rjquhrjnjets ceiobsts `br nclhef tmj ocdoudcthbes crj he ihrjot prbp brthbe


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99-?7 [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

30

7 39h2@ 3705- 3;t-=` h ; .= WJHEMBDI [ZGDH_MHEF OBWW:[? ;091 ;.9

;.7

; ; :; dbb 3:; 7;; 7:; ?;; ?:;YJN[JWCYZWJ IJF @

@hf. 99.0?-Phsobshty b` wctjr ct bhd`hjdi tjnpjrcturjs ceiprjssurjs.

tb tmj obnpdjxhty b` tmj tjomehquj usji. Ymj jefhejjr nustombbsj tmj njtmbi `br prjihothef pjr`brnceoj wmhdjtclhef hetb coobuet tmj cvchdcghdhty b` thnj cei rjsburojscei tmj rjdhcghdhty cei qucethty b` tmj gcsho ictc ct mcei.Ymj nb st gcsho jvcducthbe hs tmct b` ij`hehef tmj udth-nctj bhd rjobvjry tb gj jxpjotji `rbn tmj prbajot. Ymhsoce gj ijtjrnheji gy ushef tmj Vjdfj* tjomehquj br gyjsthncthef WB_ s cei obe`brnceoj. Jnphrhocd cpp rbcomj scrj cdsb cvchdcgdj tb prbvhij tmjsj jsthnctjs h` ictc crjdhnhtji. Futmrhj cei Frjjegjrfjr ;9 mcvj ijvjdbp ji cejqucthbe, gcsji be wctjr`dbbihef jxpjrhjeoj he c eun-gjr b` sceistbej rjsjrvbhrs, tmct mcs prbvje j``jothvj `brjsthncthef tmj udthnctjdy rjobvjrcgdj bhd. Ymj jqucthbehs cs `bddbws1

JW >;.7638 dbf l+;.7::08_,.--;.3?:: dbf p;

- 3.:?=;$-;.;;;?9==m+;.339;?, . . . . . (39)wmjrj J W hs tmj bhd rjobvjry j``hohjeoy, `rcothbe, cei mhs tmj `brncthbe tmholejss, `t.Cebtmjr jqucthbe tmct hs cppdhocgdj he jsthncthef tmj ud-thnctj rjobvjrcgdj bhd wcs ijvjdbpji gy ce C[H obnnht-tjj. db6 Ymj rjdcthbesmhp ijvjdbp ji gy tmhs obnn httjj hscs `bddbws.

JW ob.:9=8= \


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VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-??

H. J``jothvj [jrnjcghdhty. Ymj syngbd l,,. ijebtjs tmjj``jothvj pjrnjcghdhty (nhddhicrohjs) b` tmj scei tb wctjr.Coobrihef tb dcgbrctbry wbrl be odjce sceis, tmj rjdc-thvj pjrnjcghdhty tb wctjr rcefjs `rbn ?; tb 0;% b ` tmjiry pjrnjcghdhty cs tmj wctjr scturcthbe vcrhjs `rbn 6;tb =: % Yjsts be vhrfhe cei crththohcddy bhd-scturctji obrjssmbw tmct tmj j``jothvj pjrnjcghdhty b` tmj scei tb wctjrhs b`tje djss tmce bej-tjetm b`tmj iry pjrnjcghdhty. Vmje-jvjr pbsshgdj, tmj j``jothvj pjrnjcghdhty tb wctjr smbudigj ijtjrnheji be rjprjsjetcthvj obrjs `rbn tmj `hjdi.

7. Phsobshty. Ymj vhsobshty (ojethpbhsj) b` tmj heajotjiwctjr, pc., oce gj njcsurji, br c vcduj cpprbxhnctji,`rbn @hf. 99.0?.

?. _cei Ymholejss. Ymj scei tmholejss, m, hs tmj ejtj``jothvj scei tmholejss (`jjt) b` tmj hetjrvcd tmct hs bpje`br heajothbe.9. [rjssurj. Ymj gbttbnmbdj `dbwhef heajothbe prjssurj,ph,,1`, (pbueis pjr squcrj heom) ct tmj scei `coj oce gj js-thnctji `rbn tmj wjddmjci prjssurj, tmj ijptm b` tmj wjdd,tmj ijeshty b ` tmj wctjr, cei tmj `dbwhef prjssu rj frc-ihjets. pr hs tmj j``jothvj rjsjrvbhr prjssurj (jxtjrecdgbueicry prjssurj).

:. Vjdd Wcihus. Ymj j``jothvj rcihus b` c wjdd, rw.(`jjt) ncy vcry `rbn c `jw heomjs tb sjvjrcd `jjt, ijpjei-hef be tmj typj b` obnpdjthbe.0. [rjssurj Wcihus. Ymj prjssurj rcihus (jxtjrecdgbueicry rcihus), r,, oce gj jsthnctji, ct djcst rbufmdy,`rbn tmj cnbuet b` wctjr tmct hs heajotji cei `rbn tmjcvchdcgdj pbrj spco j, cei hs tmj ihstceoj `rbn tmj heajo-thbe wjdd wmjrj tmj prjssurj hs pj. Ymj cvchdcgdj pbrjspcoj hs ij`heji cs tmj tbtcd [P djss tmct boouphj i gy he-tjrsththcd wctjr cei bhd. Cs nbrj cei n brj wct jr hs he-

ajotji, tmj prjssurj rcihus, rj, he Jq. 30 heorjcsjs ce i,tmjrj`brj, tmj heajothbe rctj , h,,, nust ijorjcsj whtm thnj.Ymj prjssurj rcihus, ro, ijpjeis be tmj ounudcthvjvbdunj b` wctjr tmct hs heajotji hetb tmj spcoj tmct hs cvchd-cgdj, he coobrice oj whtm tmj jqucthbe

) . . . . . 36)

wmj rj V a hs tmj ounudcthvj wctjr heajotji, ggd.Ymj bhd ncy br ncy ebt gj nbvji gy tmj civceohefwctjr. H` tmj bhd hs ebt nbvji, tmj wctj r whdd `hdd tmj fcsspcoj. H` tmj bhd hs nbvji cmjci b` tmj wctjr gcel. tmjvbdunj b` heajotji wctjr tm ct hs rjquhrji tb `hdd tmj rjsjr-vbhr whtm dhquhis (bhd cei wctjr), `br c fhvje ihstceoj (tbjxtjrecd rcihus), whdd sthdd gj tmj scnj cs tmct wmhom wcsbrhfhecddy ejojsscry tb `hdd tmj fcs spcoj.H` c dcrfj pjrojetc fj b` bhd hs gjhef n bvji, Jq. H0 ibjsebt mbdi strhotdy truj, ce i c nbrj jxco t jxprjsshbe prhbrtb hetjr`jrjeoj hs

H ,,. > ;.;;6;=ml,,, [,,,:-[r)~,,,dl,,.)de W,,/r,, )+ ~D,/l,)de W,dW,,.) (3=)

wmjrj W ,,. hs tmj butjr rcihus b` tmj wctj r`dbbi `rbet ceiW, hs tmj butjr rcihus b` tmj bhd gcel.Cs c rudj, tmj whitm b` tmj bhd gcel hs sncdd he obnpcr-hsbe tb tmj rcihus b ` tmj jeorbcomji wctjr sb tmct vjrydhttdj jrrbr whdd gj hetrbiuoji gy obeshijrhef tmj shnpdjr

o?7=< < =GJ6c&0c$:c2H 9Jc ?83r

78 3j76 9; =; 37; 30; 7;; 79; 7=; ?7; ?0; 9;; 99; 9=;> YHNJ-ICX_@hf. 99.09-@hvj-spbt pcttjre obnputji heput wjdd mhstbry

ocsj. Ymj omcefj he hetclj rctj whtm thnj oce gj ocdoudct-ji gy Jq. 38.;.;7:?lCpt >H+ ;.;397lmCp/-m.9q(m9* -3[ HH N 5

x 3K;;036VEy. , , H , , ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38)Jqs. 30, 3= , cei 38 oce gj cppdhji tb c shefdj-wjdd sys-tjn (rcihcd `dbw)< m bwjv jr, tmjy crj ebt vcdhi `br pcttjre`dbbis c`tjr hetjr`jrjeoj mcs boourrji gjtwjje heajothbewjdds. Vmje hetjr`jrjeoj boours, tm j civceohef dhquhiobevjrfjs be tmj prbiuohef wjdd cei, `br nbghdhty rcthbsejcr uehty, `hecddy stcghdhzjs ct tmj stjciy-stctj obeiuo-thvhty b` tmj spjoh`ho pcttjre. Ymj j``jot b` hetjr`jrjeojbe c `hvj-spbt pcttjre `br c systjn whtm c `cvbrcgdj nb-ghdhty rcthb (N_ 3) hs cs smbwe he @hf. 99.09.Nuslct cei Ijppj =9 mcvj ijvjdbpji jqucthbes `brocdoudcthef tmj stjciy-stctj heajothvhthjs `br tmj ebrncd`dbbihef pcttjres wmje c nbghdhty rcthb b` bej hs obeshi-jrji. Y mjsj jqucthbes crj cs `bddbws.

@hvj-spbt pcttjre79 1B.B;3:?=l,mCp3NH . . . .

5(7;)

Ihrjot dhej irhvj79 1

`br ird,c

B.B;3:?=l,,,mCpH ,H> (73)p,,. dbf2 `;.0=73 -;.68=rH,, c 5


34/52

[JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

hd

;3

a

;3 3; HB

@hf. 99.0:-Obeiuotceoj rcthb cs c `ueothbe b` nbghdhty rcthb ceitmj pcttjre crjc swjpt (J,), `hvj-spbt pcttjre.

_tcff jrji dhej irhvj79 1

`br 5d,cB.B;3:=?l,mCpH, - , . . . . (77)

pDw dbf2 +;.0=7 -;.69=rM c 5

wmjrj i hs tmj ihstceoj gjtwjje rbws b` wjdds, `t cei chs tmj ihstceoj gjtwjje wjdds he c rbw, `t._jvje-spbt pcttjre =9

B.B;7;:3l,,mCpH,4, . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

7 ?)

Hevjrtji ehej-spbt pcttjres9 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7:)

wmjrji>

@[ >C[

Khs >

ihstceoj gjtwjje rbws b` wjdds,obrejr-tb-shij-wjdd prbiuohef-rctj rcthb,prjssurj ih``jrjethcd gjtwjje heajothbe wjdd

cei obrejr wjdd, ceiprjssurj ih``jrjethcd gjtwjje heajothbe wjddcei shij wjdd.

Ymjsj jqucthbes cddbw tmj ijtjrnhecthbe b` tmj stjciy-stctj heajothvhthjs `br tmj ebrncd pcttjres h` ht hs cssunjitmj systjn hs obnpdjtjdy `hddji whtm dhquhi cei mcs c nb-ghdhty rcthb b` bej.Ymjrj crj c eungjr b` pcpjrs tmct rjpbrt tm j rjsudts b`hevjsthfcthbes tb ij`hej tmj vcrhcthbe b` heajothvhthjs `brtmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre ct nbghdhty rcthbs tmct crj btmjr tmcebej. Pcrhbus tjomeh ujs wjrj usji. Ijppjf9 cei8:Crbeb`sly cei Wcnjy usji pbtjethbnjtrho nbijd tjom-ehqujs< Ocuidj cei Vhttj=* usji tmj ]-rcy smcibwfrcpmtjomehquj cei c pbrbus nbijd b` tmj rjsjrvbhr jdjnjet.He tmj Ocuidj cei Vhttj stuiy, * bej-jhfmtm b` tmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre wcs nbijdji. Ebgdjs cei Acezje usjirjshstceoj ejtwbrls tb shnudctj nbghdhty ih``jrjeojs, cei[rcts jt cd. * usji ce cecdythocd sbduthbe. Sucdhtcthvjdy,cdd hevjsthfctbrs crrhvji ct tmj scnj obeodushbe-h.j., h`tmj nbghdhty rcthb hs `cvbrcgdj (NH d), heajothvhthjs whddijodhej obetheubusdy iurhef tmj jethrj bpjrcthbe< mbwj vjr,h` tmj nbghdhty rcthb hs ue`cvbrcgdj (N5 H), heajothvhthjswhdd heorjcsj obetheubusdy.He tmjhr wbrl, Ocuidj cei Vhttj ijtjrnheji tmj vcrhc-thbe he heajothvhty `br tmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre cs c `ueothbeb` tmj nbghdhty rcthb tmct jxhsts gj`brj cei c`tjr wctjrgrjcltmrbufm. @hf. 99.0: smbws tmj rjsudts b` tmjhrstuihjs, he tmj `brn b` tmj rjdcthbesmhps gjtwjje tmj obe-iuotceoj rcthb, tmj nbghdhty rcthb, cei tmj `rcothbecd c rjcsb` tmj rjsjrvbhr tmct crj obetcotji gy tmj heajotji `duhi.Orchf9 pbhets but tmct, sugsjqujet tb `hdd-up, tmj rjdc-thbesmhps ijvjdbpji gy Ocuidj cei Vhttj oce gj usjicdbef w htm Jq. 7; tb ocdoudctj wctjr heajothbe rctjs `brtmj `hvj-spbt pcttjre1

V> @o]hg,wmjrj. > wctjr-heajothbe rctj,h1 > Ocuidj cei Vhttj obeiuotceoj rcthb, cei

hg > tmj heajothbe rctj b` `duhi tmct mcs tmj scnjnbghdhty cs tmj rjsjrvbhr bhd he c dhquhi-`hddji (gcsj) pcttjre, cs ocdoudctji `rbnJq. 7;.

Cs tmj hetclj rctj ijodhejs he tmj jcrdy stcfjs b` heajo-thbe, ht hs hnpbrtcet tb gj cgdj tb tjdd wmjtmjr tmj ijodhejrjsudts `rbn tm j pduffhef b` tmj scei (c shtucthbe tmct rj-quhrjs rjnjihcd wbrl), `rbn ecturcd rjsjrvbhr `hdd-up, br`rbn nbghdhty rcthb j``jots. Obesjqujetdy, c njtmb i hsrjquhrji tb ijtjrnhej tmj hetclj ocpcohty b` tmj wjdd ht-sjd` whtmbut rjfcri tb tmj obeiuothvhty b` tmj wjdd systjnsurrbueihef ht. _uom c njtmb i wbudi gj comhjvji gy obe-iuothef pjrhbiho tjsts be ojrtche sjdjotji wjdds socttjrjicorbss tmj `dbbi crjc. C odbsj omjol b` tmj j``dodjeoy b`tmj heput b` tmj wjdds obudi tmje gj nchetcheji.Bej prcothocd njtmb i b` ijtjrnhehef tmj j``hohjeoy b`tmj heput wjdds hs tb usj tmj ocdoudctji heajothvhty heijx


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VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ & VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_

@hf. 99.00-Obnpbshtj typj dbf, Mjwhtt `hjdi, Ocrtjr Obuety, BL.

b` tmj wjdd. Ymj heajothvhty heijx hs ij`heji cs tmj eun-gjr b` gcrrjds pjr icy b` frbss dhquhi tmct hs punp ji hetbce heajothbe wjdd pjr pbuei pjr squcrj heom b` prjssurjih``jrjethcd gjtwjje tmj njce heajothbe prjssurj cei tmjnjce `brncthbe prjssurj cssbohctji whtm c spjoh`ho sugsur`coj ictun , usucddy tmj njce `brncthbe ijptm . Yb gjnbst vcducgdj he c stuiy b` tmj gjmcvhbr b` tmj heihvhiucdheput wjdds, usj b` tmj heajothvhty-heijx obeojpt smbudigj rjstrhotji tb ij hehef tmj obeiuothvhty b` ce heihvhiucdwjdd< ht smbudi e bt gj usji tb ijtjrnhej tmj fjejrcd obe-iuothvhty b` tmj wjdd systjn. Ymhs rjstrhotji heajothvhty he-ijx, wmhom ncy gj ocddji c dbocdhzji heajothvhty heijx,hs gjst usji he njcsurhef tmj obeiuothvhty b` tmj oydheijrb` scei surrbueihef tmj wjdd-nbst b` tmj prjssurj i rbptcljs pdcoj he tmhs oydheijr, wmb sj heshij wcdd hs tmjscei`coj.

Ymj dbocdhzji heajothvhty heijx oce gj ocdoudctji `rbnc nbih`hji Jq. 301;.K-)6K%m([h,~-[gp)H &, oDw de(rh,r,) ? . . . . . . (70)

wmjrj pK hs tmj trceshjet gcolp rjssurj cei rh hs tmj ihs-tceoj `rbn tm j wjdd tb tmj pbhet b` prjssurj jqucdhzcthbect [gpIh``jrjethcthef, tmj dbocdhzji heajothvhty heijx, whtm pg[gjhef obestcet, hs jxprjs sji cs

H-ih,- B.B;6;=l,my, de(ra,r,). . . . .ip,w . . (76)

Jxpjrhnjetcddy, ht mcs gjje `buei tmct, `br sncddvbdunjs b` heajotji wctjr, ih ,,C$ hw hs obestcet. H` sncddvbdunjs b` wctjr crj heajotji iurhef tmj obursj b` c tjst,r< omcefjs bedy sdhfmtdy< r< hs obeshijrcgdy frjctjr tmcerw cei tmj dbfcrhtmn b` rh/rw hs prcothocddy obestcet. H`,mbwjvjr, dcrfjr vbdunjs crj heajotji i urhef tm j obursjb` tmj tjst, tmj He r,/r, whdd eb dbefjr gj obestcet ceitmj dbocdhzji heajothvhty hei jx, ih,diph,, whdd ebt gj obe-stcet. H` dcrfj jebufm vbdunjs crj heajotji sb tmct jquh-

@df. 99.06-Mjwhtt ueht, Omuggjj struoturj ncp.

dhgrhun obeihthbes crj bgtcheji, tm j obrrjspbeihef pcttjre`brnudc hs cppdhocgdj. He tmj ocsj b` c `hvj-spbt pcttjre,tmj omcefj he hetclj rctj `br jcom omcefj he prjssurj ocegj cpprbxhnctji gy

H- ihw - B.B;?:93l,,,miphw pV \de(i/r,)-;.038;3 . . (7=)

wmjrj i hs tmj ihstceoj gjtwjje uedhlj wjdds.Ymj trceshjet gcolprj ssurj, pg[, hs c prjssurjpmjebnjebe tmct boours w mje tmj hetclj rctj b` ce heajo-thbe wjdd hs omcefji . Ymjbrjthocddy, tmj `dbw b` wctjr `rbnc wjdd hetb tmj surrbueihef `brncthbe whdd obetheuj uethdtmj hetjeshty b` tmj scei`coj prjssurj hs rjiuoji tb tmctb` tmj rjsjrvbhr prjssurj. He prcothoj, h` tmj prjssurj bece heput wjdd suiijedy hs rjiuoji tb tmj ctnbsp mjrho prjs-surj ct tmj sur`coj, tmj wjdd gcol`dbws `br c pjrhbi b` thnjtmct vcrhjs `rbn c `jw nheutjs tb sjvjrcd mburs. Ymj prjs-surj tmct ocusji tmj gcol`dbw b` wctjr `rbn tmj wjdd hsij`heji cs tmj trceshjet g colprjssu rj. Ymhs prjssurj,wmhom boou rs ejcr tmj wjddgbrj, hs frjctjr tmce tmj cvjr-cfj rjsjrvbhr prjssurj cei mcs gjje cttrhgutji qucdhtcthvjdytb tmj obnprjsshghdhty b` wctjr cei fcs ejcr tmj wjddgbrj.Vmje tmj heajothbe hs tjrnhectji, tmj gcol`dbw hs ocusjigy tmj jxpceshbe b` tmj wctjr cei fcs tmct rjsudts `rbntmj ijorjc sj he prjssurj. Sucethtcthvj trjctnjet b` tmhspmjebnjebe mcs gjje fhvje gy Ebwcl cei Djstjr ceiMczjgrbjl jt cQ. H7 Ymj trceshjet gcolp rjssurj frciucddyihsshpctjs cei cpprb comjs tmj rjsjrvbhr prj ssurj. Ymjdbocdhzji heajothvhty heijx smbudi gj ijtjrnheji c`tjr tmjtrceshjet prjssurj mcs stcrtji `cddhef vjry sdbwdy br hs hejquhdhgrhun whtm tmj rjsjrvbhr prjssurj.C obnpcrhsbe b` tmj heajothvhty heihojs `br heajothbewjdds he tmj wctjr`dbbi whdd fhvj ce heihocthbe cs tb tmjwjdds tmct crj ebt pjr`brnhef scths`cotbrhdy, cei hevjsth-fcthbes smbudi gj ncij tb ijtjrnhej wmjtmjr tmj rjnjihcdnjcsu rjs crj ejojsscry tb hnprbvj tmj heajothvhty rctj.Ymj hetclj rctj b` c ebrncd wjdd ijodhejs iurhef hts dh`j,ct djcst uethd c obestcet stjciy-stctj prjssurj ihstrhguthbehs jstcgdhsmji he tmj pcrt b` tmj rjsjrvbhr c``jotji gy tmjwjdd. He ciihthbe tb tmj ebrncd wjdd ijodhej, tmj scei`coj


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99-?0 [JYWBDJZN JEFHEJJWHEF MCEIGBBL

YCGDJ 99.30-_ZNNCWX B@ WBOL CEI @DZHI[WB[JWYHJ_, WJ_JWPBHW [WB[JWYHJ_, CEI

[WBIZOYHBE-HEAJOYHBE ICYC,ACX/DHYYDJ J_OCNGHC OWJJL (DJO) VCYJW@DBBI

YCGDJ 99.3:-MJVHYY ZEHY WJ_JWPBHW ICYC Wbol cei @duhi [rbpjrthjsFjejrcd

Zeht crjc, corj@dbbicgdj ejt scei vbdunj, corj-`tCvjrcfj obnpbshtj tmholejss, `tBrhfhecd bhd he pdcoj, NNggd

Wbol [rbpjrthjs

7,03;7=9,6;;

3;8?:;.=

[jrnjcghdhty, ni[brbshty, %Hetjrsththcd wctjr, %Dbrjez obj``hohjet[jrnjcghdhty vcrhcthbe

@duhi [rbpjrthjsNbghdhty rcthbBrhfhecd rjsjrvbhr prjssurj, pshfWjsjrvbhr tjnpjrcturj, @Brhfhecd @P@, WGd_YG@dbbi stcrt @P@, WGd_YGBhd stbol-tcel frcvhty, C[HBhd vhsobshty, opBrhfhecd ihssbdvji FBW, ou `t/_YG

[rhncry rjobvjry njomcehsn

3=973 .b7?.;;.98

;.6709.;

8;:80

3.3?3.;7?:

=.67:?

sbduthbe fcs irhvjfrcvhty irchecfj

frciucddy gjobn js pduffji gy suspjeij i sbdhis he tmj he-ajotji wctjr. Ymjsj suspjeiji sbdhis heoduij nctjrhcds dhljodcy, shdt, hrbe bxhij, cei myirbx hijs. He ciihthbe tb sus-pjeiji sbdhis, ihssbdvji cei brfceho frbwtms ncy obe-trhgutj tb tmj pduffhef b` tmj `brncthbe scei`coj. [duffhefb` tmj scei`coj gy tmjsj nctjrhcds ncy gj nhehnhzji whtmtmj prbpjr trjctnjet b` tmj heajothbe wctjr. Ymhs trjct-njet hs obvjrji he tmhs omcp tjr uei jr tmj mjcihef VctjrYrjcthef.

Gy njces b` rctj/prjssurj ourvjs jstcgdhsmji ct hetjr-vcds b` c `jw nbetms, ht hs pbsshgdj tb ihsthefuhsm gjtwjjetmj ijorjcs j he hetclj rctj ocusji gy pduffhef cei tmctocusji gy `hdd-up b` tmj rjsjrvbhr cs nbghdhty rcthb j``jots.Wctj/prj ssurj ourvjs crj mjdp`ud cdsb he heihocthef tmjvcduj b` tmj orhthocd grjcltm rbufm prjssurj ct wmhom rup-turj b` tmj `brncthbe boours. H` pduffhef hs boourrhef ceitmj heajothbe rctj ijodhejs, gcol`dbw b` tmj wjdd ncy gjheiuoji tb rjnbvj tmj nctjrhcd `rbn tmj scei`coj. Br h`tmj pduffhef nctjrhcd be tmj scei`coj oceebt gj rjnbvjigy gcol`dbwhef, tmje pjrmcps ht oce gj ihssbdvji tmrbufmtmj usj b` vcrhbus typjs b` cohis. H` ejojsscry, `rcoturhefncy gj usji tb heorjcsj tmj heajothvhty rctj he tmj wjdd.Vctjr-Heajothbe Ocsj MhstbrhjsNcey jx cnpdjs b` `hjdi ocsj mhstbrhjs b` wctjr-heajothbeprbajots oce gj `buei he tmj dhtjrcturj. _jvje ocsj mhstb-rhjs b` wctjr`dbb is he gbtm sceistbej cei dhnjstbej rjsjr-vbhrs, ushef pcttjre cs wjdd cs pjrhpmjrcd heajothbe, crjijtchdji he _[J Wjprhet _jrhjs Eb. Qc, Vctjr`dbbihef(386?). _[JWjprhet_jrhjsEb~.9(3807)cei9c(386:),@hjdi Ocsj Mhstbrhjs cei Bhd cei Fcs Wjsjrvbhrs, cdsbijsorhgj tmj mhstbry b` sjvjrcd typhocd wc tjr`dbbi ceiprjssurj-nchetjeceoj prbajots.@br tmhs omcptjr, tmrjj rjojetdy rjpbrtji wctjr-heajothbe-prbajot ocsj mhstbrhjs wjrj sjdjotji `rbn tmj dhtjrcturj csc njces b` hddustrcthef tmj usj b` obetjnp brcry tjomebdb-

[brbshty, B/B[jrnjcghdhty, niVctjr scturcthbe, B/BBhd @P@, WGd_YGBhd vhsobshty, opBhd frcvhty, BC[H_bd&be &BW, so`/_YGMyirbfje sud`hij obetjet, nbd%Nbghdhty rcthb (wctjr/bhd)

Wjsjrvbhr [rbpjrthjsIctun, `t sugsjcBrhfhecd prjssurj, pshcOurrjet prjssurj, pshc_cturcthbe prjssurj, pshcYjnpjrcturj, B@[rbiuothbe crjc, corjsEjt tmholejss, `tBBH[, NN_YG

[rbiuothbe/Heajothbe (Ace. 3, 38=3)Bhd prbiuothbe rctj, N_YGdIOunudcthvj bhd prbiuothbe, NN_YGVctjr heajothbe rctj, NggdOunudcthvj wctjr heajothbe, NNggd

39.;?:.937.63.60;.3=

:33,=;0

=.=;.?

3:,9;;6,=:;:,6:;7,=?;

7=:39,93:

8:67=8;

7807:;:79

fy cei rjsjrvbhr jefhejjrhef njtmb is tb sbdvj sbnj b`tmj nbrj obnpdjx prbgdjns jeobuetjrji he ncey bhd `hjdistbicy. _un ncrhzji he tmj `bddbwhef ihsousshbe crj rjsudtsb` prbajots hevbdvhef (3) ce bdijr `hjdi whtm nudthpdjsceis, (7 ) c ijjp ocrgbectj rjsjrvbhr, cei (?) ce b``smbrj`hjdi.Ymj j``jots b` jxtjeshvj wctjr`dbbihef bpjrcthbes he tmjMjwhtt `hjdi ueht, Ocrtjr Obuety, BL, wjrj rjpbrtji he38= 7 gy Wugdj. H? Ymj prbajot ijsorhgji he tmct pcpjrhs c pcttjre wctjr`dbb i he nudthpdj sceis tmct mci gjjejssjethcddy ijpdjtji tmrbufm :; yjcrs b` prhncry bpjrc-thbes. Ymj prbajot hs c fbbi jxcnp dj b` c shnudtcejbuswctjr`dbbihef b` eunjrbus sceis obetchehef rjdcthvjdymhfm-vhsobshty bhd ct smcddbw ijptm s, cs smbwe he @hf.99.00 . C struoturj ncp b` tmj Mjwhtt ueht hs smbwe he@hf. 99.06. C sunncry b` tmj rjsjrvbhr pjr`brnceoj ictchs fhvje he Ycgdj 99.3: . Ymj ciihthbecd bhd rjobvjry gywctjr`dbbihef mcs gjje jsthnctji tb gj ?9.8~ db0 _YG(37? ggddcorj-`t) cs obn pcrji tb c prhncry rjobvjry b`3;8.0 ~ db0 _YG (?=: ggd/corj-`t). Ymjsj eungjrs rjp -rjsjet cpprbxhnctjdy 3; cei ?3% b` tmj BBH[, rjspjo-thvjdy. Cnb ef tmj butstceihef `jcturjs b` tmhs prbajot crj(3) tmj usj b` trhpdj obn pdjthbe heajothbe wjdds whtm tug-hef cei pcoljr hestcddcthbes `br obetrbd b` tmj wctjr tmcths heajotji hetb cs ncey cs 77 heihvhiucd sceis, (7) tmjpduffhef b` 0=; bdi wjdds cei irhddhef b` 398 ejw wjdds,cei (?) tmj usj b` survjhddceoj cei sjdjothvj heajothbe prb-frcns tb bpthnhzj bhd rjobvjry.Dcefstbe jt cd. H9 mcvj rjpbrtji be c dcrfj-socdj wctjr-heajothbe prbajot he tmj Acy/Dhttdj Jsocnghc Orjjl `hjdihe @dbrhic cei Cdcgcnc. Ymj prbajot hs c fbbi jxcn pdjb` c prjssurj- cei rctj-nchetcheji prbajot he c ijjp, ue-ijrscturctji , ocrgbectj rjsjrvbhr. C sunncry b` tmj prb-iuothbe pjr`brnceoj ictc `br tmj `hjdi hs prjsjetji heYcgdj 9 9.30. Ymj heajothbe pcttjre hs c ? 1 3 stcffj rji dhejirhvj, cs smbwe he @hf. 99.0=. Wjsjrvbhr prjssurj cei


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VCYJW-HEAJOYHBE [WJ__ZWJ NCHEYJECEOJ d2 VCYJW@DBBI [WBOJ__J_ 99-?6

bhd prbiuothbe rctjs, smbwe he @hf. 99.08, wjrj nche-tcheji ct obestcet djvjds `b r 0 yjcrs g j`brj tmj y gjfce tbijodhej. Zdthnctj bhd rjobvjry hs jxpjo tji tb gj ?90 x db0_YG, br 96.:% b` tmj BBH[. Ymhs rjprjsjets 777~ db0_YG nbrj rjobvjry tmce `rbn prhncry bpjrcthbes-h.j.,wctjr-heajothbe prboji urjs whdd coobuet `b r 09

44 - water-injection pressure maintenance and waterflood processes

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