4.4 biotechnology - gene transfer (by je hoon)
TRANSCRIPT
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Gene transfer & Geneti-cally modified organisms
JeHoon Oh
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Definition of Gene
• Gene is the heritable factor that de-termines the phenotype and geno-type.
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Definition of Genotype and Pheno-type
• Phenotype: characteristic of an or-ganism
• Genotype: It is the arrangement of al-leles in organisms.
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State two examples of the currentuses of genetically modified crops
or animals.
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• An example of genetically modified crop is the deactivation of the ripening gene in tomatos – (from page 245 biozones). The gene is deleted to control the ripen-ing.
• Another example is livestock improve-ment through use of transgenic animals. Transgenic sheep produces enhanced wool. – (from page 246 biozones).
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Discuss the potential benefits andpossible harmful effects of one
example of genetic modification.
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• Benefit: -Prevent the shortage of food -better quality of food with mineral and
vitamins-Longer duration of food ripening• Disadvantages:-Food can be unsafe to humans -Risk of having unknown effect to organ-
isms through gene transfer.
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Outline three outcomes of thesequencing of the complete human genome.
• It would help identify much of 20,000 ~ 25,000 genes in human DNA
• It would improve store of information as data• Transfer could be done using technologies related to private sec-
tor(All this information referenced from http://
www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml)-Also location of genes could be discovered-Evolutionary relationship can be more explainable(These two outcomes are referenced from http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/04-genetics-and-geneticengineering/ge-
netic-engineering-and-biotechnology/)
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When genes aretransferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated
from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal.
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All organisms use the same genetic code.
Thus, the gene should be transcribed and translated into same protein.
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Outline a basic technique used forgene transfer involving plasmids,a host cell (bacterium, yeast orother cell), restriction enzymes
(endonucleases) and DNA ligase.
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• The restriction enzymes (like CTAGG we learned in class from Ecori) are cut from genome to gain the desired gene.
• Plasmid is removed from Ecoli to get the same enzyme restriction.
• Same restriction enzyme can connect each other due to their same ends.
• Ligase is used like glue stick to join the stick ends, fixing the gene.
• This newly created gene is replaced into the host cell. (Human insulin is produced this way)
(Referenced from http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/04-genetics-and-genetic-engineering/genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology/)