4.3 powerpoint using studies wisely - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
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Section 4.3 �Using Studies Wisely
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Sec$on4.3Objec$ves
• Describethescopeofinferencethatisappropriateinasta$s$calstudy
• Evaluatewhetherasta$s$calstudyhasbeencarriedoutinanethicalmanner
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ScopeofInference
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ChallengesofEstablishingCausa$on
• Lackofrealismincertainstudiesthatcanonlybedoneinalab(laboratoryvstherealworldmaygiveslightlydifferentoutcomes)
• Unethicaltodojustanytypeofexperiment(thinkaboutaparachuteexperimenttoestablishwhetherparachutessavelives)
• Establishingcausa$onwithoutanexperimentisdifficult.Itcansome$mesbeestablishedifwehavemanystudiesyieldingthesameresultsover$me(seelungcancerproblem).
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NextaresomeexamplesofNever-Been-Done-BeforeExperimentsThatWouldBeDismissedbyTheIRBDuetoBeing“Unethical”
ViewerDiscre-onAdvised
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RealExperimentsFromOurPastThatAren’tConsideredEthicalaccordingtotoday’sstandards
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In1961,StanleyMilgram,apsychologistatYaleUniversity,beganaseriesofsocialpsychologyexperimentsthatmeasuredthewillingnessoftestsubjectstoobeyanauthorityfigure.ConductedonlythreemonthsaQerthestartofthetrialofGermanNaziwarcriminalAdolfEichmann,Milgram’sexperimentsoughttoanswertheques$on,“CoulditbethatEichmannandhismillionaccomplicesintheHolocaustwerejustfollowingorders?”Intheexperiment,twopar$cipants(onesecretlyanactorandoneanunwi\ngtestsubject)wereseparatedintotworoomswheretheycouldhear,butnotsee,eachother.Thetestsubjectwouldthenreadaseriesofques$onstotheactor,punishingeachwronganswerwithanelectricshock.Thoughmanypeoplewouldindicatetheirdesiretostoptheexperiment,almostallsubjectscon$nuedwhentheyweretoldtheywouldnotbeheldresponsible,orthattherewouldnotbeanypermanentdamage.
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In1956and1957,theUnitedStatesArmyconductedanumberofbiologicalwarfareexperimentsontheci$esofSavannah,GeorgiaandAvonPark,Florida.Inonesuchexperiment,millionsofinfectedmosquitoswerereleasedintothetwoci$es,inordertoseeiftheinsectscouldspreadyellowfeveranddenguefever.Notsurprisingly,hundredsofresearcherscontractedillnessesthatincludedfevers,respiratoryproblems,s$llbirths,encephali$s,andtyphoid.Inordertophotographtheresultsoftheirexperiments,Armyresearcherspretendedtobepublichealthworkers.Severalpeoplediedasaresultoftheresearch.
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Ini$allyestablishedinthe1950sasasub-projectofaCIA-sponsored,mind-controlresearchprogram,Opera$onMidnightClimaxsoughttostudytheeffectsofLSDonindividuals.InSanFranciscoandNewYork,unconsen$ngsubjectswereluredtosafehousesbypros$tutesontheCIApayroll,unknowinglygivenLSDandothermind-alteringsubstances,andmonitoredfrombehindone-wayglass.Thoughthesafehouseswereshutdownin1965,whenitwasdiscoveredthattheCIAwasadministeringLSDtohumansubjects,Opera$onMidnightClimaxwasatheaterforextensiveresearchonsexualblackmail,surveillancetechnology,andtheuseofmind-alteringdrugsonfieldopera$ons.
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ShortlyaQerWorldWarII,withtheimpendingColdWarforefrontonthemindsofAmericans,manymedicalresearcherswerepreoccupiedwiththeideaofradioac$vityandchemicalwarfare.InanexperimentatVanderbiltUniversity,829pregnantwomenweregiven“vitamindrinks”theyweretoldwouldimprovethehealthoftheirunbornbabies.Instead,thedrinkscontainedradioac$veironandtheresearcherswerestudyinghowquicklytheradioisotopecrossedintotheplacenta.Atleastsevenofthebabieslaterdiedfromcancersandleukemia,andthewomenthemselvesexperiencedrashes,bruises,anemia,lossofhairandtooth,andcancer.
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In1932,theU.S.PublicHealthServicebeganworkingwiththeTuskegeeIns$tutetotrackthenaturalprogressionofuntreatedsyphilis.Sixhundredpoor,illiterate,malesharecropperswerefoundandhiredinMaconCounty,Alabama.Ofthe600men,only399hadpreviouslycontractedsyphilis,andnoneweretoldtheyhadalifethreateningdisease.Instead,theyweretoldtheywerereceivingfreehealthcare,meals,andburialinsuranceinexchangeforpar$cipa$ng.EvenaQerPenicillinwasprovenaneffec$vecureforsyphilisin1947,thestudycon$nuedun$l1972.Inaddi$ontotheoriginalsubjects,vic$msofthestudyincludedwiveswhocontractedthedisease,andchildrenbornwithcongenitalsyphilis.In1997,PresidentBillClintonformallyapologizedtothoseaffectedbywhatisoQencalledthe“mostinfamousbiomedicalexperimentinU.S.history.”
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DataEthicsBigIdeas
• Ins$tu$onalReviewBoardmustapproveallexperiments(IRBestablishedin1974)
• InformedConsentFormsmustbegiventosubjectsinformingthemoftheirrights
• Confiden$alityofSubject’sInforma$onmustberespectedandensured