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Glencoe Science

Chapter Resources

Circulation

Includes:

Reproducible Student Pages

ASSESSMENT

✔ Chapter Tests

✔ Chapter Review

HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES

✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity

✔ Laboratory Activities

✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet

MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish

✔ Reinforcement

✔ Enrichment

✔ Note-taking Worksheets

TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES

✔ Section Focus Transparency Activities

✔ Teaching Transparency Activity

✔ Assessment Transparency Activity

Teacher Support and Planning

✔ Content Outline for Teaching

✔ Spanish Resources

✔ Teacher Guide and Answers

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Glencoe Science

Photo CreditsSection Focus Transparency 1: Gordon R. Gainer/The Stock Market Section Focus Transparency 2: Gail Meese/Meese Photo Research Section Focus Transparency 3: Juergen Berger,Max-Planck Institute/Science Photo Library/PhotoResearchers

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the conditionthat such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students,teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with theCirculation program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited with-out prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-867109-4

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 09 08 07 06 05 04

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iii

To the Teacher iv

Reproducible Student Pages■ Hands-On Activities

MiniLAB: Try at Home Inferring How Hard the Heart Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3MiniLAB: Modeling Scab Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Lab: The Heart as a Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Lab: Design Your Own Blood Type Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Laboratory Activity 1: Heart Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Laboratory Activity 2: Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Foldables: Reading and Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

■ Meeting Individual NeedsExtension and Intervention

Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

■ AssessmentChapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

■ Transparency ActivitiesSection Focus Transparency Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Teacher Support and PlanningContent Outline for Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T2Spanish Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T7Teacher Guide and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T11

Table of Contents

Additional Assessment Resources available with Glencoe Science:

• ExamView® Pro Testmaker• Assessment Transparencies• Performance Assessment in the Science Classroom• Standardized Test Practice Booklet• MindJogger Videoquizzes• Vocabulary PuzzleMaker at msscience.com• Interactive Chalkboard• The Glencoe Science Web site at: msscience.com• An interactive version of this textbook along with assessment resources are available

online at: mhln.com

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This chapter-based booklet contains all of the resource materials to help you teachthis chapter more effectively. Within you will find:

Reproducible pages for ■ Student Assessment■ Hands-on Activities■ Meeting Individual Needs (Extension and Intervention)■ Transparency Activities

A teacher support and planning section including ■ Content Outline of the chapter■ Spanish Resources■ Answers and teacher notes for the worksheets

Hands-On ActivitiesMiniLAB and Lab Worksheets: Each of these worksheets is an expanded version of each laband MiniLAB found in the Student Edition. The materials lists, procedures, and questionsare repeated so that students do not need their texts open during the lab. Write-on rules areincluded for any questions. Tables/charts/graphs are often included for students to recordtheir observations. Additional lab preparation information is provided in the Teacher Guideand Answers section.

Laboratory Activities: These activities do not require elaborate supplies or extensive pre-labpreparations. These student-oriented labs are designed to explore science through a stimu-lating yet simple and relaxed approach to each topic. Helpful comments, suggestions, andanswers to all questions are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.

Foldables: At the beginning of each chapter there is a Foldables: Reading & Study Skillsactivity written by renowned educator, Dinah Zike, that provides students with a tool thatthey can make themselves to organize some of the information in the chapter. Students maymake an organizational study fold, a cause and effect study fold, or a compare and contraststudy fold, to name a few. The accompanying Foldables worksheet found in this resourcebooklet provides an additional resource to help students demonstrate their grasp of theconcepts. The worksheet may contain titles, subtitles, text, or graphics students need tocomplete the study fold.

Meeting Individual Needs (Extension and Intervention)Directed Reading for Content Mastery: These worksheets are designed to provide studentswith learning difficulties with an aid to learning and understanding the vocabulary andmajor concepts of each chapter. The Content Mastery worksheets contain a variety of formatsto engage students as they master the basics of the chapter. Answers are provided in theTeacher Guide and Answers section.

To the Teacher

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Directed Reading for Content Mastery (in Spanish): A Spanish version of the DirectedReading for Content Mastery is provided for those Spanish-speaking students who are learning English.

Reinforcement: These worksheets provide an additional resource for reviewing the con-cepts of the chapter. There is one worksheet for each section, or lesson, of the chapter.The Reinforcement worksheets are designed to focus primarily on science content and lesson vocabulary, although knowledge of the section vocabulary supports understanding ofthe content. The worksheets are designed for the full range of students; however, they willbe more challenging for your lower-ability students. Answers are provided in the TeacherGuide and Answers section.

Enrichment: These worksheets are directed toward above-average students and allow themto explore further the information and concepts introduced in the section. A variety offormats are used for these worksheets: readings to analyze; problems to solve; diagrams to examine and analyze; or a simple activity or lab which students can complete in the classroom or at home. Answers are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.

Note-taking Worksheet: The Note-taking Worksheet mirrors the content contained in theteacher version—Content Outline for Teaching. They can be used to allow students to takenotes during class, as an additional review of the material in the chapter, or as study notesfor students who have been absent.

AssessmentChapter Review: These worksheets prepare students for the chapter test. TheChapter Review worksheets cover all major vocabulary, concepts, and objectives

of the chapter. The first part is a vocabulary review and the second part is a concept review.Answers and objective correlations are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.

Chapter Test: The Chapter Test requires students to use process skills and understand content.Although all questions involve memory to some degree, you will find that your students willneed to discover relationships among facts and concepts in some questions, and to use higherlevels of critical thinking to apply concepts in other questions. Each chapter test normallyconsists of four parts: Testing Concepts measures recall and recognition of vocabulary andfacts in the chapter; Understanding Concepts requires interpreting information and morecomprehension than recognition and recall—students will interpret basic information anddemonstrate their ability to determine relationships among facts, generalizations, definitions,and skills; Applying Concepts calls for the highest level of comprehension and inference;Writing Skills requires students to define or describe concepts in multiple sentence answers.Answers and objective correlations are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.

Transparency ActivitiesSection Focus Transparencies: These transparencies are designed to generate interestand focus students’ attention on the topics presented in the sections and/or to assess

prior knowledge. There is a transparency for each section, or lesson, in the Student Edition.The reproducible student masters are located in the Transparency Activities section. Theteacher material, located in the Teacher Guide and Answers section, includes TransparencyTeaching Tips, a Content Background section, and Answers for each transparency.

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Teaching Transparencies: These transparencies relate to major concepts that will benefitfrom an extra visual learning aid. Most of these transparencies contain diagrams/photosfrom the Student Edition. There is one Teaching Transparency for each chapter. The TeachingTransparency Activity includes a black-and-white reproducible master of the transparencyaccompanied by a student worksheet that reviews the concept shown in the transparency.These masters are found in the Transparency Activities section. The teacher material includesTransparency Teaching Tips, a Reteaching Suggestion, Extensions, and Answers to StudentWorksheet. This teacher material is located in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.

Assessment Transparencies: An Assessment Transparency extends the chapter content andgives students the opportunity to practice interpreting and analyzing data presented incharts, graphs, and tables. Test-taking tips that help prepare students for success on stan-dardized tests and answers to questions on the transparencies are provided in the TeacherGuide and Answers section.

Teacher Support and PlanningContent Outline for Teaching: These pages provide a synopsis of the chapter by section,including suggested discussion questions. Also included are the terms that fill in the blanksin the students’ Note-taking Worksheets.

Spanish Resources: A Spanish version of the following chapter features are included in thissection: objectives, vocabulary words and definitions, a chapter purpose, the chapter Activi-ties, and content overviews for each section of the chapter.

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Circulation 1

ReproducibleStudent Pages

Reproducible Student Pages■ Hands-On Activities

MiniLAB: Try at Home Inferring How Hard the Heart Works . . . . . . . 3MiniLAB: Modeling Scab Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Lab: The Heart as a Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Lab: Design Your Own Blood Type Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Laboratory Activity 1: Heart Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Laboratory Activity 2: Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Foldables: Reading and Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

■ Meeting Individual NeedsExtension and Intervention

Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Enrichment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

■ AssessmentChapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

■ Transparency ActivitiesSection Focus Transparency Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

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2 Circulation

Hands-OnActivities

Hands-On Activities


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Circulation 3

Inferring How Hard the Heart WorksProcedure 1. Make a fist and observe its size, which is approximately the size of your

heart.

2. Place your fist in a bowl of water. Then clench and unclench your fist tocause water to squirt out between your thumb and forefinger.

3. Continue the squeezing action for 3 min. Determine the number ofsqueezes per minute.

Analysis1. State how many times you squeezed your fist in 1 min. A resting heart beats approximately

70 times per minute.

2. What can you do when the muscles of your hand and arm get tired? Explain why cardiac muscle does not get tired.


Name Date Class

Hands-On Activities

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4 Circulation

Modeling Scab FormationProcedure 1. Place a 5-cm ✕ 5-cm square of gauze on a piece of aluminum foil.

2. Place several drops of a liquid bandage solution onto the gauze and let itdry. Keep the liquid bandage away from eyes and mouth.

3. Use a dropper to place one drop of water onto the area of the liquid bandage. Place another drop of water in another area of the gauze.

Analysis1. Compare the drops of water in both areas.

2. Describe how the treated area of the gauze is like a scab.


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Lab PreviewDirections: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.

1. How is your pulse related to your heart?

2. Why is it important to know your pulse?

The heart is a pumping organ. Blood is forced through the arteries as heartmuscles contract and then relax. This creates a series of waves in blood as itflows through the arteries. These waves are called the pulse. Try this lab tolearn how physical activity affects your pulse.

Real-World QuestionWhat does the pulse rate tell you about thework of the heart?

Materialswatch or clock with second hand*stopwatch*Alternate materials

Goals■ Observe pulse rate.■ Compare pulse rate at rest to rate after

jogging.

Procedure1. Use the table below to record your data.2. Sit down to take your pulse. Your partner

will serve as the recorder.3. Find your pulse by placing your middle

and index fingers over the radial artery inyour wrist as shown in Figure 1.WARNING: Do not press too hard.

4. Count each beat of the radial pulse silently for15 s. Multiply the number of beats by four tofind your pulse rate per minute. Have yourpartner record the number in the data table.

5. Now jog in place for 1 min and take yourpulse again. Count the beats for 15 s.

6. Calculate this new pulse rate and haveyour partner record it in the data table.

Figure 1

7. Reverse roles with your partner and repeatsteps 2 through 6.

8. Collect and record the new data in Table 1.

Data and ObservationsTable 1

The Heart as a Pump

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Pulse Rate

Pulse Rate Partner’s Yours

At rest

After jogging


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Conclude and Apply1. Describe why the pulse rate changes.

2. Infer what causes the pulse rate to change.

3. Explain why the heart is a pumping organ.

Hands-On Activities

Communicating Your Data

Record the class average for pulse rate at rest and after jogging. Compare the classaverages to your data. For more help, refer to the Science Skill Handbook.

(continued)


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Circulation 7

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Lab PreviewDirections: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.1. Which simulated blood type will be used as the control?

2. Why is it important to NOT eat, taste, or drink laboratory materials?

Human blood can be classified into four main blood types—A, B, AB, and O.These types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the redblood cells. After blood is collected into a transfusion bag, it is tested todetermine the blood type. The type is labeled clearly on the bag. Blood isrefrigerated to keep it fresh and available for transfusion.

Real-World QuestionWhat happens when two different blood typesare mixed?

Form a HypothesisBased on your reading and observations, statea hypothesis about how different blood types will react to each other.

Safety Precautions

WARNING: Do not taste, eat, or drink anymaterials used in the lab.

Possible Materialssimulated blood (10 mL low-fat milk and

10 mL water plus red food coloring)lemon juice as antigen A (for blood types

B and O)water as antigen A (for blood types A and AB)dropperssmall paper cupsmarking pen10-mL graduated cylinder

Goals■Design an experiment that simulates thereactions between different blood types.

■Identify which blood types can donate towhich other blood types.

Test Your HypothesisMake a Plan1. As a group, agree upon the hypothesis and

decide how you will test it. Identify theresults that will confirm the hypothesis.

2. List the steps you must take and the materi-als you will need to test your hypothesis. Bespecific. Describe exactly what you will do ineach step.

3. Prepare a data table in your Science Jour-nal to record your observations.

4. Reread the entire experiment to make sureall steps are in logical order.

5. Identify constants and variables.Blood type O will be the control.

Follow Your Plan1. While doing the experiment, record your

observations and complete the data table inyour Science Journal.

Design Your Own

Blood Type Reactions

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Hands-On Activities

Communicating Your Data

Write a brief report on how blood is tested to determine blood type. Describe why this isimportant to know before receiving a blood transfusion. For more help, refer to the Science Skill Handbook.

Analyze Your Data1. Compare the reactions of each blood type (A, B, AB, and O) when antigen A was added to the

blood.

2. Observe where clumping took place.

3. Compare your results with those of other groups.

4. What was the control factor in this experiment?

5. What were your variables?

Conclude and Apply1. Did the results support your hypothesis? Explain.

2. Predict what might happen to a person if other antigens are not matched properly.

3. What would happen in an investigation with antigen B added to each blood type?

(continued)


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Heart Structure

Can you name the part of your body that is a muscle, works on its own without any reminder fromyou, pushes about five liters of liquid through your body each minute, relaxes for only about half asecond, and squeezes or contracts 70 to 100 times a minute? The organ described is the human heart.

StrategyYou will observe the outside and inside of a cow or sheep heart to locate and label the parts

of a heart.You will study the direction of blood flow through the heart.You will review the condition of blood on the right side of the heart as compared with the

blood on the left side. Discuss side reversal in detail with the class to avoid confusion.

Materials 2 colored pencils (red and blue)dissecting pandissecting probeheart (sheep or cow)*narrow tongue depressors*coffee stirrers*Alternate materials

ProcedurePart A—Outside of Heart1. Position your sheep or cow heart in a dis-

secting pan so that it matches Figure 1.WARNING: Wash hands thoroughly afterhandling heart.NOTE: Use the description below and thedirections of arrows in Figure 2 to helplocate each part of the heart. Use Figure 2to label each part as you identify it.

2. The superior and inferior vena cava returnsblood to the right side of the heart frombody organs. Locate and label the superiorand inferior vena cava. The pulmonary vein returns blood to the left side of theheart from the lungs. Locate and label thepulmonary vein.

3. Blood in veins enters the right and leftatrium, two small chambers at the top ofthe heart. Locate and label the right atriumand left atrium.

4. Pumping action of the heart squeezesblood from the atria into the right and leftventricles, two large chambers at thebottom of the heart. Locate and label theright ventricle and left ventricle.

5. Pumping action of the heart squeezesblood from the two ventricles. Blood leavesthe heart on the left side by way of anartery called the aorta. Locate and label theaorta, which carries blood to all body parts.Blood leaves the heart on the right side byway of another artery, the pulmonaryartery. Locate and label the pulmonaryartery, which carries blood to the lungs.

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Figure 1


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Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)

Name Date Class

Figure 2

Part B—Inside of Heart1. Your teacher will slice open the heart with

a scalpel.2. Note the thickness of the muscle that

makes up the left and right ventricles.3. Locate and label the heart valves between

atria and ventricles. Valves keep bloodflowing in one direction.

4. Locate and label the valves where the pulmonary artery and aorta are joined tothe heart.

Part C—Condition of Blood in Heart1. Use a blue pencil to color in the spaces

on Figure 2 to show where deoxygenatedblood would be. Blood returning to orpumped from the right side of the heart isdeoxygenated. This means that the amountof oxygen in the blood is low.

2. Use a red pencil to color in spaces to showwhere oxygenated blood would be.Oxygenated blood contains a large amountof oxygen. Those vessels returning to orleaving the left side of the heart carryoxygenated blood.

Hands-On Activities

Blood to heart

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Blood to heart

Blood from heart


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Data and Observations1. Label and color Figure 2 as instructed in the Procedure. NOTE: Notice that Figure 2 shows the

left and right sides of the heart reversed. The diagram actually shows the position of the heartin a person as it would appear if you were facing that person whose heart is shown.

2. Complete Table 1. Use the words oxygenated or deoxygenated to describe the condition of theblood in each part. (See Part C of the Procedure.)

Questions and Conclusions1. To what part of the body is blood pumped as it passes through the pulmonary artery?

2. From what part of the body is blood being returned to the heart as it passes through the pulmonary veins? Through the vena cava?

3. If blood leaves the right side of the heart deoxygenated and returns to the left side oxygenated,what gas has been added to the blood? Through what organ must the blood pass in order tochange in this way?

4. Explain why the muscle of the left ventricle is thicker than the muscle of the right ventricle.

5. Explain the function of the heart valves.

Part Right side

Atrium

Ventricle

Vena cava

Aorta

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

Left side

Table 1


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6. List in order those parts that determine the direction of blood flow through the heart. Startwith the vena cava and include the following: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, rightventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta.

7. Use the data in the Data and Observations section to explain the condition of all blood ina. the heart’s right side.

b. the heart's left side.

Strategy Check

Can you locate and properly label the following parts of the heart: vena cava, right atrium,left atrium, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left ventricle, right ventricle, aorta?

Can you rearrange the above parts in proper order starting with the vena cava to showthe direction of blood flow through the heart?

Can you compare the condition of the blood on the right side of the heart to the bloodon the left side?

Hands-On Activities


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Circulation 13

Name Date Class

Blood Pressure

The main blood vessels of the body are the arteries and the veins. The heart pumps blood to allparts of the body by way of arteries. Veins carry blood back to the heart. Blood within your bloodvessels is under pressure. Do arteries and veins have the same blood pressure?

StrategyYou will build an artificial heart and blood vessels with a plastic squeeze bottle and glass and

rubber tubing.You will measure and record the distance that water squirts from the glass tube and rubber tube.You will compare the distance water squirts from each tube to the softness of the tubes.

Materials

Procedure1. Fill a squeeze bottle with water. Add several

drops of red food coloring to the water andshake gently.

2. Put the rubber stopper, with tubesattached, into the squeeze bottle opening.The stopper should fit tightly.

3. Rest a meterstick lengthwise on the edges of awashpan. Hold the rubber tube on one edgeof the washpan. The rubber tube should belevel with the glass tube. See Figure 2.

4. While a classmate squeezes the bottle,determine how far the water stream fromeach tube travels. Record your resultin Table 1.

5. Refill the bottle before each new trial andrepeat steps 3 and 4 three more times.Again record the results in the table.

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food coloring (red)2 glass tubes, 20 cm long and 5 cm long,

5-mm inside diameter, inserted in a rubber stopper (2-hole) by your teacher

meterstickrubber tube, 18 cm long, 5-mm inside diametersqueeze bottlewash pan

Figure 1 Squeeze bottle

Rubber stopperGlass tube 20 cm long

Rubber tube 18 cm long

Short length of glass tube

Figure 2

LaboratoryActivity22


14 Circulation

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Name Date Class

Data and Observations1. Record your results in Table 1. Use centimeter units.

Table 1

2. Calculate the average distance water travels for each tube. Record the average in the table.

Questions and Conclusions1. The higher the pressure in a tube, the farther water will travel when it comes out of the tube. In

which tube was water pressure higher? In which tube was water pressure lower?

2. Veins are soft and flexible, while arteries are tougher and less flexible. Which tube correspondsto arteries? Which tube corresponds to veins?

3. Using your results, compare blood pressure in arteries to blood pressure in veins.

4. What part of your body can be compared to the squeeze bottle? The water?

Hands-On Activities

Trial

1. Glass tube

2. Rubber tube

1 2 3 4 Average


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Circulation 15

Name Date Class

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Blood pressure is described by measuring two events: (a) Systolic pressure—pressure when theventricles of the heart contract and push blood into arteries (b) Diastolic pressure—pressure when the ventricles relax and blood in the arteries is not being pushed.

Blood pressure is a comparison of systolic to diastolic numbers. Figure 3 shows blood pressuremeasured in mm of mercury compared with age in years. For example, the systolic pressure for a10-year-old child is 100 mm of mercury. The diastolic pressure for this child is 65 mm of mercury.

Figure 3

5. a. What is the systolic pressure for a 20-year-old person?

b. What is the diastolic pressure for a 20-year-old person?

6. From the graph, determine the blood pressure for the following ages: (list systolic, then diastolic.)

a. 15 years old ______________________________________________________________

b. 30 years old ______________________________________________________________

c. 40 years old ______________________________________________________________

7. a. How much change occurs in systolic pressure from age 0 to 60?

b. How much change occurs in diastolic pressure from age 0 to 60?

20

40

80

120

160

200

0

60

100

140

180

Bloo

d pr

essu

re (m

m o

f mer

cury

)

Age (years)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Systolic pressure

Diastolic pressure

Systolic pressure

Diastolic pressure


16 Circulation

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Name Date Class

8. Does systolic blood pressure change more from age 0 to 20 than from age 20 to 60?

9. a. At what age is there the greatest difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

b. What is the blood pressure at this age? _________________________________________

10. The age of a person with a systolic pressure of 120 and diastolic pressure of 75 should be close to what?

A person is said to have high blood pressure if systolic and diastolic pressures are higher than nor-mal. A person is said to have a low blood pressure if systolic and diastolic pressure are lower thannormal. Record if the following people have high, low, or normal blood pressure by comparing thepressure in Table 2 with those in the graph in Figure 3.

Table 2

Strategy Check

Did you build an artificial heart and blood vessels?

Did you determine which tube, glass or rubber, allows the water to squirt out farther

when the bottle is squeezed?

Can you correlate the distance water squirts to the softness of the rubber and glass tubes?

Hands-On Activities

Blood Pressure

Age

45 140 83 11.

12.

13.

30 130 85

60 140 80

Systolic Diastolic Pressure


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Circulation 17

Circulation

Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter.

CirculationPulmonaryCoronarySystemicthe flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart

the flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

the flow of blood to all of the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs

Name Date Class

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18 Circulation

Meeting IndividualNeeds

Meeting Individual Needs


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Circulation 19

OverviewCirculation

Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below

heart arteries lungs

capillaries vena cava

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

6. Once tissue fluid diffuses into the lymphatic capillaries, it is called

____________________.

7. ____________________ are lymphatic organs that protect your mouth and nosefrom harmful microorganisms.

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Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

1.

5.

2.

3.

4.

pulmonary veins pulmonary artery

aorta

veins

which leadsto the

which pumpsblood through

and other

and then towhich connect to

which carryoxygen-poorblood into the

which returnoxygenatedblood to the

to theto the

whichpumps bloodthrough the


Name Date Class

20 Circulation

Directions: Use the following terms to correctly complete the sentences below.

arteries chambers white veins fibrin

1. The heart has four cavities called ____________________.

2. ____________________ move blood away from the heart, while

____________________ move blood to the heart.

3. ____________________ blood cells fight bacteria, viruses, and other

foreign substances.

4. When you get a minor cut, platelets in your blood stick to the wound and cause

____________________ threads to form a clot.

Directions: The parts of the human blood are shown below. Write the function of each part on the lines belowthe illustration. Use the following terms.

help clot blood contain hemoglobin

contains nutrients and minerals help fight infection

5. a.

b.

c.

d.

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Section 1 ■ The CirculatorySystem

Section 2 ■ Blood

B. Red blood cells C. Platelets D. PlasmaA. White blood cells


Content Mastery


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Circulation 21

Section 3 ■ The LymphaticSystem

Directions: Unscramble the terms below, then use them to label the parts of the lymphatic system.

phmly onde shumty lossint slepen

Directions: Use the terms above to complete each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once.

5. The ____________________ is the largest organ of the lymphatic system and

filters blood.

6. The ____________________ produces lymphocytes that travel to other

lymph organs.

7. Lymphatic organs that protect the mouth and throat from pathogens are the

____________________.

8. ____________________ filter out microorganisms and foreign material that

have been engulfed by the lymphocytes.

9. When your body fights infection, the ____________________ become warm,

reddened, and tender to the touch.

10. Your ____________________ is a mass of soft tissue located behind the sternum.

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Content Mastery


22 Circulation

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Name Date Class

Key TermsCirculation

Directions: Draw a line to connect the description on the left to the correct term on the right.


artery

atrium

capillary

hemoglobin

lymph node

lymphocyte

plasma

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

ventricle

1. microscopic blood vessel that connectsarteries and veins

2. vessel that carries blood away fromthe heart

3. chemical that carries oxygen and carbondioxide in the blood

4. upper chamber of the heart

5. liquid part of the blood that carriesnutrients and minerals

6. organ that filters out microorganismsand foreign materials

7. white blood cell carried in thelymphatic system

8. lower chamber of the heart

9. flow of blood from the heart to otherorgans and tissues of the body exceptthe heart and lungs

10. flow of blood from the heart to thelungs and back to the heart


Content Mastery


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Nombre Fecha Clase

Circulación 23

SinopsisCirculación

Instrucciones: Completa el mapa de conceptos usando los términos de la siguiente lista.

corazón arterias pulmones

capilares vena cava

Instrucciones: Completa las siguientes oraciones usando el término correcto.

6. Una vez que el fluido tisular se difunde en los capilares linfáticos, ésta se conoce

como _____________.

7. Los(Las)____________________ son órganos linfáticos que te protegen la narizy la boca de los microorganismos dañinos.

Lectura dirigida para

Dominio del contenido

1.

5.

2.

3.

4.

venas pulmonares arteria pulmonar

aorta

venas

que conduce(n)al o a la

bombea sangre através de la

bombea sangre através de la

y otros(as)

y luego al (a los)conectadas al (a los)

y saca la sangreescasa en oxígeno

a través de las

el(la) cual devuelvesangre oxigenada a las

de(l)

Satis

face

las n

eces

idad

es in

divi

dual

es

de(l)


Nombre Fecha Clase

24 Circulación

arterias cavidades blancos venas fibrina

1. El corazón posee cuatro cavidades llamadas ____________________.

2. El(La) ____________________ sacan la sangre del corazón, mientras que

el(la) ____________________ llevan la sangre al corazón.

3. Los glóbulos ____________________ combaten las bacterias, los virus y

otras sustancias extrañas.

4. Cuando sufres una herida leve, las plaquetas en la sangre se adhieren a la herida y

hacen que se formen hebras de ____________________ para formar un coagulo.

Instrucciones: A continuación se muestran las partes de la sangre humana. Escribe la función de cada parte enlas líneas en blanco debajo de cada ilustración. Usa los siguientes términos.

ayudan a coagular la sangre contiene hemoglobina

contiene nutrientes y minerales ayuda a combatir infecciones

5. a.

b.

c.

d.

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Sección 1 ■ El sistema circulatorio

Sección 2 ■ La sangre

B. Glóbulos rojos C. Plaquetas D. PlasmaA. Glóbulos blancos


Dominio del contenidio

Satisface las necesidades individuales


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Nombre Fecha Clase

Circulación 25

Sección 3 ■ El sistema linfático

Instrucciones: Descifra los siguientes términos y úsalos para rotular las partes del sistema linfático.

gligano cofálinti omti glasadamí zabo

Instrucciones: Usa los términos anteriores para completar cada oración. Puedes usar los términos más de unavez.

5. El(La) ____________________ es el órgano más grande del sistema linfático y

el que filtra la sangre.

6. El(La) ____________________ produce linfocitos que viajan a otros órganos

del sistema linfático.

7. Los órganos linfáticos que protegen la boca y la garganta de patógenos son los

____________________.

8. El(La) ____________________ filtra los microorganismos y el material foráneo

que engullen los linfocitos.

9. Cuando tu cuerpo combate una infección, los(las) ____________________ se

calientan, enrojecen y se vuelven sensibles al tacto.

10. Tu ____________________ es una masa de tejido blando ubicado detrás del

esternón.

1.

3.

2.

4.



Satis

face

las n

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idad

es in

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26 Circulación

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Nombre Fecha Clase

Términos clavesCirculación

Instrucciones: Conecta la descripción con el término correcto.

arteria

aurícula

capilar

hemoglobina

ganglio linfático

linfocito

plasma

circulación pulmonar

circulación sistémica

ventrículo

1. vaso sanguíneo microscópico queconecta las arterias y las venas

2. vaso que saca la sangre del corazón

3. sustancia química que transporta oxíge-no y dióxido de carbono en la sangre

4. cavidad superior del corazón

5. parte líquida de la sangre que lleva nutrientes y minerales

6. órgano que filtra los microorganismos ylos materiales foráneos

7. glóbulo blanco que se encuentra en elsistema linfático

8. cavidad inferior del corazón

9. flujo de sangre desde el corazón a otrosórganos y tejidos del cuerpo, excepto elcorazón y los pulmones

10. flujo de sangre desde el corazón a lospulmones y de regreso al corazón



Satisface las necesidades individuales


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Circulation 27

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms for questions 1–4.

1. The ____________________ is the only vein in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood. This

vein moves blood from the ____________________ to the ____________________.

2. Valves inside the veins prevent blood from flowing ____________________ the heart.

3. Blood in ____________________ carries wastes away from the cells of the body back to the heart.

4. A measure of the force of blood on the walls of blood vessels is called ____________________.

5. What is pulmonary circulation and what is its function?_______________________________

Directions Label the diagram of the heart. Include the following terms on your diagram: right atrium, rightventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery,pulmonary vein, aorta. Use a pencil to draw arrows showing the path of oxygen-rich blood. Use a pen to

show the path of oxygen-poor blood.

The Circulatory System

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6.

7.

8.

9.

14.

13.

11.

12.

10.

To lungs

To smaller arteries and capillaries

From lungs

Reinforcement11


Directions: Fill in the missing words in the following statements to describe the four functions of blood.

1. carries _____________________ to all body cells and removes _____________________

2. carries _____________________ of cell activity to _____________________ to be removed

3. transports _____________________ from the digestive system to all cells

4. carries materials that fight _____________________ and heal wounds

Directions: The parts of human blood are shown below. Use the following phrases to write what each part doeson the line below its picture: help clot blood; transport oxygen; contains nutrients and minerals; helpfight infection.


28 Circulation

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Blood

5. a.

b.

c.

d.

Directions: Complete the following table. Possible blood types of the donor are listed horizontally. The possibleblood types of the receiver are listed vertically. Make a check in the box if the receiver can receive blood from thedonor directly above. Then answer the questions below the table.

10. Who can receive any blood type? ________________________________________________

11. Who can receive only O type blood? _____________________________________________

Reinforcement22

Donor (can give blood to)

Receiver(can receiveblood from)

Blood type

6. O

7. A

8. B

9. AB

O A B AB



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Circulation 29

Directions: Answer the questions on the lines provided.5. What are three main functions of the lymphatic system?

6. What do lymph nodes do? Why do they sometimes become large and tender?

7. What is the role of the thymus?

8. How is the spleen like a lymph node? How do their functions differ?

Directions: In the space below, write a paragraph to describe how HIV affects the lymphatic system when itenters a person’s body. Include a description of the function of the cells the virus attacks.

9.

The Lymphatic System

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Reinforcement33Directions: Label the drawing below of the lymphatic system. Include the terms lymph node, thymus,tonsil, and spleen.


30 Circulation

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Exercise and Circulation

Design an experiment to test the circulation of six of your friends or family members. Choosean exercise that will increase circulation, such as running in place or jumping jacks. Take a pulsereading or a blood pressure reading for each person before and after exercising. Make sure theexercise is not too strenuous for anyone you are testing.

Directions: Fill in the following table as you conduct your experiment. The rate in the table refers to the pulserate or blood pressure reading. If you need more space, use a separate sheet of paper.

Directions: Write a conclusion for your experiment. Include answers to the following questions.1. Did the heart rate differ with age?2. Did the heart rate go up by the same amount in all the people tested?3. How long did each person rest after exercising? Had his or her heart returned to the first

measurement? Test yourself to see how long it takes for your heart rate to return to normal.

Conclusion


Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6

Length of timeexercising

Name

Age of person

Rate before exercise

Type of exercise

Rate after exercising

Rate after resting

Enrichment11

Table 1


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Circulation 31

Sickle-Cell Anemia

1. What is the important function of red blood cells?

2. What does a sickle-cell blood cell look like?

3. Why is the shape of the sickle cell a problem?

4. What can be a benefit of having a gene for sickle-cell anemia?

One of the primary parts of blood is the redblood cell (RBC). It is a cell shaped like a flatcircle or inner tube. This cell contains animportant molecule called hemoglobin, whichis the molecule that carries oxygen to tissuesand carbon dioxide away from them.

There is a genetic disorder called sickle-cellanemia that causes the shape of the RBC tochange. Instead of having the flat circularshape of a regular RBC, the cell becomes longand pointed. The sides of the cell may turn upand the shape of the sickle cell looks verymuch like a taco shell.

A Painful EffectOne of the main problems with these cells

is that they do not flow easily through smallcapillaries. They tend to get clumped togetherand block parts of the circulatory system fromdelivering oxygen. This can be very painful tothe person with sickle-cell anemia. An inter-esting piece of information about the disorderhas recently been discovered: many peoplecarry the sickle-cell gene, but in heterozygousindividuals, people who have inherited thegene from only one parent, the gene is rarelyexpressed. Only homozygous individuals,

those who inherited the gene from both par-ents, commonly develop the symptoms. Thesepeople may die from sickle-cell anemia, butthe people who are heterozygous do not.

Malaria ResistanceHumans with either genetic combination

appear to be resistant to the deadly diseasemalaria. Malaria is caused by a small parasitecalled Plasmodium. It is carried by a certainspecies of mosquitoes and transferred tohumans by the bite of this small insect. Plas-modium lives in the RBCs of infected humanswhere it can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,and may lead to death in many children andadults.

It seems that Plasmodium cannot live in thesickle cells of infected people because theshape of the cell destroys the parasite.Sickle-cell anemia is found in people who livein or have ancestors from tropical climates,like parts of Africa, the Mediterranean, andthe West Indies. Malaria is very common inthese places. It seems this disorder helps themto survive malaria, one of the deadliest dis-eases on Earth. Therefore, sickle-cell anemiais a good example of a genetic adaptation.

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32 Circulation

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Designing a System

The lymphatic system is sometimes compared to the circulatory system. However, the lym-phatic system has no pump, like the heart, to keep lymph circulating through the body. In addi-tion, the circulatory system is a continuous system—the lymphatic system is not. In thecirculatory system, arteries leaving the heart connect to smaller and smaller arteries that connectto capillaries. The capillaries connect to small veins that connect to larger and larger veins. Thelarge veins lead back to the heart, where the circuit is complete. In the lymphatic system, althoughlymph capillaries lead to larger lymph vessels, the lymph capillaries begin “blindly” in the tissues.The lymph does not go in a complete circuit through the body.


Compared to the circulatory system, do you think that the lymphatic system is well-adapted tocarrying material through the body? Explain your answer.

Directions: Design a lymphatic system for an imaginary species of the future. Draw a picture of the system andexplain how it compares to the human lymphatic system.

Enrichment33


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Circulation 33

Circulation

Section 1 The Circulatory System

A. Your __________________ system includes the blood, heart, and blood vessels. It moves

materials to all parts of your body.

1. Movement of materials into and out of your cells occurs by _____________, or movement

of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

2. Movement also occurs by ____________________, which is the opposite of diffusion.

B. _____________ —controls blood flow through all parts of the body

1. Has four chambers

a. _____________ —upper two chambers

b. ______________—lower two chambers

c. A one-way _____________ separates each atrium from the ventricle below it.

d. Blood _____________ only from an atrium to a ventricle.

e. A wall between the two atriums and the two ventricles prevents oxygen-rich and oxygen-

poor blood from __________.

2. Circulatory system—divided into _________ sections

a. ____________ circulation is the flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.

b. In _____________ circulation, blood flows through the heart to the lungs, where carbon

dioxide and other waste materials diffuse out, oxygen diffuses in, and the blood goes back

to the heart.

c. ____________ circulation moves oxygen-rich blood to all the organs and body tissues,

except the heart and lungs, and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

C. _________________ carry blood to every part of your body.

1. ____________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

a. Each ventricle of the heart is connected to an artery.

b. The right ventricle connects to the _____________ artery.

c. The left ventricle connects to the _____________.

d. Every time your heart _____________, blood is moved from your heart into your arteries.

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Note-takingWorksheet


34 Circulation

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Name Date Class

2. _________ carry blood back to the heart.

a. __________________ keep blood moving toward the heart by muscle contractions

throughout the body.

b. There are two major veins, the ______________________ which returns blood from the

head and neck, and the ______________________ which returns blood from the

abdomen and lower body.

3. _______________ are microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins.

a. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse to body cells through capillary _________.

b. Waste materials and _____________________ diffuse from body cells to capillaries.

D. __________________ is the force of the blood on the walls of the _________ ___________.

1. Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in _________.

a. A rise and fall of pressure occurs with the _____________.

b. Normal pulse rates are 60–___ beats per minute for adults.

2. Measured using _______ numbers:

a. first—________—measures pressure caused by ventricles contracting and pushing blood

out of the heart

b. second—_________—measures pressure that occurs as ventricles fill with blood

3. Your brain tries to keep your blood pressure ____________. Your brain sends messages to your

heart to raise or lower your blood pressure by speeding up or slowing down your heart rate.

E. __________________________—the ___________ cause of death in the United States

1. atherosclerosis—_________________ build up on arterial walls and clog arteries

a. atherosclerosis can occur in any artery in the body—deposits in coronary ____________

are especially serious

b. If a coronary artery is blocked, a ___________________ can happen.

2. hypertension—____ blood pressure

a. When blood pressure is high, the _________ must work harder to keep blood flowing.

b. One cause of high blood pressure is ___________________.


Note-taking Worksheet (continued)


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Circulation 35

3. Prevention:

a. Follow a good diet and avoid salt, sugar, cholesterol, and _____________ ________.

b. Eliminate ____________________, which forces the heart to pump faster.

c. Exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, helps control cholesterol, and controls

__________________.

d. Manage __________, which causes the heart to pump faster.

e. Avoid ___________, which increases the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood and

makes the heart beat faster.

Section 2 BloodA. Functions of blood

1. Blood carries __________ from your lungs to your body cells, and carbon dioxide from

your cells to your lungs to be exhaled.

2. Blood carries _____________________ from cells to your kidneys to be removed.

3. Blood transports _____________ to your body’s cells.

4. Cells and molecules in blood fight ______________ and heal wounds.

B. Parts of blood

1. Plasma—______ part of blood

a. made mostly of __________

b. _____________, minerals, and oxygen are dissolved in plasma.

c. carries wastes from __________

2. _________________ supply your body with oxygen.

a. Red blood cells contain ______________, which is a chemical that can carry oxygen and

carbon dioxide.

b. The life span of a red blood cell is _______ days, and is then rapidly replaced.

3. ___________________ fight bacteria and viruses.

a. Your body reacts to invaders by ______________ the number of white blood cells.

b. White blood cells enter infected tissues, destroy bacteria and viruses, and absorb

______________.

c. The life span of a white blood cell is a few days to many months.

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36 Circulation

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4. _____________ are irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood.

a. release chemicals that help form _____________ of fibrin

b. life span of five to nine ________

C. Blood clotting—platelets and ___________________ plug up a wound.

1. _____________ stick to a wound and release chemicals.

2. Clotting factors carry out ______________________.

3. Threadlike fibers, called __________, form a sticky net.

4. The net traps blood cells and plasma and forms a ________.

5. _____________ then begin the repair process.

D. Blood types—A, B, AB, _____

1. based partly on ____________

a. chemical identification tags in the blood

b. Type _____ has no antigens, and can donate blood to any type.

2. also based on ______________

a. proteins that identify substances that do not belong in the ________, such as other

blood types, and destroy them

b. Type ______ has no antibodies, so it can receive blood from any type.

3. _____________ is another chemical identification tag in blood.

a. If people who lack the Rh factor (Rh–) receive Rh+ blood, they will produce

______________ against the blood.

b. Antibodies cause _________ to form in the blood vessels.

E. Blood diseases

1. Anemia affects _______ blood cells.

a. body tissues can’t get enough __________ and are unable to carry on usual activities

b. causes include a loss of a large amounts of blood, diet lacking in ________, or heredity

2. Leukemia—affects ___________________________

a. White blood cells are made in excessive numbers.

b. The excess cells are immature and don’t fight _____________ well.

c. Immature cells fill the __________________ and crowd out normal cells.




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Circulation 37

Section 3 The Lymphatic System

A. The lymphatic system collects ___________________ and returns it to the blood.

1. _________—tissue fluid that has diffused into the lymphatic capillaries

a. contains _________ and dissolved substances

b. contains _______________—type of white blood cell that helps the body defend itself

against disease-causing organisms

2. Lymph is carried through lymphatic capillaries and vessels to large veins near the

_________.

3. Lymph is moved by the contraction of ___________.

4. Lymphatic vessels have __________ to keep lymph from flowing backward.

B. Lymphatic __________

1. _________ nodes

a. bean-shaped organs of varying size found ______________ the body

b. filter __________________ and foreign materials from lymphocytes

2. ___________ protect your body from harmful microorganisms that enter through the

mouth and throat.

3. Thymus, which is located behind the sternum, makes _______________.

4. __________—located behind the stomach, filters blood by removing damaged red blood

cells from the blood stream, takes up and destroys bacteria and other invaders of the body.

C. The HIV virus attacks _______________ called the helper T-cells.

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Assessment

Assessment


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Circulation 39

Circulation

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Complete the following sentences using the vocabulary words listed below.

arteries atriums capillaries

coronary circulation hemoglobin lymph

lymph nodes lymphatic system lymphocytes

plasma platelets veins

pulmonary circulation ventricles systemic circulation

1. The ____________________ are the upper two chambers of the heart.

2. The two lower chambers of the heart are the ____________________.

3. The blood vessels that move blood away from the heart are called ____________________.

4. The blood vessels that move blood in the direction of the heart are

called _____________________________.

5. _____________________________ are microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.

6. _____________________________ is the flow of blood through the heart and lungs.

7. _____________________________ moves blood to all tissues except the lungs and the heart.

8. _____________________________ is the liquid part of blood and is made mostly of water.

9. Red blood cells contain _____________________________ , a chemical that can carry oxy-

gen and carbon dioxide.

10. _____________________________ are the odd-shaped cell fragments that help clot blood.

11. _____________________________ is the flow of blood to the tissues of the heart.

12. The _____________________________ collects fluid from body tissue spaces and returns it

to the blood through lymph capillaries and large lymph vessels.

13. _____________________________ filter out microorganisms and foreign materials.

14. Tissue fluid found inside lymphatic capillaries is known as _____________________________.

15. The tissue fluid inside lymphatic capillaries consists mostly of water, dissolved substances, and

a type of white blood cell known as _____________________________ .

Asse

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Chapter Review


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Chapter Review (continued)

40 Circulation

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Study the diagram below. Label the parts of the heart. Then draw dashed arrows to show the pathof low-oxygen blood and solid arrows for the high-oxygen path.

Directions: List the four major functions of blood.

10. a.

b.

c.

d.

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.11. Describe the source of lymph.

12. Describe the role of lymph organs in fighting infections.

Assessment

1.

2.

3.

4. 9.

8.

7.

5.

6.


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Circulation 41

Circulation

I. Testing ConceptsDirections: Match the description in the first column with the term in the second column by writing the correctletter in the space provided. Some items in the second column may not be used.

1. the two upper chambers of the heart

2. the two lower chambers of the heart

3. blood vessels that move blood away from the heart

4. blood vessels that move blood toward the heart

5. microscopic blood vessels connecting larger vessels

6. moves blood to all tissues except lungs and heart

7. collects fluid from body tissue spaces and returns it to the blood

8. the liquid part of the blood, consisting mostly of water

9. a chemical that can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each sentence.

10. Another name for high blood pressure is ______.a. atherosclerosis b. hypertension c. leukemia d. thrombosis

11. Blood in veins is ______.a. high in oxygen b. high in nutrients c. low in wastes d. low in oxygen

12. In pulmonary circulation, blood flows through two organs, the ______.a. brain and heart c. heart and liverb. heart and kidneys d. lungs and heart

13. In systemic circulation, blood returns from your abdomen through the inferior venacava to the ______.a. left atrium b. left ventricle c. right atrium d. right ventricle

14. Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to the tissues of the ______.a. brain b. heart c. kidneys d. lungs

15. A heart attack can occur if an artery in the ______ is clogged.a. brain b. heart c. liver d. lungs

16. When blood moves from an atrium to a ventricle, it must pass through a ______.a. one-way valve b. murmur c. semilunar valve d. lymph node

17. ______, the liquid part of blood, is mostly made of water.a. Hemoglobin b. Lymph c. Plasma d. Platelets

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a. arteriesb. atriumsc. capillariesd. coronary circulatione. hemoglobinf. hypertensiong. lymphatic systemh. plasmai. pulmonary

circulationj. systemic circulation

k. veinsl. ventricles

Chapter Test


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Chapter Test (continued)

42 Circulation

18. Hemoglobin picks up ______.a. carbon dioxide and oxygen c. nutrients and carbon dioxideb. carbon dioxide and wastes d. oxygen and wastes

19. ______ help clot blood.a. Lymph nodes c. Red blood cellsb. Platelets d. White blood cells

20. ______ is the water and dissolved substances not taken in by cells that remainsbetween the cells.a. Hemoglobin b. Lymph c. Plasma d. Thymus

21. Red blood cells are formed in ______.a. bone marrow b. the liver c. muscle d. the atria

22. Anemia is a disorder where there are too few ______ in the blood.a. lymphocytes b. platelets c. red blood cells d. white blood cells

23. Leukemia is a disease in which ______ are produced in great numbers.a. lymphocytes b. platelets c. red blood cells d. white blood cells

24. The ______ fight bacteria and viruses.a. platelets c. red blood cellsb. hemoglobin molecules d. white blood cells

II. Understanding ConceptsSkill: Interpreting Data

Directions: Review the pulse rate table. Then use the table to answer the questions.

1. Which student just ran to class?

2. Which students just woke up?

3. What do Tom and Larry have in common?

Assessment

Students’ Pulse Rates

Sue

Sally

Tom

Larry

Marge

59

64

81

89

106


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.Chapter Test (continued)

Circulation 43

Skill: Comparing and Contrasting

Directions: Descriptions of the number of cells per cubic millimeter and two other facts about blood cell typesare listed in the table. Complete the following table by writing the cell type next to its description.

Skill: SequencingDirections: Complete the paragraph below by filling in the blanks.

In pulmonary circulation, blood from body cells enters the right atrium of the heart through a

large vein called the 7. ______________________. When the right atrium contracts, blood is

forced into the ventricle. The walls of the right ventricle contract and blood leaves the heart through

the 8. ______________________ to the lungs. As blood circulates through the lungs,

9. ______________________ is exchanged for oxygen. This blood then moves to the left atrium and

then to the left ventricle. The final step occurs when the left ventricle contracts and blood is forced

up and out of the heart into the largest artery of the body, called the 10. ______________________,

and then on to many smaller arteries.

Directions: Place the following events in the systemic system in the correct order beginning where blood oxygenis highest.

11. Food and oxygen diffuse from the capillaries to body tissues.

12. Blood enters the heart through the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

13. Blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta.

14. Blood travels to smaller arteries and capillaries in the abdomen.

III. Applying ConceptsDirections: List the four major functions of blood.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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Types of blood cells

5 million per 1 mm3; live 120 days; contain hemoglobin

5–10 thousand per 1 mm3; live 30 days; ingest dead cells

400 thousand per 1 mm3; live 5–9 days; odd-shaped fragments

4.

5.

6.


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Chapter Test (continued)

44 Circulation

Directions: Compare the lymphatic and circulatory systems by completing the following phrases using thewords listed below. Some words may not be used.

blood lymph skeletal brain

four spleen lymph nodes one white

sponge heart platelets thymus

liver pump two lungs red

Circulatory system

Has 5. ____________ main pathway(s) for movement

Major organs: heart, which functions like a 6. ______________________, and 7.____________

has hemoglobin in 8. ____________ blood cells and 9. ____________ for clotting.

Lymphatic system

Returns fluids to 10. ____________

Major organs: 11. ____________ and 12. ____________

Uses 13. ____________ muscles for movement

Has lymphocytes, a type of 14. ____________ blood cell

Has 15. ____________ for filtering

Directions: Using your knowledge of blood types (A, B, AB, and O), answer the following questions.16. List the blood type(s) that someone with type O blood can safely receive.

17. List the blood type(s) that someone with type O blood can safely donate to.

18. List the blood type(s) that someone with type AB blood can safely donate to.

IV. Writing SkillsDirections: Answer the following question using complete sentences.

19. Describe the role of lymph organs in fighting infections.

Assessment


Transparency Activities

Circulation 45

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46 Circulation

Venice is a city in Italy that includes over one hundred islands.Because there’s so much water, Venetians use canals instead of streetsfor transportation. There is a main canal, called the Grand Canal, andmany smaller canals branching off the main canal.

How to Relax in TrafficSection FocusTransparency Activity11


1. If you compared the canals in Venice to blood vessels, what wouldthe water represent?

2. What might the gondolas represent?


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Do you know someone who has participated in a blood drive? During a blood drive, people are asked to donate blood that will beused to treat sick or injured people. The blood collected by bloodbanks saves many lives each year.

A Friend in NeedSection FocusTransparency Activity22

Tran

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Act

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2. Who do you think should or should not donate blood?


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48 Circulation

This image shows a cell from the immune system at work. A whiteblood cell is devouring an invading organism. The only part of theorganism that can be seen is at the lower right portion of the photo.It is being sucked into the tube-like extension of the colorful whiteblood cell.

Here I Come to Savethe Day!

Section FocusTransparency Activity33

Transparency Activities1. Describe what is happening to the invading organism.

2. What purpose do you think white blood cells serve?


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Circulation 49

Pulmonary Circulation

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Teaching TransparencyActivity11

Capillaries

Pulmonary vein

Right atrium

Pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Rightlung

Superiorvena cava

Leftlung

Rightventricle

Leftventricle

Inferiorvena cava

Aorta


50 Circulation

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Teaching Transparency Activity (continued)

1. What is pulmonary circulation?

2. Which vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs?

3. How is the pulmonary vein different from other veins in the body?

4. What happens to the blood during pulmonary circulation?

5. Where does the blood go after pulmonary circulation is complete?

6. What prevents the backflow of blood in the separate chambers of the heart?

7. How does oxygen get from the lungs into the blood?

8. What do both atriums do at the same time?



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AssessmentTransparency Activity

Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions.

Circulation

1. According to the table, which region has the most people infectedand living with AIDS/HIV?A Latin America C North AmericaB South & Southeast Asia D Sub-Saharan Africa

2. According to the table, in which region is 75 percent of the HIV-infected population male?F Western Europe H South & Southeast AsiaG Sub-Saharan Africa J North America

3. The total world population of individuals living with HIV/AIDS is 33.4 million. Approximately what percentage of these individualslive in the Sub-Sahara African region?A 5% B 10% C 70% D 100%

Regional HIV/AIDS Statistics, December 1998

South andSoutheastAsia

WesternEurope

NorthAmerica

Sub-SaharanAfrica

LatinAmerica

Individualsnewly infected

with HIV

Individualsliving withAIDS/HIV

Women with HIV

(%)

6,700,000

500,000

890,000

22,500,000

1,400,000

1,200,000

30,000

44,000

4,000,000

160,000

25

20

20

50

20

Region


Circulation 61

The Circulatory SystemStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line next to its definition.

aorta arteries atriums blood pressure

capillaries coronary circulation pulmonary circulation systemic circulation

veins ventricles

1. microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins

2. the system whereby blood flows to and from the tissues of the heart

3. the two upper chambers of the heart

4. blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

5. force of the blood on the walls of the blood vessels

6. system whereby blood flows through the heart to the lungs and back tothe heart

7. blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

8. system whereby oxygen-rich blood moves to all organs and body tissues(except the lungs), and oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart

9. largest artery in the body

10. the two lower chambers of the heart

Directions: Sequence the following events. (Hint: Refer to Figure 7 and your textbook for additional help.)

11. The Process of Atherosclerosis

blood flow is restricted, starving the heart muscles cells of oxygen and nutrients

heart muscle cells are greatly weakened; heart attack results

plaques build up and narrow the pathway through the arteries

eat foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats

blood flow is nearly blocked

fatty deposits, called plaques, form along the inner walls of the arteries

Directions: Describe three ways to help prevent cardiovascular disease.

12.

13.

14.

Name Date Class

1

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423-Study Guide-MSS05 5/12/04 12:34 PM Page 61 impos06 301:goscanc:Study Guide - LS:layouts:

Name Date Class

Directions: Fill in the missing words in the following statements to describe the four functions of blood.

1. carries _____________________ to all body cells and removes _____________________

2. carries _____________________ of cell activity to _____________________ to be removed

3. transports _____________________ from the digestive system to all cells

4. carries materials that fight _____________________ and heal wounds

Directions: The parts of human blood are shown below. Use the following phrases to write what each part doeson the line below its picture: help clot blood; transport oxygen; contains nutrients and minerals; helpfight infection.


62 Circulation

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Blood

5. a.

b.

c.

d.

Directions: Complete the following table. Possible blood types of the donor are listed horizontally. The possibleblood types of the receiver are listed vertically. Make a check in the box if the receiver can receive blood from thedonor directly above. Then answer the questions below the table.

10. Who can receive any blood type? ________________________________________________

11. Who can receive only O type blood? _____________________________________________

Study Guide22

Donor (can give blood to)

Receiver (can receiveblood from)

Blood type

6. O

7. A

8. B

9. AB

O A B AB

19Chapter


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Circulation 63

Directions: Answer the questions on the lines provided.5. What are three main functions of the lymphatic system?

6. What do lymph nodes do? Why do they sometimes become large and tender?

7. What is the role of the thymus?

8. How is the spleen like a lymph node? How do their functions differ?

Directions: In the space below, write a paragraph to describe how HIV affects the lymphatic system when itenters a person’s body. Include a description of the function of the cells the virus attacks.

9.

The Lymphatic System

1.

3.

2.

4.

Study Guide33Directions: Label the drawing below of the lymphatic system. Include the terms lymph node, thymus,tonsil, and spleen.

19Chapter


Circulation 199

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Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.

CirculationBefore You ReadBefore you read the chapter, respond to these statements.

1. Write an A if you agree with the statement.

2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.

Name Date

• The human heart has four chambers.

• Arteries are blood vessels that carry bloodto the heart.

• Platelets are cell fragments that help fightbacteria and viruses.

• Lymphatic vessels are like veins in thatthey have valves.

Infer how the circulatory system provides your body with the nutrients it needs to stay healthy.

Science Journal

Before You CirculationRead

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200 Circulation

NewVocabulary

ReviewVocabulary

Name Date

CirculationSection 1 The Circulatory System

AcademicVocabulary

heart

transport

Scan Section 1 of your book. Read the headings and look at theillustrations. Predict three things that will be discussed.

1.

2.

3.

Define heart using your book or a dictionary.

Read the definitions below. Write the correct vocabulary terms on the blanks in the left column.

two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time

two lower chambers of the heart that contract at the same time

flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart

flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

flow of blood from the heart to all of the organs and body tissues,except the heart and lungs, with oxygen-poor blood returning to the heart

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

microscopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins

Use a dictionary to define transport as it would be used in science.

Compare and contrast diffusion and active transport bycompleting the Venn diagram with at least five facts.

Sequence the stages in pulmonary circulation by completing the flow diagram. Include aorta, pulmonary veins, pulmonaryarteries, right atrium, left atrium, and right ventricle.

Summarize the exchange that occurs between a systemic capillaryand the tissue cells it serves.

vena cava

left atrium

All parts of body

lungs

Diffusion Active TransportBoth

Section 1 The Circulatory System (continued)

How MaterialsMove Through

the BodyI found this information

on page .

The HeartI found this information

on page .

I found this informationon page .

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Circulation 201

Classify blood vessels by completing the chart.

Define blood pressure and the two numbers used to measure it.

Blood pressure is .

First number measures

Second number measures

Section 1 The Circulatory System (continued)

Blood VesselsI found this information

on page .

Blood PressureI found this information

on page .

Name Date

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202 Circulation

Blood Vessels

Type Function Description

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

A doctor may advise a patient to make lifestyle changes to help prevent cardiovascular disease. Identify several healthful habits the doctor might suggest.

CONNECT IT

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ReviewVocabulary

Name Date

CirculationSection 2 Blood

NewVocabulary

AcademicVocabulary

blood vessels

platelet

plasma

hemoglobin

series

Skim Section 2 of your book. Write three questions that come tomind. Look for answers to your questions as you read the section.

1.

2.

3.

Define blood vessels using your book or a dictionary.

Use your book or a dictionary to define the following terms.

Use a dictionary to define series as it would be used in science.

Section 2 Blood (continued)

Functions ofBlood


Parts of BloodI found this information

on page .

Blood ClottingI found this information

on page .

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204 Circulation

Create a graphic organizer with facts about the functions ofblood.

Summarize information about the parts of blood in the chartbelow.

Sequence the steps in wound healing by completing the blanks.

stick to the wound and release

. Next, forms a sticky net. The net

traps and to form a clot. The

forms a . Then,

form under the . Finally, the falls off.

Parts of Blood

Part Function

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Compare and contrast the 2 sets of chemical identification tagsin blood by completing the Venn diagram with at least five facts.

Identify causes and effects of two diseases of the blood.

Causes

Anemia

Effects

Leukemia

lack of certain vitamins or iron in diet

ABO Identification System Rh FactorBoth

Section 2 Blood (continued)

Blood TypesI found this information

on page .

Diseases ofBlood


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Circulation 205

Almost immediately after being born, a baby received a bloodtransfusion of Rh+ blood. Predict the mother’s Rh factor. Why did the baby need ablood transfusion?

CONNECT IT

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NewVocabulary

ReviewVocabulary

AcademicVocabulary

Name Date

CirculationSection 3 The Lymphatic System

206 Circulation

smooth muscles

lymph

lymphatic system

lymphocyte

lymph node

occur

Scan the What You’ll Learn statements for Section 3 of your book.Identify three topics that will be discussed.

1.

2.

3.

Define smooth muscles using your book or a dictionary.

Use your book or a dictionary to define each vocabulary term.Then use the term in a sentence that shows its scientific meaning.

Use a dictionary to define occur as it would be used in science.

Define tissue fluid and describe its relationship to the lymphaticsystem.

Sequence the stages by which lymph travels through the lymphaticsystem.

Summarize how the lymphatic system transports lymph.Discuss the role of smooth muscles and valves.

Tissue fluid enters a network of

.

The carry lymph

to larger .

The drain into

near the heart.

Tissue fluid is

.

The lymphatic system collects

. While in

the lymphatic system, the fluid

is called .

Section 3 The Lymphatic System (continued)

Functions of the Lymphatic

SystemI found this information

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Circulation 207

Model the lymphatic system by drawing it within an outline ofthe human body. Indicate and label lymph nodes, lymph vessels,lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, tonsils, thymus, and spleen.

Summarize how HIV affects the lymphatic system.

Section 3 The Lymphatic System (continued)

LymphaticOrgans


A Disease of the Lymphatic

SystemI found this information

on page .

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208 Circulation

Analyze why people who have HIV are at higher risk from the fluor pneumonia than people who are HIV-negative?

CONNECT IT

Circulation 209

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Tie It TogetherA Checklist for HealthYou know that a healthy lifestyle is important for the health of your cardiovascular system.

• Work with a partner to develop a checklist of daily actions to protect your cardiovascular health.

• List actions that are beneficial and actions that should be avoided.

• Provide concrete examples.

• Then make a poster using your checklist.

Name Date

210 Circulation

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Circulation Chapter Wrap-Up

Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these.

1. Write an A if you agree with the statement.

2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.

Name Date

• The human heart has four chambers.

• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

• Platelets are cell fragments that help fight bacteria and viruses.

• Lymphatic vessels are like veins in that they have valves.

Circulation After YouRead

ReviewUse this checklist to help you study.

Review the information you included in your Foldable.

Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.

Review daily homework assignments.

Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.

Review the Self Check at the end of each section.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

After reading this chapter, identify three main concepts that you have learned about circulation.

SUMMARIZE IT

Identify Main Ideas Afteryou have read the materialunder each question head,highlight the answer to thequestion.

●A Describe Make ashutterfold book, as shownbelow. Identify the fourchambers of the heart. Includea sketch of the heart and thefour chambers.

Circulation

section ● The Circulatory System1

What You’ll Learn■ the differences among

arteries, veins, andcapillaries

■ how blood movesthrough the heart

■ the functions of thepulmonary andsystemic circulationsystems

Read to Learn

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Before You ReadExplain the function of the plumbing system in your home.Describe how it works.

How Materials Move Through the BodyThe cardiovascular (kar dee oh VAS kyuh lur) system

supplies materials to and removes wastes from your body cells.This system includes your heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Movement of materials into and out of your cells occursby diffusion (dih FYEW zuhn) and active transport.Diffusion occurs when a material moves from an area wherethere is more of it to an area where there is less of it.Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from your blood into yourbody’s cells. Active transport is the opposite of diffusion.Active transport needs energy from the cell to occur.

The HeartYour heart is an organ made of cardiac muscle tissue.

Your heart has four compartments called chambers. Thetwo upper chambers are called the right and left atriums(AY tree umz). The two lower chambers are called the rightand left ventricles (VEN trih kulz). During one heartbeat,both atriums contract at the same time. Then, bothventricles contract at the same time. A one-way valveseparates each atrium from the ventricle below it.

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Reading Essentials 261

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Picture This2. Explain to a partner the

flow of blood in pulmonarycirculation.

1. Identify What controlsthe blood flow through thethree sections of thecirculatory system?

Three Sections of the Circulatory System Scientistsdivide the circulatory system into three sections: coronary(KOR uh ner ee) circulation, pulmonary (PUL muh ner ee)circulation, and systemic circulation. The beating of yourheart controls blood flow through each section.

What is coronary circulation?Blood vessels supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen

and remove wastes. Coronary circulation is the flow ofblood to and from the tissues of the heart.

What is pulmonary circulation?The flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and

back to the heart is pulmonary circulation. Use the figurebelow to trace the path blood takes through this part of thecirculatory system.

The blood returning from the body through the right sideof the heart and to the lungs contains wastes from thebody’s cells. Carbon dioxide is one of these wastes.

In the lungs, carbon dioxide and other gaseous wastesdiffuse out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood.Then the blood returns to the left side of the heart.

In the final step of pulmonary circulation, the oxygen-richblood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta(ay OR tuh). The aorta is the largest artery in your body.Next, the oxygen-rich blood flows to all parts of your body.

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262 Circulation

Capillaries

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Right atrium

Pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Rightlung

Superiorvena cava

Leftlung

Rightventricle

Leftventricle

Inferiorvena cava

Aorta

Pulmonary vein


Internaljugular vein

Superiorvena cava

Inferiorvena cava

Carotid artery

Aorta

Aorta

Heart

Plasma Systemiccapillary

Tissue cells

Red blood cell

Picture This4. Identify Circle the name

of the blood vessel in whichoxygen and carbon dioxideare exchanged.

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What is systemic circulation?Oxygen-rich blood moves to all of your organs and body

tissues, except the heart and lungs, by systemic circulation.Oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart by systemiccirculation. The figure below shows the major arteries andveins (VAYNZ) of the systemic circulation system. Oxygen-richblood flows from your heart in the arteries. Then nutrientsand oxygen are delivered by blood to your body cells andexchanged for carbon dioxide and wastes, as shown below.The blood then returns to your heart in the veins.

Blood VesselsIn the middle 1600s, scientists proved that blood moves in

one direction in a blood vessel, like traffic on a one-waystreet. They discovered that blood moves by the pumping ofthe heart and flows from arteries to veins. They couldn’texplain how blood got from arteries to veins. With theinvention of the microscope, scientists discovered thatcapillaries (KAP uh ler eez) connect the arteries and veins.

3. Infer Why is systemiccirculation important toyour muscles?

Aaron Haupt


5. Describe What does thefirst number in your bloodpressure measure?

What is the function of arteries?The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

are called arteries. Arteries have thick, elastic walls made ofconnective tissue and smooth muscle tissue.

Each ventricle of the heart is connected to an artery. Theright ventricle of the heart is connected to the pulmonaryartery. The left ventricle of the heart is connected to theaorta. Every time your heart contracts, blood moves fromyour heart into your arteries.

How does blood flow in the veins?A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart is

called a vein. Veins have one-way valves that keep bloodmoving toward the heart. If blood flows backward, thepressure of the blood against the valve causes it to close.Two major veins return blood from your body to yourheart. The superior vena cava returns blood from your headand neck. The inferior vena cava returns blood from yourabdomen and lower body.

What is the function of capillaries?Very small blood vessels called capillaries connect arteries

and veins. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cellsthrough the thin capillary walls. Waste and carbon dioxidediffuse from body cells into the capillaries.

Blood PressureWhen your heart pumps, the pressure of the push moves

through the blood. The force of the blood on the walls ofthe blood vessels is called blood pressure. Blood pressure ishighest in arteries and lowest in veins. When you take yourpulse, you can feel the waves of pressure. This rise and fallin pressure occurs with each heartbeat. Normal resting pulserates are 60 to 100 heartbeats per minute for adults, and 80to 100 beats per minute for children.

How is blood pressure measured?Blood pressure is measured in large arteries. Two numbers

describe blood pressure, such as 120 over 80. The first numberis a measure of the pressure caused when the ventriclescontract and blood is pushed out of the heart. The secondnumber is a measure of the pressure that occurs as theventricles fill with blood just before they contract again.

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264 Circulation

●B Explain Make a three-tabFoldable, as shown below. Labelthe outside of the FoldableCirculation. Inside take notes onarteries, capillaries, and veins.

Arteries Capillaries Veins

FromHeart

Back toHeart


7. Explain What is onething you can do to preventcardiovascular disease?

6. Apply What is anothername for high bloodpressure?

Blood Pressure and Heart Rate When blood pressure ishigher or lower than normal, messages are sent to the brainby nerve cells in the arteries. One way the brain lowers orraises blood pressure is by speeding up or slowing down theheart rate. When blood pressure stays constant, enoughblood reaches all organs and tissues in the body.

Cardiovascular DiseaseThere are many diseases that affect the cardiovascular

system—the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Heart diseaseis the leading cause of death in the United States.

What is atherosclerosis?Atherosclerosis (ah thuh roh skluh ROH sus) is a leading

cause of heart disease. In this condition, deposits of fatbuild up on the walls of the arteries. These fat deposits canblock an artery. If a coronary artery is blocked, a heartattack can occur.

What happens with hypertension?Hypertension (HI pur TEN chun) is high blood pressure.

When blood pressure is higher than normal most of thetime, the heart must work harder to keep blood flowing.Atherosclerosis is one cause of hypertension.

How does heart failure occur?Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood

efficiently. When the heart does not pump properly, fluidcollects in the arms, legs, and lungs. A person with heartfailure is usually short of breath and tired.

Can cardiovascular disease be prevented?Cardiovascular disease can be prevented by following a

diet that is low in salt, sugar, cholesterol, and saturated fats.Large amounts of body fat force the heart to pump faster.Relaxing and exercising help prevent tension and relievestress. Exercising strengthens the heart and lungs and helpsmaintain proper weight. Not smoking also helps preventheart disease.

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1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence thatexplains the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

2. Complete the concept map below to show the kinds of blood vessels and their functions.

After You ReadMini Glossaryartery: a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heartatriums (AY tree umz): the two upper chambers of

the heartcapillaries (KAP uh ler eez): very small blood vessels that

connect arteries and veinscoronary (KOR uh ner ee) circulation: the flow of blood

to and from the tissues of the heartpulmonary circulation: the flow of blood through the

heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation: the system in which oxygen-richblood moves to all of the organs and body tissues, exceptthe heart and lungs, and oxygen-poor blood returns tothe heart

vein: a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heartventricles (VEN trih kulz): the two lower chambers of

the heart

End ofSection

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266 Circulation

function function function

Blood Vessels


Identify Main PointsHighlight the main idea of eachparagraph. Circle the details thatsupport the main idea.

●C Explain Make a four-tabFoldable, as shown below, todescribe the four parts ofblood—plasma, red blood cells,white blood cells, and platelets.

Circulation

section ● Blood2

What You’ll Learn■ the parts and function

of blood■ why blood types are

checked before atransfusion

■ kinds of blood diseases

Read to Learn

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Before You ReadHave you ever fallen and scraped your knee? What happens tothe wounded area? What happens while the wound is healing?

Functions of BloodBlood has four important functions.

1. Blood carries oxygen from your lungs to your bodycells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from your body cells toyour blood. Your blood carries carbon dioxide to yourlungs to be exhaled.

2. Blood carries waste from your cells to your kidneys tobe removed.

3. Blood carries nutrients and other materials to yourbody cells.

4. Cells and molecules in blood fight infections and helpheal wounds.

Parts of BloodBlood is a tissue made of plasma (PLAZ muh), platelets

(PLAYT luts), and red and white blood cells. Blood makesup about eight percent of your total body mass. If youweigh 45 kg, you have about 3.6 kg of blood.

What is plasma?The liquid part of blood is mostly water and is called

plasma. Nutrients, minerals, and oxygen are dissolved inplasma and carried to cells. Wastes from cells also arecarried in plasma.

chapter

319



Picture This2. Identify Highlight the

name of the blood part thatreleases chemicals to helpwith clotting.

1. Determine What givesblood its red color?

What is the function of red blood cells?Red blood cells are different from all other human cells

because they have no nuclei. They contain hemoglobin(HEE muh gloh bun), which is a molecule that carriesoxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin is made of an ironcompound that gives blood its red color. Hemoglobincarries oxygen from your lungs to your body cells. Then itcarries some of the carbon dioxide from your body cellsback to your lungs.

How do white blood cells fight invaders?White blood cells fight bacteria, viruses, and other

invaders of your body. Your body reacts to these invaders byincreasing the number of white blood cells. These cells leavethe blood through capillary walls and go into the tissuesthat have been invaded. Here, they destroy bacteria andviruses and absorb dead cells.

What are platelets?Platelets circulate with red and white blood cells. Platelets

are irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood.

Blood ClottingWhen you cut yourself, platelets stick to the wound and

release chemicals. Then materials called clotting factorscarry out a series of chemical reactions. These reactionscause threadlike fibers called fibrin (FI brun) to form asticky net, as shown in the figure below. This net trapsescaping blood cells and plasma and forms a clot. The clotbecomes hard and skin cells begin the repair process underthe scab. After a few days, the scab falls off.

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268 Circulation

Red blood cells

White blood cells Fibrin

Platelets

Platelets

Wood splinter



blood type that producesno antibodies. Circle theblood type that has noantigens.

Blood TypesBlood clots stop blood loss quickly in a minor wound.

However, a person with a serious wound might lose a lot ofblood and need a blood transfusion. During a bloodtransfusion, a person receives donated blood or parts ofblood. The person must get the right type of blood, or thered blood cells will clump together. This causes clots toform in the blood vessels and the person could die.

How are blood types identified?People can inherit one of four types of blood: A, B, AB, or

O. Types A, B, and AB have chemical identification tags calledantigens (AN tih junz) on their red blood cells. Type O redblood cells have no antigens, as shown in the table below.

Antibodies and Transfusions Each blood type, except AB,also has specific antibodies in its plasma. Antibodies areproteins that destroy materials that do not belong in or arenot part of your body. For example, if type A blood ismixed with type B blood, the type A antibodies cause thetype B red blood cells to clump.

Because of these antibodies, certain blood types cannot bemixed. Type AB blood has no antibodies, so people withthis blood type can receive blood from A, B, AB, and Otypes. Type O blood has both A and B antibodies. Peoplewith type O blood are sometimes called universal donorsbecause their blood can be transfused into a person withany blood type.

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A

B

AB

O

Antigen

A

B

A, B

Antibody

Anti-B

Anti-A

3. Analyze Why would it beimportant for doctors tocheck your blood type ifyou were in a seriousaccident?


6. Identify the blooddisease that affects redblood cells.

What is the Rh factor in blood?The Rh factor is another chemical identification tag in

blood. The Rh factor is inherited. If the Rh factor is on redblood cells, the person has Rh-positive (Rh�) blood. If it isnot present, the person’s blood is Rh-negative (Rh�). If anRh� person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh�person, he or she will produce antibodies against the Rhfactor. These antibodies can cause Rh� cells to clump. Clotsthen form in the blood vessels and the person could die.

When an Rh� mother is pregnant with an Rh� baby, themother might make antibodies to the child’s Rh factor.Close to the time of birth, Rh antibodies from the mothercan pass from her blood into the baby’s blood. Theseantibodies can destroy the baby’s red blood cells. If thishappens, the baby must receive a blood transfusion beforeor right after birth.

At 28 weeks of pregnancy and immediately after the birth,an Rh� mother can be given an injection that stops theproduction of antibodies to the Rh� factor. This keepsthe baby from needing a blood transfusion.

Diseases of BloodAny disease of the blood is a cause for concern, because

blood circulates to all parts of your body and performsmany important functions. Anemia (uh NEE mee uh) is acommon disease of red blood cells. Body tissues cannot getenough oxygen and are not able to carry out their usualactivities. Anemia can be caused by the loss of largeamounts of blood. It also can be caused by the lack of ironor certain vitamins in the diet. Anemia can be the result ofother diseases. Some types of anemia, such as sickle-cellanemia, are inherited.

Leukemia (lew KEE mee uh) is a disease in which one ormore types of white blood cells are made in large numbers.These cells are not able to fight infections well. They crowdout the normal cells. Then not enough red blood cells,normal white blood cells, and platelets can be made. Typesof leukemia can affect children or adults. Medicines, bloodtransfusions, and bone marrow transplants are used to treatthis disease. If the treatments are not successful, the personwill eventually die from complications related to the disease.

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270 Circulation

5. Define What is the Rhfactor?


1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Choose one term thatdescribes a part of the blood. Write a sentence that explains the function of this part ofthe blood.

2. Using the phrases below, fill in the boxes in the correct order to explain how a wound heals.Clot forms. Net traps blood cells.Clot hardens. Platelets stick to wound.Clotting factors carry out chemical reaction. Scab falls off.Fibrin forms. Skin cells repair under scab.

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Mini Glossaryhemoglobin (HEE muh gloh bun): a molecule that carries

oxygen and carbon dioxideplasma (PLAZ muh): the liquid part of blood that carries

nutrients, minerals, and oxygen to cells

platelet (PLAYT lut): an irregularly shaped fragment of acell that helps clot blood

End ofSection

Visit life.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactivegames, and projects to help you learn more about blood.


8.

Wound

1.

4.

2.

3.

6. 7.

5.


Make Flash Cards Write aquiz question on one side of aflash card and the answer on theother side. Work with a partnerto quiz each other using theflash cards.

●D Explain Make a half-bookFoldable as shown below, toexplain the structure andfunction of the lymphaticsystem.

Study Coach

Circulation

section ● The Lymphatic System3

What You’ll Learn■ the functions of the

lymphatic system■ where lymph comes

from■ how lymph organs help

fight infections

Read to Learn

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Before You ReadWhen you fill a glass with water from a water faucet, whathappens to the water that does not go into your glass?

Functions of the Lymphatic SystemWhen you fill a glass with water from the faucet, some of

the water likely runs down the drain. In a similar way, yourbody’s excess tissue fluid is removed by the lymphatic(lihm FA tihk) system. The nutrient, water, and oxygenmolecules in blood diffuse through capillary walls to nearbycells. Water and other substances become part of the tissuefluid that is found between cells. This fluid is collected andreturned to the blood by the lymphatic system.

After tissue fluid diffuses into the lymphatic capillaries, itis called lymph (LIHMF). Lymph contains water, othermaterials, and lymphocytes (LIHM fuh sites), a type ofwhite blood cell.

Your lymphatic system carries lymph through a networkof lymph capillaries and larger lymph vessels. Then, thelymph drains into larger veins near the heart. The lymph ismoved by the contraction of smooth muscles in lymphvessels and skeletal muscles.

Lymphatic vessels have valves that keep lymph fromflowing backward. If the lymphatic system is not workingproperly, swelling occurs because the tissue fluid cannot getback to the blood.

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272 Circulation



areas of the body wherelymph nodes are found.

●E Describe Use a quarter-sheet of notebook paper to takenotes about HIV.

HIV

Lymphatic OrgansBefore lymph enters the blood, it passes through lymph

nodes. Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs foundthroughout the body, as shown in the figure below. Lymphnodes filter out microorganisms and foreign materials thathave been taken up by the lymphocytes. When your bodyfights an infection, lymphocytes fill the lymph nodes.

Other important lymphatic organs include the tonsils, thethymus, and the spleen. Tonsils protect you from harmfulorganisms that enter through your mouth and nose. Thethymus makes lymphocytes. The spleen removes worn out anddamaged red blood cells from the blood. Cells in the spleendestroy bacteria and other materials that invade your body.

A Disease of the Lymphatic SystemHIV is a virus. It destroys lymphocytes called helper T cells

that help make antibodies to fight infections. This makes itdifficult for a person with HIV to fight some diseases.Usually, the person dies from these diseases, not from theHIV infection.

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Lymphaticduct

Thoracicduct

Lymphnodes

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

Tonsils

Lymphnodes

Lymphnodes

Lymphvessels

Aaron Haupt


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1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence thatsummarizes what lymph nodes do.

2. Complete the concept web below to identify the organs of the lymphatic system.

3. Explain how working with a partner helped you learn about the lymphatic system.

After You ReadMini Glossarylymph (LIHMF): tissue fluid that passes into the lymphatic

capillarieslymphatic system: the system that removes lymph that

the body does not need through a network of lymphcapillaries and larger lymph vessels

lymph nodes: bean-shaped organs found throughout thebody, which filter out microorganisms

lymphocyte (LIHM fuh site): a type of white blood cell

End ofSection

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274 Circulation

Organs of the Lymphatic System


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