Index

A

Abasiny, 62Abramovich, Roman, 164, 199Absolutist monarchy, 27Adygeya, 62Aeroflot, 199Afghanistan, 222Aggressive nationalism, 138Agrarian party, 54, 121Agrarian Party Programme, 135Agricultural economy, 11Albania, 237Alekperov, Vagit, 199Aleppo, 258Aliyev, Mukhu, 70All-union political organisation, 124Alma Ata Declaration, 29Altay, 57Amendment, 36Americanisation, 226Amsden, Alice, 157

Amur, 86Anarchical system, 230Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 240Anti-communist, 120Anti-reform, 99Anti-revolutionary, 225Anti-Soviet and anti-Russian

nationalism, 20Anti-Soviet nationalism, 20Apparachik, 8Apparatus, 5Appropriation, 7APR, 134Arbitrary, 57Armenia, 174, 244Arms export industry, 220Arms reduction treaties, 241Article 6, 123Article 84, 106Artificial gap, 39ASEAN, 249

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017A.M. Chenoy and R. Kumar, Re-emerging Russia,DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5299-6

277

Asian economic crises, 197Asian values, 84, 266Asset-stripping, 167Association of Southeast Asian

Nations, 252Asylum, 198Asymmetric federalism, 42, 46, 63August coup, 129Aushev, Ruslan, 70Autarchic, 50Authoritarian, 5Authoritarian presidency, 79Authoritarian structure, 5Autocracy, 221Autonomous judiciary, 266Autonomous republics, 43Autonomy, 67, 85Aven, Petr, 159Aygen, 57Azerbaijan, 244

B

Baby boomers, 209Bad terrorists, 258Bail out, 197Ballistic missile, 238Baltic, 3, 220Baltic republics, 29Banker’s war, 197Bashar-al-Assad, 218, 258Bashkir, 50Bashkortostan, 41, 44, 45, 49Bassayev, Shamil, 68Belarus, 174Berezovsky, Boris, 88, 108, 112, 140,

164, 172, 197, 199Berlin Wall, 242

Bicameral Legislature, 36Bilateral bargaining, 59Bilateralism, 260Birth rate, 190Black Earth belt, 55Black money, 121Black Sea, 219Bogdanov, Vladimir, 199Bolshevik, 5Bolshevik Revolution, 2Bolshevism, 138Borrowings, 171Bourgeois, 30Bourgeoisie, 202BrahMos, 250Breadwinner, 210Bretton Woods, 183Brezhnev, 101BRICS, 91, 92, 223Bright Rus, 209Bryansk, 55Budget deficit, 156Buffer states, 219Bukharin, Nikolai, 94Burbulis, Gennady, 134, 136Bureaucratic-centralism, 9Buryatia, 49Business chambers, 88

C

Cadre, 194Capital investment, 171Capitalism, 16, 81Capitalist class, 195, 196Catherine, 225Caucasian mafias, 209Caucasus, 41

278 Index

Cause of collapse, 12Central Asia, 90Central Asian drug peddlers, 209Central command system, 71Central Committee, 4Central Election Commission, 148Central Intelligence Agency, 11Centralisation of powers, 39Central Planning, 161CFE, 239Charter, 107Chauvinistic, 21Chechen, 21Chelyabinsk, 60Cheque-based privatisation, 60Cherkesy, 62Chernomyrdin, Victor, 46, 67, 101Chicken Kiev, 22China, 89, 174, 272China Development Bank, 248China National Petroleum

Corporation, 248Christianity, 221Chubais, Anatoly, 60, 101, 111Chubais Clan, 160Chuvashia, 44, 49, 62CIS, 204Civic and Political Rights, 35Civic Union, 125Civil code, 71, 269Civilisational, 39Civilisationalist, 221Civil war, 70Clan, 65Clannish nationalism, 20Class consciousness, 7Class-enemy, 202Clinton, Hillary, 242

CNPC, 248Cold War, 236Collapse, 80Collective will, 267Collectivisation, 6, 8Colour revolutions, 237Combined patriotism, 84COMECON, 1, 180Command economy, 1, 4, 98Commonwealth of Independent

States, 29Communist opposition, 105Communist Party, 99Communist Party of Russia, 84Communist Society, 6Compacted statism, 85Company, 174Comparative Inclusiveness Index,

271Competitiveness, 171Comprehensive Strategic Partnership,

249Concept for Demographic Policy,

204Concept for Nationalities, 62Concept of National Security, 227Confrontationist, 99Confrontationist strategy, 161Congress of People’s Deputies

(CPD), 84, 94, 96, 102Conservative communists, 158Constituent Assembly, 37Constitutional autonomy, 48Constitutional Commission, 103Constitutional Court, 32, 56, 86,

102Constitutional crisis, 104Constitutionalism, 19, 37, 225

Index 279

Constitutional super-majority, 148Contract law, 158Cooperatives, 170Corporate restructuring, 58Corporatist finance capital, 90Corruption, 13Cosmopolitanism, 267Cossacks, 62CPSU, 2CRA, 254Crimea, 15, 35, 272Criminal groups, 108Crisis in Ukraine, 255Croatia, 237Crony capitalism, 101, 174Cronyism, 53CSTO, 255Cuban missile crisis, 15, 239Cyclical recession, 4

D

Dacha, 147Dagestan, 41Damascus, 258Death rate, 190Debt, 171Decembrist, 225Declaration of State Sovereignty, 31De-industrialisation, 170Delegative democracy, 273Democratic centralism, 2, 4, 9, 23Democratic Party of Russia, 95, 134Democratic Reform Movement, 96Democratic socialism, 16, 17Democratisation, 16Demographic crisis, 190, 204Demokratizatsiya, 2

Demoralisation, 8Department of International

Organisations, 223Depolarised ethnicity, 84Depoliticisation, 6Depopulation, 61, 208Deputies, 84De-Stalinisation, 14Devaluation, 171Developed Socialism, 6Deviationist, 94Diaspora, 142Dictator, 9Dictatorship of laws, 83, 85Dictats, 53Disempowerment, 6Disequilibrium, 155Disintegration, 19Diversify, 246Dmitry Medvedev, 239Doctrine on Food Security, 179Dollarisation, 198Donetsk, Luhansk, 257Dostoevsky, 229Druzhba-Dosti, 250Dual burden, 210Dual power, 103Dudayev, Dzokhar, 66Duma, 32Dyachenko, Tatiana, 112

E

Eastern Partnership Programme, 245Economic administrator, 111Economic Consolidation, 87Economic migration, 206Economic Reforms, 57

280 Index

Economic Slowdown, 176, 275Economics of redistribution, 191Economic Transition, 153Education, 176Egional parliament, 55Egypt, 256Elected monarchy, 38Elite hierarchy, 52Emergency powers, 38Emigration rates, 204Energy, 269Energy pipeline, 174Enlightenment, 225ENP, 244Entrepreneurial class, 203, 212Eponymous nationalities, 44Eponymous people, 46ESSAR, 251Estonia, 207Ethnic homeland, 228Ethnic nationalism, 4, 21, 140Ethnic pluralism, 45Ethnic and religious nationalism, 20Ethno-federalism, 4Ethno-nationalism, 21Eurasian exceptionalism, 227Eurasianism, 138, 217Eurasianists, 221Eurasian Union, 91, 179Euromaidan, 256Europe, 275European Commission, 246Exceptionalism, 82Exchange value, 177Executive apparatus, 110Executive vertical, 71Expansionism, 219

Extraconstitutional, 38Extra-constitutional bodies, 120

F

Far East, 182Fascism, 138Fatherland, 34Fatherland–All Russia bloc, 136Fatherland Russia, 140FDI, 224Federal Cities, 43Federal Council, 32Federalism, 42Federal subjects, 35, 43Federal Treaty, 31, 64, 103Federative entities, 47Federative nature, 43Fedulova, Alevtina, 136Feminisation of poverty, 211Feudalism, 65Fiefdoms, 192Financial crisis, 154Financial decentralisation, 174Financial-political elite, 107, 108First past the post system, 270Floating party system, 141Floating voters, 141Food crisis, 179Foreign agents, 245Foreign Policy Concept, 227Former Soviet space, 227Fortaleza Summit, 254Fractions, 125France, 257Free capital mobility, 165Freedom of ideas and speech, 35

Index 281

Free market, 222Free will, 192FSB, 80Fukuyama, 23Fundamental rights, 35

G

G-7, 165, 253Gaidar, Yegor, 31GATT, 223Gazprom, 88Gender, 209Gender equality, 210Gender inequality, 213General Kalinin, 97General secretary, 191Geography, 219Geopolitical interests, 229Geopolitics of land, 219Georgia, 90Germany, 180Gini coefficient, 182Gini index, 203Glasnost, 2, 8, 10, 16, 122Glasnost secessionist, 21Globalisation, 189Global South, 90, 267GNI, 272Good terrorists, 258Gorbachev, Mikhail, 2Gosbank, 156Gowan, 157Gradualism, 19Gradualists, 158Gramsci, 9Grassroots nationalist, 125Greater Slavic land, 226

Great power, 226Greece, 245Gulag, 2GUO, 108Gusinsky, Vladimir, 88, 138, 172,

199

H

Hague, 258Harvard Boys, 159Health, 176Health care, 11Heartland, 219Hegemony, 90, 272Hierarchical—tied, 191High HDI, 206HIID, 160Historical tradition, 81Hollande, Francois, 245Homeland, 190Hu Jintao, 247Human development index (HDI),

206Humane Democratic Socialism, 6Human rights, 35A Hungarian model, 169Hungary, 245Hybrid system, 148Hydrocarbon industry, 88Hyperinflation, 156Hyperrealism, 221, 229Hyperrealist, 230

I

Idealisation, 7Identity, 260

282 Index

Identity politics, 17Ideology, 221Igor, Sergiev, 112Illegitimate empire, 22IMF, 268Imperial Energy, 251Income inequality, 92India, 90India–Russia Strategic Partnership,

250Individualism, 226Indonesia, 250Industrial sector, 174Inequality, 181Inevitabilist school, 22INF, 239Inferior nationalities, 131Inflation, 169Ingushetia, 41, 44Insider privatisation, 60Institutional opposition, 104INS Vikramaditya, 251Integrative Federalism, 71Intelligentsia, 202Inter-ethnic disputes, 61International Trade, 180Inter-regional Conflicts, 61Inter-Regional Group of Deputies,

123Interregnum, 93Intervention, 257Intra-institutional conflicts, 28Investigative journalism, 201Iran, 91Iraq, 247Irkutsk, 46Iron Curtain, 252Iron hand, 225

Islam, 65, 266Islamic fundamentalism, 68Islamic Mojahideen, 68Islamic and Mongol tyranny, 228Islamic Ottoman empire, 226Islamic states, 258, 275Islamic State terrorist organisation,

218Islamisation of Russia, 209Islamophobia, 131Islamophobic, 207Italy, 180Izvestiya, 108

J

Jackson-Vanik amendment, 238Jaish al-Fatah, 258Japan, 180Jewish autonomous oblast, 35Jews, 238Jihadis, 258Joint-stock companies, 178Jordanian Wahabi, 68Judicial autonomy, 270Judiciary, 107Justice Department, 71

K

Kabarda Balkaria, 49, 65Kabardino-Balkaria, 44Kadyrov, Ramzan, 68Kalmykia, 44, 49, 57Kamikaze crew, 158, 159Karachai, 65Karaganov, Sergei, 83Karelia, 59

Index 283

Kasyanov, Mikhail, 148Kazakhstan, 174, 207Kazan, 60, 248KGB, 112Khakamada, Irina, 137Khakassia, 49Kharkiv, 257Khasavyurt accord, 67Khatab, 68Khattab, 68Khodorkovsky, 88, 138Kiriyenko, Sergei, 137, 139Kitchen cabinet, 97Kolkhozes, 55Komi-Permyak, 44, 49, 72Komsomol, 193KPRF, 129Krais, 43Kriuchkov, Anatoly, 129KRO, 140Kronstadt district, 209Kuril Islands, 250Kursk, 55Kyrgyz, 208Kyrgyzstan, 174, 207

L

Latakia, 259Latvia, 207Lavrov, Sergei, 218Law on Agriculture Development,

179Law on Land Reforms, 178Law on migration, 208Law on Peasant Farms, 178LDPR, 54Leader–client relationship, 142

Left-to-Centre, 127Left-Right Spectrum, 127Left-Wing, 128Legitimacy, 33Legitimate capitalism, 195Lesbian, 138Levada, 82Liberal authoritarianism, 27Liberal democracy, 7Liberal democratic constitutions, 27Liberal democratic states, 122Liberal Westernisers, 223Libya, 256Ligachev, 18Lipton, David, 159Lisbon Treaty, 243, 246Lithuania, 207Loan-for-shares, 154Lobbying, 193Lobov, Oleg, 104Local Government, 35London, 195Lower house, 36Lukin, Viktor, 109Lukoil, 108Lukyanov, A., 97Luzhkov, Yury, 80, 113, 140, 200

M

McCain, John, 258Mackinder, Halford, 229Magnitsky Act, 238Mahathir, 84Mainstream nationalism, 21Majoritarian tyranny, 266Malaysia, 250Malta, 253

284 Index

Malysh, 163Managed autonomy, 69Managed democracy, 271Managers, 192Mandatory privatisation, 60Manufacturing, 12, 171Mao, 266Marie-El, 59Maritime region, 54Market economy, 16, 114Marketisation, 154Market reforms, 51Market system, 99Marxism–Leninism, 129Maskhadov, Aslan, 67, 68Massacre, 67Maximum market, 222Media, 193Medvedev, 82Merkel, Angela, 245Middle class, 202MIG, 251Migration, 190Migration in Russia, 206Militant nationalism, 66Militarisation, 220Military Doctrine, 227Military-industrial complex, 10, 89,

101, 230Military-industrial lobby, 60Minimum deterrence, 241Minimum state, 222Minority nationalism, 21Minsk, 19Minsk Agreement, 29, 245Missile defence system, 241MKBK, 71MKI, 251

Modi, Narendra, 251Mohammed Mahathir, 266Moldova, 244Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 18Monarchical sovereignty, 225Monarchical system, 27Mongol, 219Monolithic Party, 4Moscow Communist Party, 94Moscow Shield, 209Moscow Treaty, 240Mother-child-state, 210Motherland Bloc, 130Movement for Democratic Reform,

123Multilateralism, 252Multinational, 34Multiple nationalisms, 20Multipolar, 90Multipolarity, 217Multivector, 253Munich Conference, 236, 254Myanmar, 249

N

Nanny state, 224Narratives, 260National bank, 64National economy, 92National guard, 73National hero, 124National Human Development

Report, 204National industrial capitalism, 195National interest, 83, 225Nationalisation, 174Nationalism, 91, 98

Index 285

Nationalist, 3Nationalist conceit, 82Nationalist populism, 244Nationalities, 42Nationalities Committee, 84National minorities, 44National Salvation Front, 130National Socialism, 138National state, 43, 44Nation-statism, 81NATO, 12Natural population loss, 213Natural resources, 247Naurskii, 62Navalny, Alexei, 209Nazi, 219NDB, 254Near abroad, 228, 244Nemtsov, Boris, 111Neofascists, 256Neoliberal capitalism, 89Neoliberalism, 221, 222Nepal, 252Netherlands, 180New Cold War, 236New Constitution, 105New Economic Policy, 10New Minsk Agreement, 257New Russian Elites, 190New thinking, 223New wave of immigration, 206New York, 195NGOs, 212, 245Nikitin, V.I., 84Nomenklatura, 5, 51, 122Non legal sector, 194Nord Stream, 243

Normative decrees, 109Norms, 267North, Douglas C., 160North Caucasus, 182Northern Islands, 250NTV, 199Nuclear, 220Nuclear deterrence, 239Nuclear parity, 241Nusra Front, 258

O

Obama, Barack, 239Oblasts, 43Odling Smee, John, 166Okrugs, 43Old guard, 17Oligarch, 38, 83Oligarchic capitalism, 196Oligarchic class, 189Oligarchic economy, 224Oligopoly, 193One Belt, One Road, 90ONEKSIM Bank, 108One party dominance, 142One party dominant system, 121One party system, 120ONGC-Videsh, 251OPEC, 177Open press, 107Orel, 55Orthodox Christians, 226Orthodox Russian Church, 39OSCE, 227Ossetia, 65Ossetians-Ingush, 55

286 Index

Ottoman, 219Our Home is Russia, 134, 138Outright robbery, 165Over centralisation, 7Over-Westernisation, 226

P

P5 + 1, 238Pacific Ocean, 221Pakistan, 219Pamfilova, Ella, 148Pamyat, 123Pan-Slavism, 221Paradigms, 265Paradigms of thought, 23Paradoxes, 267Paris, 195Parliament, 101Parliamentary democracy, 105Parnas, 148Parochialism, 8Participatory government, 265Participatory or deliberative

democracy, 113Parties of pressures, 142Party of power, 141Party system, 23, 120Patriarchal, 212Patriarchal social norms, 211Patriarchs, 273Patrimonial politics, 38Patriot groups, 131Patronclient relationship, 53PCA, 243Peasantry, 202Pension funds, 64

People’s Freedom Party, 148Per capita income, 59, 182Perestroika, 2, 10, 17, 122Perm Province, 72Perm Territory, 72Personalised bureaucracy, 39Personalised politics, 110Peter the Great, 84, 221Petro Poroshenko, 257Philippines, 91, 270Piecemeal approach, 28Pivot to Asia, 248Plebiscite, 32Plenum, 191Plural coexistence, 86Pluralist statism, 85, 86Politburo, 4, 97Political domain, 119Political management, 83Political parties, 119Political philosophy, 115Political repression, 225Political technology, 270Politics of equalisation, 191Politikovskaya, Anna, 201Popov, Gavril, 123Popular sovereignty, 225Populist move, 163Potanain, 197Potanin, Vladimir, 111, 164Poverty, 177Poverty line, 181Power parity terms, 182Power vacuum, 100Pragmatic party, 133Pragmatist, 114, 115Prague, 239

Index 287

Preamble, 34Predatory capitalism, 154Pre-revolutionary, 9PRES, 119, 133Presidential apparatus, 96Presidential authoritarianism, 271Presidential control, 197Presidential draft, 103Presidential politics, 107Presidential power, 79Presidential state, 38Primakov, E., 80, 90Primaries, 147Prime Minister, 105Private army, 108Private Detective and Protection

Activity, 200Private ownership, 16Private property, 35Private security, 200Privatisation, 51, 58Pro-nationalist, 130Property department, 108Property rights, 158Proportional representation, 132,

145, 270Proportional representation system,

36Protectionism, 89Proto-state, 41Province-republic, 48Provincial property, 61Pseudo-capitalism, 170Pseudo-constitutionalism, 38Public–private framework, 197Public-private partnership, 184Putin, 82Pyramidical structure, 191

Q

Quasi-federal, 43Quasi states, 43

R

Radical democrats, 94Radical Islam, 66Radical perspective, 94Radical privatisation, 139Radical reform, 16, 28, 158Radio stations, 201Ratification, 37Razor-sharp ideology, 120RDDR, 133Realism, 230Realpolitik, 2Re-assertion, 217Rebellion, 54Reconstruction, 17Red-Brown coalition, 230Red Directors, 193Referendum, 95Reformist narrative, 162Reforms, 14Regime, 52Regime-elite, 83Regime party, 141Region, 73Regional assemblies, 56Regional autonomy, 56Regional capitalist class, 201Regional districts, 79Regional elite, 51, 192Regionalism, 42Regional power elite, 51Regional representatives, 55Regional variation of fertility, 205

288 Index

Regulatory institutions, 173Religious fundamentalism, 138Re-nationalisation, 89Renewed socialism, 129Renminbi, 248Repatriation, 206Republican Party, 123Republiccentre relation, 64Reset, 239Residual powers, 35Restructuring, 223Revisionist, 94Revolutionaries, 6RIA Novosti, 202Richard, Lugar, 240Right- to-Centre, 127Right to education, 35Right to veto, 106Right Wing, 128Rigid chain of command, 109Robber, barons, 200Rodina, 139Rogov, Sergei, 159Romania, 243Rosneft, 169RSDRP, 129Rule of law, 105Rumyantsev Commission, 30Russian capitalism, 202Russian Federal Migration Services,

209Russian Federative Socialist Republic,

144Russian Foreign Policy, 218Russian nationalism, 18Russian Orthodoxy, 266Russia’s Choice, 145

Russia’s National Security Strategyfor 2016, 238

Russian United Democratic Party,137

Russian Unity and Accord, 126Russian Unity Opposition Bloc, 99Russophobic, 30Rutskoi, Alexander, 95, 96, 105, 123Rybkin, A., 62

S

Sachs, Jeffrey, 159Sakha, 49Sakhalin, 251Sanctions, 90, 269SBP, 108SCO, 91, 247Second wave of migration, 207Secular, 10, 225Security Council, 97, 220Security threats, 218Self-determination, 47Semi-liberal state, 270Separation of power, 34Separatist, 50, 69Serfdom, 6Sergei, Shoigu, 220Sevastopol, 35Shadow transitional groups, 164Shakhrai, Sergei, 133Shanghai Five, 254Sharia Courts, 68Shatalin, Stanislav, 123, 156Shevardnadze, E., 123Shiite regime, 259Shleifer, Andrei, 159, 164

Index 289

Shock policy, 184Shock therapy, 51, 98Shokhin, Aleksandr, 133Siberia, 58, 182Siberian Association, 60Siberian Republic, 46Sibneft, 164Silaev, 96Silk Road, 249Siloviki, 89, 200Skinhead organisations, 208Skuratov¸Yuri, 108Slabunova, Emilia, 138Slavophiles, 226Slovenia, 237Slowdown, 12, 154Smolensk, 55Sobchak, Anatoly, 80, 123, 133Sochi, 249Social conservatism, 225Social Democrats, 95Social indices, 61Socialism, 2Socialist democracy, 5Socialist nationalism, 129Socialist philosophy, 10Social policies, 91Society, 189Soft alliance, 249Soft nationalism, 141Soft power diplomacy, 239SORT, 240Southeast, 249Sovereign democracy, 127, 217Sovereign statehood, 225Sovereign states, 47Sovereignty, 122Soviet invasion, 246

Soviet monopoly enterprises, 107Soviet-mother, 210Soviet-style monopoly, 113Soviet trade regime, 100Special and Privileged Strategic

Partnership, 250SPS, 136, 159Sputnik, 1Stagnation, 12, 155Stalin, 138, 266START, 239Star Wars, 155State bureaucratic socialism, 184State capitalism, 153, 174State-controlled media, 201State interventionism, 114State patriotism, 225State property, 60State property committee, 60State-supported and state-regulated

capitalism, 202State-territorial formations, 47Statist, 221Stavropol, 62Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 244Stepashin, Sergei, 112Stiglitz, 162St. Petersburg, 80Structural and agency, 3Sub-nationalities, 43SU 24 bombers, 70Subsoil, 45Sukhoi, 248Summers, 159Supercentralisation, 7Super-centralised planning, 155Superpower, 1Super president, 23, 39, 72, 267

290 Index

Superstructure, 18Supranational identity, 3Supranational structure, 21Supreme Court, 36Supreme Soviet, 29, 30, 97Surgutneftegaz, 169Sverdlovsk, 46Sweden, 221Syria, 272

T

Tajikistan, 207Tambov, 44Tartar, 21Tatarstan, 41Tatarstan Treaty, 64Tax code, 269Technocrats, 192Ten Key Programme, 138Terrorists, 260TFR, 205Thailand, 249The Democratic Union, 122The Power of Siberia, 248Third Rome, 226Third World countries, 111, 201Titular nationality, 44To re-nationalise, 154Totalitarian, 2, 7, 82Totalitarian system, 105Trade Union, 89Traditionalist statist, 267Tragic mistake, 238Transatlantic Trade and Investment

Partnership, 246Transcaucasian, 220Transitional provisions, 34

Travkin, Nikolai, 125, 134Treaty of Friendship, 247Triumphant neoliberalism, 154Trotsky, 265Troubled regions, 61Trump, 272Tsarist, 219Turkey, 180Turkmenistan, 207Tuva, 49

U

Ukraine, 90, 207Ultra-centralisation, 191Ultra-nationalist groups, 123Unconstitutional and

anti-constitutional, 33Unemployment, 58Unified administrative-territorial

principle of federalism, 84Union of Right Forces, 126, 137Union Treaty, 95Unitary state, 75United Energy System, 200United Nations, 252United Nations Security Council

(UNSC), 247, 253United Russia, 114United Russia Party, 39, 82, 271Unity Bloc, 141Unregulated capitalism, 98Uralmarsh, 163Urals, 46USAID, 160USSR, 1Uzbekistan, 207Uzbeks, 208

Index 291

V

VAT, 85Vertical chain of command, 53Vertical executive, 74Vertical line of executive power, 84Vertical power, 114Vertical structure of power, 42Vertical system, 83Vietnam, 249Vladivostok, 46, 248Volgograd, 251Vologda, 46Volsky, Arkady, 123, 125Voucher privatisation, 98, 164Vouchers, 164Voucher scheme, 60

W

Warm-water seaport, 221Warsaw Pact, 1, 21Washington consensus, 157, 177Wealth inequality, 91West Asia, 90Westernist, 221Western liberalism, 1Western liberal order, 247Western polemics, 271Women of Russia, 121, 136Workers, 202Working age population, 190World Bank, 154, 268World Development Indicators, 272

World Trade Centre, 243WTO, 174

X

Xenophobia, 82Xenophobic right, 80

Y

Yabloko, 54, 137Yabloko Programme, 138Yakovlev, A., 123Yanayev, G., 97Yavlinsky, Grigory, 98, 137, 138,

156, 159Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin, 137Yekaterinburg, 250Yellow peril, 249Yeltsin’s impeachment, 32Yeltsin-Gaidar privatisation

programme, 195Yeltsin-Gaidar programme, 100Yukos, 88

Z

Zavgayev, Doku, 67Zero-sum, 230Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Wolfovich,

95, 131Zyuganov, Gennady, 129, 230

292 Index