4100575-8423

Protecting the Nation's Groundwater fromContamination—Vol. II

October 1984

NTIS order #PB85-154219

Recommended C i t a t i on :

Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination: Volume II (Washington, DC:U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-O-276, October 1984).

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-601126

For sale by the Superintendent of DocumentsU.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Foreword

At the request of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, the Of-fice of Technology Assessment has examined the current status of the Nation’s knowledgeabout and experience in dealing with groundwater contamination problems. This volumeof Protecting the Nation Groundwater From Contamination presents in detail the infor-mation and data on which the analyses and conclusions of volume I are based. It is organizedinto eight appendixes covering health impacts and sources of groundwater contamination;the State framework for protecting groundwater quality based on results from the OTAState survey; technical and nontechnical issues related to the application of corrective ac-tion alternatives; and definitions of hydrogeologic terms.

Director

. . .///

Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination Advisory Panel

Thomas Maddock, III, ChairmanProfessor, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources

University of Arizona, Tucson

Harvey BanksConsulting Engineer

Rodney DeHanAdministrator, Groundwater ProgramState of Florida Department of Environmental

Regulation

Robert HarrisProfessorCenter for Energy and Environmental StudiesPrinceton University

Allen V. KneeseResources for the Future

Jay H. LehrExecutive DirectorNational Well Water Association

Perry McCartyChairman and ProfessorDepartment of Civil EngineeringStanford University

James MercerPresidentGeoTrans, Inc.

David W. MillerPresidentGeraghty & Miller, Inc.

Mary Lou MuntsState Representative76th Assembly DistrictState of Wisconsin

Michael A. PierleDirector, Regulatory ManagementMonsanto Co.

Anthony Z. RoismanExecutive DirectorTrial Lawyers for Public Justice

Lawrence SwansonDirectorGreat Plains Office of Policy Studies

James T. B. TrippEnvironmental Defense Fund

NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the advisory panel members. Theviews expressed in this OTA report, however, are the sole responsibility of the Office of Technology Assessment.

iv

OTA Project Staff— Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination

John Andelin, Assistant Director, OTAScience, Information, and Natural Resources Division

Robert W. Niblock, Oceans and Environment Program Manager

Project Staff

Paula J. Stone, Project

Joan Ham Howard Levenson

Director

Francine Rudoff

Administrative Staff

Kathleen A. Beil Jacquelynne R. Mulder Kay Senn

Contractors

Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA

Environ Corp., Washington, DC

The University of Oklahoma, Norman OK

GeoTrans, Inc., Herndon, VA

Peter N. Davis, University of Missouri-Columbia Law School, Columbia, MO

Contents

Appendix PageA. Groundwater Contamination and Its Impacts , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

B. Federal Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

C. State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

D. Hydrogeologic Investigations of Groundwater Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

E. Federal Efforts To Detect Groundwater Contamination. .

F. Corrective Action: Technologies and Other Activities . . .

G. Federal Efforts To Correct Groundwater Contamination

H. Federal Efforts To Prevent Groundwater Contamination

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

vii

—.

Appendix A

Groundwater Contamination and Its Impacts

A.1 AN APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE HEALTH RISKS OF CHEMICALS INGROUNDWATER (p. 243)

A.2 SUMMARY OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANICCHEMICALS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN GROUNDWATER (p. 248)

A.3 FREQUENCY OF DETECTION OF SELECTED CHEMICALS INGROUNDWATER (p. 262)

A.4 SUBSTANCES IN GROUNDWATER WHOSE DETECTED CONCENTRATIONHAS EXCEEDED STANDARDS AND TYPES OF STANDARDS EXCEEDED(p. 264)

A.5 SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION (P. 267)APPENDIX A REFERENCES (p. 289)

A.1 AN APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE HEALTHRISKS OF CHEMICALS IN GROUNDWATER

Because of uncertainties about the relationship be-tween exposure (e. g., to chemicals) and impacts onhuman health, public health efforts are based on iden-tifying probabilities of impacts. This process entailsidentifying when exposure is likely to pose either sig-nificant health risks or, alternatively, negligible healthrisks.

Predictive risk assessment is generally accepted by thescientific community as the only currently availablemethod for evaluating the risks posed by exposure tochemical contaminants under varying conditions. Thisapproach and its limitations are described in detail inthe literature (e. g., N.AS, 1983a; Environ Corp., 1983).Importantly, what are deemed to be “safe” or “accept-able’ levels of risk for the protection of public healthinvolves subjective judgments, often including consid-eration of the costs of achieving those levels.

Predictive risk assessment has historically been ap-plied to contaminants found in environmental mediaother than groundwater. Its application to groundwateris believed appropriate because many of the scientificand technical issues that motivated the use of predic-tive risk assessment in the past are independent of theenvironmental medium in which the contaminants occur(Environ Corp., 1983). Some of these issues concernthe risks associated with chemical exposures that do notproduce immediately observable effects or for which thenature and duration of the exposure cannot be readily

identified. At the same time, the occurrence of contam-inants in groundwater raises questions that have not yetbeen fully examined in the context of predictive riskassessment and public health protection; these questionsare related, for example, to multiple pathways of ex-posure.

Conducting a risk assessment for groundwater con-taminants consists of four basic steps (NAS, 1983a):

1.

2<

3.

4.

hazard evaluation, i.e., - ‘identification of the con-taminants and their toxicological characteristics;dose-response assessment, i.e., specification of the‘‘no observed effect level (NOEL) for non-car-cinogens and of the unit risk for carcinogens;exposure assessment, i.e. , identification of thepathways of exposure, dosage, concentration levels,and exposed population; andrisk characterization, i.e., translation of the abovethree steps into a determination of health risks.

Each of these steps is described and analyzed below inthe context of groundwater. Ultimate determination ofrisks requires that each of the four steps be carried out

Hazard Evaluation

Hazard evaluation involves collecting and assessinginformation about the inherent toxic properties of con-taminants. There are two principal sources of informa-

243

244 ● Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination

tion about toxic properties: 1) epidemiological or clinicalstudies and 2) experimental data. Molecular structureis presently of only limited value in predicting the toxicproperties of chemicals (Environ Corp., 1983).

The limitations of epidemiological investigations inproviding information about the toxic properties ofchemicals are well described elsewhere (Environ Corp.,1983). In the context of groundwater contamination, thelimitations would include:

Difficulties in providing proper controls on studiesso that strict cause-effect relationships can be estab-lished: Because there is so little experience in con-ducting epidemiological studies in the context ofgroundwater, there are many unresolved metho-dological issues concerning controls including re-moving sources of bias (e. g., effects of diet, ciga-rette smoking, and occupation), accounting forexposure to mixtures of contaminants that are alsosite-specific and time-varying, identifying suitablecontrol groups, and detecting small but potentiallyimportant risks when small numbers of people areinvolved.Difficulties in obtaining accurate data on the nature,intensity, and duration of exposure, especiallywhen multiple chemicals are present at low con-centrations: Many contaminants are present ingroundwater at low concentrations (e. g., parts perbillion), and exposure may occur over long periods.Difficulties in linking adverse health impacts thatare observable only after long latency periods toexposure: There is a general lack of data concern-ing possible health impacts on humans exposed togroundwater contamination. One systematic healthinvestigation that was specifically oriented to ground-water suggested a relationship between high levelsof carbon tetrachloride and liver damage in Harde-man County, TN (Clarke, et al., 1982, cited inHarris, 1983); however, this study involved a rela-tively short latency period and was not a controlledepidemiological study. Epidemiological studiesrelated to drinking water include a set of studiesthat are inconclusive about an association betweencardiovascular disease and chlorinated drinkingwater (see NAS, 1980) and studies suggesting anassociation between chlorinated drinking water andcertain cancers (Crump, et al., 1980, cited in Har-ris, 1983). A recent study linked rates of leukemiaand birth defects with the presence of chloroformand TCE in two wells in Woburn, MA (ScienceNews, 1984).Difficulties in applying the epidemiological meth-odology to newly introduced chemicals: Althoughrelatively few chemicals are widely used commer-cially, approximately 1,000 new chemicals are in-troduced into commercial production each year.

● Dificulties in interpreting self-reported symptoms:Self-reporting of symptoms is one of the earliestclues to a possible relationship between exposureand health impacts and can provide the basis forthe design of testable, controlled epidemiologicalinvestigations. Evidence for a relationship is strongif reported symptoms are highly specific and unusualand appear to occur in ‘‘clusters. Even so, suchevidence does not constitute proof of a causal linkbetween exposure and reported symptoms. At best,reported symptoms can be checked for consistencywith known hazards and serve to strengthen orweaken inferences about suspected relationships.If reported symptoms are vague and/or common(e.g., headaches, nausea, and rashes), it is unlikelythat epidemiological studies will be of value (En-viron Corp., 1983).

Because of the types of problems associated with epi-demiological investigations, ‘ ‘it is likely that most epi-demiological investigations of populations exposed togroundwater contaminants would lead to inconclusiveresults, and there appears to be little prospect for im-proving this situation; these problems are inherent tomethods of epidemiology’ (Environ Corp., 1983).However, when populations have large exposures tohigh concentrations of organic chemicals, such as inHardeman County, epidemiological investigations maybe able to document adverse health impacts. In addi-tion, when epidemiological data are supplemented withlaboratory data, the likelihood of establishing cause-effect relationships can increase (Harris, 1984).

In addition to epidemiological studies, a second ma-jor source of information about toxicity is experimentaldata. Toxicity data derived from laboratory experimentson animals have several advantages over epidemiologicaland clinical investigations: exposures can be controlled,biological changes can be examined in detail, and causalrelationships between exposure and toxicity can be es-tablished with high certainty.

The applicability of animal data to humans dependson the assumption that biological activity is similaramong various mammalian species. There appears tobe substantial evidence to support the inference ofhuman health effects based on results from animalstudies (Environ Corp., 1983); and consequently, ani-mal data have historically been the principal sources oftoxicity data for assessing the risks of chemicals (e. g.,pesticides, food and color additives, and drugs) priorto their commercial introduction. Nevertheless, infer-ences about human health effects from animal data arestill controversial. In addition, although efforts areunderway to develop toxicity data for various purposes(e.g., toxicity data are available from the National Tox-icology Program of the Department of Health andHuman Services), OTA’S analysis suggests that a com-

App. A—Groundwater Contamination and Its Impacts ● 245

plete, uniform data base for all potential groundwatercontaminants is unlikely for many years (EnvironCorp., 1983).

Dose-Response Relationships

The second step in a predictive risk assessment isdescribing dose-response relationships. These relation-ships link known exposure characteristics with the fre-quency at which toxic effects appear in exposed popula-tions. In general, for a given duration of exposure, thefrequency at which toxic effects appear in an exposedpopulation increases with increasing dosage; in manycases, the toxic effects will become more severe as ex-posure increases (Environ Corp., 1983).

There are various ways to express dosage. The mostcommon is weight of the contaminant taken into thebody per unit of body weight of the exposed recipientper unit of time (e.g., milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg)per day). Because epidemiological studies rarely pro-vide the exposure data necessary for determining ex-posure characteristics, experimental data are the pri-mary source of dose-response information.

In practice, inferences must often be made about thedose-response function for groundwater contaminantsbecause doses are often below the range at which ex-perimental dose-response relationships can be observed.Some cases of contamination, however, do involve ex-posures in the range for which experimental dose-response relationships have been determined (Harris,1984). When the relationships can be determined, thedose-response for non-carcinogens is described in termsof the threshold dose at which no adverse response isobserved, the ‘‘no observed effect level’ (NOEL). Forcarcinogens, which do not appear to act according toa threshold concept, experimental data are used to estab-lish a relationship between dose and carcinogenic riskknown as the ‘ ‘unit risk, e.g., the fraction of a groupof experimental animals exposed to carcinogens that de-velop tumors during the experiment minus the fractionof animals in the untreated (control) group that developthe same types of tumors. In general, experimentallyderived measures of dose-response should be interpretedwith care in estimating human dose-response relation-ships (Environ Corp. , 1983).

‘ For example, human thresholds are probably lower than experimentallyderived NOELS both because the human population is genetically more di-\erse and thus Ilkely to have a broader range of susceptibilities than laborato~animals, and because the human population IS exposed to a broad range ofadditional environmental agents. Further, because only relat i~.ely small num-

bers of animals can be used in carcinogenlcity experiments, the experimentsoften involve high doses of agents, extrapolating the results to human exposuresfrom en~ironmental care inogens thus lnfolves prediction of low dose risk frumhigh dose/high risk data.

Exposure Assessment

Exposure assessment involves determining the mag-nitude and duration of exposure to environmentalagents. It requires estimating the dosage of contami-nants received by exposed populations, identifying theexposed population, and identifying the body sites atwhich toxic effects are produced.

The dosage of contaminants received by exposedhuman populations can be estimated if information isavailable about both concentration levels and the intake(e.g., duration, frequency, and amount) of contami-nants at given concentration levels. Determining the in-take of groundwater contaminants, however, is difficultbecause of the multiplicity of pathways along which thecontaminants can expose populations (see ch. 2).

In practice, information is most often not availableabout the dosage received along these different path-ways, and health scientists often assume standard aver-age values when carrying out exposure assessments.Only for the direct ingestion of contaminants via drink-ing water are there standard approaches for estimatingdosage. Although there appears to have been little at-tempt thus far to conduct comprehensive exposure anal-ysis (Environ Corp., 1983), approaches for incorporat-ing the different possible pathways of exposure havebeen discussed within the scientific community.2

Table A. 1.1 lists the types of data and assumptionsthat would be necessary to estimate dosage from eachpossible route of exposure to groundwater contaminants.Because many of the parameters shown in table A. 1.1vary from site to site and thus cannot be readily stand-ardized, exposure assessments will probably have to bemade at the site-specific level. Further, daily concen-trations of organic chemicals in groundwater can fluc-tuate by more than an order of magnitude. Accurateaverage exposures can be calculated only if a monitor-ing program is designed to account for this fluctuation;most monitoring data currently available are not ade-quate for calculation of accurate average exposure(Harris, 1984). This difficulty argues for careful siteanalysis of contaminant concentrations, soils, and thehabits of the exposed populations.

Identification of exposed populations is important be-cause different people exhibit different susceptibilitiesto a toxic agent. In most cases, the general populationwould be exposed and would exhibit the full range ofsusceptibilities. At some sites, however, principally

‘For example, in the risk assessments conducted by the Safe Drlnklng WaterCommittee of the National Research Councd (NRC), safe dr]nkmg wdtrr ex-posure Ilmits were estimated on the basis of an arbitrary assumption that onlv20 percent of a person dady exposure to a contaminant would come Irornthe dmect ingestion of water. (See also NAS, 1983a, NRC, 1980 )

— ——— —

246 • Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination

Table A-1.1 .—Data and Assumptions Necessary ToEstimate Human Dose of a Groundwater ContaminantFrom Knowledge of its Concentration in Groundwatea

1. Direct ingestion through drinking:● Amount of water consumed each day (generally as-

sumed to be 2 liters for adults and 1 liter for a 10 kgchild).

● Fraction of contaminant absorbed through wall ofgastrointestinal tract.

● Contaminant concentrations.● Average human body weight.

2. Inhalation of contaminants:Air concentrations resulting from showering, bath-ing, and other uses of water.Variation in air concentrations over time.Amount of contaminated air breathed during thoseactivities that may lead to volatilization.Fraction of inhaled contaminant absorbed throughlungs.Average human body weight.

3. Skin absorption from water:● Period of time spent washing and bathing.• Fraction of contaminant absorbed through skin

during washing and bathing.● Average human body weight.

4. Skin absorption from contaminated soil:● Concentrations of contaminant in soil that has been

exposed to contaminated groundwater.● Amount of daily skin contact with soil.● Amount of soil ingested per day (e.g., by children).● Absorption rates (e.g., by skin and gastrointestinal

tract).● Average human body weight.

5. Ingestion of contaminated food:● Concentrations of contaminant in edible portions of

various plants and animals that have been exposedto contaminated groundwater.

● Amount of contaminated food ingested each day.. Fraction of contaminant absorbed through wall of

gastrointestinal tract.• Average human body weight.

~he total dose is equal to the sum of the doses from the five rOUteS.

SOURCE: Environ Corp., 1983.

subgroups will be exposed (e. g., children and the elder-ly), and they may exhibit specific susceptibilities.

Another aspect of exposure assessment involves iden-tifying the body site at which toxic effects are produced.For example, some contaminants produce their toxic ef-fects directly at the point of contact (e.g., the skin, lung,and gastrointestinal tract). If contaminants are to pro-duce effects at internal body sites (systemic effects), theymust first pass through physical barriers—i. e., thegastrointestinal wall, the skin, or the lungs. The rateand amount of absorption vary from contaminant tocontaminant; these data are most frequently not avail-able. In the absence of data from human subjects, thecommon practice among public health scientists is eitherto adopt absorption rate values from experimental stud-

ies of substances having similar chemical and physicalcharacteristics or to assume that absorption is completealong every pathway (Environ Corp. , 1983).

Risk Characterization

The fourth and last step in the risk assessment proc-ess is risk characterization. Once information is obtainedabout contaminant toxicity, dose-response relationships,and exposure, the risk faced by exposed populations canbe determined.

With respect to non-carcinogens, common practiceis to:

1.

2.

3.

calculate an acceptable daily intake (ADI) level bydividing the experimentally determined NOEL bya safety factor (to account for uncertainties in themeasurements);modify the ADI if exposure routes other than in-gestion are to be considered; otherwise incorporateadditional safety factors; andcalculate the margin-of-safety (MOS) by dividingthe experimental-NOEL by” the actual” dose andcompare the MOS to the safety factors used in cal-culating the ADI. (Note that the lower the valueof the MOS, the larger the risk to the exposedpopulation. )

For carcinogens, risk is characterized by multiplyingthe actual daily lifetime dose by the unit risk. Althoughan explicit estimate of risk is obtained, this estimate stillembodies uncertainty and is treated (e. g., by FDA andEPA) as an upper limit of the true risk.

The ADI and the MOS for non-carcinogens and theacceptable risk for carcinogens are designed to ensurethat exposed populations are not at significant risk. Al-though the calculation of these values for any given con-taminant involves many simplifying assumptions andapproximations, an additional limitation is that theseestimates treat contaminants individually and independ-ently of each other. In most instances, however, popula-tions are exposed not to individual contaminants butto complex and possibly time-varying mixtures.

How and where contaminants interact with each otherto produce toxic effects are complicated and poorly un-derstood; some evidence suggests that such interactionsare significant.3 The health risks from exposure to com-binations of contaminants may differ either qualitativelyor quantitatively from health risks from exposure to in-dividual contaminants. Although such interactions are

3Examp1es include the marked synergism between cigarette smoking andasbestos in the induction of lung cancer, the reaction of secondary amines andnitrites in the stomach to form carcinogenic nitrosamines, and the synergist iceffects between alcohol and halogenated hydrocarbons (e. g., carbon tetrachlor-ide) to cause liver damage (see Environ Corp., 1983, for complete references).


not unique to groundwater, they do pose a significantimpediment to reaching conclusions about acceptablelevels of exposure to groundwater contaminants (En-viron Corp., 1983).

There are no generally applicable protocols for testingthe effects of contaminant interactions, and there arefew data to guide the development of such protocols.For now, risk assessments that are to take into accountpossible interactions must be based on considerations

other than empirical evidence. Although the potentialimportance of interactions is recognized, especially withrespect to groundwater, there is no area of standard set-ting that has taken interactions into account as a mat-ter of course.4

——4F. PA has consdered (reatmg carcinogenic nsk as additl},c, I e , that the total

carcinogenic nsk is equal to the sum of the nsk of cac h of the lncl~wdual { on-tamlnants (Iln\tron Corp . 1’98’3)

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DETECTION OF SELECTEDIN GROUNDWATER

SAMPLING SCHEME

CHEMICAL Random Non-random N o t s p e c i f i e d

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< 5 . 0

< 5 . 0

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

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P r o p y l b e n z e n e

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OXYGENATED HYDROCARK)NS

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D i c h l o r o p h e n o l

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M e t h y l e t h y l k e t o n e

P h t h a l i c a c i d

HYDROCARBONS WITH SPECIFIC ELEMENTS

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2 8 - 6

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Bromodichloromethane

Bromoform

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C h l o r o m e t h a n e ( M e t h y l c h l o r i d e )262

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2 - 7 3

7 .1

7 . 1 - 2 1 . 4

607

1 7 . 2

1 . 5

7 . 1

7 . 1

7 .1

6 . 9

7 . 8

2 . 1 - 9 . 4

4 . 3 - 8 . 1 8 . 1 - 1 5 . 8

1 . 7 - 1 1 . 3 3 . 6 - 5 0 . 1

1 .3

2 - 3 4

2 - 6 6

2 - 7 9

1-36

S o u r c e : O f f i c e o f T e c h n o l o g y A s s e s s m e n t ; U n i v e r s i t y o f O k l a h o m a , 1 9 8 3 .

A.4 SUBSTANCES IN GROUNDWATER WHOSEDETECTED CONCENTRATION HAS EXCEEDED

STANDARDS AND TYPES OF STANDARDS EXCEEDED

SUBSTANCE

AmbientWater

S t a t e S t a t e National D W Health Advisory QualityDW GW Primary Secondary l-Day lo-day Long-termControl

A. 1.

A.2 .

A .3.

AROMATIC HYDROCARIXINS

BenzeneEthyl benzeneTo luene

OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS

1 ,4-DioxanePhenols

HYDROCARBONS WITH SPECIFICELEMENTS

AlachlorAldicarbBromacilBromodichloromethaneCarbofuranCarbon te trachlor ideChloroformDibromochloropropane

(DBCP)DibromoethaneDichlorobenzene (-p)Dichlorodiphenyltr i -

chloroethane (DDT)1,2-Dichloroethane1,1-Dichloroethylene1,2-DichloroethyleneDichloromethane

(methylene chloride)2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-

acetic acid (2,4-D)DichloropropaneDioxinsEndosulfan@ -Hexachlorocyclohexane&-Hexachlorocyclohexane]- l iexachlorocyclohexane

(F-BHC, or Lindane)Methyl parathion

x

x

xx

x

xx

xx

xxxx

xx

xx

x x x xx

x x x

x xx

xxx

xx

x

xxxxx

x

xx

xx

x x xx x

x x xx x

x x

264


AmbientWater

S t a t e S t a t e National D W Health Advisory QualityDW GW Primary Secondary l-Day 10-day Long-termControlSUBSTANCE

A.3 .

A .4.

B.1 .

B .2.

HYDROCARBONS WITH SPECIFICELEMENTS (cent d)

Polychlor inated biphenyls(PCBS ) x

RDX (Cyclonite)TetrachlorobenzeneTetrachloroethaneTetrachloroethyleneToxaphene1,1,1-TrichloroethaneTrichloroethylene (TCE)Trinitrotoluene (TNT)Vinyl chlor ide

OTHER HYDROCARBONS

x x xxxxxxxxxx

x xxxx

x

x

x

x

xx

xx

xx

x x

x xGasoline

METALS AND

AluminumArsenicBariumBerylliumCadmiumChromiumCobaltCopperIronLeadManganeseMercuryMolybdenumNickelSeleniumS i l v e rSodiumVanadiumZinc

NONMETALS

AmmoniaChlorides

CATIONS

AND ANIONS

xxx

x xx

x

xxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xx

xx

x

x

xx

x

x

x

xxx

xx

x

x x

xx x

39-702 0 - 84 _ 3


AmbientWater

S ta te S ta te National DW Health Advisory QualitySUBSTANCE DW GW Primary Secondary l-Day 10-day Long-termControl

B.2. NONMETALS AND ANIONS ( cent d)

Cyanides x xFluorides x x xNitrates x xSu l fa t e s x

D. RADIONUCL IDES

Radium 226 x xUranium 238 x x

Abbreviations: DW = drinking water; GW = ground water.

“X” in State DW or State GW column means that the standard set by at least one State hasbeen exceeded.

Source: Office of Technology Assessment.

x

x

x

A.5 SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

This appendix was compiled to supplement and/orsubstantiate information summarized in chapter 2 (seetable 8). Although an extensive survey of sources wasattempted, time limitations precluded collecting somedata. Thus the information in this appendix is thatwhich was readily available to OTA; it should not nec-essarily be regarded as exhaustive or definitive.

When available and appropriate, this appendix con-tains the following information for each source:

general information regarding the definition, use,and location of the source;details of the assumptions and calculations used inestimating the numbers of facilities or activities ofa source type;details of the assumptions and calculations used inestimating the amount of material flowing throughor stored in all facilities or activities of a sourcetype; andinformation regarding the potential of both indi-vidual facilities or activities and all facilities or activ-ities of a source type to contaminate groundwater.

Selected references on the potential of sources to con-taminate groundwater are listed at the end of the ap-pendix.

1. Subsurface Percolation:Septic Tanks and Cesspools

Septic tank systems consist of a buried tank and drain-age system designed to collect waterborne wastes, re-move settleable solids from the liquid by gravity separa-tion, and permit percolation into the soil of clarifiedeffluent. They are best suited for small volumes andperiodic flows.

The highest regional densities of use in the UnitedStates occur in the eastern third of the country and alongportions of the west coast (USDA, 1981a). Septic tanksystems and cesspools serve more than 100,000 hous-ing units in four counties (Nassau and Suffolk, NY;Dade, FL; and Los Angeles, CA) and more than 50,000housing units in 23 counties (EPA, 1977a).

Development of Estimates ofNumbers and Amounts

There were an estimated 19.5 million domestic on-site disposal systems in the United States in the mid-1970s, of which 16.6 million were septic tanks and cess-pools (EPA, 1977a); presumably the remaining 2.9million systems were privies or chemical toilets, Littleinformation is available regarding the number of com-mercial and industrial septic tank systems. DeWalle, etal. ( 1980, cited in DeWalle, et al., no date) estimatedthat the State of Washington has at least 500 large on-

site systems serving restaurants, hospitals, and largerindustrial customers. Miller (1980) estimated that25,000 industrial septic tanks are in operation in theUnited States based on the number of industrialestablishments using water, but no documentation for thefigure was provided.

Estimates of annual flow to an individual septic tankfrom an average household range from 49,275 gallonsper year per household (gyh) (Miller, 1980: 45 gallonsper person per day X 3 persons per household X 365days per year) to approximately 75,000 gyh (derivedfrom information in Pye, et al., 1983: 3.5 billion gallonsper day X 365 days per year ÷ 17 million tanks). Thusa minimum estimate of the total annual flow to all do-mestic systems would be approximately 820 billiongallons per year (49,275 gyh X 16.6 million systems),and a maximum estimate would be approximately 1,460billion gallons per year (75,000 gyh X 19.5 millionsystems).

Little direct information is available about flow ratesto and leakage from industrial septic tanks. Assumingthat the use of industrial septic tanks is comparable todomestic systems, there could be an estimated annualflow of approximately 1.2- 1.9 billion gallons (minimumestimate: 49,275 gallons per year X 25,000 systems;maximum estimate: 75,000 gallons per year X 25,000systems).

The range of estimates for domestic systems is prob-ably very near to the actual amount because the under-lying assumptions and data are based on studies of do-mestic systems (e. g., data are cited in: EPA, 1977a;Miller, 1980; Pye, et al., 1983). The estimates for in-dustrial systems could be incorrect by more than 100percent because information is lacking on annual flowto individual systems and no systematic surveys ofnumbers have been conducted on a nationwide basis.

Potential for Groundwater C o n t a m i n a t i o n

Of all the sources known to contribute to groundwatercontamination, septic tank systems and cesspools direct-ly discharge the largest volume of wastewater into thesubsurface. They are also the most frequently reportedsource of contamination (EPA, 1977a), and they con-tribute to both local and regional problems. Contami-nants are principally from human wastes and householdpiping systems and include: nitrate, chloride, and col-iform bacteria (e. g., DeWalle, et al., 1980); variousmetals (e. g., lead, zinc, copper, manganese, tin, andiron; Miller, 1980); viruses (Hain, et al., 1979); andothers (e. g., see Miller, 1980).

The estimates of total annual discharge represent thepotential volume of leachate released from the source.These figures are not equal to the volume of contami-nated wastewater reaching groundwater because of ren-

267

268 ● Protecting the Nation’s Grourtdwater From Contamination

ovative capacities of the soil system and evaporativelosses from septic tank drain fluids (which occur eventhough the tanks are located in the soil) (Canter, et al.,1983).

Major factors affecting the potential of septic systemsto contaminate groundwater in general are the densityof systems per unit area and hydrogeological conditions.Areas with a density of more than 40 systems per squaremile are considered regions with potential for contam-ination (EPA, 1977a); based on this criterion, portionsof the Eastern United States and California exhibit thegreatest potential for contamination. Local problemswith septic tank systems can occur when individualsystems are overloaded or when additives (e. g., TCE)are used to clean and unclog septic lines. Experimentsconducted in Suffolk County, NY, confirm that organiccleaning solvents can leach from cesspools into ground-water (Andreoli, et al., 1980). Approximately 400,000gallons of septic tank cleaning fluids (containing TCE,benzene, and dichloromethane (methylene chloride))were used by homeowners in 1979 on Long Island alone(Burmaster, et al., 1982).

The design lives of septic tank systems are typically20-40 years, after which time deterioration is likely.Design considerations for the percolation of effluentrelate to the soil absorption system: the flow regime, thestorage and carrying capacity of the receiving soil, theattenuation capacity of the biological mat in the leachingfield, the subsurface soil type, and depth to the watertable (Laak, et al,, 1974).

2. Injection Wells

Several types of injection wells are used to inject ordischarge wastes into or perform other functions in thesubsurface:

● hazardous waste wells;● non-hazardous waste wells (e. g., brine injection

wells, and agricultural, urban runoff, and sewagedisposal wells); and

. non-waste wells (e. g., wells for enhanced oil recov-ery, artificial recharge, in-situ recovery, and solu-tion mining).

Hazardous waste wells are highly localized but canbe expected to be regionally concentrated near indus-trial generators of these wastes.

Among the non-hazardous waste wells, agriculturalwells are located in farming areas while urban runoffand sewage disposal wells are located primarily in ur-ban areas. Because brine is a byproduct of oil produc-tion, brine injection wells are located primarily in areasof oil and gas production (e. g., the Southwest, Louisi-ana, Pennsylvania; University of Oklahoma, 1983).

Among the non-waste wells, enhanced oil recovery(EOR, also known as tertiary) wells follow a distribu-tion pattern similar to that of oil production wells. Arti-ficial recharge wells are usually located in areas oflimited or vulnerable groundwater supplies; two majorareas are in the High Plains (Ogallala Aquifer) and incoastal areas (e. g., to minimize salt-water intrusion).In-situ recovery wells are generally located in the oilshale regions of the Rocky Mountains. Solution min-ing injection wells are generally associated with uraniumresources in the Southwest.


Hazardous Waste Wells.— Injection wells used pri-marily for hazardous waste disposal numbered approx-imately 280 in 1973 (Pye, et al., 1983). In 1981, 8.6billion gallons of hazardous wastes were disposed of at87 injection well sites (Dietz, et al., 1984).

The total number of injection wells is not known, andthe validity of extrapolating data from strictly hazard-ous waste injection wells to all injection wells (even ifmost of them are used for hazardous waste disposal) isquestionable. Other data indicate that as much as 11percent of the Nation’s liquid wastes may be disposedof in underground injection wells (Feliciano, 1983).

Brine Injection Wells and Enhanced Oil RecoveryWells.—Brine injection wells and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) wells are treated together here (and separatelyfrom non-hazardous waste wells and non-waste wells,respectively) for two reasons. First, more informationis available for these wells than for other non-hazardouswaste and non-waste wells. Second, EOR wells are in-jection wells used in tertiary oil production, and brineoften is the injection fluid used in the EOR process.

In the early part of the century, most brine wasdisposed of in simple pits and caused many groundwaterproblems. Most States now ban the disposal of brinein pits, so most brine is disposed of in injection wells;illegal brine dumping into pits and streams and ontoroads is a problem in some areas (e. g., Ohio; Dalton,1983). 1 In recent years, at least 17 States have reportedbrine-related contamination incidents (Miller, 1980).For example, in Texas in the 1960s, approximately 69percent of brine was reinfected, 21 percent was disposedof in pits, and 10 percent was discharged onto surface

1 Illegal brine dumping may be prevalent in some areas of the country, Forexample, Dalton (1983) states that excessive brine is often dumped on roadsfor dust control, beyond legal limits, and that some companies have beenobserved dumping brine directly into streams. However, the Ohio Oil & GasAssociation (cited by Abbott, 1983) contends that some brine is legally usedon roads for dust control and disputes the allegations of illegal dumping


water; and approximately 23,000 contamination in-cidents were reported (University of Oklahoma, 1983).

Miller (1980) estimated that 60,000 brine injectionwells were in operation in the 1970s. A recent reportindicated that 140,000 injection wells are used either fordisposal of brine fluids brought to the surface duringoil and gas production or for the injection of fluids inEOR processes (Kaplan, et al., 1983). EPA (1983a)listed over 119,000 EOR wells and an additional 37,000injection and disposal wells (not all of which were usedfor brine disposal or EOR processes) in its FederalUnderground Injection Control Reporting System(EPA, 1983a). Given these figures, it seems reasonableto conclude at this time that the number of brine disposaland EOR wells totals approximately 140,000.

Miller (1980) also estimated that approximately 460billion gallons of brine per year were disposed of in in-jection wells. (Note that Miller indicated 260 bgy on p.511 but 460 bgy p. 304; 460 bgy was the figure givenby Fairchild, et al., 1980, cited in University of Okla-homa, 1983). The OTA updated estimate of the amountof brine disposal is based on estimates of brine produc-tion: although varying widely in different areas andoperations, approximately 4 barrels (bbls) of brine areproduced for every barrel of oil produced (Kaplan, etal., 1983), and approximately 8.55 million bbls of crudeoil were produced per day in 1981 (CEQ 1982). Giventhese figures, approximately 525 billion gallons of brinewould be produced annually (8.55 million bbls oil perday X 4 bbls brine/bbl crude oil X 365 days per yearX 42 gallons/bbl), and most of the brine is injected intowells.

The current level of oil produced from EOR proc-esses is approximately 400,000 bbls/day (Kaplan, et al.,1983). The number of barrels of water injected per bar-rel of oil produced varies greatly depending on the par-ticular EOR production process (Royce, et al., 1982).Assuming that 4 bbls of water are injected per barrelof oil produced (this figure is well within the range offigures presented in Royce, et al., 1982), then approx-imately 24.5 billion gallons of water per year would beinjected in EOR processes (400,000 bbl per day X 4bbl water per bbl oil X 365 days per year X 42 gal-ions/bbl).

Non-hazardous Waste Wells (excluding brine disposalwells).— Miller (1980) stated that at least 40,000 agri-cultural, urban runoff, and sewage disposal wells werein operation but that this estimate was probably muchtoo low. For example, Miller cited 15,000 such wellsin Florida; information obtained for OTA’S study indi-cates there may be as many as 10,000 runoff wells inPhoenix, AZ (University of Oklahoma, 1983). Kaplan,et al. (1983) estimated that approximately 500,000 in-jection wells are in existence, of which approximately

140,000 are used in brine disposal or EOR processes;thus there would be approximately 360,000 other dis-posal wells in operation, presumably for agricultural,urban runoff, and sewage disposal purposes. It is notpossible at this time to estimate the volumes of materialsflowing through these wells. An on-going EPA inven-tory of Class V injection wells (e. g., surface water drain-age, air-conditioning return, and other wells) will notbe completed at least until 1985 (Anzzolin, 1983).

Non-waste Wells (excluding EOR wells).—At least12,000 solution mining wells (including sulfur miningvia the Freische method) are in operation (EPA, 1983a).No information was available regarding the amountsof materials involved in these operations.

Potential for Groundwater Contamination

EPA (1979) estimated that at least 21,000 injectionwells in the United States require corrective action. Al-though injection wells can be constructed, operated, andmonitored properly, contamination of groundwater canoccur in a number of ways, primarily related to the con-struction, operation, and eventual closing of the wells(EPA, 1979):

1. faulty well construction (e. g., drilling and casing);2. the forcing upward of pressurized fluids into near-

by wells and groundwater formations (see below);3. the forcing upward of pressurized fluids into faults

or fractures in confining beds;4. injection into or above usable aquifers (e. g., drink-

ing water supplies);5. the migration of fluids into hydrologically con-

nected usable aquifers (e. g., drinking water sup-plies); and

6. faulty well closing.The second item on the EPA list above maybe of ma-

jor significance in regions where heavy oil and gas pro-duction and associated brine wells are located becauseit includes abandoned and poorly maintained produc-tion wells. These wells are a potential source of con-tamination because brines injected into disposal wellscan move laterally through the injection zone intounplugged, uncapped, or abandoned wells and subse-quently leak into groundwater formations (Burmaster,et al., 1982; Kaplan, et al., 1983; Thornhill, 1975).Kaplan, et al. (1983) estimated that there are approx-imately 1.2 million abandoned wells (production wells,and mineral exploration and testing wells; see also Gass,et al., 1977) near areas of underground injection wellsand, further, that the location of many abandoned wellsis not known.

Depending primarily on the quality of recharge water,artificial recharge systems can alter groundwater quality;such alterations may also change the aquifer biologically


(University of Oklahoma, 1983). Soils can be cloggedby suspended matter in the recharge water and by theassociated biological activity. Even the disposal of a sim-ple waste such as air conditioning return water candegrade groundwater by raising the temperature andadding chemicals (e. g., heavy metals).

3. Land Application

Land application of treated wastewater and waste-water byproducts (i. e., sewage sludge) is often used inplace of more costly disposal processes, Its primary goalsare the biodegradation, immobilization, and/or stabili-zation of various chemicals, and the beneficial use ofnutrients contained in the wastewater or sludge. Thewastewater itself is applied primarily by spray irriga-tion. Sludge is applied on agricultural or forest lands,used as commercial compost, disposed of in landfills,and applied in land reclamation projects (e. g., for stripmine reclamation; Weiss, 1983). Sludge is also disposedof by incineration and by ocean dumping (EPA, 1983 b).

Most of the information available concerns munici-pal sludge characteristics and production. However, in-dustrial sludge is sometimes disposed of in landfills.Industrial sludge includes effluent treatment sludge,stack scrubber residue, fly and bottom ash, slag, andnumerous other manufacturing residues. In general, theproduction of sludge is concentrated around major in-dustrial and population centers but land application isgenerally practiced in less populous areas (e. g., crop-land) (University of Oklahoma, 1983).


The exact number and average size of sludge-spread-ing operations for municipalities is not known, but atleast 2,463 publicly owned treatment facilities applyingliquid or thickened sludge on land and 485 using sprayirrigation were in operation or under construction in1982 (EPA, 1983c).

About 6.8 million dry tons of sludge were producedby municipalities in 1982 (EPA, 1983b). Between 24 and29 percent of the sludge generated in the United Statesis spread directly on crops (EPA, 1981b, 1983 b). An-other 18-21 percent is distributed free or is marketed,and most of it is subsequently deposited on cropland.Thus 40-50 percent of the municipal sludge generated—3-4 million dry tons per year—is used in some kind ofdirect land application.

Data are lacking on the amounts of industrial sludgeproduced annually and the number of sites involved butmost of it is thought to be disposed of in solid waste sitesand lagoons (Miller, 1980). During 1981, 70 hazardous

waste land treatment facilities (excluding landfills) reg-ulated by EPA under RCRA regulations treated ap-proximately 0.1 billion gallons of hazardous wastes(Dietz, et al., 1984).


Groundwater contamination can occur when sub-stances in sludge are leached by precipitation after thesludge is applied to the land. The substances of mostconcern include nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals(EPA, 1983 b); heavy metals also can limit the use ofsludge in agriculture because they can be absorbed intothe cover crop (Gurnham, et al., 1979).

The rate and duration of sludge application are deter-mined by soil types, the nitrogen, phosphorus, andheavy metal content of the wastes, length of the irriga-tion season, and the nutrient uptake characteristics ofthe cover crop (Knox, et al., 1980; Young, 1978). MostStates consider land application of municipal sludge atan agronomic rate (i. e., annual rate at which the nitro-gen and/or phosphorus available to the crop from sludgedoes not exceed the annual nitrogen and/or phosphorusrequirements of the crop) to have little potential for con-tamination of groundwater (EPA, 1983 b). Reductionof application rates before planting and addition of nu-trients near crop roots during the growing season (’‘side-dressing’ also may alleviate some problems (Swanson,1983). Heavy metals in municipal sewage are contrib-uted by industry (e. g., electroplating and metal-finishingindustries; other metal production, processing, and fab-rication industries; and nominally non-metal industries),commercial establishments, domestic water supplies,and non-food household commodities (Gurnham, et al.,1979). The potential for contamination by heavy metalsmay be minimized if quality control procedures (e. g.,industrial pretreatment and wastewater and sludge mon-itoring) are followed.

4. Landfills

The solid wastes deposited in landfills are generallyclassified as hazardous or non-hazardous. Hazardoussolid wastes are specifically defined under RCRA reg-ulations (see OTA, 1983a); various waste products areexcluded from the definition: domestic sewage wastes,irrigation return flows, radioactive wastes, and some in-dustrial wastes. Non-hazardous solid wastes as definedhere encompass all solid wastes not included in theRCRA definition of hazardous wastes.

Solid waste products (e.g., from residences, small in-dustries, and commercial activities) are generally depos-ited in municipal landfills; these wastes are usually, butnot always, non-hazardous. Sanitary municipal land-

App. A—Groundwater Contamination and Its Impacts • 271

fills are landfills that are designed to minimize adverseenvironmental impacts (Miller, 1980). Industrial land-fills are used for the disposal of solid wastes from largeindustries; the wastes are often hazardous.

The distribution of municipal landfills is assumed tofollow the general distribution of population and thusshould be concentrated around urban population cen-ters. Most sanitary municipal landfills are small opera-tions: about 80 percent of the sanitary landfills handleless than 50 tons of waste per day, and approximately1 percent handle amounts in excess of 1,000 tons perday (Waste Age, 1981). Industrial landfills are proba-bly concentrated near industrial facilities.

Development of Estimates of Numbers

The number of municipal solid waste land disposalsites is not easily determined. EPA’s 1977 Report toCongress (1977a; see also Miller, 1980) estimated thenumber to be 18,500. This figure included not onlysanitary municipal landfills but also some industriallandfills and open dumps; only about 5,600 were li-censed sanitary landfills and most of the remaining siteswere open dumps (Petersen, 1983). A recent survey esti-mated a total of 12,991 landfills in the United States(Petersen, 1983). These estimates included primarilysanitary municipal landfills but it also included non-hazardous industrial sites and 2,395 open dumps. Thusfewer than 10,000 sanitary municipal operations areknown to be in operation (how many fewer than the10,000 is not known because the number of industrialsites was not specified). In addition, the number of aban-doned or closed municipal landfills and open dumpscould be equal to the number of known sanitary mu-nicipal landfills (Eldridge, 1978). Thus a first approx-imation of the number of municipal landfills in the Na-tion might be 15,000-20,000 (fewer than 10,000municipal landfills X 2, to account for both operatingand abandoned or closed municipal landfills; see thediscussion on Open Dumps, below). Conservatively,this estimate is probably correct within a range of 100percent.

The exact number of industrial solid waste land dis-posal sites is not known, but EPA has estimated thatthere are 75,700 active landfill sites for industrial wastes(CEQ 1981 b). About 199 hazardous waste landfill fa-cilities are known (Dietz, et al., 1984). In addition, alarge portion of industrial solid wastes, including somethat are considered hazardous, are disposed of in mu-nicipal landfills (Miller, 1980).

Development of Estimates of Amounts

Approximately 138 million tons of municipal solidwastes were handled by municipal solid waste disposal

facilities during 1978 (CEQ 1982). This figure is prob-ably a relatively accurate estimate of the amount of solidwastes handled annually by sanitary landfill facilitiesbecause it is based on relatively extensive nationwidesurveys.

Estimates of the amounts of non-hazardous industrialsolid wastes and of hazardous wastes disposed of in land-fills are not as accurate. The range of estimates for non-hazardous industrial solid wastes is 40-140 million wettons per year. The minimum estimate of 40 million wettons per year is derived as follows. Approximately 150million tons of total solid wastes were generated by in-dustry in 1980 (CEQ 1982), and approximately 45million wet tons were hazardous (EPA, 1981 b); thus 105million wet tons were non-hazardous industrial solidwastes (150 mty – 45 mty). Assuming that the propor-tion of solid wastes disposed of in landfills is the samefor industry’s non-hazardous solid wastes as it is for haz-ardous solid wastes (40 percent), z then the minimumamount disposed of is approximately 40 million wet tonsper year (0.40 X 105 mty).

The maximum estimate of the amount of non-hazard-ous industrial solid waste disposal is approximately 140million wet tons per year. This estimate is derived byapplying the 40 percent rate to the higher EPA estimateof 342 million tons for non-hazardous industrial solidwaste production in 1980 (EPA, 1981 b) (40 percent X342 mty = 140 mty).

At least 0.81 billion gallons of hazardous wastes weredisposed of in 199 landfill facilities in 1981 (Dietz, etal., 1984); this figure includes both liquid and solidwastes.

Utilities generate approximately 77 million wet tonsof solid waste per year (EPA, 1981 b), most of which isfly and bottom ash from the burning of fossil fuels (ap-proximately 73 million tons of ash are generated an-nually; OTA, 1983a). Assuming that 40 percent is dis-posed of in Iandfills, an estimated 30 million tons of solidwastes per year generated by utilities would be disposedof in landfills; the applicability of the 40 percent disposalrate assumption to utilities is not known.

Note that approximately 13-15 percent of municipalsludge produced is disposed of at landfills (EPA, 1981b;EPA, 1983 b), but this amount results in landfill disposalof only about 1 million tons per year (15 percent of theestimated 6.8 million tons of municipal sludge; see LandApplication, above). This amount is included within therounding errors in the above estimates.

‘Approximately 40 percent of industry’s hazardous solid wastes is disposedof m landfills of some type (EPA, 1981 b) The remainder is disposed of byc heroical, biolog-lea], or physical treatment, deep well injection; land treatment;resource recovery; or Inclnerat ion



Considerations in the design of municipal landfills in-clude the location, the area to be served, and plans fordifferent stages in the falling process (e. g., use upon com-pletion of the fill). Provisions must be made for con-trolling traffic, unloading and handling different typesof wastes, placement of cover materials, fire control,control of salvage and scavenging, and monitoring. In-dustrial landfills have similar design, operation, andmaintenance needs, although the nature of the wastesdisposed of may entail additional safety considerations(hazardous waste landfills are included in this category).

Groundwater contamination can be minimized byproper design, construction, and operation and main-tenance of a facility (Brunner, et al., 1972). However,facilities are not always maintained properly and somelandfills are allowed to deteriorate (University of Okla-homa, 1983). Further, not all contamination controlsused in landfills are effective; for example, requiredliners—of both natural and synthetic materials—havecracked or deteriorated when exposed to certain chem-icals (OTA, 1983a). Abandoned landfills (the locationsof which are not usually known to regulatory authorities)often pose a threat to groundwater quality becausegeologic and hydrologic characteristics were not consid-ered in the original site selection; the same may be truefor some active Iandfills. Many abandoned landfills werelocated in sand and gravel quarry pits or in environmen-tally sensitive areas such as marsh lands, Only 1,609of almost 13,000 landfills surveyed reported havingmonitoring systems for groundwater, leachate, and/orgas in 1983 (Petersen, 1983).

Leachate generation varies with time over a facility’slife, so the age of facilities could affect the amount andstrength of the leachate. In addition, the amount ofleachate leaving the more recent facilities could be sig-nificantly less than at older facilities. Many older land-fills were not lined; and leachate collection and treat-ment have become common practices at a number ofthe more recent facilities (in the last 10 years).

Unless moisture can be totally prevented from enter-ing a landfill, leachate will eventually be generated.Once a landfill system reaches its disposal capacity,leachate generation is directly related to the volume ofwater added to the system (University of Oklahoma,1983). Leachate generation also depends on the initialmoisture content of the wastes, the landfill density, therate of filling, and infiltration water quantities. Infiltra-tion from the surface is not the only source of water com-ing into a landfill; although undesirable, some landfillsintersect aquifers, thereby creating another source ofmoisture for leachate generation.

Techniques for estimating the amount of leachategeneration from landfills vary widely in their results.

Assumptions that affect the estimates include the choiceof runoff coefficients, the moisture storage capacity ofthe waste, and evapotranspiration rates. Lu, et al. (1981)found that the error range of 25 different methods forpredicting leachate generation was 1.3-5,400 percent (asreported in University of Oklahoma, 1983).

Even if the amount of leachate generated is known,not all of it reaches the groundwater. Depending on soiltype and the position of the water table, the soil under-lying the wastes will be able to attenuate or renovatesome leachate before it reaches the groundwater. In or-der to develop accurate estimates of the potential forIeachate to contribute to groundwater contamination,estimates must include a percentage reduction for ab-sorption and attenuation.

5. Open Dumps

A dump is a land disposal site where solid wastes aredeposited indiscriminately, with little or no regard forthe design, operation, maintenance, or esthetics of thesite. In an ‘‘open’ dump, the wastes are almost alwaysleft uncovered. Most often the open dump is not author-ized and there is no supervision of dumping (Brunner,et al., 1971, cited in University of Oklahoma, 1983).Virtually every type of solid waste has been depositedin open dumps—abandoned tires and automobiles, oldfurniture and kitchen appliances, industrial and com-mercial wastes, agricultural byproducts, trees, vegeta-tion, demolition and construction wastes, and varioushousehold wastes—and virtually every type of topog-raphy has been used for this dumping. Open dumps arefrequently burning dumps as well, whether resultingfrom deposition of smoldering wastes, spontaneous ig-nition, or intentional ignition to reduce volume.

EPA listed approximately 1,950 open dumps in itsinventory (EPA, 1982a); in a more recent survey byWaste Age (Petersen, 1983) the figure is 2,396, Becausethese two estimates include only the open dumps knownto regulatory authorities, they are minimum estimates.It is not possible at this time to generate any reason-able estimate of the amount of material disposed of inopen dumps annually.

6. Residential (Local) Disposal

A variety of hazardous and toxic substances are com-monly found in household wastes. These wastes oftenare disposed of in specific facilities designed for wastedisposal or discharge (e. g., municipal landfills). How-ever, they also are disposed of indiscriminately, with-out supervision, in gutters, sewers, storm drains, andbackyard burning pits—these practices constitute resi-


dential (or local) disposal. The pattern of residentialdisposal follows population density and distribution.

Household wastes are composed of a wide range ofproduct materials: pesticides; paint products (e. g., oil-based paints, thinners, removers, and wood preserva-tives); cleaners (e. g., drain cleaners, furniture polish,air fresheners, floor wax, disinfectants, chlorine bleaches,degreasers, nail polish removers, spot removers, ovencleaners, drycleaning fluids, detergents, aerosol sprays,rug cleaners, and shoe care products); automobile prod-ucts (e. g., antifreeze, waste oil, and brake fluid); asphaltand roofing tar; and batteries.


Little quantitative information is available aboutwhere most household substances are ultimately dis-posed of, primarily because household wastes do notusually come under Federal and State regulations andare not investigated systematically. A few communityand government agencies have attempted to tackle thisproblem; among the most noteworthy are efforts of theWater Quality Division of Seattle (Ridgley, et al., 1982),the Metropolitan Area Planning Council of Boston(MAPC, 1982), and community grassroots collectioncampaigns like the ones in Lexington, MA (Watson,1983) and Seattle (Ridgley, et al., 1982).

Some quantitative information is available. Approx-imately 30,000 tons of household cleaners were used bythe 1.2 million people in King County (Seattle Metro-politan Area) in 1980 (Ridgley, et al., 1982). The cityof Tacoma, WA (population 150,000), uses 264 tons ofliquid household cleaners, 72 tons of toilet bowl cleaners,and 66 tons of motor oil per year (based on Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department, no date). If the ratesof use of household cleaners are extrapolated to the en-tire United States, then approximately 0.4-5.6 milliontons of such cleaners are used annually.

Over 90 percent of households in the United Statesuse pesticides in the home, garden, and/or yard (Sav-age, et al., 1980, cited in Ridgley, et al., 1982). It isestimated that 5-10 percent of all pesticides used are ap-plied in this manner (Seiber, 1981; EPA, 1980a). Thelower percentage (i. e., 5 percent) is derived as follows:at least 80 million pounds of pesticides were used inhomes and gardens in 1980 (EPA, 1980b), and this fig-ure is about 5 percent of the 1.5 billion pounds ofpesticides produced annually (see Pesticide Applicationsbelow). The mean rate of pesticide applications byhouseholds has been estimated to be 5.3-10.6 poundsper acre, and urban soils often have higher levels ofpesticide residues than do croplands (vom Runker, etal., cited in Grier, 1981-82).


Residential disposal has great potential for contam-inating groundwater. Uncontrolled burning can causetoxic fumes, and the hazardous materials concentratedin ashes can be leached into groundwater. Spilled oil,pesticides, and fertilizers are washed off driveways,yards, and gardens into storm drains and local streams.Toxic wastes are often poured down household drains;the result is corroded pipes (which can cause higherheavy-metal concentrations in sewage), septic tank mal-functions, pipeline leakage (including from sewers), andinterference with the operation of municipal sewagetreatment facilities. All these negative impacts can leadto groundwater contamination. In addition, householdhazardous wastes that are deposited in specific facilitiesdesigned for waste disposal (e. g., landfills) have the po-tential to contaminate groundwater.

7. Surface Impoundments

Surface impoundments are used by both industriesand municipalities for the retention, treatment, and/ordisposal of both hazardous and non-hazardous liquidwastes. They can be either natural depressions or arti-ficial holding areas (e. g., excavations or dikes); the term“ p i t“ ‘‘ is commonly applied to a small impoundmentused by industries, municipalities, agricultural opera-tions, or households for special purposes (e. g., farmwaste storage, industrial wastewater storage, and sludgedisposal). The wastewater in impoundments is treatedby chemical coagulation and precipitation, pH adjust-ment, biological oxidation, separation of suspendedsolids from liquids, and reduction in water temperature.Surface impoundments operate under one of two schemes:discharging and non-discharging. Discharging im-poundments are designed to release their liquid contentseither periodically or continuously into streams, lakes,bays, or the ocean. Non-discharging impoundments losetheir liquid by evaporation and/or seepage. Impound-ments that rely on evaporation are usually lined withlow-permeability materials to prevent seepage and aremost effective in arid areas.

Surface impoundments vary in shape, and they areoperated individually or as a series (EPA, 1982 b). Theyrange in depth from 2-3 feet (0.6-0.9 m) to more than30 feet (9 m) below the land surface, and their surfacearea varies from a few tenths of an acre to thousandsof acres. Agricultural, municipal, industrial, and oil andgas production impoundments are generally small—90percent or more are under 5 acres (EPA, 1982 b). Thelargest impoundments reported to EPA for the agricul-tural, municipal, and oil and gas production categories


were 665, 850, and 79 acres, respectively. Industrial im-poundments, in contrast, can be quite large—20 im-poundments larger than 1,000 acres were reported toEPA, with one covering 5,300 acres. The size of min-ing impoundments depends on the type of mining.Ninety percent of coal mine impoundments are less than5 acres; the largest is 293 acres. However, the surfaceimpoundments of only 58 percent of metal mines and48 percent of other non-metal mines are less than 5acres; the largest in these categories are 1,990 and 1,229acres, respectively.

Surface impoundments are located in proximity to theactivity creating the liquid wastes. Thus agricultural im-poundments tend to be concentrated in the Central,Midwestern, and Southeastern United States. Munici-pal impoundments are associated with populationcenters and are most common in the East. Industrialimpoundments are most common in the East and North-east, and along the Great Lakes and the west coast. Oiland gas impoundments are concentrated in Texas,Oklahoma, and Louisiana. Mining impoundments areconcentrated in coal mining areas (e. g., Pennsylvania,Ohio, and West Virginia).


As part of implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act(1442(a)(8)(C)), EPA initiated a nationwide Surface Im-poundment Assessment in 1978 (EPA, 1978, 1982 b).Most of the available information about surface im-poundments is the result of these efforts. Unless other-wise stated, the discussion that follows is based on thereport issued in 1982.

A total of 180,973 impoundments was located byEPA: 27,912 industrial, 37,185 municipal, 19,437 agri-cultural, 25,038 mining, 65,488 oil and gas brine pit,and 5,913 other impoundments. The most importantindustrial users of impoundments are the food process-ing and chemical industries, each with more than 4,000known impoundments. Other heavy industrial uses(i.e., using more than 1,000 impoundments) are for pe-troleum refineries; power plants; paper products; stone,clay, and glass products; primary metals; and fabricatedmetals. Municipal impoundments are located at land-fills and water and waste treatment facilities; about33,000 were at sewage treatment plants. Agriculturalimpoundments are used in crop production, animal hus-bandry, and other farming operations; most of them areassociated with feedlot waste operations. Mining im-poundments are associated with ore extraction and treat-ment, washing, and sorting processes. All of the numberscited are thought by EPA to be conservative, especiallyfor industry and for oil and gas brine pits—the estimatefor oil and gas impoundments does not include burnpits, cuttings pits, or mud pits. Further, at least 1,078

impoundments regulated under RCRA were used forthe storage, treatment, or disposal of hazardous wastesin 1981 (Dietz, et al., 1984). Whether these facilitiesare included in the total of 180,973 is not known.


The amount of liquid wastes disposed of in surfaceimpoundments can be estimated in a variety of ways.Approximately 50 billion gallons of liquid wastes perday are deposited in industrial surface impoundmentsin the United States (EPA, 1980, cited in U.S. Houseof Representatives, 1980), and approximately 82 billiongallons per day are deposited in all types of impound-ments (The Conservation Foundation, 1982). Theamount of wastes actually contributing to groundwatercontamination depends on leakage from the impound-ments; the commonly used leakage rate of 6 percent(Miller, 1980) is used here. Accordingly, approximately1,095 billion gallons per year (bgy) and 1,800 bgy ofliquid waste leachate from industrial and from all typesof surface impoundments, respectively, are available forentry into groundwater (i. e., 50 billion gallons per dayX 365 days per year X 0.06 for industry; 82 billiongallons per day X 365 days per year X 0.06 for alltypes),

The amount of liquid wastes deposited in municipalimpoundments can also be estimated. EPA (1978) cal-culated that 6,300 municipal impoundments had a totalflow of 4.2 billion gallons per day. Using these figuresto obtain a flow rate per impoundment and applyingthe 6 percent leakage rate yields an estimate of 540 bgyfor the 37,185 municipal impoundments found by EPA.A second estimate, of 705 bgy for municipal impound-ments, can be derived by subtracting the 1,095 indus-trial bgy from the 1,800 total bgy; this figure is a max-imum estimate because it includes all but industrialimpoundments.

Brine pits are almost universally banned in the UnitedStates, but they were the major means of brine disposalprior to the 1970s. Current disposal rates for brine pitscannot be estimated because they are not monitored.

The metals mining industry puts approximately 250million tons of tailings into ponds each year.

Thus estimates can be developed for the amount ofliquid wastes converted into potential leachate for in-dustrial, municipal, and mining impoundments and forall impoundments together. The latter figure, 1,800 bgy,is in marked contrast with Miller’s (1980) estimate of161 bgy. Miller’s estimate for liquid wastes consists ofseparate estimates of 100 bgy from industrial treatmentlagoons, 43 bgy from brine pits and basins, and 18 bgyfrom municipal treatment lagoons. Miller’s estimate isalmost certainly much too low, but the accuracy of the1,800 bgy estimate is difficult to evaluate.

App. A—Groundwater Contamination and Its Impacts . 275

The above estimates refer to hazardous and non-haz-ardous liquid wastes in all surface impoundments.Quantitative information is also available regarding thedeposition of hazardous liquid wastes (which may in-clude non-hazardous liquid wastes) into surface im-poundments regulated under RCRA (Dietz, et al.,1984). In 1981, 5.1 billion gallons of hazardous wasteswere disposed of, 16.6 billion gallons were treated, and14.1 billion gallons were stored in these surface im-poundments (Dietz, et al., 1984).


In terms of their numbers and the amounts of wastesassociated with them, waste impoundments (includingpits, ponds, and lagoons) may be one of the biggestthreats to groundwater. More than 23,000 cases ofgroundwater contamination have been documented inTexas alone, primarily resulting from brine pits (EPA,1977a). In Colorado, 37 percent of the known impound-ments pose an ‘‘actual threat’ to groundwater and over53 percent pose a ‘ ‘potential threat’ (The GoundwaterNewsletter, 1983a). The potential for health effects ishighly variable and depends on public use of affectedaquifers; most mining, oil and gas, and agricultural sitesare located in remote areas and thus are likely to havea low potential for affecting large numbers of people ifthey should contaminate groundwater, relative to othertypes of impoundments, However, many impound-ments are located near concentrations of people, andalmost 87 percent are located over aquifers currentlyused as a source of drinking water (EPA, 1982b). About50 percent are located over unsaturated and very per-meable zones (EPA, 1982 b).

Contamination of groundwater by a particular im-poundment will depend on soil permeability, depth tothe water table, rates of evaporation and precipitation(including potential for overflow), geochemical charac-teristics of the soils (e. g., ion exchange and absorption),chemical composition and volume of the wastes, andother factors (EPA, 1978). For example, heavy metalmovement depends on incorporation of the metals into

the bottom of the impoundments, leakage rates, and in-teractions of each metal with different underlying soils.

The contamination potential may be reduced if nat-ural or artificial liners are located beneath the impound-ment. The 1982 EPA survey indicated that only about15-17 percent of all impoundments had liners, with arange of 10 percent for oil and gas impoundments to28 percent for industrial impoundments. More recentdata presented by EPA (Inside EPA, 1983d) indicatethat 62 percent of all impoundments have at least asingle liner; less than 22 percent have a double liner.In some States (e. g., California, Idaho, Illinois, Ken-tucky, Nevada, Oregon, and Pennsylvania) use of linersin all impoundment categories is widespread; in otherStates, use is widespread in only one or two impound-ment categories.

EPA analyzed 416 case studies of groundwater con-tamination from impoundments and found that in 78.7percent of the cases the contamination was caused bydirect seepage, in 10.1 percent by dike failure or over-flow, in 7.6 percent by liner failure, in 1.6 percent bycatastrophic collapse, and in 2.0 percent by other causes.EPA also evaluated the impoundments’ potential to con-taminate groundwater, water wells, and surface wateras shown in table A.5. 1. Overall, 93 percent were judgedto have intermediate or high potential for groundwatercontamination.

8. and 9. Waste Tailings andWaste Piles

Mining operations generate two basic types of solidwastes —spoil piles and tailings. Spoil piles are gener-ally disturbed soil and overburden from surface min-ing or waste rock from underground mining operations(Miller, 1980). Tailings are the solid wastes from theon-site operations of cleaning and extracting ores. Bothtypes of solid wastes are often piled on the land surfaceor used as fill in topographic depressions confined byearthen dams (University of Oklahoma, 1983). They


are discussed together in this section because it is notalways clear in the literature which source category isbeing referred to.


Metal and non-metal mines (excluding coal mines)produced 1.5 billion tons of waste rock in 1972 (EPA,1977a); estimates of known amounts of tailings rangefrom 215 million tons at both inactive and active uraniummining sites (Thomson, et al., 1983) to 250 million tonsdeposited in ponds annually by the metal mining in-dustry (Miller, 1980). These figures total 1.72-1.75billion tons, approximately 86 percent of which is in theform of waste piles (i. e., 1.5 billion tons of waste rockin 1.75 billion tons of waste material).

Approximately 2.3 billion tons of total waste mate-rial, including radioactive tailings, are generated annual-ly by mining operations (EPA, 1981b; OTA, 1983a); thisfigure apparently includes both waste piles and tailings(both radioactive and non-radioactive). If the 86 per-cent figure is applied to the total of 2.3 billion tons, ap-proximately 2.0 billion tons are in waste piles and 0.3billion tons are in the form of tailings. The proportionof tailings may increase in the future; for example, theamount of active uranium mill tailings is projected toincrease to 1.0- 1.9 billion tons by the year 2000 (Landa,1980; also see Radioactive Disposal Sites, below).

Hazardous waste piles may also be generated by in-dustrial operations. Hazardous waste piles at 174 facil-ities contained an estimated 0.39 billion gallons in 1981(Dietz, et al., 1984). In view of the fact that these wastesites include only those regulated under Federal laws,the number of sites and amount of material probablyrepresent the lower bounds.


In terms of their numbers, amounts of material, andnature of their contents, waste piles and tailings areamong the major potential sources of groundwater con-tamination, especially from uranium, copper, and coalmining (Thomson, et al., 1983; Pye, et al., 1983; John-son, 1983; Landa, 1980). Approximately one-third ofactive tailings piles have contaminated nearby shallowaquifers (EPA, 1983d).

Precipitation percolating through spoil piles and tail-ings carries soluble substances (e. g., arsenic, sulfuricacid, copper, selenium, and molybdenum) and radio-active wastes (e. g., isotopes of uranium, thorium, andradium, including radium-226 which has a half-life of1,620 years) to the underlying water table (Universityof Oklahoma, 1983; Thomson, et al., 1983). Arsenic,selenium, lead, manganese, molybdenum, and vanadi-

um have been found in groundwater in seven States atdistances of up to 1.5 miles from tailings piles and atconcentrations above Federal or State limits (EPA,1983e).

The most serious side-effects are associated with sul-fide minerals (Koch, et al., 1982). Sulfuric acid is oftengenerated from coal mining spoils by the oxidation ofthe sulfides in the coal; subsequent percolation into thewater table results in acidic groundwater. Other miner-als (e. g., lead, silver, zinc, molybdenum, nickel, andcopper) are commonly found as sulfide ores; miningthese minerals can also lead to the production of sulfuricacid (Koch, et al., 1982). In addition, the acid candissolve other contaminants adsorbed on the soil intogroundwater.

Impacts on groundwater quality depend on severalfactors: the location, size, and configuration of piles andtailings; the composition of piles and tailings; the climate(e. g., rate of precipitation); hydrogeological character-istics; and the control technology employed. Ground-water protection is not provided at many existing tail-ings disposal sites (Thomson, et al., 1983).

In some cases, certain factors can reduce the poten-tial for groundwater contamination or the numbers ofpeople affected. For example, many mining and smelt-ing operations occur in arid or remote regions (e. g., forcopper and uranium; EPA 1983e; Koch, et al., 1982;Thomson, et al., 1983). Low-grade ore piles (e.g., cop-per) can be subjected to controlled leaching and the run-off collected for reprocessing (Koch, et al., 1982). Fur-ther, a low pH is often rapidly neutralized as the flowleaves the tailings (Thomson, et al., 1983).

10. Materials Stockpiles


Very little information has been obtained regardingeither the numbers or the amounts of materials in stock-piles in the United States. Approximately 3.4 billion tonsof various materials (e. g., coal, sand and gravel, crushedstone, copper ore, iron ore, uranium ore, potash, titani-um, phosphate rock, and gypsum) were produced in1979 (Koch, et al., 1982). Stockpile size is probably pro-portional to production in most cases; however, datacomparing production and stockpiles are available onlyfor coal, iron ore, phosphate rock, titanium, and gyp-sum (Koch, et al., 1982). Stockpiles represent approx-imately 20-25 percent of production for coal, iron ore,and gypsum (annual production is more than 700million tons of coal, more than 240 million tons of ironore, and about 15 million tons of gypsum) and approx-imately 5-8 percent of production for phosphate rock


and titanium (annual production is about 191 millionand 20 million tons, respectively).

For a preliminary estimate of the total volume heldby materials stockpiles, assume that 20 percent of totalmaterials production is stored in stockpiles. The choiceof this percentage is based on an aggregation of theabove percentages for the individual minerals and isweighted toward the higher figures because of the largertonnages produced for those minerals. Given the totalannual materials production of 3.4 billion tons, approx-imately 700 million tons per year are stockpiled. Reli-ability of the estimate is low but should be within anorder of magnitude.

Some descriptive information is available for coal pro-duction and stockpiling. Approximately 780 million tonsof coal were produced in 1979. Coal is stored outdoorsprimarily by electric utilities, coke plants, and indus-trial users; the average coal pile contained 95,000 metrictons and was 5.8 meters high. Coal stockpiles at utilitieswere estimated at 185 million tons in 1980 (Koch, etal. , 1982). Substances present in coal piles includealuminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potas-sium, manganese, sulfur, and phosphate, with traceamounts of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc,uranium, copper, and cobalt (Koch, et al., 1982).

Potential for Grounclwater Contamination

Problems associated with materials stockpiles aremuch the same as those associated with waste piles andtailings (see Waste Tailings and Waste Piles, above);the major difference is that materials stockpiles are notwastes. But for all, the concern is the ultimate disposi-tion of the soluble substances. Water percolating throughstockpiles can carry soluble substances to the ground-water. Chemical reactions within coal piles, in particu-lar, can produce sulfuric acid and ferric sulfate, whichcan then be carried down to the groundwater by pre-cipitation percolating through the pile.

11. Graveyards

Decomposing bodies in graveyards produce fluids thatcan leak to underlying groundwater, especially if non-Ieakproof caskets are used.

The potential for graveyards to contaminate ground-water depends on several factors. Groundwater contam-ination is primarily a function of soils and depth togroundwater. Areas with high rainfall and high under-lying water tables are most vulnerable to contamina-tion from graveyards. Studies of individual cemeteriesindicate that, in all cases, soil contamination occurredin immediate proximity to the graves but not all grave-yards actually contaminated groundwater (Bouwer,

1978). Although the contamination potential cannot beaccurately quantified, the magnitude of contaminationappears to be highly localized and is probably much lessthan that from other sources.

12. Animal Burial

Animal burial procedures have become increasinglysophisticated. Mass burial —less common than individ-ual burials-occurs near large concentrations of livestockand in local landfills or open dumps. Individual burialsare most likely to take place within sections of munici-pal landfills or in residential backyards.

There are no data to assess the potential contribu-tion of this source to groundwater contamination. It ishighly site-specific and depends on disposal practices,the surface and subsurface hydrology, the proximity ofthe site to water sources, the nature and amount of thedisposed material, and the cause of death.

13. Aboveground Storage Tanks

Aboveground storage tanks are used in industrial,commercial, and agricultural operations and at individ-ual residences for a large variety of chemicals. No sys-tematic information is available regarding numbers,sizes, and locations of these tanks or of the chemicalsstored in them.

14. Underground Storage Tanks

Underground storage tanks are used by industries,commercial establishments, and individual residencesfor storage and treatment of products or raw materials,waste storage and treatment, and piping systems (SanFrancisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board,1983; University of Oklahoma, 1983). Little informa-tion is available regarding treatment tanks; unless other-wise indicated, the discussion below refers to storagetanks. In addition, information about steel and fiberglasstanks will be distinguished whenever possible.

Industrial use is primarily for fuel storage but alsofor storage of a wide range of other substances includingacids, metals, industrial solvents, technical grade chemicals,and chemical wastes (San Francisco Bay Regional WaterQuality Control Board, 1983; California Assembly Of-fice of Research, 1983). Commercial businesses (e. g.,airports, corporations with car fleets, recyclers, farmers,and trucking industries) and individual homeowners useunderground storage almost exclusively for fuel storage.Underground storage tanks are widespread throughoutthe country; gasoline storage tanks are concentrated inareas with high population density (and therefore withhigh automobile usage).



The most numerous underground storage tanks arethose used for gasoline at service stations and for fueloil at residences. Based on the number of independentand major service stations in the United States (Lund-berg, 1982) and on the average number of undergroundtanks per station, approximately 1.2 million steel under-ground tanks are found at service stations alone (Rogers,1983).3 Approximately 100,000 fiberglass tanks also areused for underground storage of petroleum products andseveral thousand are used for non-petroleum products(Hammond, 1983).

Many other underground storage tanks, both knownand unknown (and both active and abandoned), areused for petroleum and non-petroleum products through-out the country (Dalton, 1983; Rogers, 1983; White,1983). The 1.2 million steel tanks at service stations mayrepresent only one-fourth to one-third of the under-ground steel storage tanks for all products, the remain-der being used by trucking companies, corporations,farmers, government agencies, and others (Rogers,1983; White, 1983). White (1983) estimates that about25 percent of all steel storage tanks are used by the pe-troleum industry (half of them by major producers andhalf by independent retailers), 25 percent by farmers,5-6 percent by government agencies, and the remainderby various users. Note that the estimate that one-fourthto one-third of all steel underground tanks are used forpetroleum may be too low for two major reasons. First,it seems to be based on data from Santa Clara County,CA, where the number of industrial chemical solventstorage tanks may be higher, and the relative numberof tanks used for petroleum lower, than is typical of mostof the country because of the number of high-technologyindustrial firms in Santa Clara County (Donovan,1983). Second, approximately 60 percent of the 40,000tanks produced annually for the last 5 years (28,000 steeland 12,000 fiberglass) have been installed at service sta-tions (Donovan, 1983).

OTA’S study assumes that the number of steel tanksat service stations represents about one-half of all steeltanks. This figure is a compromise between the one-fourth to one-third and the 60 percent, weighted towardthe latter because it is based on more reliable data.Using this assumption yields an estimate of 2.4 millionsteel underground tanks in the United States. The ad-ditional fiberglass tanks used for storing petroleum andnon-petroleum products bring the total estimate to 2.5million underground storage tanks for all non-hazardousproducts.

‘This is a generally accepted figure and is cited by EPA (Inside EPA, 1983c)and by the Steel Tank Institute both in publications (e. g., Steel Tank Institute,1983) and personal communications. Feliciano (1984) estimated that approx-imately 1.4 miJlion underground tanks were used for storing gasoline.

There were at least 2,031 hazardous waste storagetanks and treatment tanks regulated under RCRA in1981 (Dietz, et al., 1984); this figure does not includehazardous waste tanks operating under NPDES per-mits. Just how many of these are underground or above--ground is not known, but they are considered as anunderground source in this analysis.


It is very difficult to obtain an accurate estimate ofthe amount of material stored in underground storagetanks, but one approach involves using the averagecapacity of known tanks. The average service stationunderground steel tank held 4,000-6,000 gallons in the1950s and now holds about 10,000 gallons; the largestregistered steel tank has a capacity of 50,000 gallons(Donovan, 1983). The average capacity of fiberglasstanks is also about 10,000 gallons (Steel Tank Institute,1983). Assuming an average 10,000-gallon capacity forunderground tanks, the 2.5 million underground stor-age tanks have an estimated capacity of 25 billiongallons. The hazardous waste storage tanks and treat-ment tanks contain an estimated 13.8 billion gallons(Dietz, et al., 1984); this figure does not include haz-ardous wastewaters stored in tanks for less than 90 daysor in tanks operated under NPDES permits.

Design, Operation, and MaintenanceCharacteristics

The installation and use of underground storage tanksare often not regulated. Most often the only regulationsare local requirements for construction and installation,but even in these cases follow-up or periodic checks arerarely required to determine whether leaks have devel-oped. Cathodic protection for steel tanks was seldomprovided until recently; most tanks more than 15 yearsold are unprotected (Hammond, 1983).

There are no design requirements at the Federal levelor in many States for storage facilities that might posea threat to groundwater. At a minimum, design require-ments should address (API, 1976): 1) tank construction—e.g., to ensure compatibility with stored substances andwith local soil conditions; 2) reserve capacity; 3) safetydevices—e. g., cutoff devices; and 4) inspection. Thetypical design life of tanks varies from 15-20 years forunprotected steel tanks and is highly dependent on envi-ronmental conditions. Leaks typically begin within 7years of installation in humid areas or if tanks are incontact with salt-water, but they may not occur for morethan 30 years in arid areas (Feliciano, 1984). No infor-mation was available about the typical design life of pro-tected steel tanks but presumably it is more than 20years. The design life of fiberglass tanks is estimated


at 40-50 years (Hammond, 1983); this figure is only aprediction—fiberglass tanks have been used commonly

only since 1970, and the oldest one that has been testedfor leaks is 13 years old.

The Pollution Liability Insurance Association nolonger insures steel tanks more than 20 years old unlessthey meet stringent testing requirements (Morrison,1983). Fiberglass tanks are warranted for up to 30 years(Hammond, 1983), but the Underwriters Laboratoriesinsurance standards for fiberglass tanks do not coveralcohol blends (e. g., ethanol; Steel Tank Institute,1983).


Underground storage tanks are known to have causedmany cases of groundwater contamination (e. g., SanFrancisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board,1983). In particular, old corroded gasoline storage tanksare frequently cited as sources of contamination (Uni-versity of Oklahoma, 1983). As many as 77 percent ofunderground steel tanks may be affected by point cor-rosion (Rogers, no date). Such corrosion can be causedby impurities in the backfill, faulty installation involv-ing surface abrasions and failure to remove shoring, andcertain soil conditions (e. g., involving acidity, electricalresistance, presence or absence of sulfides, or moisturecontent).

Many companies have installed new tanks near oldones. When they do, a new tank often acts as a ‘‘ sacri-ficial anode” (i. e., metallic ions flow from the new tankto the old tank) and it rusts faster (Dalton, 1983). Inaddition, dispensing pumps can develop leaks in coupl-ings and hoses, and delivery lines can corrode or break(Dalton, 1983). Although new underground tanks areusually coated with a protective or corrosion-resistantmaterial if they are steel or are made from relativelycorrosion-resistant materials (e. g., fiberglass), they arestill subject to corrosion-induced leakage. Fiberglasstanks can crack if installed incorrectly, and the polyesterresins in fiberglass may be weakened by some alcohol-blend gasolines (Feliciano, 1984).

Tank age may be a principal factor in groundwatercontamination (Rogers, 1983). Leaks have been ob-served in underground steel tanks aged 5-45 years butabout one-third occur in tanks aged 15 years or less(Rogers, 1983). In New York, 60 percent of the leaksare in tanks older than 16 years, and 86 percent are intanks more than 10 years old (New York State Depart-ment of Environmental Conservation, 1982). Manysteel tanks in the United States are now in their mid-teens or older; the National Oil Jobbers Council esti-mates that nearly one-third are more than 16 years old(cited in Larson, 1983). Rogers (1983) directed a study

of 46,000 steel tanks owned by major oil and gas pro-ducers and found the following age composition: 4 per-cent less than 5 years, 20-23 percent between 5 and 10years, 27 percent between 10 and 15 years, 21 percentbetween 15 and 20 years, and approximately 25 per-cent over 20 years. The age structure of this sample isprobably younger than if a comparable sample had beentaken from independent retailers because the major pro-ducers have recognized the potential for older tanks toleak and in the 1970s began to replace their older tanks(Donovan, 1983).

Rogers developed a model for predicting where leakswill occur, based on tank age and local soil conditions;it can also be used to estimate the number of leakingtanks. The leakage rate is assumed to increase as thetank population ages. Results from the model have beentested for approximately 10,000 tanks. Based on the agecomposition of the tanks and projected annual rates,Rogers estimated that about 50,000 tanks were leakingin 1982 and approximately 90,000-100,000 tanks wouldleak in 1983. This figure could be low because Rogersalso estimated that approximately 25-30 percent of allsteel tanks probably leak. If so, up to 720,000 under-ground steel tanks could be leaking (applying the upperfigure of 30 percent to the 2.4 million steel tanks). EPAestimates that up to 240,000 tanks may be leaking andthat the figure may increase to 75 percent of the totalin the next 5 years (Inside EPA, 1983c).

Whether a leak contaminates groundwater is highlydependent on site-specific conditions including the con-centration of the contaminant and the flow rate of theparticular leak. For example, not all leaks at service sta-tions contaminate groundwater. In fact, Rogers (1983)estimates that 85 percent of underground tank leaks atservice stations do not go beyond the station boundary(because of the small amount of leakage or early detec-tion) and do not contaminate groundwater; these inci-dents have typically cost $20,000-$30,000 to clean up.Another 10 percent of the leaks are estimated to travelbeyond service station boundaries but are detectedbefore they contaminate groundwater; typical costs of— . .these operations are $150,000. However,the leaks do contaminate groundwater,cleanup costs of $2.5-$5 million and asmillion.

15. Containers

5 percent ofwith typicalhigh as $11

Containers are storage barrels and drums for variouswaste and non-waste products. They can be movedaround with relative ease, and although they may beburied, they are not specifically designed to be. Verylittle information is available about containers because


they are not covered by any Federal water quality reg-ulations. In 1981, about 3,577 facilities used containersfor the storage of 0.16 billion gallons of hazardous wastes(Dietz, et al., 1984. ) These figures are only for con-tainers regulated under RCRA; actual numbers andamounts could be considerably higher.

16. Open Burning andDetonation Sites

Very little information is available on this source. Al-though there are probably many cases of waste materialsburned in backyards or at landfills, these cases are clas-sified here under the open dump, residential disposal,or landfill sources. Detonation sites are more structured(i.e., designed) operations; burning grounds could beeither structured or unstructured. In 1981, 240 facil-ities regulated under RCRA incinerated 0.45 billiongallons of hazardous wastes (Dietz, et al., 1984).

The Department of Defense operates a number ofburning grounds and ammunition detonation sites.Twelve such sites have been surveyed at Army installa-tions, and TNT (and other hydrocarbons) and heavy”metals (e. g., cadmium and chromium) have been de-tected in soil and in groundwater (U.S. Army Toxic andHazardous Materials Agency, 1983). Several commer-cial and industrial sites listed on the National PrioritiesList by EPA (under CERCLA) have had fires or wereoperated as burning sites; groundwater contaminationhas been detected at all these sites.

17. Radioactive Disposal Sites

Radioactive materials arise from the nuclear fuel cy-cle, commercial and industrial products and wastes, andnatural sources. They may have long half-lives, and theycan migrate with no visible evidence. Natural radiation(e. g., radon-222) occurs throughout the United States,with the highest concentrations in granite formations(e.g., in Maine) and gypsum (e.g., in Florida).

Five basic types of waste products are produced inthe development and generation of nuclear fuel andradioactive materials (DOE, 1983):

1. Spent fuel is the discharged irradiated fuel resultingfrom nuclear powerplant operations. It includescesium-137 (half-life 28 years), strontium-90 (half-life 33 years), and cobalt-60 (half-life 6 years).Wastes containing these isotopes may need severalhundred years or more to decay to low levels ofradioactivity, with some estimates ranging as highas 100,000 years (University of Oklahoma, 1983).

2. High-level wastes are from the initial processingof irradiated reactor fuels. They are extremely ra-

3.

4.

5

dioactive, must be stored in specially constructedfacilities, and eventually are either reprocessed ortransferred to the Federal Government for long-term storage or permanent disposal (DOE, 1983).Transuranic wastes, defined on the basis of specif-ic radioactive criteria (DOE, 1983), result primar-ily from fuel reprocessing and from the manufac-ture of plutonium-containing products.Low-level wastes are generated in liquid, gaseous,and solid forms and consist of a wide range of ma-terials having generally low but potentially hazard-ous amounts of radiation (this category excludesuranium mill tailings). Low-level radioactivewastes are generated by nuclear reactors used forpower production, weapons production, research(e.g., at universities and hospitals), and co m-mercial products or activities (e. g., at hospitals).They can be in the form of discarded equipment,assorted refuse, and materials from decontamina-tion facilities. They are either diluted until nolonger classified as radioactive, disposed of indis-criminately, or shipped to approved low-level dis-posal sites.Uranium mill tailings are the earthen residues leftafter the uranium is extracted from ores. Uraniumrefining also generates small amounts of solid, orsemi-solid, low-level radioactive waste. Althoughthe chemistry of the wastes varies among refineries,radium-226, thorium-230, and uranium-238 areusually present in small but significant concentra-tions. Disposal has commonly occurred in shallowburial grounds located near the refineries. (Thewaste rock associated with these radionuclides isdiscussed under Waste Tailings and Waste Piles,above).


Prior to the mid- 1970s, low-level radioactive wasteswere routinely packaged and shipped to commercialshallow nuclear waste burial sites. Six commercial siteswere in operation, but three have been closed and twoare accepting severely reduced volumes; the major re-maining site is in the State of Washington. The Depart-ments of Energy and Defense also maintain 22 sites forlow-level waste disposal (DOE, 1983). High-level radio-active wastes are deposited at four regulated sites (Han-ford, WA; Idaho Falls, ID; Aiken, SC; West Valley,NY) or are contained on-site at their place of genera-tion (see OTA, 1982). Seven sites are used for tran-suranic waste disposal. Commercial spent fuel is usu-ally stored at reactor sites or at two specific disposal sites.

Because different types of wastes are sometimes sentto the same site, the number of disposal sites is actually

App. A—Groundwater Contamination and Its /mpacts . 281

less than the total of 38 in the above figures. Althoughrecent legislation has called for State cooperation in sitedevelopment for low-level radioactive waste disposal,commercial generators of low-level wastes are likely tobe faced with possession of these wastes for some time.Remedial actions at inactive mill tailings sites are to beconducted by DOE under the Uranium Mill TailingsRadiation Control Act, but these actions have not yetbegun (DOE, 1983; see ch. 9).

Development of Estimates ofRadioactive Waste Production

A total of 4.80 million cubic yards of radioactivewastes was contained at various storage sites as ofDecember 31, 1982 (DOE, 1983). This total was dis-tributed as follows: 0.41 million cubic yards of high-levelwastes, 0.48 million cubic yards of transuranic wastes,3.78 million cubic yards of low-level wastes, and approx-imately 7,400 tons of spent fuel (the first three figuresare based on DOE, 1983; the last on Hileman, 1982).Uranium mill tailings are discussed under Waste T’ail-ings and Waste Piles, above.


Radioactivity is a major threat to groundwaterbecause of the longevity of isotopes and their ability tomigrate unnoticed. Much debate centers on the efficacyof waste disposal burial methods over time; for exam-ple, disposal containers are often deposited in or aboveshallow water tables. Some isotopes enter groundwaterfrom radioactive wastes, but other isotopes are presentbecause of the leaching of natural geologic substances(e. g., gypsum). It is estimated that 10-30 square milesof’ land are underlain by groundwater contaminated be-yond potable use by radioactive wastes (USGS, 1983).

Numerous radionuclides have been detected in ground-water as shown in table A.5. 2. These radionuclides emitthree types of radiation: alpha (a), beta (~), and gamma(T) (League of Women voters Education Fund, 1980).Alpha radiation has the least power to penetrate skin,but it can cause severe tissue and organ damage if itenters the body through ingestion of contaminateddrinking water or food or through inhalation. Beta ra-diation is more penetrating, but it also is most seriouswhen ingested or inhaled. Gamma radiation has thegreatest power to penetrate skin and usually is associ-ated with beta radiation; it too can damage criticalorgans.

18. Pipelines

Pipelines are used to transport, collect, and/or dis-tribute both wastes and non-waste products. The wastesare primarily municipal sewage, most often located in

39-702 0 - 84 - 4

Table A.5.2.—Categorization of Known and PotentialRadionuclides in Groundwater by Mode of Decay

@ and y,Radio nuclidea ~ p combined y

Antimony-125. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Barium-140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cesium-134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

● Cesium-137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● Chromium-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● Cobalt-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iodine-129. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

● iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● iron-59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● Lead-210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● Phosphorus-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x● Plutonium-238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X● Plutonium-243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● Radium-226 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X● Radium-228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xRuthenium-103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

● Ruthenium-106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x● Scandium-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Strontium-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

● Strontium-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xStrontium-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

● Thorium-270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X● Tritium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xUranium-230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

● Uranium-238. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X● Zinc-65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .● Zirconium-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxxx

xxxxxx

x

xx

x

xx

aRadionucljdes marked with an asterisk are known to have contaminated ground-water and are documented by at least two of the listed sourcesAlpha (~), beta ($), and gamma (~) radiation are discussed in the text

SOURCE Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc , 1983; University of Oklahoma, 1983,Environ Corp , 1983

densely populated areas. The primary non-wastes arepetroleum products and naturai gas, but ammonia, coal,sulfur, and anhydrous ammonia are also transported(University of Oklahoma, 1983). Non-waste pipelinesare located throughout the Nation; maps of majorpipeline networks are available from the Federal EnergyAdministration (University of Oklahoma, 1983).


Approximately 175,000 miles of pipeline carrying9.63 billion bbls of petroleum products per year werein operation in the United States in 1976 (Pye, et al.,1983). Information presented in Miller (1980) indicatesthat approximately 700,000 miles of sewer pipeline werein use in 1980. In 1978, 154 million people were servedby sewer pipelines (U.S. Department of Commerce,1981). Assuming an average sewage flow of 100 gallonsper day per person (Miller, 1980), approximately 5.6trillion gallons of sewage were transported by sewerpipelines in 1978.

. .



Although pipelines are designed to retain their con-tents and thus pose no threat to groundwater, in realitythey have a contamination potential through leakage.The major causes of leaks are ruptures, external andinternal corrosion, incorrect operating procedures, anddefective welds or pipes. In 1981, these causes accountedfor 41 percent, 22 percent, 7 percent, and 6 percent ofall reported leaks, respectively (DOT, 1981). Othercauses were surges (e. g., floods) of fluid in pipelines,breakage or heaving of lines by tree roots, earthquakes,loss of foundation support, and rupture due to otherloads. Miller (1980) estimated that leakage from sewerpipelines was around 5 percent; if it is, approximately280 billion gallons of sewage annually could be leachinginto groundwater. This estimate of leakage is based onthe unverified assumption of 5 percent leakage,

Because interstate pipelines are a major means oftransporting materials, they are regulated by the De-partment of Transportation (DOT); and any leaks andspills must be reported to DOT (see ch. 3 and app. B. 1).However, collection and distribution systems, gas sta-tions, residential users, and even relatively large in-trastate carriers are not required to report leaks andspills. Collection and distribution pipelines are not reg-ulated other than during their initial installation to pre-vent the escape of combustible, explosive, or toxicchemicals; the potential for groundwater contaminationis not a primary consideration.

About 4,100 non-waste liquid pipeline leaks and ac-cidents were reported from 1968 through 1981 (DOT,1981; the figure is not certain because information dif-fers on pp. 21 and 39). Of that number, 2,813 occurredfrom 1971-81, with 3.4 million bbls of material lost. In1981, 239 pipeline failures were reported, with 214,384bbls lost; various products were involved in the leaks:crude oil was involved in 48.1 percent of the failures,gasoline in 19.3 percent, liquified petroleum gas (LPG)in 14.6 percent, natural gas liquid (LNG) in 5.0 percent,and f’uel oil i n 4.6 percent. The remaining materials in-volved were jet fuel, diesel fuel, anhydrous ammonia,kerosene, turbine fuel, oil and gas, and condensate.

19. Material Transport andTransfer Operations

Material transport and transfer operations refer to themovement of substances by vehicle (e. g., truck and rail-road) along transportation corridors. Handling facilitiessuch as airports and loading docks are also included.


Estimates of the number of spills vary. The NationalAcademy of Sciences (NAS) estimated that approx-imately 16,000 spills occur annually, involving a vari-ety of substances such as paint products, battery fluids,gasoline, corrosive compounds, flammable compounds,various acids, and anhydrous ammonia (NAS, 1983 b).The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ (1982)reported on 10,072 known spills of oil or hazardouschemicals totaling 19.6 million gallons in 1981; how-ever, these spills include leaks from storage pipelines anddrains as well as from transportation facilities. DOTreported 9,063 incidents involving hazardous materialsin 1981 and 6,540 in 1982 (as of Apr. 30, 1983; Jossi,1983). Almost 81 percent of the 1982 incidents involvedcommercial carriers on highways, another 5 percent in-volved private carriers on highways, 13 percent involvedrailways, and the remainder involved other forms oftransportation.

Very little information was available about the amountof hazardous materials lost in spills, other than the CEQfigure cited above; and no information was available re-garding non-hazardous materials. NAS estimated thatabout one-half of the 4 billion tons of hazardous ma-terials transported annually in the United States is trans-ported on highways (NAS, 1983 b). EPA (Inside EPA,1983c) estimated that about 90 percent of all transpor-tation of hazardous wastes is by truck. Further, EPAalso estimated that when hazardous materials are trans-ported by truck, approximately 0.35 percent of the haz-ardous materials (slightly more than 38 gallons) are lostduring each shipment of 200 55-gallon drums. Assum-ing that the same 0.35 percent loss rate applies to theentire 4 billion tons shipped annually in the UnitedStates, no matter how transported, approximately 14million tons of hazardous materials are spilled duringmaterial transport and transfer operations. This estimateis only a first approximation.


Transport and transfer of materials have the poten-tial to contaminate groundwater contamination throughspills and leaks. Spills are generally unintentional andcan occur at random at transport facilities and alongtransportation corridors. Although an estimate can bedeveloped for the amount of material spilled annually(see above), it is not possible to estimate the amountof spilled material that threatens groundwater.

Storage and transfer facilities for oil and hazardouschemicals must be designed and certified by a registered


engineer if they pose a threat to surface water (Univer-sity of Oklahoma, 1983). However, similar design re-quirements do not exist at the Federal level or in manyStates for groundwater (University of Oklahoma, 1983;see app. H.3). Design procedures that would take intoaccount the potential for groundwater contaminationrelate to (API, 1976): drainage systems at loading andunloading areas, containment systems for possible spills,security measures, and tanker/tank design and interface.

20. Irrigation Practices

Water used for irrigation tends to percolate into thesubsurface and move toward discharge points. As itdoes, it carries with it substances applied to and associ-ated with the soil (e. g., fertilizers, pesticides, andsediment).


About 14 percent of cropland in the United States isirrigated; 58 million acres were irrigated in 1977 (USDA,1981a), and 51 million acres were irrigated in 1978(U.S. Department of Commerce, 1982). Irrigation ismost common in the West, the Central and SouthernPlains, Arkansas, and Florida (U.S. Department ofCommerce, 1982). Approximately 169 million acre-feetof water were used for irrigation in 1980 (CEQ 1982;the figure includes both surface water and groundwater).About 68 percent of the total groundwater use in 1980was for irrigation (USGS, 1984).


Although salts, pesticides, and fertilizers may be pres-ent wherever crops are grown, irrigation return flowstend to concentrate these chemicals (University of Okla-homa, 1983) and can reduce agricultural productivity.Groundwater salinity (i.e., dissolved salts) can increasebecause of evaporation, transpiration, and subsequentleaching of saline soils. Irrigation practices have in-creased groundwater salinity in many parts of the Westand Southwest (Sheridan, 1981).

Data are lacking about the proportion of irrigationwater that is consumed by crops, percolates into the sub-surface, and runs off the land. Salinity is difficult to re-duce because the volume of irrigation water is difficultto alter and because much of the salt in water occursnaturally. However, various water conservation prac-tices and the application of more efficient irrigation tech-nology can decrease salinity significantly (USDA,1981b; OTA, 1983 b).

21. Pesticide Applications

Pesticides are chemicals used for control of insects,fungi, and other undesirable organisms and weeds. Ag-ricultural operations (including but not limited to thoseon irrigated lands) account for most pesticide use (69-72 percent), government agencies and industrial/com-mercial organizations account for 21 percent, and homeand garden uses account for the remainder (EPA,1980a; Seiber, 1981).

Pesticide Production and Estimates of Use

Approximately 1.4- 1.5 billion pounds of pesticides areproduced in the United States each year (USDA, 1983a;EPA, 1977b; Forest Pest Management Institute, 1982).Production has doubled since the mid-1960s (EPA,1980e) and is growing approximately 1.4 percent an-nually (Forest Pest Management Institute, 1982). Pesti-cides are composed of 1,200-1,400 active ingredients inapproximately 2,500 intermediate products; these prod-ucts in turn are formulated into some 50,000 registeredend-use pesticide products (Roelofs, 1983; EPA, 1977 b).Depending on the definition, there are approximately30-80 major pesticide manufacturers, 100 smaller pro-ducers, 3,300 formulators, and 29,000 distributors inthe United States (EPA, 1980a; USDA, 1983a).

Of the 1.43 billion pounds of end-use products man-ufactured in 1981, 839 million pounds were herbicides,448 million pounds were insecticides, and 143 millionpounds were fungicides. In 1982, it is estimated that57.8 percent of the herbicides were amides and triazinesand that 69.9 percent of the insecticides were organo-phosphates (Schaub, 1983).

Use of pesticides on cropland can be measured by thepounds of active ingredients applied and by the numberof acre-treatments (i. e., the number of acres treated,including acres treated more than once). Approximately552 million pounds of active ingredients were appliedto major field crops in 1982 (USDA, 1983c)—451million pounds of herbicides, 71 million pounds of in-secticides, and 30 million pounds of fungicides, fumigants,dessicants, defoliants, growth regulators, and miticides.Pesticide applications may average as much as 2.6pounds per acre (USDA, 1981a); in 1976, 2.2 poundsof insecticides and 2.0 pounds of herbicides were ap-plied per acre (CEQ 1982). However, new productshave been developed which require as little as 0.1 poundof active ingredients per acre (Schaub, 1983); some newchemicals may require even less (Kearney, 1983).

Approximately 280 million acre-treatments are con-ducted annually (Schaub, 1983; USDA, 1978). The fourmajor crops—corn, cotton, soybeans, and wheat—

—


account for 85 percent of all herbicide use and 70 per-cent of all insecticide use (Eichers, 1981). Forty-sevenpercent of all insecticides are applied to cotton (USDA,1981a). About 85-90 percent of the corn, cotton, soy-bean, and rice acreage is treated with herbicides.

Airplane applications accounted for 65 percent of allpesticide applications on agricultural and forest landsin 1978 (USDA, 1978). These applications involvedsome 10,000 aircraft treating more than 180 millionacres (Kearney, 1983).


Groundwater contamination from the use of pesticidesin agricultural operations has been found in at least 18States (Cohen, et al,, 1984; Rothschild, et al., 1982;Spalding, et al., 1980); at least 12 different pesticideswere involved (Cohen, et al., 1984). Contamination canoccur from common use practices, spills, accidents, dis-posal of excess pesticides, disposal of wastewater fromequipment and from rinsing empty containers, andother causes (Hall, 1983; Chemical and EngineeringNews, 1983). Contamination potential can generally bereduced through methods of use, storage, and disposal(Chemical and Engineering News, 1983).

However, airplane applications pose special prob-lems. The disposal of wastewater from airplanes (eitherbefore or after landing) is often haphazard and may takeplace in ditches, lagoons, streams, and sewers or on theland (Seiber, 1981). It is estimated that the operationof one plane results in approximately 10,000 gallons ofwastewater and 44 pounds of pesticides that must bedisposed of each year (Seiber, 1981). Given the 10,000aircraft involved, approximately 100 million gallons ofwastewater and 440,000 pounds of pesticides must bedisposed of annually.

Movement of pesticides through soil and into ground-water depends on a variety of pesticide-specific and site-specific factors including water volubility, vapor pressure,speciation, hydrolysis half-life, photolysis half-life, soil/water adsorption coefficient, depth to the water table,soil type, and rainfall (Cohen, et al., 1984; Severn, etal., 1983). Severn, et al. (1983) list quantitative condi-tions under which groundwater contamination canoccur.

Many compounds do not move much with actualgroundwater flow but adhere to and move with the soilparticles themselves (e. g., many hydrocarbons; Hall,1983). Other compounds are more soluble and moverelatively rapidly (e. g., Temik or aldicarb; Hall, 1983);these compounds pose problems, especially in areas withhigh water tables (e. g., Florida). USDA is conductingat least 37 projects on the movement and fate of pesti-cides in the soil (Helling, 1983; also see ch. 3).

22. Fertilizer Applications

Farmers used 54.0 million tons of commercial fertiliz-ers in 1980-81, 48.7 million tons in 1981-82, and 42.3million tons in 1982-83 (USDA, 1983d). The areas cov-ered are likely the same as those covered by pesticidesand are spread throughout much of the country (Univer-sity of Oklahoma, 1983; USDA, 1982a); the five Statesusing the most fertilizer in both 1981-82 and 1982-83were Illinois, Iowa, California, Indiana, and Texas(USDA, 1983d). Fertilizers used in 1981-82 contained11.1 million tons of nitrogen (22.8 percent of the total48.7 million tons), 4.8 million tons of phosphates (9.9percent), and 5.6 million tons of potash (1 1.5 percent)(USDA, 1983d). The USDA has estimated that nutrientapplication rates range from 0.03-8.4 pounds per acrefor nitrogen and from 0.01-0.08 pounds per acre forphosphorus (USDA, 1981 b). In 1978, approximately229 million acres were treated with commercial fer-tilizers and 17 million acres were treated with lime (U.S.Department of Commerce, 1982).

The potential for fertilizers to contaminate ground-water depends on the rate of application in relation tocrop uptake (University of Oklahoma, 1983). This rateis often difficult to control because farmers generallyapply enough fertilizer for the entire growing seasonprior to planting (Swanson, 1983).

23. Animal Feeding Operations

In the last two decades the number of animal feedlotswith more than 1,000 animals has increased rapidly(Miller, 1980). In 1982, there were 1,935 cattle feedlotsin the United States marketing approximately 16.8million cattle; 969 of the feedlots, with a capacity of morethan 2,000, marketed 15.3 million cattle (USDA,1983 b). The feedlots are located primarily in the CornBelt and High Plains. Inventories of animals on farmsand feedlots during 1978 showed a total of 106 millioncattle and calves, 59 million hogs and pigs (USDA,1982 b), 12 million sheep and lambs, 2.2 million horsesand ponies, more than 359 million chickens, and morethan 140 million turkeys (U.S. Department of Com-merce, 1982). The principal rearing region is the Southfor poultry, the West for sheep, and the Midwest forhogs.

Estimates of Manure Production

Cattle are estimated to produce 0.5 tons of manureduring their 4-5 month stay in feedlots (Pye, et al.,1983). Thus in the larger cattle feedlots (i.e., with morethan 1,000 animals), more than 8 million tons of manure


are produced annually. The USDA has estimated thatall livestock on feedlots and farms produce 175 milliondry tons of manure annually, and 90 percent of it is re-turned to the land (USDA, 1981a).


Animal feeding operations can adversely affect ground-water if leachate enters the subsurface either directlyfrom the feedlots or from waste piles and wastewaterimpoundments (see Surface Impoundments, above).The most important potential contaminant in manureis nitrogen, but bacteria, viruses, and phosphates arealso of concern (University of Oklahoma, 1983).

The potential for groundwater contamination is great-est in areas with high densities of animals and a shallowwater table. Thus even small farms have the potentialto contaminate groundwater; large numbers of animalsin a small area can stress the natural assimilative ca-pacity of the soil (Pye, et al., 1983), Of the 718,000farms with fewer than 300 animals, 25 percent are esti-mated to have the potential to degrade water quality(USDA, 1981 b). Data are insufficient to estimate thevolume of leachate and runoff that actually reaches the,water table from large feedlots. In any case, becausemanure piles and feedlots often are near rural homes,domestic water supply wells are vulnerable.

24. De-Icing Salts Applications

Highway de-icing salts are applied to snow and ice-covered roads to improve driving conditions. The saltsconsist mostly of commercial rock and marine salt, withthe addition of ferric ferrocyanide and sodium ferrocy -anide to minimize caking of the salts when stored; otheradditives include chromate and phosphate, which reducethe corrosiveness of the salts (Bouwer, 1978). Use ofhighway de-icing salts is confined primarily to the snow-belt, especially the populous areas of the Northeast andMideast, and is dependent on weather conditions.


During the winter of 1982-83, a minimum of 9.35million tons of dry salts and abrasives and 1.78 milliongallons of liquid salts were applied to highways (Salt In-stitute, 1983; data were for agencies using more than10,000 tons of total materials annually). More than 12million tons of salt were used in the 1978-79 winter (Pye,et al., 1983).

Highway salting rates generally range from 355-1,065pounds per mile (100-300 kilograms (kg) per kilome-ter) per application. During the course of a winter

season, roads typically receive 17.6 tons (16,000 kg) ofsalt per lane per mile, or approximately 88 tons (80,000kg) per mile for a typical highway with four lanes andshoulders (Bouwer, 1978); this figure varies geograph-ically and from year to year. During the 1982-83 win-ter, an average of 15.5 tons of dry salts and abrasivesand 2.9 gallons of liquid salts were applied per lane permile (based on Salt Institute, 1983).


Estimates of the total use of de-icing salts should beinterpreted cautiously when attempting to assess theircontribution to groundwater contamination. Althoughall salts used have the potential for reaching ground-water, the amounts likely to reach groundwater are un-known and depend on hydrogeological and other factors(University of Oklahoma, 1983).

Many cases of contamination caused by highway de-icing salts have been documented in snowbelt areas(Bouwer, 1978; Dalton, 1983; Lord, 1983). The sourcesare both the leachate from stockpiles of salt and the run-off from the roads. Major problems are primarily asso-ciated with the storage of salt (Lord, 1983); salt stock-piles are maintained year-round and are often entirelyexposed.

Chloride levels in road runoff during snowmelt havebeen observed to range from 1,130-25,100 parts permillion (Bouwer, 1978); drinking water is generally con-sidered contaminated when chloride levels exceed 250parts per million (NAS, 1980). Sodium ferrocyanide issoluble in water and, when exposed to sunlight, can gen-erate cyanide in concentrations in excess of maximumdrinking water limits (see app. C.3). Chromate additivescan produce excessivre concentrations of hexavalent chro-mium in meltwater (Bouwer, 1978).

Technology is now available to minimize leachingfrom salt stockpiles, but most research is being focusedon what happens after application of de-icing salts(Lord, 1983). For example, the potential for ground-water contamination after application can be reducedby designing roads that require less de-icing and by col-lecting and disposing of the runoff, by developingsubstitute highway materials for maintaining safe driv-ing conditions, and by developing alternatives to the de-icing salts now used.

25. Urban Runoff

Urbanization necessarily expands the areas that areimpervious to rainfall and thus increases the amount andrate of surface runoff. The runoff, in turn, is channeledby extensive drainage networks and carries with it thecontaminants associated with urban activities (e. g.,


automobile emissions, litter, deposited atmospheric pol-lutants, and sediments; University of Oklahoma, 1983).Any stormwater that infiltrates the surface can also carrythese contaminants.

According to EPA (1983 c), over 21.2 million urbanacres contributed stormwater runoff in 1970, and thisfigure is projected to increase to 32.6 million acres bythe year 2000. Data are insufficient to determine theextent to which urban runoff and infiltrating stormwatercontribute to groundwater contamination.


Urban runoff is a primary cause of degraded surfacewater quality in heavily populated areas. After flowinginto existing water bodies, contaminants originally car-ried in runoff may accumulate in solution or in sedi-ments (Owe, et al., 1982). The potential for ground-water contamination from urban runoff will depend onwhere the runoff is discharged, its proximity to aquifers,and various hydrogeologic factors.

A major source of contaminants is automobile emis-sions, which may contribute contaminants to surfacerunoff in some areas. The contaminants of most con-cern are suspended solids and toxic substances, espe-cially heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Runoff can alsocontain bacteria, nutrients, and other oxygen-demand-ing loads, and petroleum residues (USDA, 1981a; Owe,et al., 1982). Contaminant levels in urban runoff areoften higher than established ambient levels for receiv-ing waters (Owe, et al., 1982).

26. Percolation of AtmosphericPollutants

Many potential contaminants of groundwater are car-ried in the atmosphere and eventually reach the landsurface through either dry deposition between stormsor transport in water and snow during storms (Owe,et al., 1982). A number of sources of atmospheric pol-lutants are known, among them automobile emissionsand various industrial processes. The major contami-nants are sulfur and nitrogen compounds, asbestos, andheavy metals (Owe, et al., 1982). Their ultimate dis-tribution depends on their size when they are releasedand on weather patterns while they are moving in theatmosphere.

Percolation of atmospheric pollutants into ground-water is greatest in areas of high air pollution. One ofthe better-studied cases involves acid rain. Althoughwidely distributed, acid rain occurs predominantlyaround the Great Lakes, the Northeast, and south-central Canada (OTA, 1984).

27. Mining and Mine Drainage

Minerals are extracted by either underground min-ing or surface mining. Underground mining is used toextract deep, relatively high-grade ore from structurallystable rock. The methods used (e. g., room-and-pillar,block caving, and stoping; NAS, 1979) depend on to-pography, geology, and characteristics of the ore (e. g.,size, shape, depth, and ore grade). In surface mining,pits are created when the overburden and topsoil areremoved to expose large, shallow deposits (generallycovered with less than 300 feet of loose soil; NRC, 1983);operations include quarrying, open-pit, opencut, open-cast, stripping, placering, and dredging (NAS, 1979).Deep underground mines, especially for coal, are locatedprimarily in the Appalachian region; and surface minesare primarily in the West and Midwest.


More than 15,000 mines were in operation in 1976(NAS, 1979). Wirries, et al. (1983) estimate that thereare also 67,000 inactive or abandoned mines in the con-terminous United States, 49,000 of them in the Midwestand Appalachia. The total land area that has beendisturbed has been estimated at 4 million acres; the rateof disturbance may have been as high as 5,000 acresper week in the early 1970s (NAS, 1979). Approximately383,000 acres have been abandoned.

Miller (1980) estimated that 3.6 million tons of acidwere generated annually from the 200,000 acres usedfor the disposal of coal mining wastes (27,000 of thoseacres had been reclaimed). Depending on how manyof the approximately 383,000 abandoned acres are alsoused for waste disposal, the amount of acid generatedannually could be as high as 10 million tons (the addi-tional acreage triples the total acreage and presumablythe subsequent estimate). Miller (1980) also estimatedthat 10 percent of the acid generated enters ground-water; thus 0.36- 1.0 million tons of acid could entergroundwater each year.


Excavation and operation of both surface and under-ground mines can disrupt the natural positioning ofaquifers and hence groundwater flow. As a consequence,water can percolate through the fractured overburdenand mix with mine wastes and other materials that werepreviously separated (NRC, 1983; EPA, 1981a). Theproblem can be minimized by dewatering (e. g., pump-ing water to the surface, possibly at rates of up to 200-3,000 gallons per minute; NRC, 1983).


The primary problem concerning groundwater relatesto the disposal of spent mill tailings, especially inunderground mining. Underground mining introducesoxygen and water, which can result in the oxidation ofpyrite and the subsequent formation of acid minedrainage —an acidic mixture of iron salts, other salts,and sulfuric acid (Thomson, et al. , 1983). Acid minedrainage is a major problem in the East; in the West,groundwater seldom becomes acidic, usually becausecarbonates in the overburden help neutralize any acidproduced. However, sulfate concentrations are oftenvery high in Western surface mined lands. Arsenic,molybdenum, vanadium, and other minerals also canbecome soluble in the oxidizing conditions of miningin general and can enter groundwater.

Wirries, et al. ( 1983) studied inactive deep under-ground coal mines in Appalachia and the Midwest.Drainage quality was highly variable, with most sitesexceeding Federal effluent guidelines. Trace metals(e.g., cadmium, mercury, zinc, and nickel) were pres-ent in low concentrations. Calcareous material in theoverburden helped buffer acid drainage. The amountand rate of acid formation and the chemical quality ofthe drainage tend to be functions of the amount and typeof pyrite present, characteristics of the overburden, andthe amounts of air and water available for chemical re-actions (EPA, 1981 a).

28. Production Wells

A variety of wells are included as production wells—oil, geothermal and heat recovery, and water supplywells. Oil wells are clustered in the Southwest, Alaska,Louisiana, Wyoming, and the Midwest. Geothermalactivities are primarily in the West and in the heavilypopulated northern States where the use of earth-coupled heat pumps is increasing (University of Okla-homa, 1983). No comprehensive information on thelocation of water supply wells was collected as part ofthis study, but they are likely to be most numerous inareas with high groundwater withdrawals (the South-west, the Central Plains, Idaho, and Florida; see Solley,et al., 1983).

Approximately 548,000 oil wells produced an esti-mated 3.1 billion bbls of crude oil in 1980 (U.S. De-partment of Commerce, 1981); the brine associated withthese wells is discussed in Injection Wells, above. Aban-doned production wells may number around 1.2 million(Kaplan, et al., 1983).

More than 376,000 irrigation wells are used to supplywater for approximately 126,000 farms in the UnitedStates (The Groundwater Newsletter, 1983 b).

All production wells share a similar potential to con-taminate groundwater. It is related to installation and

operation methods (e. g., for oil wells, the use of treat-ment chemicals, drilling fluids, and other chemicals),incorrectly plugged or abandoned wells, cross-contam-ination, and overdraft. Corrosion of screens and cas-ings in unrepaired or abandoned wells can result in thewells becoming conduits for the vertical migration ofcontaminants (Gass, et al., 1977; see Injection Wells,above, for discussion of groundwater contaminationproblems associated with wells).

29. Other Wells

Other wells include those used in various monitoringand exploration activities. No systematic informationis available regarding numbers and locations of thesewells.

30. Construction Excavation

Excavation at construction sites has many purposesincluding: clearing, pest control, rough grading, facil-ity construction, and the restoration of staging andstockpile areas upon completion of a job (University ofOklahoma, 1983). Construction excavation is intensein areas experiencing growth, but it is usually tem-porary.

Almost no data are available on the amount of materi-als that is excavated annually. It has been estimated that45 million tons of junked auto, construction, and demo-lition wastes are generated annually (EPA, 1981b) buthow much of these wastes results from construction ex-cavation is not known.

Excavation at construction sites can produce poten-tial groundwater contaminants in a variety of ways.Clearing and grubbing and pest control practices canproduce contaminants from the use of pesticides and thedecay of cleared vegetation. Heavy construction equip-ment used for rough grading can spill diesel fuel, oil,and lubricants. Some construction activities can includedust control in which oil, calcium chloride, and waterare used. The concrete used in construction is a sourceof contaminants from washing, spills, and wastes (Uni-versity of Oklahoma, 1983).

31. Groundwater—SurfaceWater Interactions

When groundwater aquifers are hydrologically con-nected with surface water, the aquifer can be partiallyrecharged by infiltration of the surface water.4 If the sur-

~Alternatlvely, groundwater may replen]sh surface water, e g., it may pro-\.lde the baseflow for streams and rivers, In this case, contain inants in ground-w,ater could be transferred to surface water

— —


face water is contaminated, or if it reacts chemically withthe subsurface materials as it infiltrates downward, deg-radation of groundwater quality can follow (Miller,1980).

32. Natural Leaching

Natural leaching occurs on a local scale in aquifers,or in portions of aquifers, whose geologic materials canbe dissolved into solution. No systematic informationis available about the significance of natural leachingto groundwater contamination.

33. Salt-Water Intrusion/Brackish Water Upconing

Approximately 21 billion gallons of groundwater perday—26 percent of all groundwater withdrawn (USDA,1981a)—are withdrawn in excess of recharge capabil-ities (i. e., overdrafting, overpumping, or overmining).Withdrawals significantly in excess of natural rechargeare located predominantly in coastal areas (e. g., Califor-nia, Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and New York), theSouthwest, and the Central Plains (USDA, 1981 b).

Overdrafting can disrupt the natural hydrologic proc-esses associated with groundwater; and subsequent im-pacts on aquifers and groundwater quality include: salt-water intrusion in coastal areas, brine-water intrusion(or brackish water upconing) in inland areas, and in-tensified natural leaching. Land subsidence may alsoresult; it disrupts the natural positioning of aquifers andhas additional surface impacts (e. g., subsidence). Salt-water or brine-water intrusion is probably the majorproblem associated with overdraft but it occurs only inareas where freshwater aquifers are underlain by salt-water or brine. At some coastal areas, injection offreshwater into aquifers is used to prevent salt-water in-trusion (University of Oklahoma, 1983).

1

2.

Selected References on thePotential of Sources

To Contaminate Groundwater

Subsurface Percolation (Septic Tanks andCesspools)DeWalle, et al. (1980)Hain, et al. (1979)Kristiansen, et al. (1981)Rea and Upchurch, et al. (1980)Starr and Sawhney, et al. (1980)Injection WellsCehrs, et al. (1980)

3.

4

5.6.7.

8.9.

10.11.12.13.14.

15,16.17.

18.19.

20.

Reed, et al. (1980)Rice, et al. (1980)Roberts (1980)Tyagi (1983)Warner, et al. (1980)Land ApplicationPeavy, et al. (1981)Sikora (1980)LandfillsBaedecker, et al. (1979)Bagchi, et al. (1980)Bruehl, et al. (1980)Cameron, et al. (1980)Chan, et al. (1980)Cherkauer, et al. (1980)Cherkauer (1980)Ehlke (1979)Elder, et al. (1980)Ellis (1980)Fungaroli, et al. (1979)Hansen (1980)Hounslow (1980)Kimmel, et al. (1980)Mather, et al. (1980)Miller, et al. (1981)Raveh, et al. (1979)Rogers, et al. (1980)Open DumpsResidential (Local) DisposalSurface ImpoundmentsAndrews, et al. (1979)Coble (1981)Milligan, et al. (1980)U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment

Station (1979)World Health Organization (1980)Waste TailingsWaste PilesMaterials StockpilesGraveyardsAnimaJ BuriaJAboveground Storage TanksUnderground Storage TanksFeliciano (1984)Rogers (1983)ContainersOpen Burning and Detonation SitesRadioactive Disposal SitesJackson, et al. (1980)PipelinesMaterial Transport and Transfer OperationsKamath, et al. (1980)Irrigation PracticesJunk, et al. (1980)Kahn (1980)Spalding, et al. (1980)


2122

23

24.25.

26.

Pesticide ApplicationsFertilizer ApplicationsDeRoo (1980)Animal Feeding OperationsBerman (1981)De-Icing Salts ApplicationsUrban RunoffFilippini, et al. (1983)Percolation of Atmospheric Pollutants

27.

28.29.30,31.

32,33,

Mining and Mine DrainageDavis, et al. (1982)Production WellsOther WellsConstruction ExcavationGroundwater—Surface Water InteractionsWinter (1976)Natural LeachingSalt-Water Intrusion/Brackish Water Upconing

APPENDIX A REFERENCESAbbott, S., Statement of Seth Abbott on behalf of the

American Petroleum Institute on H.R. 3200 beforethe U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee onHealth and the Environment, Committee on Energyand Commerce, July 27, 1983.

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Andreoli, A., R. Reynolds, N. Bartilucci, and R. For-gione, “Cesspool Cleaner Study Final Report, ” Suf-folk County Department of Health Services, SuffolkCounty, NY, 1980.

Andrews, C. B., and M. P. Anderson, “Thermal Al-teration of Ground Water Caused by Seepage Froma Cooling Lake, Water Resources Research 15:595-602, 1979.

Anzzolin, R., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,personal communication, October 1983.

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Berman, R. B., ‘‘Effects of a Cattle Feedlot on GroundWater Quality in the South Platte River Valley NearGreeley, Colorado, ” Water Resources Investigations80-83, U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO,1981.

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Cherkauer, D. S., and W. F. Kean, “Hydrochemical

— — — —


and Geophysical Investigation of the Effects of FlyAsh Disposal on Ground Water, ” Water ResourcesCenter, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1980.

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Cohen, S. Z., S. M. Creeger, R. F. Carsel, and C. G.Enfield, “Potential for Pesticide Contamination ofGround Water Resulting From Agricultural Uses,American Chemical Society Symposium Series,Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes, 1984.

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Dalton, M., Ohio Environmental Protection Agency,personal communication, Oct. 7, 1983.

Davis, P, R., and W. C. Walton, “Factors Involvedin Evaluating Ground Water Impacts of Deep CoalMine Drainage, ” Water Resources Bulletin 18(5):841-848, 1982.

DeRoo, H. C., “Nitrate Fluctuations in Ground Wateras Influenced by Use of Fertilizer, ConnecticutAgricultural Experiment Station, University of Con-necticut, New Haven, 1980.

DeWalle, F. B., D. A. Kalman, D, Norman, J. Sung,and G. Plews, “Trace Organic Removals in a LargeSeptic Tank, ” manuscript on file at the Office ofTechnology Assessment, no date.

DeWalle, F. B., and R. M. Schaff, “Ground WaterPollution by Septic Tank Drain Fields, ”J. Environ-mental Engineering Division, American Society ofCivil Engineers 106 (No. EE3):631-648, 1980.

Dietz, S., M. Emmet, R. DiGaetano, D. Tuttle, andC. Vincent, “Final Report, National Survey of Haz-ardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storageand Disposal Facilities Regulated Under RCRA in1981 ,“ prepared by Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD,for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash-ington, DC, April 1984.

Donovan, B., Steel Tank Institute, personal com-munication, Oct. 3, 1983.

Ehlke, T. A., ‘‘Effects of Landfill Leaching on WaterQuality and Biology of a Nearby Stream, SouthCairo, Greene County, New York, ” Water Re-sources Investigations 79-13, U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Albany, NY, 1979.

Eichers, T. R., “Farm Pesticide Economic Evalua-t i o n , U.S. Department of Agriculture Economicsand Statistics Service, Agricultural Economic ReportNo. 464, 1981.

Elder, V. A., B. L. Proctor, and R. A. Hites, “OrganicCompounds Found Near Dump Sites in NiagaraFalls, New York, ” Environmental Science and Tech-nology 15(10): 1237-1243, 1981.

Eldridge, R. W., “ 1977 Update for Land Disposal Prac-tices Survey, Waste Age, vol. 35, January 1978.

Ellis, J., “A Convenient Parameter for Tracing Leach-ate From Sanitary Landfills, ’ Water Research14:1283-1287, 1980.

Environ Corp., “Approaches to the Assessment ofHealth Impacts of Groundwater Contaminants, ”draft report prepared for the Office of TechnologyAssessment, August 1983.

Feliciano, D. V., “Underground Injection of Wastes, ”Congressional Research Service Report No. 83-195ENR, 1983.

Feliciano, D. V., “Leaking Underground StorageTanks: A Potential Environmental Problem, Con-gressional Research Service Report No. 84-508ENR, 1984.

Filippini, M. G., and N. C. Krothe, “Impact of Urban-ization on a Flood-Plain Aquifer, Water ResourcesResearch Center, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN,1983.

Forest Pest Management Institute, “Pesticide Produc-tion to Grow 1.4 Percent Annually Through 1985, ”F’Pkfl Newsletter 1(3):2, September 1982.

Fungaroli, A. A., and R. L. Steiner, “Investigation ofSanitary Landfill Behavior, Vol. I: Final Report, ”U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washing-ton, DC, EPA-600/2-79-053a, 1979.

Gass, T. E., J. H. Lehr, and H. W. Weiss, Jr., “Im-pact of Abandoned Wells on Ground Water, ” Na-tional Water Well Association, Worthington, OH,1977.

Grier, N., “Backyard Poison: A Look at Urban Pesti-c ide Use, Northwest Coalition Alternatives toPesticides News 3(1):50-51, 1981-82.

The Groundwater Newsletter, vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 19,1983a.

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Gurnham, C. F., et al., ‘‘Control of Heavy Metal Con-tent of Municipal Wastewater Sludge, ” Gurnham& Associates, Inc., Division of Peter F. Loftus Corp.,Chicago, IL, 1979.

Hain, K. E., and R. T. O’Brian, “The Survival ofEnteric Viruses in Septic Tanks and Septic TankDrain Fields, ’ Water Resources Research Institute,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, ReportNo. 108, 1979.

Hall, C., Iowa State University, personal communica-tion, Oct. 13, 1983.

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Hansen, B. P., “Reconnaissance of the Effect of Land-


fill Leachate on the Water Quality of Marshall Brook,Southwest Harbor, Hancock County, Maine, ” U.S.Geological Survey, Boston, MA, Open File Report80-1120, 1980.

Harris, R. H., “The Health Risks of Toxic OrganicChemicals Found in Groundwater, Princeton Uni-versity, Center for Energy and Environmental Stud-ies Report No. 153, 1983.

Harris, R. H., Center for Energy and EnvironmentalStudies, Princeton University, personal communica-tion, January 1984.

Helling, C. S., “Fate of Pesticides in Soils: A Summaryof Research Activities Conducted Within, or Spon-sored By, the Agricultural Research Service, Agri-cultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agri-culture, prepared for interagency meeting at U.S.Geological Survey, Reston, VA, Sept. 28, 1983.

Hileman, B., “Nuclear Waste Disposal: A Case ofBenign Neglect?” Environmental Science and Tech-nology 16(5):27 1A-275A, 1982.

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Processes Affecting the Migration of Radionuclidesin a Fluvial Sand Aquifer at the Chalk River Nu-clear Laboratories, National Hydrology ResearchInstitute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Scientific SeriesNo. 104, NHRI Paper No. 7, 1980.

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Kaplan, E., M. Garrell, B. Royce, E. F. Riedel, andJ. Sathaye, ‘ ‘Assessment of Environmental ProblemsAssociated With Increased Enhanced Oil Recoveryin the United States: 1980-2000, Brookhaven Na-tional Laboratory 51528 UC- 92a, under U.S. Depart-ment of Energy contract No. DE-AC02-76CHOO016,1983.

Kearney, P., U.S. Department of Agriculture, person-al communication, Oct. 13, 1983.

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Reed, D. B., and D. L. Reddell, “Heat Transport inGround Water Systems, Vol. II: Laboratory Mod-el, ” Texas Water Resources Institute, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, Technical Report No.104-VO1. II, 1980.

Rice, R. C., and P, Raats, “Underground Travel ofRenovated Waste Water, ‘J. Environmental Engi-neering Division, American Society of Civil Engi-neers 106 (EE6): 1079-1098, 1980.

Ridgley, S. M., and D. V. Galvin, ‘ ‘Summary Reportof the Household Hazardous Waste Disposal Proj-e c t , Toxicant Control Planning Section, WaterQuality Division, Municipality of MetropolitanSeattle, 1982.

Roberts, P. V., “Water Reuse for Ground Water Re-charge: An Overview, “J. American Water WorksAssociation 72:375-379, 1980.

Roelofs, J., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,personal communication, Oct. 17, 1983.

Rogers, R. B., and W. F. Kean, “Monitoring GroundWater Contamination at a Fly Ash Disposal SiteUsing Surface Electrical Resistivity Methods, ”Ground Water 18:472-478, 1980.

Rogers, W., “Tank Integrity Program, ” WarrenRogers Associates, Inc., Newport, RI, no date.

Rogers, W., Warren Rogers Associates, Inc., personalcommunication, Oct. 3, 1983.

Rothschild, E. R., R. J. Manser, and M. P. Ander-son, ‘ ‘Investigation of Aldicarb in Groundwater inSelected Areas of the Central Sand Plain of Wiscon-s i n , Ground Water 20:437-445, 1982.

Royce, B., E. Kaplan, M. Garrell, and T. M. Geffen,‘ ‘Identification of Water Requirements for SelectedEnhanced Oil Recovery Methods, ” Brookhaven Na-tional Laboratory Publication 51595, 1982.

Salt Institute, “Survey of Salt, Calcium Chloride andAbrasives Use in the United States and Canada for81/82 and 82/83, ” Salt Institute, Alexandria, VA,1983.

San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality ControlBoard, “Underground Tank Leak Detection Pro-gram Status Report, ” 1983.

Schaub, J. R., ‘ ‘The Economics of Agricultural Pesti-


cide Technology, ‘‘ inJ. L. Hilton (cd.), AgricuZturdChemicals of the Future (Totowa, NJ: Rowman &Allanheld Publishers, 1983).

Science News, 125: 104, Feb. 18, 1984.Seiber, J. N., “Disposal of Pesticide Wastewater: Re-

view, Evaluation, and Recommendations, draft re-port, EPA/ORD/OEPER, 1981.

Severn, D. J., C. K. Offutt, S. Z, Cohen, W. L. Burn-am, and G. J. Burin, ‘‘Assessment of Ground WaterContamination by Pesticides, ” Hazard EvaluationDivision, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency, June 7, 1983, pre-pared for the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meet-ing, June 21-23, Arlington, VA.

Sheridan, D., Desertification of the United States,Council on Environmental Quality (Washington,DC: U.S. Government Printing Ofllce, 1981).

Sikora, L. J., “Entrenchment of Sewage Sludge—ADisposal-Use Alternative, ” Civil Engineering 52:80-82, 1980.

Solley, W. B., E. B. Chase, and W. B. Mann IV, “Esti-mated Use of Water in the United States in 1980,U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1001, 1983.

Spalding, R. F., and M. E. Exner, “Aerial, Vertical,and Temporal Differences in Ground Water Chemis-try: Part I—Inorganic Constituents, ” J. Environ-mental Quality 9:466-479, 1980.

Spa.lding, R. F., G. A. Junk, and J. J. Richard, “Pesti-cides in Ground Water Beneath Irrigated Farmlandin Nebraska, August 1978, Pesticides Monitoring

Journal 14:70-73, 1980.Starr, J. L., and B. L. Sawhney, “Movement of Nitro-

gen and Carbon From a Septic System Drain Field,Water, Air, and Soil PolZution 13: 113-123, 1980.

Steel Tank Institute, “Fiberglass Underground Stor-age Tanks —An Environmental Threat, ” North-brook, IL, 1983.

Swanson, L. D., Great Plains Office of Policy Studies,University of Nebraska, personal communication,Nov. 16, 1983.

Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department, “Hazard-ous Waste in My Home?’ State of Washington, nodate.

Thomson, B. M., and R. J. Heggen, “Uranium andWater: Managing Related Resources, Chemtech,pp. 294-299, May 1983.

Thornhill, J. T., ‘‘Proposed Injection Well Regulationsfor Brine Produced With Oil or Gas, ” memoran-dum, prepared for Working Group for Developmentof Underground Injection Regulations, U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,Dec. 18, 1975.

Tyagi, A. K., “Impact of Artificial Recharge onGroundwater Quality of Gypsum Aquifer in Harmon

u

u.

County, Oklahoma, ” Oklahoma Water ResourcesResearch Institute, Stillwater, 1983.U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,“Effects of Flue Gas Cleaning Waste on GroundWater Quality and Soil Characteristics, ” U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,EPA-600/2-79-164, 1979.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency,‘‘Burning Grounds—Environmental Survey Data,June 24, 1983.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “The Pesticide Re-view, Agricultural Stabilization and ConservationService, 1978.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “ 1980 Appraisal PartI: Soil, Water and Related Resources in the UnitedStates: Status, Condition, and Trends, ” 1981a.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “ 1980 Appraisal PartII: Soil, Water and Related Resources in the UnitedStates: Analysis of Resource Trends, ” 1981b.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Commercial Fer-tilizers Consumption for Year Ended June 30,1982, ’ ‘ Crop Reporting Board, SpCr 7(1 1-82),1982a.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Hogs and Pigs, ”Crop Reporting Board, MtAn 4(12-82), 1982b.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “The Pesticide Re-view, 1981, ’ 1983a.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Cattle on Feed—13States, ” Crop Reporting Board, MtAn 2-1(1- 83),1983b.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Inputs Outlook andSituation, Economic Research Service 10S-2,1983c.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Commercial Fer-tilizers, Statistical Reporting Service, SpCr 7(1 1-83), 1983d.

U.S. Department of Commerce, “Statistical Abstractof the United States, Bureau of the Census, 1981.

U.S. Department of Commerce, “ 1978 Census of Agri-culture, Vol. 5: Special Reports, Part 1: GraphicSummary, Bureau of the Census, 1982.

U.S. Department of Energy, “Spent Fuel and Radioac-

U

u,

tive Waste Inventories, Projections, and Character-istics, ” prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory,DOE/NE-0017/2, 1983.S. Department of Transportation, “Annual Reporton Pipeline Safety, Materials TransportationBoard, 1981.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “The Reportto Congress: Waste Disposal Pr~ctices and Thei~ Ef-fects on Ground Water, ” 1977a.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “FIFRA: Im-pact on the Industry, Office of Pesticide Programs,1977b.


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Surface Im-poundments and Their Effects on Ground-WaterQuality in the United States—A PreliminarySurvey, ” Office of Drinking Water, 1978.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “A Guide tothe Underground Injection Program, 1979.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “EconomicProfile of the Pesticide Industry, ” Economic AnalysisBranch, Office of Pesticide Programs, 1980a.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Pesticide In-dustry Sales and Usage: 1980 Market Estimates, ”1980b.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Environ-mental Impact Guidelines for New Source Under-ground Coal Mines and Coal Cleaning Facilities,EPA 130/6-81-002, 1981a.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Solid WasteData: A Compilation of Statistics on Solid WasteManagement Within the United States, ” preparedbyJRB Associates, McLean, VA, EPA contract No.68-01-6000, 1981b.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Inventory ofOpen Dumps, ” Office of Solid Waste, 1982a.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Surface Im-poundment Assessment National Report, ” Office ofDrinking Water, 1982b.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Federal

u

u

u

Underground Injection Control Reporting System,Condensed Summary Report, ” Nov. 18, 1983a.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “ProcessDesign Manual: Land Application of MunicipalSludge, ” Municipal Environmental Research Lab-oratory, Cincinnati, OH, EPA-625/l-83-016, 1983b.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “The 1982Needs Survey: Conveyance, Treatment, and Con-trol of Municipal Wastewater, Combined SewerOverflows, and Stormwater Runoff, ” Office ofWater, 1983c.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ‘‘Draft Envi-ronmental Impact Statement for Standards for theControl of Byproduct Materials From Uranium OreProcessing (40 CFR 192), ” Office of Radiation Pro-grams, EPA 520/1-82-022, 1983d.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “RegulatoryImpact Analysis of Environmental Standards forUranium Mill Tailings at Active Sites, ” Office of Ra-diation Programs, EPA 520/1-82-023, 1983e.

U.S. Geological Survey, “National Water Summary

1983—Hydrologic Events and Issues, ’ USGS Wa-ter-Supply Paper 2250, 1984.

U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Govern-ment Operations, ‘‘Interim Report on Ground Wa-ter Contamination: Environmental Protection Agen-cy Oversight, 25th Report by the Committee onGovernment Operations, House Report No. 96-1440, 1981.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Final Environ-mental Statement Related to the Operation of theTeton Uranium ISL Project, ” Uranium RecoveryField Office, Region IV, NUREG-0925, August1983.

University of Oklahoma, ‘‘Groundwater Contaminantsand Their Sources, draft report prepared for theOffice of Technology Assessment, August 1983.

Warner, D. L., and M. G. Yew, “Programmable HandCalculator Programs for Pumping and InjectionWells: Part III—Constant Pumping (Injection) Rate,Fully Confined Aquifer, Partially Penetrating Wall, ”Ground Water 18:438-443, 1980.

Waste Age, “ 1980 Land Disposal Survey, ” vol. 12,1981.

Watson, E. L. (cd.), “Hazardous Waste Exchange, ”League of Women Voters of the United States, No.5, August 1983.

Weiss, R., Philadelphia Water Department, personalcommunication, Oct. 14, 1983.

White, R., American Petroleum Institute, personalcommunication, Oct. 3, 1983.

Winter, T. C., ‘‘Numerical Simulation Analysis of theInteraction of Lakes and Ground Water, ” USGSProfessional Paper 1001, 1976,

Wirries, D. L., and A. J. McDonnell, “Drainage Qual-it y at Deep Coal Mine Sites, Water ResourcesBulletin 19(2):235-240, 1983.

Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc., “GroundwaterContaminants and Their Measurement, ” draft re-port prepared for the Office of Technology Assess-ment, 1983.

World Health Organization, “Toxicological Appraisalof Halogenated Aromatic Compounds FollowingGround Water Pollution, ” Report of WHO Work-ing Group, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1980.

Young, C. E., “Land Application of Wastewater: ACost Analysis, ” U.S. Department of AgricultureTechnical Bulletin 1594, 1978.

Appendix B

Federal Institutional Framework ToProtect Groundwater

B.1 DESCRIPTION OF SOURCES ADDRESSED BY FEDERAL PROGRAMS (p. 296)

295

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App. B—Federal Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater ● 297

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Appendix C

State Institutional Framework ToProtect Groundwater

C.1 AGENCIES THAT RESPONDED TO THE OTA STATE SURVEY (p. 304)C.2 OTA STATE SURVEY (p. 307)C.3 SUBSTANCES WITH STATE STANDARDS OR FEDERAL STANDARDS OR

GUIDELINES FOR WATER QUALITY THAT MAY BE APPLIED TOGROUNDWATER (p, 333)

C.4 OTA STATE SURVEY RESPONSES: EXAMPLES OF STRENGTHS,PROBLEMS, AND DESIRED FEDERAL ASSISTANCE FOR EACH STATE(p. 349)

C.5 OTA STATE SURVEY RESPONSES: SELECTED STATE ISSUES (p. 387)

303

—.

C.1 AGENCIES THAT RESPONDED TO THEOTA STATE SURVEY

Alabama Department of Environmental Management

A l a s k a D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n s e r v a t i o n

Ar i zona Depar tment o f Hea l th Serv i cesArizona Department of Water Resources

Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology

Cal i f o rn ia S ta te Water Resources Cont ro l Board

Ca l i f o rn ia Depar tment o f Hea l th Serv i cesCa l i f o rn ia Depar tment o f Water Resources

Colorado Department of Health

Connec t i cu t Depar tment o f Env i ronmenta l Pro te c t i on

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control

F l o r i d a D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e g u l a t i o n

Georg ia Depar tment o f Natura l Resources - - E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n D i v i s i o n

Hawaii Department of Health

Hawaii Department of Land and Natural ResourcesHawaii Department of Agriculture

I d a h o D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e - - D i v i s i o n o f E n v i r o n m e n tIdaho Department of Water Resources

Illinois Environmental Protection AgencyIllinois State Water Survey

Indiana State Board of Health -- Division of Water Pollution Control

Iowa Department of Water, Air, and Waste Management

Kansas Bureau of Oil Field and Environmental Geology

Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection CabinetDepartment of Environmental ProtectionDepartment of Natural ResourcesDepartment for Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

Kentucky Commerce CabinetDepartment of Agriculture

Kentucky Geological SurveyKentucky Human Resources Cabinet

Department of Health Services

Kentucky Public Protection and Regulation CabinetDepartment of Mines and Minerals

304

App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater Ž 305

Louisiana.ollis Department of Natural ResourcesLou i s i ana Depa r tmen t o f Hea l t h and Human Se rv i ce sLouisiana Department of Transportation and Development -- Division of Water

ResourcesCap i t a l Area Groundwa te r Commiss ione r

M a i n e D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n

Mary l and Depa r tmen t o f Hea l th and Men ta l Hyg iene

M a s s a c h u s e t t s D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y a n d E n g i n e e r i n g

Mich igan Depa r tmen t o f Na tu ra l Resou rces

Minnesota Pol lut ion Control A g e n c y

M i s s i s s i p p i D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e sM i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e B o a r d o f H e a l t hMiss i s s ipp i O i l and G a s B o a r d

M i s s o u r i D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s

Mon tana Depa r tmen t o f Hea l th and Env i ronmen ta l Sc i ences

N e b r a s k a D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t r o lNebra ska Depa r tmen t o f Hea l t h

Nevada Department of Conservat ion and Natural Resources

New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control C o m m i s s i o n

New Je r sey Depa r tmen t o f Env i ronmen ta l P ro t ec t i on

New Mexico Heal th and Environment DepartmentNew Mex ico Of f i ce o f t he S t a t e Eng inee rNew Mex ico Depa r tmen t o f Agr i cu l t u r e

New York Department of Environmental Conservation

North Carolina Department of Natural and Community Resources

North Dakota State Health Department

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

Oklahoma Department of Pollution ControlOklahoma Department of Mines

Oklahoma Water Resources BoardOklahoma State Department of HealthOklahoma Corporation Commission


Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources

Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management

S o u t h Caro l i na Depa r tmen t o f Hea l t h and Env i ronmen ta l Con t ro lSou th Ca ro l ina Wate r Resou rces Commiss ion

Sou th Dako ta D iv i s i on o f Wa te r and Na tu ra l Resou rce s Managemen t

Tennessee Department of Health and Environment

Texas Department of Water Resources

Utah Department of Environmental HealthUtah Department of Natural Resources and Energy

Vermont Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

Virginia State Water Control BoardVirginia State Department of Health

Washington Department of Ecology

West Virginia Department of Natural Resources

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Wyoming Execut ive Department

s o u r c e : Office of Technology Assessment.

C.2 OTA STATE SURVEYPlease return the following questionnaire on:

STATE ACTIVITIES ON GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

To the:

by:

include:

Office of Technology AssessmentGroundwater Contamination ProjectU.S. CongressWashington, D.C. 20510

August 1, 1983

0 State name:

o Name and title of principal contact:

o Telephone number of contact:

Questions should be directed to: Joan Ham202-26-2155

307

308 ● Protecting the Nat/on’s Groundwater From Contamination

STATE ACTIVITIES ON GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

Objective: To learn about state efforts to detect, correct and preventgroundwater contamination and to improve state capabilities todeal with this problem.

To learn about state priorities among these four categories.

To learn of the impact of federal programs on state efforts todeal with groundwater contamination.

Introduction: Actions to deal with groundwater contamination include:detection, correction , prevention, and improving capabilities to dealwith problems. A major policy issue for the U.S. Congress is todetermine how to allocate among these 4 activities, scarce resources thatthe federal government may expend on groundwater contamination. Toprovide information to Congress that wil l help them to al locate federalresources, OTA would like information from the states on their technicalknowledge and experience with these four activities and the relativeimportance the states give to each activity. Federal efforts to addressgroundwater contamination to date have taken a variety of forms:research, data collection, technical assistance, grants and cost-sharingprograms, and regulations. To evaluate options for future federalinvolvement related to groundwater contamination, information from thestates on the value of these past federal efforts is also essential.

Instructions: This questionnaire on state activities related to groundwatercontamination is divided into eight sections: Sources, Detection,Corrective Actions, Prevention, Improving Capabilities, State Policies,Federal-State Relations and Impacts. To the extent possible, pleaseanswer each of the questions in the space provided. Attach additionalsheets, as needed. If you have trouble answering a particular question,please note why you are having difficulty and move on to the nextquestion. A single coordinated response from each state is preferred,however, if this is not possible, please give all appropriate agencies anopportunity to respond directly to OTA. The questionnaire should bereturned to OTA no later than AUGUST 1, 1983. Any questions should bedirected to Joan Ham (202] 226-2155.


A. SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

1 . For each of the sources of groundwater contamination listed below,note whether the state has a program to detect (D), correct (C),prevent (P) and/or learn more about (L) groundwater contamination.Note if the state has no programs (N) for a Particular source.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g“

h.

i.

j*

k.

1.

m.

n.

0.

p.

q.

r.

s*

t.

Landfillsi. sanitaryii. hazardous waste

Open dumps

Waste piles

Surface impoundments

Subsurface percolation systems(e.g., septic tanks, cesspools)

Injection wells

Disposal of waste treatment by-product(e.g., sludge)

Disposal of waste waters(e.g., spray irrigation)

Agriculturei. Irrigation return flowii. Pesticides, herbicidesiii. Feedlotsiv. Fertilizersv. Runoff

Salt-water intrusion brackish water upcoming

Spills, accidents

Leaks from storage, pipelines, etc.

Transportation (e.g., airports, loading docks)

Drainage from active/abandoned mines “

Infiltrating stormwater, urban runoff

Percolation of atmospheric contaminants

Aquifer disruption due to construction/excavation

De-icing salts

Abandoned wells

Other (specify)


2* For each of the sources that the state does not have any programs, asnoted in #1, explain why the source is/is not considered to be aproblem. Possible reasons for a source not being considered to be aproblem include: source does not occur in the state, status of thesource is unknown, the source is very uncommon, no groundwatercontamination problems have been detected from the source, etc. Ifthe sources without programs are considered to be problems, or thereis insufficient information to determine whether or not there is aproblem, explain why the state does not have any programs.

3 . Describe any strengths or weaknesses in state programs to deal withdifferent sources of goundwater contamination.

4* Name and phone number of contacts to discuss sources of groundwatercontamination:

App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater ● 311

B . DETECTION

5. What is the state doing to detect groundwater contaminationincidents ? Check the categories that apply to your s tate .

o Inventories of potential sources of contamination (note s o u r c e sbeing inventoried)

o Monitoring program for quality assurance at point of use (notewater uses being monitored)

o Systematic monitoring of potential sources (note sources beingmonitored)

o General ambient quality monitoring

o Routine comparison of monitoring data with quality standards

o Responding to complaints of suspected contamination

o No activity

o Other (specify)

————-—————

312 ● Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From contamination

60 What priorities does the state have in detecting contamination?Check the categories that apply to your state, and if possible, ranktheir importance (1 = highest priority)

o drinking water supplies

public - serving more than 75,000 personsserving 10,000 - 75,000 personsserving 25-10,000 personsserving less than 25 personsother (specify)

private

o other water supplies

industrial (self-supplied) - process water- cooling water- other (specify)

agricultural - livestock watering- irrigation- other

o particular sources of contamination (specify)

o particular types of contaminants (specify)

o particular types of contaminants (specify)

o no priorities

o other (specify)


7 . Note which of the following techniques for the hydrogeologicinvestigation of groundwater flow and contaminant behavior are used bythe state: Routinely (R), in Special Situations (S), Never (N). AISO

note which techniques are preferred (P).

A. Surface GeologicalAl. aerial photoA2. satelliteA3. existing studiesA4. mapping (soils, geology, topography)A5. other (specify)A6.

B. Subsurface GeologicalB1. test wellsB2. stratigraphyB3. other (specify)B4.

c . Surface HydrologyCl. watershed analysisC2. climateC3. other (specify)C4.

D. Subsurface HydrologyD1. tracer testsD2. aquifer testsD3. modeling -- groundwater flowD4. modeling -- contaminant transportD5. other (specify)D6.

E. Surface GeophysicalEl. surface potentialE2. electrical resistivityE3. electromagnetic (surface penetrating radar)E4. sniffersE5. temperatureE6. other (specify)E7.

F. Subsurface GeophysicalF1. borehole geophysicsF2. other (specify)F3.

39-702 0 - 84 - 5


8. Why does the state prefer to use particular techniques for hydrogeologicanalysis ?

90 Describe any technical, legal, and institutional problems the state hasin using particular hydrogeologic techniques (e.g., cost, datarequirements, technical expertise, safety, manpower, ,accuracy,uncertainty of possible interpretations, manpower, accuracy, uncertaintyof possible interpretations, access to site, interference with waterrights, etc.).

10. Name, title, and phone number of contacts to discuss advantages,disadvantages and problems of techniques for hydrogeologic analysis.

App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater . 315

c . CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

11. What is the state doing to correct incidents of groundwatercontamination? Check the categories that apply to your state and notethe relative frequency of use (High, Moderate, Low, Never).

A. Containment

Al. slurry wall (conventional, continuous trencher, vibrating beam)A2. grout curtainA3. shee t p i l i ngA4. su r f ace s ea l ingA5. diversion di tchesA6. l i n e r sA7. gas Migrat ion controlA8. mathematical modeling-groundwater flowA9. mathematical modeling-containment transportA1O. a r t i f i c i a l r echa rgeAll . natural containmentA12. other (specify)A13.

B. In-situ Rehabilitation

B1. plume management (pressure troughs, pressure ridges)B2. groundwater pumping/water table adjustmentB3. chemical immobilizationB4. bioreclamationB5. mathematical modeling - groundwater flowB6. mathematical modeling-contaminant transportB7. other (specify)B8.

C. Withdrawal/treatment

cl. withdrawal techniques

C1.io pumpingC 1 . i i o suctionC 1 . i i i o gravityC 1 . i v . excavationClovo other (specify)C l o v i .

C2. treatment

c20i.c 2 0 i i .c 2 0 i i i .C2.IVOC2*V0c 2 e v i .c 2 . v i i .c 2 . v i i i .c 2 0 i x .

skimmingfiltrationincinerationadsorption (GAC)airstrippingion exchangeultrafiltrationreverse osmosisother (specify)

316 . Protecting the Nation’s Groundwafer From Contamination

c . CORRECTIVE ACTIONS (Cont. )

D. Management Options

D1 . terminate/limit aquifer useD2 . develop alternative water supply sourcesD3 . purchase alternative water supplyD4. treat at point of end-use (e.g., faucet filtering devices)D5. restore via natural processes (not included under A, B, or C

above)D60 monitoringD7. health advisoriesD80 other (specify)D9.D1O.

12. Discuss any technical, legal and institutional problems the state has hadin the use of any of these techniques (e.g., well closings resulting inmore rapid movement or changed direction of contaminant transport,difficulty with obtaining water rights, etc.).

13. Which techniques for corrective action are preferred? lfhy?

App. C—State Institufional Framework To Protect Groundwater • 317

14. Name, title, and phone number of cent acts for discussing advantages,disadvantages, and problems associated with these techniques forcorrecting groundwater contamination.

15. How does state decide to address contamination at one site as opposed toanother? Check the categories that apply to your state, if possiblerank their importance.

o formal criteria (specify)

o order in which contamination is detected

o public pressure

o sites where a source and responsible party can be identified

o sites qualified for special funding (e.g., Superfund)

o severity of problem (specify how determined)

o other (specify)

318 Ž Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination

D. PREVENTION

16. What is the state doing to prevent groundwate r contamination fromoccurring? Check categories that apply to your state. Note whether thecategory has been implemented (I) or is in the process of being developed(D) . If program is in the process of being developed, note whether newlegislation (N) is required.

o

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

permits for discharges to groundwater based on technologyrequirements

permits for discharges to groundwater based on performance standards

voluntary best management practices

required best management practices

facility siting requirements

public education

classification

groundwater quality standards other than drinking water standards

well construction standards

well closing standards

non-degradation policy

policy to protect public health

policy to balance resource protection with costs of control

no action

other (specify)

App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater • 319

17. What priori t ies does the s tate have for prevention? Check categoriesthat apply to your s ta te , i f pos s ib l e r ank the i r r e l a t i ve impor t ance .

o protecting certain exist ing drinking water supplies (speci fy)

o protecting certain aquifers (specify e.g., recharge areas, dischargeareas, potential future water supplies)

o eliminating potential for groundwater contamination from particularsources (specify)

o no p r i o r i t i e s

o other (specify)

18. Name, t i t le , and phone number of contacts to discuss prevent iona c t i v i t i e s :


E.

19.

IMPROVING CAPABILITIES

What is the state doing to improve its capabilities to deal withgroundwater contamination?

o Special studies (specify)

o Staff development and training

o Facility development (specify, e.g., laboratory certification)

o Public education

o Agency reorganization

o Coordination programs (specify)

o Other (specify)

20. Name, title, and phone number of contacts to discuss improving statecapabilities:

APP. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater ● 321

F. STATE POLICIES

21• Check the below listed activities for which the state has formalpolicies, written guidelines or procedures. Please send a copy, orbriefly describe these policies, guidelines or procedures.

o

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

22. In

Standard protocols for collecting groundwater quality samples

Standard protocols for analyzing groundwater quality samples

Groundwater monitoring for drinking water supplies (if different thanfederal Safe Drinking Water Act requirements)

Groundwater monitoring at waste sites (if different than federal RCRArequirements)

Responding to complaints about possible groundwater contamination

Determining what groundwater parameters to measure at a particularlocaton

Response when groundwater quality standards are violated

Response when there is no quality standard for a contaminant that isfound in groundwater

Setting priorities for correcting groundwater contamination

Establishing the standard to which groundwater contamination will becleaned up

Confidentiality of certain groundwater information that is collectedby the state

Implementing policies for groundwater protection (e.g.,classification, non-degradation, discharges to groundwater, etc.)

the absence of formal policies, written guidelines or procedures forthe items listed in #21, how does-the state determine what to do?

322 Ž Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination

23. For which substances has the s tate establ ished s tandards for groundwaterthat are more s t r ingent than federal pr imary or secondary dr inking waterstandards? What is the technical basis for these more stringentstandards (e.g., SNARL's, minimum detection levels)? Why did the statedecide to develop these more stringent standards?

24. Name, title, and phone number of contacts to discuss implementation offormal policies on groundwater contamination:


25. Approximately how much money (i. e. , order of magnitude) is the s ta tedevoting to each of the fol lowing act ivi t ies related to groundwatercontaminat ion:

Detect ion

Correct ion

Prevention

Improving Capabilities

If you are unable to provide an estimate of funds expended on groundwatercontamination, please explain why.

26. What is the relative importance the state gives to each of the 4categories listed below? (1 = highest) On what basis do you make thisranking?

Detection

Correction

Prevention

Improve capabilities


27• What do you suspect will be the relative importance of each of thecategories l is ted below in ten years? ( 1 = highest) On what basis doyou make this ranking? If you suspect a change from your answer, explainwhy.

Detect ion

Correction

Prevent ion

Improve capabilities

28. What are the major changes that the state would like to make in dealingwith groundwater contamination?

29. What factors limit the state from making these changes?

App. C—State institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater . 325

300 Does the stat e consider groundwater to be a problem? If so, what is thenature of the problem and under what circumstances would the stateconsider the problem to be under control?

31• What types of information on groundwater contamination In other stateswould be useful to your state?

32. Have you benefitted from other states’ information on groundwatercontamination? Through what mechanisms?

33. What changes would be required in your state’s information managementprograms to make information listed in your response to #31 available too t h e r s t a t e s .

—


G . FEDERAL-STATE RELATIONS

34. How could the federal government be of most assistance to the state o ngroundwater contamination issues? Please be specific about theparticular topics or issues where federal resources would be beneficial.

35. Explain how each of the following federal laws and programs have helpedor hindered the states’ efforts to address groundwater contaminationissues? At a minimum, check the laws and programs the state has used toaddress groundwater contamination.

Ae Laws

10 Environmental Protection Agency

o Clean Water Act (CWA)Section 104 - [104(a)(5) - water quality surveillance system]-- Research, Investigation, Training, and Information

Section 106 - Grants for Pollution Control

Section 201 - Grants for Construction of Treatment Works

Section 205(j) - Grants for Water Quality Management Planning


Section 208 - Areawide Waste Treatment

Section 303 - Water Quality Standards and Implementation Plans

Section 402 - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

o Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

Part B - Public Water Systems (Section 1412 - National DrinkingWater Regulations)

Part C - Protection of Underground Sources of Drinking WaterUnderground Injection Control Program

Sole Source Aquifer Program

Part E - General ProvisionsSection 1442 -- technical assistance to states andmunicipalities

Section 1443 -- grants for state programs

o Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Subtitle C -- Hazardous Waste Management

Subtitle D -- State or Regional Solid Waste Plans

——

328 • Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From contamination

o

0

0

0

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and LiabilityAct of 1980 (CERCLA/Superfund)

Section 104(c)(3) -- Cooperative Agreements or Contracts withstates for remedial actions

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA)

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)Groundwater monitoring studies

Groundwater modeling -- testing and validation

o Other EPA Laws or Programs (specify)

2. Department of Commerce

o Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

3 . Department of Interior

o Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

4. Other Laws (specify)o Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1975


0 Water Resources Planning Act of 1965

B. Programs

1. Department of Agriculture

o Soil Conservation Service Programs

o Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Programs

20 Department of Commerce

o Grants for public works

o National Bureau of Standards Reference Materials

3. Department of Interior

o Bureau of Indian Affairs Programs

o Bureau of Land Management Programs

o Bureau of Reclamation Programs

o U.S. Geological Survey ProgramsCooperative programs for Water Resources Investigations

3 9 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 4 - 7


Other USGS programs

o Water Resources Research Institute Cooperative Programs

4 . Other (specify)


360 What types of economic and environmental impacts of groundwatercontaminat ion have been documented in the state? Check the categoriesthat apply, and if possible, quantify.

A. Economic Impacts

o Decreased value of industrial production

o Decreased value of agricultural production

o Avoidance of impaired uses through relocation

o Decreased values for industrial, agricultural, or residentiallands

o Damage to materials

o Costs of obtaining alternative water supplies

o Legal/administrative expenses

o Compensation payments

o Other (specify)


B. Environmental Impacts:

o Surface water

o Land/ soil

o Biota

o Air

1

1

2

5

o . m 1 2 d


al

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Rargeb~;)

Total No. Water l&gulati0n5 one Ten bg Term Quality CriteriaChelnical States (Mg/1) stats & statea Primary S~o&~ Day Day ( l - 2 YrS) for Huron Health

IL Or-“c Chen.icala (Contirud)

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

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Diazi.non

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Dichloroknzene (ilr)

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‘%Natimal Drinkil’E 12A Health MviaxiEs AmKent Water

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(U@)%zlllatism be Ten lag TeDII Qudi~ Criteria

statea Statea d Statea PrlnBry Secon&ry D a y D a y ( 1 - 2 Y=) for Huron kalth

Lorjalic ChfmLda (Ccmirued)

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

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2,4-Dichlor~ticadd (2,4_D)

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McycloplKadime (DcPD)

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DilOIMqXopylJlayl ph@mlaX!(ml@)

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IL

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~:National Drinkiw, EPA Health Advimties Amlient I.lWer

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IL Orgaru“c Chemlda (Contimd)

5 5 . ENkwlfan

5 6 . !Jdrin

5 7 . Ethmn

5 8 . E t h y l tk~

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60. Ethylene rhimrea (m)

61. Fertzun

62. Flumamkme

63. Folpet

64. Foriml&ly&

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66. Guthion

67. Hqxacidor C&IL

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———

338l protecting the Nation’s GroundWater From contamination

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App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater 339

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STATE SlxNDAma IFmRAL SmuMm ND aJmLINIs (W/ 1)Orinkirg Water Groumkwer Qua.li

-%Natimal Drlnldm WA Heakh Advisories AmMent Water

~1:Total No. Wawr Wula Cm Ten Lag Texm Qdity Criteria

Ctu31d.d stateE stats (Lrg/1) d s tates m%=% * Day (1-2 Yra) for Hum Health

L Or@’d.c Chemtcala (G3dNed)

%.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

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105.

106.

107.

106.

[email protected] araratic .hy&ocarbtmE (PMS)J

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2,3,7,Wetrdd.wutibw.0

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NY

NY

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K

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Ni

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CA 0.04 FN,lw

l!L,m 0.003; s Nl,tw

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0.035

0.007

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the &teUable

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ChelILull Statea (U@) statesWV CriterLa

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B . Ino~c chelIl* (Contimled)

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Total No. Uarer I&da tiers h Ten Lorg Teun @diry CriteriaCheldcal Statea (W@ Statea of Statea IMmry SemmdaV DW Day (1-2 Y=) for Huuan Health

D . Radlomdel&a (CantlI_LXXI)

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161. Radium 226 ad 228, Cd

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163. Strontim 93

164. Tritimn

lb5. Uranium

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166.

167.

168.

169.

170.

171.

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-b Total No. Water I@da One Ten Lag Tem @lily CriteriaCkmid Stata (U@) state ~ s-t= - s= D~ Dq (l-2 YLB) for Mum lkalth

E. Ot&r ~urea (Comimed)

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177. Taal MA FN,MI,VA rmaOO 3

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App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater “ 347

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MINNESOTA EXMIPLES OF STRENCTHS EXAMPLES OF PROBLEMS EXAMPLES OF DESIRED FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

Sources - St row prograns related to spil 1reporting and cleanup, acid raindeposition, water well construction,and water well abandonment

Improve Capabilities

Standards

Detect Ion

Correct ion

Prevent ion

---—- — ---- ---- ------- --- _________ _____ _______ ______________________ _________ - _ -_ ______________ - _____ ___________________ ---- _- _ - _____ --- _- ________ _______ -_

- Insufficient funding- Insufficient staff- Insufficient public understanding

- Establish national program to assistStates in program developmwit andimplenxmtation

- Technical difficulties demonstrating thata contamination problem is related toa specific source

- Provide funding for dealing with nomhazardous waste problems

MISSISSIPPI EXAMPLES OF STRENGTHS EXAMPLES OF PROBLEMS EXAMPLES OF DESIRED FEDERAL

Sources

Improve Capabilities

Standards

Detection

Correction

- Monitoring related toregulatory requirement

- Insufficient data on aquifercharacteristics

Prevention

Train State staff

Provide funding for data

ASSISTANCE

collection

Provide funding for correction of existingcontaminationProvide an information clearinghouse oncleanup activities

App. C—State Institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater “ 367

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MONTANA EXAMPLES OF STRENGTNS EXAMPLES OF PROBLEMS EXAMPLES OF DESIRED FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

Sources - Insufficient prograna for agriculturalsources, pipelines, and fuel storagetanks

Improve Capabilities - Enhsnced enforceability of program - Insufficient fundingdue to recent develop~nt of - Insufficient public supportgroundwater permit regulations andquality atandarda

Standards

Detect ion

Correction

Prevent ion

- Insufficient monitoring related toaquifer characteristic

- Insufficient funding- Insufficient authority- Insufficient technical expertise

- Insufficient response to complaints

- Insufficient revi- of projected impactsof development activities on groundwaterquality

- Provide technical assistance


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374 ● Protecting the Nation’s Ground/water From Contamination

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App. C—State institutional Framework To Protect Groundwater ● 385

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C.5 OTA STATE SURVEY RESPONSES:SELECTED STATE ISSUES

This appendix lists State contacts for obtaining information on varioustopics that may be relevant to the development of national policy initiativesto protect groundwater from contamination. Principal agency contacts named insurvey responses are given. The issues presented for each State were selectedif the State appeared especially articulate or experienced with the subject,based on its responses to the

STATE/CONTACT

ALABAMADepartment of Environmental

Management205-271-7700

ALASKADepartment of EnvironmentalConservation, EnvironmentalSanitation Section

907-465-2640

ARIZONADepartment of Health Services,Water Quality ManagementSection

602-255-1180Departmnt of Water Resources602-255-1586

ARKANSASDepartment of Pollution

Control and Ecology, WaterDivision

501-562-7444

CALIFORNIAState Water Resources Control

Board, Toxics SpecialProjects

916-322-8401Department of Health Services,

Sanitary Engineering Branch916-324-2216Department of Food and

Agriculture, EnvironmentalMonitoring and PestManagement

916-322-2395

OTA survey.

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with implementation ofUnderground Injection Control Program

experienced with enforcement issues relatedto wastewater discharges, landfills, andsolid waste disposal sites

experienced with development of integratedprogram for groundwater quality and quantityrecognizes need for Federal assistance onestablishing quality standards forgroundwaterexperienced with strong State support forprotecting groundwater resources and quality

experienced with brine disposal programsexperienced with enforcement issues relatedto solid wasteexperienced with salt-water contamination inagricultural areas

experienced with development of programs forpesticides and underground storage tanksexperienced with laboratory certificationprogramexperienced with confidentiality of well logdacarecognizes technical inadequacies of RCRAregulations


STATE /cONTRACT

COLORADODepartment of Health,

Off ice of Health Protection303-320-8333

CONNECTICUTDepartment of Environmental

Protection, Water ComplianceUnit

203-566-2588

DELAWAREDepartment of Natural

Resources and EnvironmentalControl

302-736-4793

FLORIDADepartment of Environmental

Regulation, GroundwaterSection

904-488-3601

GEORGIADepartment of NaturalResources, EnvironmentalProtection Division

404-656-4713

HAWAIIDepartment of Health808-548-6767Department of Agriculture808-548-7124Department of Land and Natural

Resources808-548-7643

IDAHODepartment of Health and

Welfare, Division of theEnvironment

208-334-4250

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with development of groundwaterprotection programexperienced with problems with uraniumfacilities

experienced with State water qualitystandards and classification systemexperienced with development of groundwaterquality monitoring programexperienced with coordination with USGS

experienced with development of groundwaterprotection programexperienced with professional staffingproblemsexperienced with agricultural, septic system,and salt-water intrusion problems

experienced with development of groundwaterquality monitoring programexperienced with underground storage tankproblemsexperienced with new State legislation toprotect groundwater qualityrecognizes need for toxicology informationexperienced with karst environments

experienced with development of groundwaterquality monitoring programexperienced with salt-water intrusionexperienced with development of groundwatermanagement plan

experienced with pesticide problemsrecognizes need for toxicology information

experienced with development of groundwatermanagement planrecognizes need for adequate and guaranteedlong-term fundingexperienced with problems with irrigationinjection wells


STATE/CONTACT

ILLINOISEnvironmental ProtectionAgency, Division of PublicWater Supplies

217-782-9470

INDIANAState Board of Health,

Division of WaterPollution Control

317-862-9360

IOWADepartment of Water, Air, andWaste Management

515-281-8692

KANSASDepartment of Health and

Environment, Bureau of OilField and EnvironmentalGeology

913-862-9360

KENTUCKYDepartment for Environmental

Protection502-564-2150

LOUISIANADepartment of Natural

Resources, Office ofEnvironmental Affairs

504-342-1265

MAINEDepartment of Environmental

Protection, Division ofManagement Planning

207-289-2437

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with statewide mapping ofpotential for contamination of shallowaquifers by waste-related sourcesexperienced with use of 208 and 205j fundsfor groundwater management issues

experienced with problems with laboratoryanalytical capabilitiesexperienced with problems from insufficientwater use information

experienced with non-point sources ofcontaminationexperienced with statewide inventory ofactive and abandoned wellsexperienced with evaluation of groundwatercontamination in karst region of the Stateexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater issues

experienced with implementation of brinedisposal programrecognizes technical inadequacies of RCRAregulations

experienced withactivitiesexperienced withproblemsexperienced withissues

problems with mining

on-site sewage system

State agency coordination

recognizes problems with Federal judicialinterpretations of SMCRA and CWA (NPDES)recognizes conflicts and inconsistenciesamong Federal statutesexperienced with karst environmentsexperienced with State priorities for surfacewater rather than groundwater problems

experienced with industrial sources ofcontaminationexperienced with recharge area mappingrecognizes need for experienced staff

experienced with problems with widespreadsources including agricultural practices andunderground gasoline storage tanks

390 ● Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater from Contamination

STATE/CONTACT

MARYLANDDepartment of Health and

Mental Hygiene, Off ice ofEnvironmental Programs

301-383-7328

MASSACHUSETTSOff ice of EnvironmentalAffairs, Department ofEnvironmental QualityEngineering

617-292-5529

MICHIGANDepartment of Natural

Resources, GroundwaterQuality Division

517-373-1947

MINNESOTAPollution Control Agency612-296-7339

MISSISSIPPIDepartment of Natural


MISSOURIDepartment of Natural


EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with mapping to assess potentialfor groundwater contaminationrecognizes that CWA transfers surface watercontamination problems to groundwater

experienced with salt-water intrusionexperienced with mapping to assess potentialfor groundwater contaminationexperienced with development of comprehensivemonitoring programexperienced with development of environmentalemergency response planexperienced with development andimplementation of funding program formunicipalities to purchase land for aquiferprotectionexperienced with use of 208 and 205j fundsfor groundwater protection

experienced with State priority system torank sites requiring cleanupexperienced with assessing the magnitude ofgroundwater contaminationexperienced with development of draftresponse and incident tracking proceduresexpressed interest in non-regulatoryapproaches to prevention such asenvironmental impairment liability insuranceexperienced with use of 208 and 205j fundsfor groundwater protectionrecognizes that CWA transfers surface watercontamination problems to groundwaterrecognizes limitations of Federal fundingsources

experienced with development andimplementation of statewide groundwatermonitoring networkrecognizes need for national program andnational goals to assist States

experiencedexperiencedUnderground

experiencedexperienced

with use of groundwater mdelingwith implementation of StateInjection Control Program

with karst environmentswith need for trained personnel


STATE /CONTACT

MONTANADepartment of Health

and Environment406-449-3948

NEBRASKADepartment of Environmental

Control402-471-2186

NEVADADepartment of Conservation

and Natural Resources702-885-4670

NEW HAMPSHIREWater Supply and Pollution

Control Commission603–271-3503

NEW JERSEYDepartment of Environmental

Protection609-292-1185

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with development of groundwaterpermit regulations and quality standardsexperienced with problems with drylandfarming and saline seeps

experienced with problems with agriculturalsourcesexperienced with problems over lack of Stateauthority for groundwater quality andquantity interactionsexperienced with problems over limited scopeof groundwater protection programsexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protection

experienced with problems with septic tanks

experienced with the development andimplementation of a groundwater permitprogramexperienced with program for annual samplingof water supplies for industrial contaminantsand pesticidesexperienced with problems due to insufficientpersonnelexperienced with use of health advisories asdrinking water and groundwater qualitystandardsconcerned about interstate groundwaterquality

recognizes need for storage tank legislationexperienced with use of State NPDES Programfor discharges to groundwater that are bothintentional (e.g., from injection wells) andunplanned (e.g., from landfills and lagoons)experienced with aquifer mappingexperienced with use of more stringentgroundwater standards for the ecologicallysensitive Pinelandsexperienced with use of 208 funds toestablish State groundwater program

392 “ Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination

STATE /cONTACT

NEW MEXICOHealth and Environment

Department505-984-0020

NEW YORKDepartment of Environmental

Control518-457-3495

NORTH CAROLINADepartment of Natural

Resources and CommunityDevelopment

919-733-5083

NORTH DAKOTAState Health Department701-224-2354

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with development andimplementation of groundwater qualityprotection programexperienced with problems with mining andmilling facilities, hydrocarbon fuelfacilities, and dairiesexperienced with use of a priority listing ofviolations of groundwater quality standardsexperienced with use of State groundwaterquality standards for selected substancesexperienced with problems in obtaining waterrights for some corrective actionalternativesexperienced with technical deficiencies oflinersexperienced with an improvement program forState laboratoriesexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protectionexperienced with problems of surface watercontamination being transferred togroundwater

experienced with development of bulk storageprogramexperienced with trying to target groundwaterprogram to protect key aquifersexperienced with problems with pesticides andfertilizersexperienced with development of groundwatermanagement programexperienced with development of groundwaterquality standards for organic chemicalsexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protectionexperienced with development of groundwaterclassification system

experienced with development of groundwaterprotection programexperienced with development of groundwaterclassification systemexperienced with problems with currentFederal approach to groundwater protectionexperienced with conflicts betweengroundwater and surface water management

experienced with natural contaminationproblemsexperienced with establishment of State taskforce to develop groundwater protectionstrategy


STATE / CONTACT

OHIOEnvironmental Protection

Agency6 14-455-83(-)7

OKLAHOMADepartment of Pollution

COntrol405-271-4677

OREGONDepartment of Environmental

Quality503-229-6065

PENNSYLVANIADepartment of Environmental


RHODE ISLANDDepartment of Environmental

Management401-277-2234

SOUTH CAROLINADepartment of Health and

Environmental Control803-758-5213

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with problems with non-hazardousindustrial lagoonsrecognizes need for Federal fundsspecifically designated for groundwaterprograms

experienced with development of program toplug abandoned wellsexperienced with problems with oildevelopment and nitrate contaminationrecognizes benefits of Underground InjectionControl Programexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protection

experienced with development andimplementation of on-site waste programexperienced with use of 205j and 208 fundsfor groundwater protectionexperienced with use of State NPDES Programto protect groundwaterexperienced with adverse effects of nitratecontaminated groundwater on surface water

experienced with development of groundwaterquality standardsexperienced with development of groundwaterquality monitoring strategyexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protectionexperienced with problems of losing trainedpersonnel to industryexperienced with use of State NPDES Programto protect groundwater qualityrecognizes lack of applicability of SoleSource Aquifer Program to State hydrogeologicconditions

experienced with problems with State agencycoordinationexperienced with strong laboratory analysisprogram

experienced with implementation of analyticalassistance program for private well ownersexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protectionrecognizes need for a comprehensive nationalpolicy to protect and improve groundwaterqualityexperienced with problems of surface watercontamination being transferred togroundwater

39-702 0 - 84 - 11

394 ● protecting the Nation’s GroundWater From contamination

STATE /CONTACT

SOUTH DAKOTADepartment of Water and

Natural Resources605-773-3351

TENNESSEEDepartment of Health and

Environment615-741-7206

TEXASDepartment of Water Resources512-475-2786

UTAHDepartment of Natural

Resources and Energy801-533-5771

VERMONTDepartment of Water Resources

and EnvironmentalEngineering

802-828-2761

VIRGINIAState Water Control Board804-257-6384

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with development of Stategroundwater strategyexperienced with use of 208 funds forgroundwater protection

experienced with septic tank problemsexperienced with enforcement problemsexperienced with use of 205j funds forgroundwater protection

experienced with problems associated withobtaining water use information, waterrights, and site accessexperienced with development andimplementation of Underground InjectionControl Program for Class I, 111, IV, and Vwells

experienced with development andimplementation of programs for active andabandoned mining operationsexperienced with problems of coordinatingprograms of numerous State agencies

experienced with development of Stategroundwater protection strategyexperienced with development of program toprotect recharge areas of community drinkingwater supplies (Aquifer Protection Areas)experienced with program to monitor dairywater suppliesexperienced with development of formalprocedures for reporting and handling ofgroundwater contamination incidentsexperienced with use of 205j and 208 fundsfor groundwater protectionexperienced with implementation of State andFederal hazardous waste management programsexperienced with evaluation of groundwaterquality of non-community water supplies

experienced with program for 24-houremergency response


STATE/CONTACT

WASHINGTONDepartment of206-459-6704

WEST VIRGINIADepartment of


WISCONSINDepartment of


Ecology

Natural

Natural

WYOMINGDepartment of Environmental

Quality307-777-7781

EXAMPLES OF ISSUES

experienced with development of groundwaterprotection strategyexperienced with use of 205j funds forgroundwater

experienced with development of groundwaterprotection strategyexperienced with program to map rechargeareas

experienced with use of State NPDES Programfor groundwaterexperienced with development of Stategroundwater program and legislationexperienced with problems of surface watercontamination being transferred togroundwaterexperienced with pesticide problems

experienced with development of Stategroundwater quality standards


Appendix D

Hydrogeologic Investigations ofGroundwater Contamination

D.1 INFORMATION ON THE HYDROGEOLOGICINVESTIGATIONS: DEFINITION OF TERMS

ENVIRONMENT(p. 397)

USED IN

D.1 INFORMATION ON THE HYDROGEOLOGICENVIRONMENT USED IN INVESTIGATIONS:

DEFINITION OF TERMSa

Term

TOPOGRAPHIC DATA

VEGETATIVE DATA

CLIMATIC DATA

1. Precipitation

2. Evapotranspiration

3. Site temperature

GEOLOGIC DATA

1. Surficial deposits

2. Subsurface stratigraphy

3. Lithology

4. Structural geology

Definition

Data describing the relief and contour of the landsurface.

Information about types and extent of vegetationcovering the land surface at and adjacent to thesite of interest.

Data concerning precipitation, evapotranspiration, andtemperature at the site of interest and surroundingregion.

Precipitation history including spatial distribu-tion, temporal variance, long-term averages, andrecords of short-term events of great magnitude(e.g., record rainfalls).

Movement of water to the atmosphere by evaporationfrom the soil surface, evaporation from open bodiesof water, and transpiration by plants.

Temperature ranges for different periods of theyear as well as long-term averages.

Data concerning the rock and soil makeup of thehydrologic system including information on thethickness of different units and fracture patterns.

Unconsolidated deposits resulting from fluvial(i.e., river), lacustrine (i.e. , lake), glacial,deltaic, and aeolian (i.e. , wind) processes.

Describes the gectnetrical configuration of andtemporal relationships among various lenses, beds,and formations of sedimentary origin.

Describes the sediments or rocks that ccmprise thehydrogeologic system including mineralogy, grainsize, grain shape, and packing of sediments androck grains.

Describes the features produced by rock movementafter deposition (e.g., due to consolidation orplate tectonics) including tension cracks (i.e. ,joints), faults, and folds.

397


Term Definition

SURFACE HYDROLOGY DATA Data concerning the properties, distribution, andmovement of water o n t h e land surface.

1. Overland flow Downgradient flow of surface water to anestablished surface channel.

2. Stream discharge Quantity of water flowing through a stream.

3. Stage Height of the water surface i n a stream above anarbitrary zero point.

4. Recurrence interval Average time (e.g. , number of years) thathydrologic events of a given or greater size willbe equal led or exceeded.

5. Baseflow discharge

UNSATURATED ZONE DATA

1. Unsaturated zone(or Vadose zone)

2. Water table

3. Geometry of theunsaturated zone

4. Hydraulic properties

a. Effective porosity

b. Permeability

Groundwater discharge contribution to streamflow;also called dry weather flow.

Data concerning the properties, distribution, andmovement of water in the unsaturated zone.

Zone between the land surface and the watertable. Generally, any water contained in the voidspaces of this zone is under less than atmosphericpressure; some of the voids contain air (atatmospheric pressure).

Surface separating the saturated and unsaturatedzones. At the water table, water pressure is equalto atmospheric pressure. (See Unconfined aquifer,GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY DATA, below.)

Describes the location of the upper (land surface)and lower (water table) boundaries of theunsaturated zone, the lateral extent of the zone,and the upper, lower, and lateral bounds ofdiffering heterogeneities within the zone.

Properties that control the movement of waterthrough the unsaturated zone.

Ratio of the volume of void space in a volume ofrock or soil to the total volume.

Ease with which a porous medium can transmit afluid when saturated with that fluid. (Itshould be noted that permeability is a propertyof the porous medium and is independent of thefluid characteristics.)

App. D—Hydrogeologic Investigations of Groundwater Contamination ● 399

Term

c. Effectiveperrmeability

d. Relative permeability

e. Specific storage

5. Flow parameters

a. Pressure head (orHead )

b. Hydraulic gradient

c. Fluid saturation

6. Recharge/discharge

a. Surface water

b. Precipitation/evapotranspiration

Definition

Ease with which a porous medium can transmit afluid under pressure (i.e., a hydraulicgradient; see Hydraulic gradient, below) whenthe pore spaces are also filled with otherfluids (e.g., oil or air).

Ratio of the permeability of a porous mediumwith respect to the fluid phase when two or morephases are present (i.e. , solid, liquid, and/orgas) to the permeability.

Volume of water released from or taken intostorage per unit volume of porous medium whenthe pressure head (or head) is changed by oneunit (see Pressure head, below).

Measurements used to define water movement in theunsaturated zone.

Height of a column of water that can besupported by water pressure at the point ofmeasurement. At the water table, the pressurehead is zero; below the water table, thepressure head is positive; and above the watertable, it is negative, reflecting the fact thatwater in the unsaturated zone is held in thepores by principally surface tension. Negativepressure head is sometimes referred to astension head or suction head.

Rate of change of pressure head (or head) perunit distance of flow at a given point and in agiven direction. In an unconfined aquifer, thehydraulic gradient is defined by the slope ofthe water table.

Ratio of the volume of water to the volume ofvoids in the unsaturated zone. In the saturatedzone, the fluid saturation is always 1.0.

Inflow and outflow of water to and from theunsaturated zone.

See SURFACE HYDROLOGY DATA, above.

See CLIMATIC DATA, above.

Term Definition

GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY DATA Data concerning the properties, distribution, andmovement of water in the saturated zone.

1. Saturated zone A subsurface zone in which all the voids are filledwith water under pressure equal to or greater thanthat of the atmosphere. Even if the zone containssome gas-filled voids or voids filled with fluidsother than water, it is still consideredsaturated. This zone is separated from theunsaturated zone by the water table.

2. Aquifer characterization

a. Aquifer

b. Unconfined aquifer

c. Confined aquifer

d. Leaky confinedaquifer

3. Hydraulic parameters ofaquifers

Describes the flow system in terms of the number ofaquifers and their extent, depth, thickness, andboundary type (i.e. , unconfined, confined, or leakyconfined).

Geologic material containing sufficientsaturated permeable material to transmit andyield significant quantities of water to wellsor springs.

An aquifer that is not overlain by relativelyimpermeable or restricting material so thatgroundwater levels are free to rise and fall.The top of the aquifer is the water table (i.e.,the level to which water will rise in a wellpenetrating the unconfined aquifer).

An aquifer that is bounded between relativelyimpermeable material. In the absence of afreely moving water table, the pressurecondition of a confined aquifer is characterizedby the piezometric surface (i.e. , the artesianequivalent of the water table -- the level towhich water will rise in a well penetrating theconfining layer). The word confined issynonymous with artesian.

A confined aquifer that receives or transmitssignificant quantities of water from/to adjacentformations.

Physical properties of aquifers that controlgroundwater movement.

App. D—Hydrogeologic Investigations of Groundwater Contamination ● 403

Term Definition

4. Relative saturations Relative portions of the porewater, air, and/or immiscible

space filled byfluid contaminants.

6. Subsurface mineralogy

7. Ambient water chemistry

8. Microbiology

GROUNDWATER USE

1. Current usage

2. Projected Usage

5. Cation exchange capacity Describes the excess of cations in solutionadjacent to a charged surface that replaces othercations already absorbed onto that surface.

Chemical makeup of rocks and soils, whichinfluences the reactivity of contaminant s.

Natural chemistry of water, which influences thereactivity between water and contaminants.

Characteristics and distribution of micro-organismsin an aquifer.

Describes how groundwater at a site of investigationis used.

Present uses of groundwater including where wellsare located, how much water is pumped from eachwell, what aquifers are being tapped, and whatquality of water is needed for each use (e.g.,water quality needed for drinking water is higherthan for cooling at power plants).

Anticipated future uses of groundwater includingwell locations, future water needs from wells, whataquifers may be tapped, and what quality of waterwill be needed for each use.

a The terminology of hydrogeology has evolved and expanded with the development of thescience. Further, the field of hydrogeology requires multidisciplinary skills, andterms tend to be used in slightly different ways by different disciplines (e.g. ,hydrologists, geologists, soil scientists, and chemists). OTA notes that definitionsand usage have not yet been fully standardized.

Source: GeoTrans, 1983; Office of Technology Assessment, 1983.

Appendix E

Federal Efforts to DetectGroundwater Contamination

E.1 MONITORING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY I SOURCES

S t atu to ry Definition Moni tori ng Parameters andSource .Aot ho ri ty of Source Object ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

SubsurfacePercolation

Injection Wells -

Hazardals waste

safe Lki&f~Water Act - Un&rgrad InjectionControl Progmn(40 m 144 ad146)

Safe Drirki~Water Act - Un&rgrand InjectionGxtrol Program(40 CkR 144 adILb)a

Calqrdlemiw?EnviroruentalReapme,Gnpemation, aml1.iabiLity Act(40 CFR 303)

Cesqmola or otkr waste rea2ivirg &vices with open bccrcas adsanxima ~rfor-ted sicks (Classv ~~). Applies dy to ~=serwi~ 20 or nore p2rsoa3.

WelLs that inject hazard- w=te(as defined W RfXA) bemxxh tkdeqee.t fonmtion cmtaining,within one-qusrter mile of thewell bore, an underground sourceof drinking water (Claw IWlls).

Wells that inject hazanims w=te(as def id by RCXA) into or*W a fonnmion coti-ti~,within onequarter mile of tkwell bore, an tirgromd soorceof drikirg water (Class IVwells).

Wells that release any hszardamsukances, pllutants, orcontaminant (as &find @CZRCL4).

-t~~ hzlw? not &enpxulgxed for Class VWlla.

Detetmine whetkr tlkxe isany migration of fluidsinto orkkrgramd scuross ofdrlnkdrg water.

Regulation hsw m kenprcmlgated for Cbss IVwells.

o To prcui& preliminarya5sessnmt of tk naturead extent of tke release.

o To &tennLne the sourceaml dis~~ion of tkhazardas subxanrm

wnitoricg prcgram nust inclde (at a ndniirum): (1)analysis of injected fluid; (2) imtallst ion arrl weof contirui~ recordi~ devirxzs to nmitor injectionpr~sure, fk rate of fluid, wloue of fluid ardprewre on anrulus; (3) demrstration of mxhanicalintegrity ewry five Prs; and (4) wills to mmimrnigration of f loids into ad pressure in mdergrmrdScurCes af drinldrg water (locstion ad audx2r ofwells are not specified).

Regulatlm Mewells.

o Collection ofsit~tiom *republic.

SaIrpks is Ildnimizedtkre is an *parent

o Not spxifierl. Monitf)ri~ iS partremval.

for Claas IV

except inrisk to the

ci an innediate

mt~~ k na &en prand-gmd for Class V wells.

o Mordtoriw well paraumers adfreqwncy of sanplirg are notSpcifid.o Injectd f loids are to &analyzed at .wfficlent itter.vals toyieLd repreaentati= data alxuttkir tiraderistics.

Regulation km rut kenprarulgatfd for Cla3s IV wells.

o !& Spxifid .

0 Not spxified.

Statutory Definition Monitoring Parameters andSource Authority of Source Objective Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Injection Wells-HazardmsWaste(@ntinled)

InjectionWklla-NorrHazardcusWaste

Injection I&ha-Non-waste

CmprehemlveEntirommtalReapme,Curqen3a*ardLiability Act(40CFR3CO)(@ltirued)

.safellriricirgWater Act-UndqrcundInjection @ntrolPrqqan (40CFR144aod 146)

Safe DrirkfqgWater Act-UndergramdInjection @ntrolPr~trn (40 CFR144 ad 146)

klls that inject waste be=ththe deepest fotnation cmtainlcg,within ccsq~tter mile d tkAl bore, an urkxgrcmd acurceof dridcirg water (Class I *Is)

Wells U* in ~ion with oiland gas pduction &i& injectfluids (Class 11 wells). Includeskens used for entnnced recovety,for sm%e & liquid hydro-carbon, ad for @la *reinjectal fluids are brcught tothe surface ad may be canbl.nedwith waste watets frcm gasplants.

Wells used for extraction of mirrerals (Class III wells). Includesn’dllil’g of sulfur by Fraach p?xrCess, in-aim pcdlction d ma-nium and otkr aetala, and aolu-tion u&@ d salts or pt=h.

o TO &temine the -ead extent of the rmblen.

o To mmitor effect ivemsof remdial action.

sane as objective forharardcus taste injectionWSJls tkt inje~ bemththe *t UldergrculdSIXKES of drirkirg water.

San? as obje~ive forhazardcua -te injectionwlla tkt inject bemzaththe &epeat mdergrcmdscur@a of drikimg water.

Se as objective firharardma ~te injectionwlla thst iqjecf bemz+ththe &qEl’at Uldergrculdsar~ of drltkirg water.

o sufficient itiomtion is m be Colktd to&termk tk necessity for and propcaed extent oframdlal aUiorL

O Not specifiai. Asaurame nust k ~wided ~ tbState to cover these activities.

S as rquirtmmts fir hazardcw vaste iqjection~ls that inject hth the deqeat mdergromdsoxces of drirki~ water.

o Monitoring prqgran mat include (at a mininm):(1) ncmitorixk3 of injected fluids; (2) oktwation ofi~ection pre3sure, fla rate ad amulative vokmE;ad (3) deumstration of mxhanical intfgrity ewry 5years.o Hydrocati stow ad ertwnced recwe~ hells mybe mmitored on a field or ~oject basis (rather thanimifvidually).

o hlonitori~ prqrao mat include (at a mimbmsn): (1)mnltori~ of injected fluids; (2) mmitori~ of in-jection presame ad eitkr flew rate or w-; ad(3) denmtration of mxivmical int@ty ewry 5YeaEs.

O Not Specified.

o Not specified.

- as rquirernents for hazanhsw+ste injection wells that injectbe=h tk deqeat mdewamdsources of drinldrg tier.

o Nature cf injected fluids is tobe mnitored at sufficient intendsto yield rqreaentative dati abmttheir dwacteriatica.o Observation freq~nciea amspecified for different typea of@k (fluid diSP3SSl tdk=ddy;erhanced recovery operatio-monthly; injedion d ~quidl@rocarbOrxAaily). Okrvatialaare to be recorded at ~nableintervala of no greater tkn 30*S.

o Nature d injectd fluids is tobe tunftored at sufficient intervalsto yield rqreeetiative data abmttheir &aracteristics.


InjeUimWeLk-Non-waste(COrcimed)

land Application-Wastewater

LamiAppliration-WastemterByp3ducts

Safe DrirkirgWater Act -

UmkqymndInjeaionControlPrqgran(41)ClR144 ard 146)(Cultlnled)

Clean Wa@rAa -Seaion 201 (40CFR 35; 41 mbPxI, 1/11/76)

CleanWaterAa-seuion405(40ClRz57)

WellsnotimQ.uckdinCst@t’ies1, 11, 111, srKiIv (Classvwells).Exa@eaofClassVwellSincluck artificial rechargewells, ard cxxdi~ water or aircllriitionf% return flw Wella.

Wastewater lard trtmtnmtprocesses (imludea SIUIJ rate,r~id infiltratlon#ml werlardflw methlds).

Seu* slu@? *plication (irreludes agrkdtural, forest andlad mxlamtion utilization, addediatd lad disposal).

o Class 111 wells my te nxxritord cm a field or pro-ject bis.o Granxhater mmitorirg is rquirai *re injectionis into a fotuation uxtxdni~ -ter with leas thanIo,oou 41 m. Moniax’im wells Uust be Canpkedinto injeulon zone ad any und?~cmxi Sar- ddriridrg water abe injeaion zone that may keffead. Wells mat be lo=ted m cktect any emx—stin of injection fluids, prcxxss bypro&ts, or fol-rmtion fluids cutsi& the udning area.o In sr- subject to sutshie- or collapse whereinjeuion wells pnetrate an umk~d a= ofdrixicimg water, an aiqmte mder of wells mat kc~kted to detect any mwumt of injection fluids.

I@ulatfi~ haw net teen ReJu$tiom hsw? na ken pramlgatcri for Class Vpranilgated for Cbs V .*lls.

Praect grourrkater uaed as I@ulatiom3 specify tkt grcundwater uonitorirgdriddnji-water supplyamilor otter &@gnateduses ~ *proP*te and

ble _prevent irrevoato grcumkster.

No nrmitmlqg nqulrenmtsare ~tablished by theregulatb.

rq.d.remems will lx stablishd on a Sit-pecifichis. Rll@rtml?nt s uust include prwisiom fornunitorirg the effect on native ~ourrkater.

No mnitorlqg rquiremmts are estillskd by tkr~latiomj. Groumiwter mmitorirg may k rquiredon a site-spxlfic tasis by tk Kgu.latoty auttorityto emwre canpliance with grranxWter criteria.

o Prcwisiom spec@ nrmitorhg ofinjection ~ewure, fti, or mluueon a semt-mxmhly tads (or ueteri~ard daily recordirg of injected adproiud wluma as qprqmiate).o Grcanrbater ntm.ftorfng ard uoni-torimg d flu.ld level in injectionzone are rquired sad=mthly(uster quallty ~raretezs are naSp?dfiei).o If wlls are rcrpdrei in aresubject to sutsi&ne or col@ae,nmftorirg is requtred on aqmrterly Lxz3is (vater quality ps-nEteIS are na spxlfied).

-t~ M* ncc ken pranil-~ted for C1.a3s V wells.

RequLremnts are establiskd on aSitmpscific &is.

No mnlrnri~ rquirenents are esta-bliskd.

I

S Latu LO ry Definition Monitoring Parameters andSource Aut ho ri cy of Source Object ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

faxiAppliration-HazardasWaate

i@XlUrCi?h_tX2Nd-tionarr,i RecowLYAct - SubtitLe C(4U CFR ~)b

hrl treabnmt of hszardm.s A three part mmi~riqgwastes (as defined by KRA). Fogram is exablished:

o Detect any conttirxmion o Detexion Mmimri% Prcgran - inpkmmted *nof gr~ter d~ to Iixiir ~rmit is iss~ and tkre is no indi~tion ofege fran a facility.

o Determine whetkr thegrauxk3ter protectionstandard spxlfied in the~nuit is beirg mt.(rmtimed on next page)

ldciagg. Pr~an is comtin,wd thrmgh posechurep2riod. kuzmption my Ee granted if tkre is noptential for migration of liquid fran tk facilitythe upptnmt aquifer tlrwgh ~t-cl~ore ~riod.- X- ~~r quslity le* for amitoringparamXers must be kaed on data frcm quarterly‘~11Q2 of wel~ Opgradent fran tk si.fE for ~year.

to

- Nonber, location, ad &pth of wells are s~afiafin the facility ~tndt. WeLla oust yield grrnmrkatersa@es fran tk upperncst aquifer that rqmesent thequality of krkgroumi water not affectsd by thef~ili~ ad * qwlity of water at a s~afidcqf.iancE point.- If mmiroring irriicates a statiatlcally slgnifkantimxeaae of any paramter owr tk _oumf level, ac~~a nrmitnrimg prrgram nust be implemented(e.g., all walls nust be sa@ed for 375 haardmsccmtituents (Appdix VIII, 40 CFR 261) to &terminethe concentrations of these comtitmrts ~~nt ingrcundwxeG see telw) or it mat be cimmstratedthat the statistically si@fiomt imreaae is therewlt of an error or is * to anakr source.

Oconplianm Monimrim Pr~am - iqd.enented whenhazardcus constitumts are &teUed at a specifidConpliam point ard for a sp2afiaI conpl.i~ pzricd.- A grmniwater prmection stsdard mat be s~cifiaiin tk facili~ pmnit. Standsrd includes:(i) list of hszardcu.s comtiments to te IIDnitord;

o Paran2teS are s~af id in tkfacility p2rmit (inclu& imiicarorpararete~, waste comtiments, orb’y~oducts). Each ntxritori~ well iSto be analyzei for sfmdfidp3rau5ters at least seni.snmal ly.o Lkumiwater flw rate ad di-rection in the uppmmt quifer areto b &termlned at least anfually.

o Par~tem are sp?cifid in tkgroomkater ~aection standmd (intk facility pnmit). Each urmitorirg well is to k analyzed forspmtficrf paramters at leastqwrterly.

wu)

2N

oIcolb

IS t atutory Definition Monitoring Parameters and

PN Source Authority of Source Objective Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

land Application-Hazardasthste(Cootd.)

GaqnhemiveEnvircmwKalResptse,(lmpemation, adLiability Act(40 CFR300)

o Denmstrate the effeetivensss of correctiveaction neasurestakn atafacility (see *P. G.1 forcorrective action requirem?nts uvder Subtitle C ofRCRA).

Lad application facilities that Sane as rsquirarents forrelease any hazardcus sutatance, h~rdas wate injectionpolhtant, or contanioant (as WIIS uder CER(IA.defined by mclA) .

(ii) crmcmtration limits for eah corsti@nt basedon: lxdground level; Maximm Contaminant Levels for14 comtitwmts establiskd ty tk National InterimTMnking Water Regulations (if higkr than kckgr~); or an alternative concentration lifit (eS&blished on a site-specific tnsis); aml(iii) a spxifid @int cf compliance ad co@ianrE~riod (incldes the active life of the facility arKIthe cl~we Pried).- If monftorirg idicatea that the grmndwaterprotection standard is not bei~ n-et, a correctivedct ion prwan nust be mdertdcen or it nmst bedemonstrated that the protection standard is kingexceekd de to an error or atikr source.

o Corrective Action Mooitori rg Pr~an - in@OmXltdtin cmpliance mmitoring indicates that the grcund-water prct-ion starrfard is EXCsded. Prcgran is tobe contiwed mtil levels of h=rdms constitumts ingrmndwater are reducd Eelcw the concentration limitspxifid in the protection standard. F@itorfqgpr~an my be hwd on the rfquirments for acc@iance Monitoring progrm and mat be as effeaiveas thst prcgran.

San!? as rsquir-nts for hazardcms wste injectionAla uod?r ~RCfA.

o Grcupdwater flw rate ad dir=tion in the uppernmt a@fer are tobe derrmtratsd at least anmally.o Sa@es frctn each mnitoring w1lare to be analymd for 375 harardcusconstitusmts (Appendix VIII, 40 CFR261 ) at least anmally.

o Paramters ad frqteocy may bebased on the requirements for acanpliance nmitorirg pr~an amlmat be as effective as thatprqgran.

Sare as rquirem?nts for hazardmswste injection wills order QZKIA.

●

Statutory Definition Monitoring Parameters andSource Authority of Source Object ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Imd Applkation- CleanWater Act- Mspal sit= fordraif@ or Nonmitofitgr cqdremmts Nonrmitoti~r e@rmentsare eatablishaifor No mmitorirg rqt.drtwents areNon+kzardms Seaion 404 fill material. are established. grcmdwter. established for grcundwter.Mate (40 m 30)

a ~ ad SDhk4 h- m.erlappirg juridktion for iqjection wells used to dis~e d bzardms w+stea. A pemde~rule appwch has been irstibtai to cconiimate tk requtrentmts of bcch-=. U*r MS SPPCM~, an c== or operator of SU~ a Al mat COU@Y with all applicable SE$14 teclnica.1 rcquirem?nts pursuant to the Undergrctmd Injeaion Qxwrol progran and certainE!fXA administrative rcquLremmta. See 40 CIR 144.14.

b The nrmitorirg rquimmmts paentd in the table are for pemitted facilities. EPA haa also pramd~ted interim sta~s rtqulmnents for these facilities which mat be uet mtfl a findpernxlt is issued. The interim status mnitorirg rquiremnts spxify the imtallation of at bat one u~adient well and three dowrgradient WE4JS to cktermine initial backgrcnmxlccxmntratiom of certain Parizrete= ad to &tennine whether waste cmtituents be entered the grmndwater. Gramdwater rmn.itoritg rqxtrammts can k waived by an c%mer or qerator iftkre is lcw pctential for -te adgration (EPA appoval of the ualw?r is not rquired). See 40 CFR 265.


E.2 MONITORING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY II SOURCESStatutory I)e f i ni t ion Mo n i to c-i ng Parameters and

Source Authority of Source Oh je ct ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Iimdfi.Lla - ReaamceCo~etva- Lam!fills uadfortkdlspxal Three partnmnitori~RazaniczwWaate tionand Recova-y ofharardasvastes (as defined

Act -PrQ3’=m b established:

Subtitle C by RCRA). o Detect afy contamination(40 (FR 264)a of grcundater due to

lezkage fran a facility.

o lkterndne &ther thegrcundwter prot~ionatandard specified in thepelmit is beirg rret.

o Detection Monitoring PrWan - implemntd when o Parammen3 are spxificd in thepermit is issued and there is no indication of leak facility permit (Include imiicator*. Prqwm is contimed thrmgh pt-clmure parmeters, w+ste cmtitmmts, orperiod. Exa’qmion msy be granted if there is no byproducts) . Each Kxlitoring hellpotential for migration & liquid fron the facility to is to k analyred for specifidthe uppenmt quifer thrrugh pest-closure p2riod or parameters at least aemitily.if facilities use druble liners ad le~ detection o Grmnduater flw rate adsystem. direction in the uppernrst qiifer- Badcgrmnd water qmllty levels for mmitoriqg are to be cktenninsd at leastparauetera trust be baaed on data fran quarterly Snmally.s~li % Of hells u~tient fron the site for omy5ar.- Nunber, locatioq arrl depth d WIIS are spxificxlin the facility pmuft. wLk mat yield groundwtersa@es fron the upfenmat quifer tbt rqmwmt tkquality of harkgrcund wter not affected by thef~li~ ard tk qtity of wter at a spdfidcm@ance pint.- If monitoring irdicates a atatiatically slgnifimntincrease of any paraneter owr the baciqpmd level, acwliance mnitotiw prwan nust be implemwd(e.g., all wlla mat be sanpled for 375 har.ardcuacomtituents (Apperdix VIII, 40 CFR 261) to detemdnethe cmcentration of ttme comtitwnts present ingrcundwateG see Mw) or it mst be &mmtratedthat the statistically slgmtficant increase is theresult d an error or is due to anaher acurm

o Canp I.i.sme Monitoring Prqgr an - inpltmentd whenhazard- cmstitmnts are detected at a specifiedcq~ance pint ad for a spxifisd corfplianceperiod.


Iandfi_us-HazardasWaste(titirued)

Toxic Suktances Chenicalwastelamifills used forControl Act - thedis~alofFC5satSection6 c-ntratiom & 50 ppn ad(40cFR 761) above.

o Demmtrate the ef-fectivensasof correctiveaction neaaure taken at afdlity (see zp~ G.2 forcorrective actionrquircnents m&r SubtitleC of RCRA).

To &tennine lmeliregrcumiwter quality data.

- A grcunckater protection stadard nust be spxifisdin the facility ~tndt. Standard inclbs:(i) list cf hazardcus commitments to te IIDnitord;(ii) ccxmmtration limit for each corkititwmt bedon: backgranrl level; Mzoclmn Contaminant Levels for14 comtitumts established ty the National InterimDriridrg Vkter Regulation (if Fdgher thsn lxk-gramd); or an alternstiws concentration limit(established on a sitespdfic tads); ard (iii) aspecified @nt of canpli.ance SIXI canplia.nce period(includes tte active life & the facili~ ad tkclcmre pxiod).- If nrmitorimg irxficates that the grtundwaterpctection standard is not teing mt, a correctiveaction pr~an nust be wdert&en (see tpp. G.2) or itmat be demmtrated thst the protection standard isbei~ =cecded &e to an error or anctkr scmce.

o Correuive Action Monitoring Prcgrall - qlmntd*n canpliance mnitoring irdicates tkt the granrl-mter praection stadard is excealed. Prqqan is tobe contimed ultil levels of hszardms comtitwnts ingrcundwter am reduced helm the ccacentration limitslmified in the prcteaion standard. titorfngprrgran my be M on the rquirarents for ac@=e ~to~% program and mat be as effectiveas that ~cgran.

o Grmn&ater nust be sa@ed prior to ccnmencfmntof opations. If mderlying ~rth uaterials areh~~s, impenwable, aml uniformly sl~irg in OEdirection, only ttuve *la are rqufred.o No grcurdwater mxritorirg is ra@rsd rhriqg activelife or after closure of facillty (surface wtermonitor-itg is rquirai).

o Parameters are s~cifisd in ttegrcundwxer protection stamdard (intk facility ~nuit). Each nmi-torlng tell is to be analyzed forspecifid Pa-ters at le=tquarterly.o Grcxmdwter flm rate addirection in the up~rnrat aquiferare to be &teurd.nfd at lerstanmally.o Sa@es fran ezrh aonitorirg wellare to be analyzed for 375 haardmscomtiwnts (Appscdix VIII, 40 CFR261) at least anmally.

o Paran3texs ard freqwmcy may bebased on the requirements for ac~~~ ~rlitotitg prcgran admat be as effective as thatprqy-an.

o Sa@img frqmq is nets+ecified.o Par-ters nust include (at andninun) FCBa, #i, specificcoductarm ad dlorinstdOti=.


Lalrifms -HazardmsWaste(COntifued)

Landfius-sanitaty

(@nlknps(includimgillegal~irg) -Waste

CanpretumiwEnvironmmtal,Respome Conpm-sation, amiLiability Act(40 CFR w)

kssour~ Gonsewa-tion and RecoEryAct - Subtitle D(40 CFR 257)

CanpretxmiwEnvir~ntaLReapme,c~lBa-tion, adLiability Act(40 CFR 302)

kscurce tieN~tion ad RecoveryAct - Subtitle D(40 CFR 257)

Iaxlf ills that release any kz-arrlcus sutstanee, @llutant ormntaminant (as def ind ~alKLA).

Sanitary Iarifills &find asfacilities &i& pce nor~nable potability of d.eraeeffects on kalth or theemirofnent fran dispsal dsolid taste (as defined ty RCRA).

Sanitary Iatiills that releaseany hazardms suktance, pllrtant or contaminant (as &f infrfty mCIA).

Opn dunps def id as facilities*i& do not met tk criteriafor sanitary Mills orderRCRA.

o To prmide prdintinaryassesmnt of the maturead extent of tk release.

o To &tamfne tk sourceard dispersion of tk kz-ardms suktan~.

o TO Aternd.m? tk natureati extent of tk problems.

o To monitor effectiw~sof tk remedial adion.

No rquir6rentsestablished.

Sam as rquiremmts forhazardars waste landfiLlstier CIZRilA.

SanE as rqufretrents forsanitary IamifiLls urubrSubtitle D of MllA.

o Collection of sanples is m & mfnimizerl acqt in o Not spxifitd.situxions wkre tkre is an ~prent risk to tkpublic.

o Not s~cified. licmitori~ my k part of an inue- o Not spxified.diate renwal.

o Sufficiem infonmmion is to k collectcxi to O Not s~dfid .&tenuine tk nece3si~ for ad propmxd extent ofremciial action.

o Not spxifitxi. Assuran@ must te prcwided by tk o Not sp?cifid.State to cowr these activities.

o No numitirirg rtquircxm.?nts are eatablisbf. No ?xquireumts established.o Groudater monitoring my & rtquird ty Statesolid waste prcgram. Federal requiremmts for State~ogrars recormmd the =tablishmnt of nrmitoring re-quircmnts (see 40 ~ 256.22).

Sam as rxquiremntsSukitle D of RCRA

for hazamlcm waste latifills Sare as rquirenrmts for hazanimsw~te Iamif ills un&r ORCLA.

for sanitary kurlfills order Sam as rcquirenmts for sanitaryIamlf ills uncbr Suttitl.e D of RCRA.


Keaic%tialMspcaal

Cunprekreive Emzit_ O~nduupsthstrele~ aryOllu?lmalrteapnse, hazardala sub3tance, plllmlntCaqer6ation, ad or unrsninant (ss ckfimd byLiability Act (4O C3?R (ZRCLA).m)

Federal Insecticide, 8urial of small quantities dFungicide, ad peatichk mntainem in opwRcdenti.cide Act - fielda (tmtairExs wtrLch tddsection 19 (40 m o~c or netallow~c165) pesticides except Otgarlic

nercury, led, cdnium, ora=e~c CXXIPE@-

Reamr02 COmetvation Surf- ~S ~ forad Recovery Act -Sukitle C (40 CFR264)

Ccan@ie~ixe Envlr-ornental Resprlse,Caqlensation, adLi&dXty Aa(40 CFR 300)

Surfax Wd.rg COrrml SrKI ReclamationAa (30 m 816 Srd817)

the treatmnt, sror* ordispsal & lwzardma waste(ss &find by RCRA).

s~=e ~- thstrebae any harardcua sub-s~, pollutant or cauauL-Osnt (ss &find ty mm).

Iqmmiments &flmri a allwmr, aedinmt, slurry, orotkr liquid or send-liquid

Sam = rqdremts forhazartkus -te Iamifills@r CXKJ.A.

No Rlqulremmtseatabllakd.

%x02 as rqsLrenents forhazardcus waste Ianifl.lls@r subtitle C & RU?A.

- = requirements forhazarxima wrote Jan&ilkumier OIIWIA

S- as rquirants for hazatticms waste Iamifilla @r

M) reqd remmts eatablisted.

SzmY2 * rquirerents for tirchs waste Iardfills tirmaA.

To &tetndne tk -s of o Gr_ter nrmitori~ plan mat be includd in athe minim ouxation on the oetudt zmd.icatlon which Ixovides for the mnitorine ofhy&olq@: biante within

lmldi~ structures ad &prea- the permit ard djamntsiom, eitkr naturally fornrsd arwa.or artificially kilt. Struetures may be tqxxary or

tsu’u?nt. Applies to allz- al-d Undergrouwl dOd.nillg op2ratiom.

&aA& that relate to’ the adtabllity of tk gr~inter for mrrent ard qprwed pa Plninil’g lad u= andto objectiwa for protection of t~ tydroI@c tmlarm.Monitoring site 1.oati0r6 wat k s~d.fid.

Sare a mquirenmts for hazarrl-ma bvste lamifSlla unkr CERUA.

No rqui rel12rKs eat.amsh?d.

W s requlramts forhazardms wa3te Iamifilla unckr

Saw as requtrsumts forharardcus ~te lsmifllls unfkr

o Gronmiwater avnimrirg planmsst spscify pmnetets adsa@irg frqsmcy.o At a ml- tdal auapenckdSOWIS, #l, total iron, total-=, ad wwer levels shall

o Modtoritg d a particular waterkarirg atrarum my be be unnitorcsi.Wvd try the regulatory lldmrity if it an lx? deuon- 0 S=@es Kmlst lx? t&en ad ans-s(xatxd that it ia u a stratum which *- as an lyzd quu-terly at each uonitrIraquifer which s@ificantly emurea the hydrologic balance i% lomtinn. Additiofd owni-Of Ilk Cumllatius inpact are (tk area, inclildicg th? mrirg my be rcqulral by thepmnlt area, within WA iqxMXs re3ulti~ fran tk regulatory attnrity.W- ~ratin MSY interact with the i,mpm of dla~icipted mtnirg).


surface

I~”s-NorrHazardulaWSSte (Contitued)

Federal Ladpofi%and~tAct-MineralLeasirgAa IIqxundmnts used for tkof 1920 andMaterial.S treatmmt or control of nmdfAu & 1947 (43CER atidr-dur~udnimg23). Cmersndmrals o~rationson Fe&ral lads.Sudl as coal, ptna-@ate, =ptmlt, aodi-* potaas~ Sani,st.om, gravel andclay.

- U.S. hlini~ Lx Na explicitly nentlowd in(43 CFR 3800). the regulations. Hcwewr,Cover loatable Impmduenta are part dWinerala such as ninirg ~ratiors. Appliesgld, sflusr, led, only to Federal lads.iron ad c~~r.

- Gedmuld stem Pits arrl sunps used to retainM (30 CER 270 ad all Imterlala and fluidsBllf Operational Order ~aary to drillfw, prcxtuc=No. 4). tion, or ccher cqx3ratiow on

Fderal lads.

No rtquimsents-tabliahed.

NO L-quiremntsexabliahd.

No Rquirenents establiskd.

o To cktermhe existirginter quality.o To ertwre thatOperatiom are conducted incmpliarm with regulationad or&rs.

No rquirmwts establiski. No rquiremnts established.

o No spxiflc requiremmts are eatablishd for pita o Spdfid by t’k regulatoryand strops. Regulation state that uonitoritg of attority on a site-apxffic his.emvirormmtal impacts my be Comlwtai by the u9e daerial surveys, i=~dion3, @.odic aanplirga,cmtiruaIs recottli~, or akr mthxis spxtfid ca aSitmpecific kis.o Data mat te collected for a ~riod of at least ayear prior to ~aiuctlcxh

Waste Tailings Federal Lard Policy~ ~nt Act- Mimral Lea3i~ Act Not explicitly uentlond in SauE as objectiw for m SanE = rquirarents for norkaxdma waste aurf= %e aa requiresmmts for non-of 1%20 ad Materials the regulaticm. Ikwevsr, hazardcua w-ste surface i~~s ~r theae *O hazatdma wa5te surface inpcutiwsAu d 1947 (43 m wiate taflirgs are part cf @aux&nts under tkae &r t&ae laws.23) mini% o~ratio=. Applies k.

only to Fderal lards.

S tatuco ry Definition Monitoring Parameters and

Source Authority of Source (lb je ct ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Waste Tailirgs - us. LMinirg k(43 CFR 3?03)O.hltind’

Uranium MillTailirgs RdiationControl Actc

- Active sites(40 cm 192)

Uraniun MillTail.i~s RirilationControl Act- InaXive Sius(40 CFR 192)

Not explicitly defind in tkregulations, tmt dispcsal oftaste tallirgs is nmtkmd as~rt of a ndnirg cp3ration.

Dispm3al areas mverd by tkreguktiom comaining wastetailirgs fran uranium promasi~activities. Suchtk nzgion withinof an iupounh nt

areas incluckth ~rbrereror pile.

Pro02ssi~ sit= designatd tyCOE containing r=i.dual radio-active materials at which al 1 orsubstantially all of the uraniunwas Prti for sale to a Ferl-eral ~cy prior to Jan. 1,1971.

Sare as objective for non-hazardms wa3te surfacehpcuhmts un&r ckaelaws.

Sam as rquirenmts forkazardals watt? surface im--~s under %dXitle Cof RfX’%

O TO estshlish bac@rcundgrcturkiter quality.

o To identify tk presenmad mvenent of contaud-nation assodatd with tktailings piles.

Sam as rquireamts for non-hazardms waste surfacei~IUS un&r these fawa.

Sam as requirements for hazarrbs w=te surface im-WCus urxkr RfX4 twcep~:- uolyfxhum ad uranium are ai&ti to tk list oftunrchs comtit~rts in @mdix VLII, 40 CFR 261;- dditional axmentration limits for raiicactivityare s~cified as part of tk grcwrbater praectionStamiard;- &tection mnitori~ prqgra nust be ca@etedwithin me year; ad- altermtive com=ntration llmits which are ~~bl.fshd (as Mrt of the &au&racer praection stan-dard) are as IW as reaamably achievable after cors icbring pramicable correuiw actions, and that, in

Sare as requirements for norbnkus wa3te surfam inqnmhtismder tkse laws.

Sam as requirements for fuuzardcuswaste surface impoumhe~s underRCXk

a~ case, tk comxmtration levels for spwifkd para-mters are spsdfied at all poims at a ~ter dkt- than 500 uetets fran tk erf& d tk dispxalarea and/or cutsi& the site boundary.

o Moni&mf.~ prcgran my k corductei. It simuld be NO rquirenrmts estiliskd.tifident to met the objectiw tka@ one or nrn-eu~aiient wells.

o Monitmriw siuuld assxss ttrs l-tion ofColltauinaa s in grcurdater, the rate ami direaion ofMmnt of contaminated grmter, ad its relativecontaninatioo. film, an awzxmmt shculd ideccifytk atrematiw oipacity of tte unsaturated ad.Saturatd Zme to *cennine tk extent of CormminantnDmmmt.

App. E—Federal Efforts To Detect Groundwater Contamination • 417

L1o

St atuco ry De f Ini t ion Monitoring Parameters andSource Authority of Source Object ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Grave~r& — — — —

.AniM.l Burial — — — — —

Abovegroml I&source (hmerva- Abwegrcund tarka used for tk To emure tk taric is be- o No rqulrene~s are eatabliskd for granriwarer o NO rquiremnts are eatxidistrdStmage Taks - tion arxi Recovetyliazardma Waste Act - Sukitle C

(40 CPR 264)

CaqrehmiveEmvirornmtalF@aprse, cOqYen-satio~ adLiability Act(40 CER 300)

Toxic SUtatancescontrol Au(4o Q?R 761)

tratmnt or storage of haamima opated zxxsmji~ toata (as &id @’ m). &sign.

Stor~ tab that release sty Sare as objective forharardms SUh~, Folkant or hardma waste landfillsContallhwt (as ckfimxi ty umier CHUM.(ERUA).

See TXA rcquirammts, behxd, for Sare as objective forharardms wa3te containrs. harardcua -te cotCaim2rs

order IXX

mnitotlr$g.o Monlto~ of tadc operation is rqulrd to neetobjective i,dudi~ data on premue and tenpxature,ad titvatiom d ccmtruction material ad armSurroundiq tlw? tank.o Pro03iure for eqxyirg ad b~ctirg tak mat keatabl.law

Sare = rquiremmts for kzzardcua waste Iatxifilla*r OIKIA

saE m Ixqd raenta for kzardma waste cortaineIstnxkr TX&

for ~aurkater nmitoriq+o Mmilmtirg preaaure ad tempera-ture at least once eah opatitgday is rqulrai (if tadc is m-cowered, tk level of w~te irt31&nust be inapscted).o COmtruuion natetiala of tarkmat b im~ctcd at Lea3t weicly.o Area SurrauKKf& ttm? tal’k InJat beirspectd at le~t weekly to *tectolncima sigrs of leakage (e.g., &advegetation).o Frqmwy of lm~aions tilv-irg enptyi~ of taric ia net spea-fied (Uuat be taaed m tll? rote,corstruuion uateriala of tanlq cot-rsion or ermion protection umi,and m-roaion or erosion obseIvefl).

Sam as requirements for hazardma-te Iatrl.fills undn O?RCL4.

w ss rquirenents for hazattiwwaste CO-ZB urukr TX%

I

S t atut ory Definition Monitoring Parawters andSource Authority of Source Object i ve Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

AbovegrcwdStorage Ta&s -Non-HaZXdO_laWaste

Abovegrti Clean ~amr Au -Storage Tarks - section 311Notiaste (40 CFR 112)

tiazardcua LiquidPipelim2 SafetyAct (49 @R 195)

Har,ardaJs h%te Act - .SoIxltle C(40 m 264)

—

Onstvre ad off store facilitieswfth abovegramd capacities ofgreater than 1,320 @lor6 d oil(or sirgl.e tank with capacitiesgreater than 6@ galkm).d

Storage of hazardcua liquids (asdefined by HLFSA) inci&ntal totkir nrwemnt by pipellw oraffecti~ interstate or foreignc~r~. I@gulatiom -licitlydefine abovegroumi “’brealcmttarks” W are used to reli*surgea in a hazardcus liquidpipeline system or to remive adstore hazard- liquid tran-spxtd by a pipline. Rs@r=rents do not ~ply to Fe&ralfadities.e

Ccnerai d~and tarks usedfor tk treatmmt or storage ofkxzankus waste as &find by

To smsure tte intsgrity ofthe tak

To -ore ck integrity ofttw tank.

Regulations have ncc &enpllmllgated.

— —

o No txquiremmts are est~lish?d for gralrrkater Not Sped fied.mlitoring.o T& Spill Prewmtion tirol ad titerneawre(WY-) plan mat dkaxsa ~ovlstim for integritytesting of t~ taric ad for okervatirm cf tkfacility o~ration for upsets in plant efflumtdischarges d-dch &d (zwse an oil spill.

No rquireaents are establiskd for grcundwater Each tadc mat be impectd at le~clroilitoring. once a ~r.

wtkm have net teen~amlgated.

Statutory Definition Monitoring Parameters and

Source Authority of Source Objective Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Un&rgrourriStxxage Tar& -Non-Hazardalswaste

lhnkrgroudStO~ Taks -Non-Waste

ContArm.-s -

Hazardcus Waste

CmprdkmiwEmirorxrentalRespme, carpen-sation, arrlLiability Act(40 CIX 3a))

—

Clean Water Act -section 311(40 m 112)

ResxlrCe coll3et’va-tion Srd RecowIyAd - S&title C(40 CFR 264)

Toxic %b3tan~Control Act -Serfion 6(40 ~ 761)

Cqmhe=ivs13nvironnmtalF&3pm% caqlen-sation, *Liability Act(40 CfR XX))

Scor~e t* that rek= aryhazzmims suktance, gollutsnt orCcnltadm (ss de.fid wQZRCLA).

—

OIWbre facilltks withwukrgromd srorage capacitiesequal to or greater ttan 42,0UIgallml%

Contaim2B used for tk s~r~of harardms wastes (as definedly RCR4).

Cmtalmm3 wed to store I%Bs atammuxatio= of 50 ppn adatxve. C4mtainer msara ‘+%’**, call, bcctk, bag, krrel,dtu~ tark or otkr &vice.

Ccatainers that release styhazan.icus sub3~, Pllutant orcorltandnsm (as defil’xxl by(YXL4).

S-am as objective forhaz.mkms wwe landfillsumier G31UXA.

—

To emure tk integrity oftk tank.

To emure ctiaimm arencc kaldng ad spillcxntalrtn2nt system b net&terioratd.

No rquirau?ntse3tabllahEsi.

S- SS otjective forhszardms -te Iarrlfillsumier ~.

S- as raqutrcnmts for hazarrhs waste Iamifills Sam as requircnmts for hszardruswnkr CERCZA w~te Iamifilla wkr CEIKIA.

—

o No requir-s are establiskd for grcxnxiwater Not speclfiei.Ilulitoting.o The Spill Prtwention Coatrol ad Cantetneasure(~) plan mat dtscuw ~ovlskms for regularpressure teat@ ad for oke~atiom of tk facilityop3ration for upsets in plant &fltent dtsdargeawhich &d ~ an oil spill.

o No rquiraents are eatabliskd for grmndwater o No rquir.smnts are establiskdmlnilm’iq+ for goumkater nrmitori~.o Containers ad stor~ areas mat be Ir6peaai. o kpxtkm mat be coniucted at

Ieat weekly.

o No rquirexmts are establlskd for grmrrlwater o No rquirarmts are eatiliskri.Urslimrilg. o Imp.xtlons mat te cmrlucted ato (kntainas nust be inqeafxi for ledcs. least Om every 30 days.

Sare as rquir~nts for hazardms waste latiilk * as mqutrmmts for hazaniwmd= ~ wa3te landfills ul&r OIRUA.

I

S t atut o ry Definition Monitoring Parameters andSource Authority of Source Object i ve Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Containers -Non+azardawWaste

COntaiErs -Non-Waste

@en Burning andDetonation Sites

—

Federal Insecti-cide, Fungicide,am! Rmknt ictdeAct (40 CFR 165)

Rescurce Con5etv=tion and RecowryAct - Subtitle C(4o CFR 264)

Federal Insecti-cide, Flu@cide,and RodenticideAct (40 CFR 165)

(kmprehemiwEnvironmentalRespmse, CcapxI-satio~ mlLiability Act(40 m 300)

—

Pesticide containers.

@n htrni~ ad f~tonation &baste explosiws.

Own turni~ of mall qwmtitiesof cunbstible ~ticide cootairre= tkich held otganic or wtal-lo-or@c ~ticides (excepto~nic mercury, letrl, cabniun or

da).arsenic ccqxam

Si tea which release aq hazarckmssuktance, pl Iutant orcontardnant (as def Ind tyQIR~).

—— -—

See objecl ive for m3terials See rmui rants for materials stodpLles uxier FTFRA.stockpiles umkr FIFRA.

Regulation hsve n~ beenpraml~tecl.

Sare as objective forresickntial dk.pasal(hurid) under FIFRA.

S- as objective forbazardaIs wste landfillsode r CERCLA.

Regdatiom hiwe net ken prcnul~td.

Sa7E as rqui r~nts for residential dispx.al(huial) mder FITRA.

S=mE as raquire’rents for hazatdas waste L=mifil Lsuxkr (ZRCIA.

(

—

See rquir~nts for materialsstockpiles under FIFRA.

Regulation+ haue net beenpramlgated.

* as rtquirmnts for residentialiispxal (brial) under FIEXA.

SEXIE as rcquirenxmts for hazardmske.ste landf LLls under (XTKIA.


Rixliosctiw Atanic ET Act Geol@crepc&mrieaforhi$r To~uret&t~exhlcalDiqoaalSi@s (1OCFR6O level radioaaivewastea. de3@parmXemarec0rr

firmd ad to ensure thatmPPfiteaU~~t*ntoinfonllwddlargeaI-leededinlksigntoaccammdste actual fieLdamdlticm mccurered.

tiotik~~Act Dispsal sites for I.Orlevel To provide task (~ecper~

radioactiw wastes. tional) enviramrtal dataon tk site, to evaluatette potential tealth andetironrental inpacts &ritg construction ami opra-tion, ad to evaluste tklo~rm effects ad -dfor adtigatiw ~es.

At a minimm+ ~s shall be UAe of rock &- Not Spclfid.fonmtiora ard dlspkenent, &snges in rcd smcssad strain, rate ani loatlon d water itilw intoSutsurke areas, AsWes in gr~ter conditions,rd Pre pr~aurea includi~ ttme alag fraYure3ad joircs, ad tk tlvxmsl arri t&rm&enkal r-sporse & tte rock mas as a result d develqment ardoptzttiom of the ~logic r~imry.

o pr~ratioml mmltmirg mat prtide infonmtion o Not spxifid.abmt the ecol~, neteorol~, cl.i.uate, tyk.1~,&@ZY, etisw, ~ sei9dKgy of tk dispsalaite owr a twALw nonth ~riod.o Monimri~ &rlrg co5tructlon ad cperatlon mat o N& .s~d.fid.be cxipable of providing early uarnirg of releases ofraiioruclkles fron tk sitss &fore tky leaw tksite boundary.o Post-operational uordtorlrg system mat be W cm o Not spcified.tte operati~ hiamry ad ths cksure ad stabllizrtion of tk site arrl -t be qabk d prwiditg early warnirg releases of r.sdiorulides fran the site kfore ttey Ieae * site lxllndaq.

●

a

b

c

d

e

f

~

h

The nmitori I% requirements presented in the table are for ~rnitted facilities. EPA hsa also prcxrulgated interim status rtquiremnts for tbe facilities tich nust be met until a final;~nnit is issd. The interim stah]s nrmitorhg requi rents spxify tk imtal lation cf at le=t om qgraiient well ard three dcwngraiient wlls to detemnine initial baclgrcundc~centrat ions of @rtain paramters and to &terndne ~ther -te constit-ts haw entered the grcundwter. Cr-ter nrnitorirg requirements can be wiived by an aimr or qerator ifL&re is IW pxential for waste migration (EPA apprcwal cf the waiver is net txqoirei). See 4(I CFR 265.

The Federal Land Policy and t%nagerent Act (FVMA) of 1976 (P.L. 94-579) rqdres that pdlic lands & mnaged in a mnwr that will protect the qwilfty of envirormmtal values. In addition,t}ere are a @r d law regulatfrg certain activi ties on Federal lads. The mini% regulations are atturized @ bcth tk PLPM4 aml the spxffic mfnirg laws ad are ttus presentd togetherin this table. Note that regulations for the c2xtbernal Steam Act were redesfgnsted, with miwr revisions, as 43 CFR 3260 on sept. 30, 1983.

The requir-nts ~esental in this table are tl-e flealth ard Environmental Prccection $tardartis ~cnul~tcd ~ EPA (40 CIR 192, 48 FR 45926, Oct. 7, 1983 ard 48 FR 590, Jan. 5, 1983). The NRChas also pramlgated li02ming requirements for oraniun nrfll tailfnga (10 CPR 30, 40, 70 and 150).

I“aciliti= include tbe ergaged in drfl lfrg, prcxkci~, gatherfrg, storfrg, prcmssiqz, refinirg, t ramsferrfrg, distriktirg or corsumirg ofl ad oil prakcts. Oil is def id as ofl of arykind or in any foun, including tnt not limlted to ~trolsun, ftel oil, sldge, oil refuse, and oil nrbud ulth -tea other tlwn drdgd spoil.

Hazardas liquids include ptrolan, petroleum prdcts, ad atiydras STEIOnia.

Waste explmives include waste which has tk ptential to &tonate ad tulk ndlitaty wqellants w41ich cannft safely be dispsed of thrmgh other mocks of tr-tmnt.facilities have not been prcnulgated. Interim status reguktions for -n Eurnirg and &tonation do not establish gr cunduater mnitoring rtquircmnts.

Tbe requirements ~tsentsd are tbe establisbsd @ NRC for bigh-leveI rdfoactfve wastes; these rcquircmnts are pqnxd r q@atiom. See 46 PR 35280, July 8, 1981.propxd health and envircxnmtal standards. See 47 FR 58196, Decanter 29, 1982.

Regulation for pmdtted

EPA has akO pUb&kd

The rquirments pssentd are tkse establiskd ty NRC for l-level rdloactive waste sites. EPA is also txqufred to establish health ard ewirom?ntal stamlatds for SUA sites; stamiatdahave not yet ken pratulgated by EPA.

Scurce: Office cf Tecimolcgy Aasesa’ment.

E.3 MONITORING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY III SOURCES


Pipelines —HazardalsMaterials

Pipelines -Non-Haz.an.iaIsMateKhls

MaterialsTramprt ardTramfer@eratiom3—btlialsMaterials adwte

HazardasLiquidPipeline SafetyAct (49 CFR 195)

(lxnprehersiveEnvirommmtalReqrxt3e, CarPert3ation ardLiability Act(40 CFR303)

—

HazardaJs Fkterials Trans-portation Act(49 CFR171)

Pi@im uscxl to tramjpmth~rdmsliquids (includespetrolann, petrokwmprticts,and anhydrcua aumnia).

Pi@_ins that release aryhazardrus suktance, gdlutantorcontaninant(asdefimdbyCXRUA).

—

The transgnrtation cfh.zwardcus naterials andh~rdcus mste (ss defiti IyHMCA) by rail car, aircraft,vessel ad notor wtdcles @in interstate and fore@canmerce (ad motor vehiclesused to trarsprt h~rdmswaste in intrastate comrer~).

To emwe the integrily of tkpipeline.

o

0

0

0

To prtide preliminaryassessmmt of the mturead extent cf tk release.

To determine the smrce anddisprsion rf tte bzsrdcussukance.

TO &terndw tb name adextent of the problem.

To mmitor effect ivemss ofthe remdial action.

--

NO raquiramts establishalfor grcmdwter.

o

0

0

0

0

0

No req~d~nts eatablisld for grcumiwaterIIKlnitorirg.

All n6w pipelims or relocated, replaced orctherwise changed pipelfnes mat unckrgohylrmtatic teati~ prior to use.

Collection cf sanples minimized excqt insituations Wre there is an apparent risk to thepublic.

Not specified. Monitoring my be part d anmmxiiate rercwal.

collection dthe necessityaction.

Not s~dfid.State to cover

<fmfficfeu iofouwition to &teurdm‘or and pmpcaed extent of remdial

Assurane mat be ~cwided by thethese activities.

—

No requirtmmts establktd for grmoduater.

No requir-nts establistdfor grcumkter nrmltoring.

o Not specifid.

o Not specified.

o Not spdfid.

o Not s~cified.

—

No ra@rammts estsblishdfor gr~ter.

oI

IStatutory Definition Monitoring Parameters and

Source Authority of Source Objective Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Materials CcrrqX*miw Trampxt_reLataia xidents S- = objecti- for Szma rtquiremnts forpipdl~ mderCZIUIA. Sam2asr6quircsmmtsforTrarsprtad Enviromumtal, thatreleaae~hazardmaTransfer

pipelines unfix GiRCLA. pipelines urukr UIRCLA.RqxX13e, ccnl- suls~, pollut~or

Op2ratiom5 — pm.ati~d contaminant (aa defined lyHazardala Li&ility Aa ~).Materials ad (4O m m)W*te (Cmtirued)

source: Office of Teclnol~ tksessment.

I

I

I

I

1

426


Perdaticm dAaTosphericPollutants

Mining ardMlneDraina&? -Surface inning CleanWaterAct-

(seaion 208(40CIR35,Su@artG)

Fe&ralLandPolicytibMarEge-nentAct-Mineral-Auafl$ZZOandMaterial.aActd1947 (43cFR 23)

-u.s. u.i.ni~LalB(43cHt 23)

surface Minil’gControlardRecIamtion Act(30cFlt 816)

—

Mine-relatdamreaofpollutioniIICbdi~mheMdf fr~~,aaiw, ad atmdond surface admdergroumlndnes.

Mirdl’g cfmlnemlsaucha coal,p-w =wMt, 50diJMI,Potassluq sad, stone, grawland clay (cm Fe&ral Ian&).

_ of ~ne~ au~ = gold,si.lwr, led, iron and copper (onFedetal lads).

surface minhg of Coal.

—

No rqutrmmtsStabliahed.

No raqulremetiscstabliaheli.

No rqdrementse%tablishcxi.

—

No rqulrenmts est&dlsted.

DetermirM? tl-r? 11’lpcts oftie minim opatim m thehydrologic Mance withinthe petudt ard aijaamtarea9.

No mqutrmetis est&Listed.

No rquiremmts establiskd.

o Grcumlwater nnnitori~ plan mat be included in apermit application whih provides for ttv2 nonltirlngof paramtets that relate to tk suitability of tkgroudxater for mrrent ad ~rovd posmdnirg Laduses ad to objeaiws for protection of tte ty-drolcgic balarm. t+xitori~ site Iocatiors nust bespxifisi. Mmdtoritg is cariuad cku-i~ qeratiomad reclamation aclivitiea (orKil prfonrrame lxxdrelease).(ColXinled -t F%e)

—

No rquLremmts eatiliskd.

No rquirerents eatM.lskd.

No t-quirments e3tablisk.i.

o Gromdwater nrmltorlmg plan mustspecify pr-ters ad sanplingfreqmry.o At a mini- total dissolveddida or specifial comiuctan~(~~~ to 25”C), @i, total irm,taal uwgamse, ad water levelsstall b rmnitord.(Contimed next ~)

Stacucory Definition Monitoring Parameters andSource Authority of Source Objective Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

MiNIg and Mine surface Miniqg o kmirori~daparticularwa~rkarirtgstrarum o [email protected] tdcenalliDraina&- Controlami may beuaived tytkregulauxy adxxi~ifitcantze analyzdqmmrlyateachsurfaCe Mining Reclanationkt &mmtratedth4tit tinotasualum-se~ as titori~locattin. kldltional(Cotiinled) (30QIt816) ana@Terti~s @lficantlyen3ures tlelykolcgi.c nonitirirg ~1= required by the

(CcsdlWd) Ld=e d ths ctmulatike * area (tte area, irr ZWJISaXy axhxity.cludirg tte ~rmk m, within whi~ IIwas resul.t-irg frau tk prqmsed qeration may interax with tk~ d all amicipxed dniqg).

SUrfa!e Mi.nmgCunuol al-dRf!cLmEltl.cxl kt(40 m 874 ax’d875)

Mining ad Mine Clean Water Act -Dr- - section 208 (CFRUn&rgrand 35, sukpart G)Minirg

Lids ad -ter tich were nd~ No ~uiremnts(covers d mini% ~ mlnlcg of established.mlnerala SIXI rmterial.a otbr thancoal) or tich ere affected bystxh nd.nitg, WE@ tdca, pr~siqg or Ctkr nettO& prior toAug. 3, 1977.

Ftbrrdatd acurcea d pollution No ~uiretertsIncludltg IIILne mdf fran new, exablistEd.active, ad abadrmd surfax adulnkrgrcund mines.

Fe&ral H, Pol-

icy ~ M=Ex3E=m

- Mineral Leasiqg Mini% for minerals aurh a3 coal, Saue a o~ective forAct of 1920 d @=phate, W, _ aurke tiw &r ttssseMaterials Act of pt~~ sad, stow, gra~ k.1%7 (43 CFR 23) and clay (on Fe&ral lards).

- U.S. Minimg X mrg of ndnerala such ~ gold, S= ~ objectiws for(43 Cl!It 38UO) silwr, led, irca, ami ccppm (on surf= nd.nirg undsr tlwse

Fe&ral Iamia). I.zl@s

No rqdrem?ms establiabd.

No requirements eatd.istrd.

No rquiremmt s e%tallstd.

No rquiremmts establiskd.

Sam2 = reql.d narems for surface minifg mder tkae * m rquiM.

rtments for surfaceminirg urukr these laws.

Sare s requirements for surf- mi.nirg urder tkse W = requirenats for surfacek% ud.nirg undx these W.


Mining and MineDrair@? -Unckrgroumi Mining(bltinled)

Surfacem-iiw UndeLgrcudminimgofcd.c Sane as objectiws for Ssm2a3 rquirefrents forsurfacemini% under= %msasrquimrentsforsurfsceControlard surf-minirgund=$lfR4. mini~un&rWRA.IteclamtinAct(30CER817)

a 40(2FR 35, subpart G are tk regulations for S- grants for Water QusliV plannimg, ~,ad [email protected]. Altlu@ tk Clean Water Act is directd at tk protection of surfacewaters, scxlE states have chosen to irdu& groml&Ja ter quality pr~ars In tteir water qdity managment pla~. Such plan3 are required by the rcgulatiom to irdkate reco@tion thatgrmndwater srrl surf- water intermix.

b ~ F&rd lad pO~CY d ~nt @ (llRiA) of 1976 (P.L. 94-579) rquirea that public lards be _ in a mnmr that will protect tk qdi~ of enviromxental values. In ddition,tkre are a nunker of k regulating certain mining activities on Fdzal lards. ‘he mining regulations are authorized ty both the FIPM4 ard ttx? specific ndnirg laws ad are presentedtcgetter in this table.

c Applies to surf ax effects of txrkgramd minim+

SCurce: Off ice of Tednolcgy hsesment.

E.5 MONITORING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY V SOURCES

Statutory Def i nit Lon Monitoring Parameters andSource Authority of Source Object ive Design of Monitoring Syatem Sampling Frequency

Production kklls-Geotkmal adHeat Recovery

Pmductionkku.a -kk+ter supply

Cttkm Wella-knlitoriqg Wella,~te

Other Wella-ExploraticmWella,NotH&3te

Comtruction-tion

Feieral brdPolicy and~enent Act-Geothermal steallAct(30cFR270andlIllC@rrtionalOr&rNo.4)a

—

F=ieralIimrlPol=icyarKII%nsgetAct -MiIEralIeasimktof1920aniMaterialaAct of 1947(40cFR23)

CleanWaterAct -Section209 (40CFR35SIJ@ti G)b

wells usedf!y?othenmllamb)

—

—

fort&&velqmentstean(onFe&ral

do

o

[email protected]~ratiomare cmxiucted in carr@Lance with regulationand or&rs.

Exploration wells used in mtr&g No rtquirensntsoperatiom for mkra.la such ~ eatabliahed.cd, pb~ asphalt, sodfun,-~s d, s-, gravel,alxi clay.

Camtruction azivi~ relatai to o Determine the inpact damrcea of pllution. the acmxe.

o

0

Data mat be collecttd for a pxlod cf at lat one o %eclfkd Ixpar prior to pduction. - &tbrity &No spxtfic rqulrerents for pita ad atrpa. Rgw &la.latl~ atate tkt mnitotirg of envkment al

the use d aerial sLu--@-hiYJs ~~specifid on a site-

—

—

the regu.bmrya sit-pacific

No KEqulrtlmmts establlstd. No Kequlmnents Estilisted.

o0

No spziflc ra@remmts e3tabliskl. o No re@~nts fstabliskrl.Graxrikater nonitorirg can be urkrtakn by a Stateif ~tabliskd as a ~iority in tb State’s atmalW* pgran sulxdtted to ~A.

a Note tkt regulations for tk? Geatwnd St- Act were mkdgnated, with minor nsvisiom, as 43 CFR 3260 on Sept. 30, 1983.

b 40 ~ 35, %- G are the regulations for State grants for Water ~ty p-%, ~tj ~ Inph@ntation. Althmgh the b khter Act la directed at the potectl on of atiace=teB, aam? States ham den @ iti granimter qdity ~cgram in rkeir water qtdity msmnt plarm Swh plan3 are rquired ty tti regulations to irdlcate -tion thatgrcurkaters and surface hater interudx.

E.6 MONITORING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY VI SOURCES

Statutory Definition Moni tori ng Parameters andSource Authority of Source Object ive Design of Monitoring System Sampling Frequency

Gramdheter— Clean Water Act —Surface Water section209 (40Interactions GFR35, Subpatt

G)a

Natural I&Ichir?g ReckmMonAct

Salt-wterIntrusion

CleanWater Act —*ction 208 (40CFR35, SubpattG)a

@astalaneMa_nt Act

Intennixirg d gramdwter adsutface wter.

Naturalsaltde*itsaffecting titganxisatersupplies.

Sak=4ater inttusion intorivers, h, and eatmrieareaultirg fron reduction dfreatu3ter flow fran any -eincludirg grauxkiaterextraction.

Sal-ter intmsion

Determine the inpct d tkSa.rce.

No rquirtmnts establishai.

sme as objective for vmnd-Wter=zmrface wter inte~au iom mler CM.

o

0

No specific rquirammts established. No requiramnts estab~slxd.

Grctxrkter nmitoring an be tirtaken by aState if establislxd & a lxiofity in tk State’santi wrk progrzun sutmdtted to EPA.

No rtqutnsnmts establisld.

Sam 65 rquitxnmts forinteractions *r iX4.

No raquimmts eatablishd.

grmndwatenurface water Sane as requirements forgrcumhatemurface interinteraction @r Cl&.

No rcquiralmts establistwd. No requirammts establislwid. No rqrlrments eatablistd.

a 40 ~ 35, s&part G are tk rcguli+tio~ fir State grants for Water Quality Plannhg, %~~nt, ad I@enentatiou Altts_x@ the Clean Water Act is direcmd at tie protection cf surfacewters, acme States have rhmen to inchrie grcndater quality program in their inter quality ~t P~ns.

Same: Office & TechnolW Aaaesant.

Appendix FCorrective Action:

Technologies and Other Alternatives

F.1 TECHNICAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE APPLICABILITYOF CORRECTIVE ACTION ALTERNATIVESa

(kxxiition Containmmt Wittdrawtl T-tnent In-situ Rehabilitation Fklqylmnt optiors

Af@fer ~Unconfind/per&edPartially amfinedConfidH~Notinmgemms

Saturation ConditiomUnsaturate zomSaturated zone

AH cuntalament measures desigmd to limdt or haltthe lateral migration of cmtanimnts (e.g.,slur~ balls, sheet pile, ge onemrnhram amof f, clayatoff ) mat be tied into a naturally occurri~horizontal straam of 1- permeability to beeffectiw. Eaae of construction/excavation willdeperd on quifer ~pe ad @ol@c aettitg.

Hydradfc brrie~ are ml qkkable in tmaahwatdzme. Clay cutdfs are not comumly spplid in satu-ratd zow &case &wateritg would he rquirddutlrg imtallation. Otherdse, saturation cOndi-tior6 are - limiti~ for t~ use & ctialrrOEnt mthoda.

Ef feuivemas & rmstbdsdepm& on degree of norr-~9’, Calpldty,ad in psrtiadar,hydnulic contiguity ofthe ~utfer.

Indlr-. CotxiiciorE de-termine applicabilityimofar as before t~t-llent can be applied,grmrrihater mat be with-drtwn and tramported toa surface treatmnt tnit.(see ldttrlr~).

~i~ ad grari~ dr.ruim Indirect. Carxlitiom deage are not applicable in tetndne applicabilitythe msaturatd zone. Gas imofar as before trea~writing is not appli~le nent can be applied,in the Ssturatd zone. gro.uxiwater must be wftlrOtherwise, saturation con- dram ad tramported toditiom are W I_imitirg a smfao2 tmtmnt tnitfor nettmds. (see Wlthdr=il).

Althcugh renrwal of un-saturated zone bater isnot ~actical by pmpingor gravity drainage,soil ad umaturatedzone ~ter ccmld be -Cawited ad tl-@Mted trytechniqws not requiringthe wter to be entirelyin the liquid phaae(e.g., air and steanstripping, c+wndcal and

Aquifer type may be mjor lindti~ factor PcaEs no comtraintif not reconfined/perched and ~. on appli-bifity ofEffectivemss of Mologld ad clmnical lletlmck.degradation is depencknt on abillty to in-ject, control, ad wittdra r~ents, tthi~may be difficult or iqractid in non-kIV@EOM aquifers. Effectlvemss of na~ural prmceas restoration and inter tabletrljustmmt is constrained in cmfined, prtially confined, ad ~S ~~fe~.

Saturation corditiom am mlikely to pose Pc6es no comtraintmajor comtraint on applicability of on applicability ofmetbck. Effect fvemas of degrdatlon nettmck.nethcds may be restricted to use in theUrtaatmratd zone (e.g. , if deperdent onaeroMc coalitions).

Mological &toxlfiatioo).

(hd.ition Containment Witldrwal Treatment In-situ Rehabilftatfon went Optiom

FIw SystemHsture d flew systan is important in dmice d Flew systcm ~nerally

scow tectmlogles. U9e of =tlxxk in recharge ~Mschqe

~ - no fmjOr teclnimlrequire axre foun & turface water control to prewent Coc6trairts on metbck.

Dqtho+up to 20M&r 2thI

-7-<1O(XI

J

up to 0.1up m 10Over 10

the cmtaind area frcm filling ad cnerfloulrg withrdarge water. In diti~ atws, mdetdraingemay be rquired lxilow Iimm to dissipate upliftuplift paslres.

Depth k major Ut@ factor for cretbcb, in largepart SIi13ing frcfn equiplent liJdtations. Practid&ptt6 fir material tarriers till ~ry aroqg imiivi-dual teclmlogies tut are ~ally in the vicinityof 2Qu. kidle tedmidly fezwible. ge-ly little

H~r, Wet-lewdfluctmtiom (e.g., dueto !Xmsmal ‘a5.ations)that can d-mrge the rateor direction of flew,lakage arotg layem innulti-lapr flcu system,ad dwllalrd migratingflw system p aidi-tionsl lmertainties.

Depth IDSeS no rmjor tedrnid cO@Xaints Ullessexczwation ia rquird(e.g., gratity drainage,excavation). Excavation

exprience has been @&i at deptis-greater- than 2Ckn co3ts increase rapidly at(one Ome@on is sket piles uhicil qpear praicalto dqtha of a).

Wile areal exterc in itaelf ~es no technicallindtations, the use of aaterial lnrriem tendsto be w~~~ reatrictd to a= less thanId; Sxceptiolw iml.lrie S1

2tzllls (up to

10 d) d Iimls (up tD 0.1 ). Experiemewith oth =tbds tends to be li.mtted to U-ds

Jof O.l , ex2

t hr natural cmainnmt whichcan exceed 10 m% on site corxlitiona.

deptl-s greater than abmt5m ad wry rapidly grea~er * sbcut 2QD. Armli-

Irxiirect. Corriition * Flew system is net a major constrsirt. H-termlnes appliubility ever, in recharge ~, CIegrsdatimimofar =“ &fore tr&&Uent can be applied,grmndwater raJst be withdrwn ad trsnspotied toa s@- tredllErE U’lit(see Uithdrwal).

ability of gravity &ainzgeis linited to abwt 37 m.

Irdirect. Cxndition &terndm applicabilityimofar & before tres&nent can be applied,gmndklster mat be withdraal and tratqmrted toa surface t~nt u-lit(see WLttlir==l).

Mile areal extert in ie Indirect. &xdition &-self pea no tedmical termLnea applicabilitylimitation, little expe~ in30far tm before trea&ience has &n gained vzlth -t can be applied,

Jnettods n ~ a9 laLgeas 10 .

gmrrkater U1.lat be with-dram ad tramp-ted toa surface tnit (seeWlttxlrti).

r~ents may be difficult to -rol afterinjectiorq this is of partiailar concern ifr~ents are in themelws cortxmtinsnta. Indischarge areas, =ter table aljustmnt istypically uore difficult; natural prommeanay britqg amtanimnts to surface tierbode%

Oepth is likely to cca’Btrain q@WXbilityof degradation tedniques; there is limitedexperience with degmdation Mm &t 5mml it ia not likely to be practid belcw2Ch temse & cortrollabili~ problem.

Ard -ent is likely to comtrain mpli-dKlity of all uethmia tie of con-trollabi.li~ factors (except natural pro-

3-s bilitaton) to areas lms th’110 tut little experience tmilable.

Generally paes nocomtraint on appli-ahility of mttlxk.May be inportant forutXlitoriIg Optiom.

Poses no constrainton ~limbility ofnlXtrXk.

Poses m tedmicalcomtraint on appli-cability of mettmkltut large areas(e.g., greater than0.1 h?) my pacti-dly restrict use.

Cu-dition COntainnent Wittdraal l’reatnmt In-sibJ Rehabilitation ~nt Optioml

‘g’5~3

Wile voluue d cmtaninstd grmndwater in itaelfup to 1

Ypea no tedm.ical limitations, the use of netbdg

up$

lln3 is ~a

idly reatricttd to WJlums less than>1 n? 1 k2mae of cost ccmiderations. Exception

include slurry MIS, geownbranea, am! limxs forvhich expxience has ken @ned .pwrds to IC#a?.Volmes mabrally corcaird will &peml on siteOJnditiotml.

Wile volum d contd-nsted grcarxkater in Ipself pses no rmjor tedrnical limitations, littleexpel’lf%lce has been $&Idwith nethock for volgreater than sbmt 1n.All exception is WMxlriwaleriuumment which sppeaxEpractically applicablefor voluma only up toabaJt ld.

Indirect. Corxiition &-ternlnes applicabilityimofar ~ before trea&Irent can te applied,grmndwater nust be with-&am and trsmported toa surface treatmnt tnit(see Withdr*). Feasi-bility of netltxk iS di-rectly relatd to designflow rates rather thanWtis.

While vob d contmhated gramduaterin itself should pme no tmjor teclnicallindtatiom, ttrme is little experiencedeali with wlures ind

excess of Sbalt1 (except for natural proo2sa =storstion). Righer wl.wes cculd lead tocmtrollatlili~ probh.

Posea m tedulimlcomtraint on vplic!+bili~ ofmethods bt largevelures (e.g. ,great r than,&) T pr-tid.ly restrictuse.

Coalition contairm?nt Withiraml ‘rreament Itraiti RehaMlitati.on Mal’@&rent optiot6

Predcndn9nt&ologic SettbgSe!diaemary Geo43y is mjor Mmltirg factor If rocks are sdi-Cryatalline -ry or ctyatalline. ‘lhe ~ of tipcasme-grained ti&Is, etc., poses diffimlt excavation @Area

for m3t nettxxfa (excqtiom include hylralicbarriem ad grmtirg, the latter also belrgdepxrknt on fracture ad/or adsorptive daracterirtiia of tb rcxk). Coan3egralnd mteriala~rally pme no I.lndtationa, except for nsttmlcontalmmt. Flregraind mterfda restriduse of gmticg, I@rdic taniem, and sheet pilea.

Gecd43y is a major li.nrLt-ing factor for certainm?tlrxk. In gmeral,areas d hl@ transml=sivfq my reder with-Ctmml qtiom Iqcetid (be to hfgh fluidhadlitg rqriremmts.(i) only gradvdrainage ad ~ Writingare @nerdly mcm-Straind by the ~

Imiired. @riltion ~ Effectivemas d metlm& in ~mral will Pc8es no ccmtrtitemlma applicatdlf~ &ptrl on site comiitiom. Firm=gm&d on qpllcabf.lity offmofar a before trea& msteriala kMctl Ccmtrain fllw Ccrtml ad netlxxb.Ilent can be qplied, == of poor ~ or he~Q wgmnlklter nuat be Witk Sdwsdy affect metbko Nm-hauEmmsdram ad muEqxmed to areas may not all- for sufficient cont4mXa mx-face treatmm mit betweem reagents ad Ccrtmil’metl rmteriala.(see Wkhdr-).

of Sedbnutry or crystal-line Llx3q applklbilityof other nethoda *on nature of fracturesystem and other femmeaof the I#oglc fonmtion.DUxwtion la not f&nePally appliable in sedi-mentary or crystallinerock. (ii) (kla~llateIiala g$!nerally pse nolidtations except for uith-Clrd mhmcemnt, whichdepelmk on features d thegsologLc forlmtion. (iii) un-Cumolfdateil, film?grainedaateriala of lat7 pelmaalxilityrw3trict effectiwsna s ofP4@3 ~ li?tity Chinage;only exmwation can proceedulthmt omjor cfxstrdnt infi~ ~tefi~.

Carriiticm Contailuent Wftl-draml ‘n-eahrent Irr@m Retmbilitatim Mamgale* Optiolt?

ClinateAir tarfx3ratureBe.lcu freds0° to 200cAbove Zo”c

RainfallEvapotrampirationgreater than preClpitetinn

PredpitationgraXer than cmpo-trampiration

specialComtructionOXBideratimls

MetM rqdri~ ccmtructiodexmation canmlbe perfomd efficiently dutirg pride khen thegramd is frazen.

Metlrxis re@rl~ ccmtmction ad/or excavation ~quire surface kmter controls if peclpltationemeeck evapotransptratiorb Ibnron ad runcffcontrols ad stiace seals are essential for slurryUaL1.

Bmkf3mnt of tarriers (e.g.. nenhmes d Iimrs)

Urxler frmen comiitiom,P@% ~ gravity draiw~e rquire spdal swface hsl’riling procedlmsfor fluids in m-taincases* DZmWltion is&ten not pactid.

Rairfall is generally neta @or lidting factorfor nethxk. Excavationmy require surface vatercortrols if ~ecipitationexceed evapotrampirirtiol%

sp.xially da3i@ed equi~-.hm rida asmdatd with barrier dsmge rkirg hard- nmt ad nateriala areI.lrg and imtallation. Specially designed quipmnt rtquired for wlttdraalis mfxied for ahny ~11 com3truction uslxg a erhncanent.vibrati~ bean. T&re is dffficul~ in ottaini~ntefifght Irterlo&s with sheet pilea.

All treatrmt fad.litieamat be protected (i.e.,heated) in tenpratiesbela freedrg. InSddltiw IW talper&turea (e.g., 0°-200C)serlcusly Iape.ir air adstem Stlippiw (wda-tl.lity redwed) and bio-logld trelx!forlmtima(rate ~) if hnteris alao aud to *craxtw in taqerature.

Imifrect. Ccn’ditbl’l *ternd.nea appllcaixilityimofar as before tree&Uent can be applied,

Teqeraturts bekw freezitg rcqdre qecial Pcaes no comtralnthsdling POCedues for @@Xanta end for on qpllcabillty oftte pctectlon d pipirg; Wter table Iretllxk.aijustaent may be fmibla, depnciirg onaite comtltiom. I.uJ tenpereturea racerates of *cal am! Holo@cal t~fonmt~on.

I&Mall is ~otably not a ccmtreint in Pcaes no ccmtrai.ntgereral tut cculd be dependi~ on site on epplldility ofcorkl.ltlom. Applicahll.iV of natural. re- llBtl’KXk.habll.ltation may be Mmtted if natural re

grmndmter mat he wittr huge is Mmitfd.dram and tremprted toa surface treaatnmt uiit(see $tMdmal).

B@pmmt aire is detez- - to injectmind @ flm rate ad is rqllmd.nature atxl -t ofContaldna’lts b be mWved. Scptd.sticatedcontrols are rtqsired forultrafiltration. SemL-peruanent equipuent isrequired for air andSt- Strippf%.

re@J?nts into the soil Comtruction curSilk~titXB vary de-pel’xtilvg on suchfactors as availabil-ity of akernativeacur- d tinter,avallabilfQ oftransportation/dla-tritutionldeliverysystan, and natureof the acurce ofCaltadnation.

cacaIdnsrKTypesdCastration bmd.oam category pmea mjor cuBuaint on

@icaMliq of Sam Iletklds. antaldmnespecific evshtiom will te rquired to amm’eCmnpatibility of maldlMnt(at high ccmO?nUs-tiors) ad ptyaica.1 tarder mmxlals. Armmtlc

w~ ad otkr datllfs (e.g., datllehskgem) are least aumsble mcoltdmelx Uettnda.C&uxally, if -dnsntsare of I.cwconomttatfm,tk ~ d @ntdlMm my lb% be critical.N@cdynantc controls & na depeni cm mald-nsrK type,Ssamd% no ~is e. “ktmrril.ing ard dlspasl & anyexmwltd UEterialsCalld ititino? tl’x? use d this Option.

Based on Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc. , 1983.

Conwtsion fa2tom:.30S x feet to ohsin oetern (m)4047 x ares to okdn sqtnre aeters (~)2.S90 X SqUIKe miles to oksin =P=re Ml

3tam (km?)

.02a x ctlblc feet m Okain cubic Ueters ( )

%x=: Office d TedmdcgyAs32asmrK .

Llmltatlm-a plx?d ty oJn-

taldnmt ate$pry ‘Jay

J=rq specific m?tti.GeO&mdstry ad tikrtiated factors thataffeti ptitiml~ &CmtdnWX belween th?soil, e srd taterIlsy affect efficiencyof bcth ~tiad pq)irg IMklda.HalrUlng d disposal &~ted rmtedala ad=lDclated -~cculd corstrain tk weof this Optkcb Witlr&aml erhnc6mt isq?plidle only to or-gsnirs. Relativelydllme ~tratiom?- ~mi@Yless cm= ferfive toW*

Cawdnam Czm3@ty LimLtatiom posed LyCultaldnarc category~Y P-= ~PO- -tir c-maim on vary aung specific metimk Au mdmds are@kablllty of netlnd3 genemlly applicable m Otganics. Effect-~ a n y Iretlmd tenk i~s of hinter tble dj~tmt arri nseto addre3a spxlflc con- ural promas relaxation is vev mtadnam~ -fi- speclfic ad cmld k Llmltesl (e.g., if carTTeameIK is also llmlted taDinamXare smcxgly adsortd or in sep-if UdJmra of ~- srste fluid phsae8). Dqyarktion -lmds areUS&S are preaea ad If test suitd when sirgleCotXadnmta areconmttratiom are ~ F=. Biological ~s&ulm ~rn@ wf.dly (discod’lU-applimble ally to certain Catqgorks &asly) wer tine. No ‘ti~a ~ 9’Pi~Y ti net effid.e= forIKetlDds are avalbble ccmxUxatlon3. No &grdatti =ttodfor scxE @ml@cals qp= w~~k KO @m@= No ExImd(viruses) S!d rzxMXU- 1s @i@Me to Kaiionlclides.Clilks (Iittk exp?rkno?with treatment). Treat-m?.nt coma are also sen-Sitiw to -S al’d UJ1.uueof Imterial to te treated.Rate d process is Mmkedtylou ~iom.

Commairc 00

[email protected] ofmthxb. Appwa-tility d ID?ttmbis depimk!lt onpublic prqtlonsbmt tb nstu-e andseverity of tk!~bltm

F.2 NON-TECHNICAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING THEAPPLICABILITY OF CORRECTIVE ACTION ALTERNATIVESa

CaI-ditlal Cmtalmert

Envlrome=al/mclal Major pot-ial side-effectsside-effeas are axmztated with the

CcrKiru!d preeem dpa@ble k- ofCaXand-s. Cku’gea togr~ter flm ptternacad also hale diaruptiweffeas on tk envirometi andotkr users. Surface dis-trlncea wall-d te Calaei tyuetti rcquirirg coratrueticm. Noise, air pllution,ttific, etc., my ocmrdmirg comtrual.on/ogertrtion. In aans cases, effectsawxxiatcxi uLth dlapceal ofexalvatxd rmterlala q besl@ficant.

Laborca13i&ratlorE

T1-e ccostructtiiratallationd Imterial tarriers terria torquire skilled profeaaioda;qerational requirem- areminiml (ad wmLd relate toperfonmnte IlulitoKllVg).Otter ruXbda rquire minimllabor, ad aklll rtqutrentwtsare variable. Only t@rai~nad.c lxmiers in this-V -*1Y hSW laborre@reumts duriqg operationtbt are in ddition to mm-labor Imensive unnitmlng andSUpetvistio

Witktrad

T~ ww= of Withdrwal isto redute commdnant~ntratiom In tkSUtSUti&= bt th?re cculd bermjor potercial aide-effects.ZKXtated with tte SUrfSU?disposal d Wittdralm CY3rrtadnarcs (or Uw3td rdd-uala). Additional *Spsible fran pmping ad-V drm are relatedto alteration of grctnxkaterfkw ptterm (e.g., Iur@of the wmer table anisaltwater intrusion). Noise,air @.utlon, traffic, etc.,my ocaIr dJrirg tulstructtioperation.

Metbda are generally labol-imemive ad rqulre skilledprc&eaaionala duriqg wnstruetion/ln9tallatlolX op!nationalrqulremnts Gem.1 to k mn-latmr intetr3iw tat stfflrquire &llled pmfeasionala.

‘rreatm?m

Pcsaible si&-effects arerelatd to tk trarsferral of-antmuts to tk atm-Sptwe. Disposal d Uw@lentbypraiucts ( lntludi~ solu-ticm frcm rqperation) cculdalso have dwtae effectsdepti~ on diapmal nettidnaen.

Metlmda are genendly labox-i-miw ad require aldlledprr&ssionala durlrg cm3trw7ticm/im3tallatione Oper-ational rqulremnts are~rally non-labor inttmi=,tut tilled prufeaaionals arestill rqulred. @w acqtionis Molcglcal &roxification*& has Ulotimmiwoperational nqukesnxts.

h-aim RehaMIitx.ion

Major side-effeas are a3ao-dated with the paertial forr~ttim kween ~sused in degahtion nakcbad tl’l? hydrqgeolq@c elNirul-fnent (e. g., resulti~ incatauL~ reald@a). For=ter table aiju9txent, aide-effects uay result fran bothraising the tater table (e.g.,flcxxtirtg d eaels, Mfields, or basenetis) andberirg th water table(e.g., kee flm altmaticnsad effects on Ala).Natural P-sea are ala,ad * ride exists tktcorcaninattin will qxeadfurtkr.

Degdation nettrxia are~rally non-~r imemiwht *clally trti t--Calpermnnel are r~tied formtructiodlllltallath.Water t~~ sdjwmm Islabor inten3ive In ItsComtl’uuladimtalktti taltnorrlakr inten3iw in its~ratti% Sidlkd ~rsonnelare ~tir~.

Major potertial envirotmrxlalaml mdal side-effectaimlwi? disruption of rrXIQile ptterm, disruption ofecmmdc activlq, publiccon- cofiirued ~esmce &ad potelxlal Spedim ofco~~s, ad kslth rika(e.g., if cmtzmdnams are narenoved ad/or -ted). Pa7slble emrirornvxtal ad aodaldlsrqxion ~canpmy earo?rawval.

Labor rquiremlt aqbymttcd. Mettoda are gnerallyncmlabor imemiw? duringColtm-uctiodimtallatmskilled peraolmel are oftennet esimxial. Oprathslrcqui~ s are oftenndnlnal.

Comntlon

Safety twml.ckratima Pr~~ rquiritg tkfor wotkers remval of comaninated

u8terial (e.g., amtructionauivitiea) xqdre specklhdlirg ad safe~ pre-CaJtlom.

Tim requir~ unforeseen geotechnlcalCodMDna, Ccnplex tydro-geobgy, ad extert ofcortamhntion are mjorf ~ozs in &tenninlrg timefor cmn5tmzion/im3taHa-tiow Tiae for &a@ is~rally kss than um mrtha(gralcilg SrKi hydrallic tat-riera my req.dre qmrda oisix rumth). ~ for con-struction is ~rally am tosix uo~ha for tarrier mXlmiasrxi unkr W mntha for otternetlxxk. Tkre are miniual* rquireuxcs chulmgoperd.on.

Withimal

Drill.lrg Sctivltia? prcduceaxwminatcd nmedala drqdre special hsndlil’g--” The haldlil’g ofCaltmdnated excavatiuateriala pma a aericuaMJuLtation m tk E ofexcavation. LaLmr rqd.re-mXKs gelwllly i~ sth? du#Xa pcsd ty conttmd-nsms increax?.

Hydr~lc# ad 6cte adnsture of tomdnation aretmjor facto=. Time fordEsign d Commldordinstallation are earhtypirdly lels than six=k. Excavatim uziy tskeas long as me ~ depndingon meal extent ad depth of~tlon ad ~tence &strucau=, e.g., utilltie3.operation of pllqlirg UEy takew Y-* %=~% ~ t~extent of Comantnatlcm,W-w, d ckgree dc-p to te tievdo

TTeaUlel-c

-e to comadnarcs mremit frau reahiualshariling, Volatization, adtiter factors. For ewmple,in ah s~s ‘Jo~@=cmld k introduced htO tkatmqi-ere.

Tlm for &al@ la t@callybs than six mxths. Tinefor ccmtruction/lmtaUaUonis typically lms than sixmxzk. Design ad udordelivsry are @or tineaideratiom. Tinerquiremxts for operati~ theSyamn &peld on CutaldnamVPf% Cono?ntratlon lew?la,SId perforuame w.

11’mitu -Iltation

Safety comidx-atlcm cad.d bSisific- if tb tal’dli~ ofmterfala tit are potemlallyreactive is rqd.red.

Degraistion mtbds arepo3aitde elthm to &a@ orconstruu/instaLl within Sbaitone mxth if carumdnams arefaaili-, akwhe, thrqrlmmts cadd bel~r. Water tabledjuatnent ~~ andcusUuctlon/in3tallatlm areea~ on th or&r of sixmrchs, bt Lmh@mmedthsystem ouer the lo-m larqdrd.

%fe~ cuwideratiom vary~ opticm. For exiqde,ttey CaJld be Iqorte forIuxllmtiqg activities.CUUxXll aLxXU WJrlcels lausually wel13hlK&ed bclxmern to protect tlx! @Ucnrme ~rally.

Tlm rqui~ ‘=Ybo@o~ ttmry are ~rallyless than six mntk b forde3~ ami comKrudon/imtallation. Lug led UllE?aq be required in safe ~,e.g., for deA.q~altermtive Supplills andiqlemmt~ Wthtisorles. Termlmtion/limitation of quffer use adpurlllaae of Sltem9tiwesqd.lea are often used for arqdd =- reaprs2.Imltitutional cnlEi&ratiomcculd cOmK&n thdyinplemaltamn dmnlyllerlnds.

L.-lif40N

oI

coIP

I

Condltlon

C@t comickrationa

CaKaiment

Principal factors &terndrdqgC03tS til.u& &@h to grtiwater wotandnation, arealexcent of mntaldnaticln to be-aid, geadmkal carditiom, ad type of cotiallL-Mrus. GntairnmK Uetiare ~rally @talircel-6ilR2 during mtrurtion/imtallatiom OpsxaticmalC@ta are generally Udnilmlexcept for natural ~trumt(e.g., analysis) ad hydrticbrrier opticm. Replacementccsta are likely to kincllrmd. * Cox of f.min-tainillg surface seals used Inconjtmtion with slurry wallsis Si$yificant.

Perfonmnce Vlra-vls Ccatalnrent r=ults in tktte contimed pr=nm Contiti ~em of colXald-Of Contandruults -S ti tk SUtY3UtfaCe with

th paential for furt~rndgratfon (e.g., via -).

Witkhwa.1pn~~ f~tO~ deterndrdrg

ats include depth to grami-wXer cauandnation, voluue ofcontaminated grodwater to be-d, .gwxtid di-tiom, Svailatdliv of dispc6al amilor treatnentfacilities, arslhydrcgeolcgy. GerrXally,these mXtmda are capitalIlml!miw durirg mtruetidiIT3tallation. Sptmq~~s UEy @ ~ &selectively replaced dqendlngon le~th of tim d systemopmati~ dwawiae, op2ra-tfonal co3ts are gewratlyOdnilmal.

Wittdrwal per se results inthe comlrmd preaenre ofccntauinaKKs which aretransferred to ctterenviroammtal nedi~ -r,w.ithdrwal netkda aretypically used in conjtmctionwith treatuent.

Traarent

Ptinc@I factors &ternd~co3ts tilu& flew rates adaystml capacity, comentrationad tyfea of contimdnams, andplant dealgn. Coats areWY variable EnuX$g treat-nent qXion9; tk met cQ3tlymsttcds incluck rewme~i% ion ~, ~electcodialyais. HcaEtreatnent tits (at point-of-erxi use) are also catly.

Treammt haa the potetiial toresult In the cortitipreaem of contauinarmthrcugh tkir ~ible tramfer to ottrx ewframmtalMa (e.g., air); aidltimalCaltaldnalts my also kintroduced (e.g., treamenttyprcducts). I@mvalefficLenctea of =ttmda arevariable.

In-situ ReMdlitation

Prhclpal factom &temdnitgcmts inclu&: the size dsites SXli * arx.i o2rrerKra-tbn of commdnams for~adatlon msttmds, ad tk-nt of tk aysten amid-mation of cpxatlon forwXer table adju3tumt.

TtEse Iu3ttrlda result in ttl?~fsm~ d tramfbrudcortauinarcs in tk sutmrfaeto@tkr with (spnt) tra-fomtion agents.

OPticm

cats vary - qtlom; th?ycculd imti& ~~SreLated to etior~ , pro-Vidirg @d.ic infonmtion, and-rgerq reqomes.

Th?se m@’oda often result inthe cotiinued ~esena ofCcmtaldnaas In tk Subaurfewith tk pttertial for futtterndgration.

Gn-untlon

DEsi.gn life adCQeratiorlalrqxiremnts

Ilmitutimalmideratiom

DeaigI life d mterialharrier cxxxainlsm aystera isf Mite kc a yet lxialmal.Lor4g remrKk d expXkKe aregenerally lackirg hlt designlife terrkl to be 2040 yearsfor tpplbttlora m Involvirg~~s. Replacaent wbe ~mmlly rqdred mleasbrriera are cmpled withWittrirdltreatue m. uydro-- C =11’llques Ilu3toperate perpetually to isolatecomahmm, raquiri~pefiodic Well/pulp replace-mmt. Tect@~ for mmqgingsurface rtsX&f can IEqldreml-e frequmt lml~ tknImdergrod Structure.

IrEtiLutioKMll all’BlderatioI-6IXlu& the - of lardacross d tte preaew offacllltiea ad structures attk cxlmtruaion site.

Wltl-dralza.l

only exavatim is penrawft.DesisI life d ahr uettmdswill vaxy ad a ccarimmati~/=@=== *ule wculd be rqutrd. Fluidulthirzwal mttnda ctuld havelag CQeration d Imintenam.x!perifnk (e.g., for highlyattemated -ardnarts).

Water @ma ~ myrestrict the use of ~rg.Otkr com~r~ irm21u&tlw avdlabll.ily of dlaposalalternati~ for wittxlrammadmma Srd ttx? eae dlad x-s.

aBased on Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc. , 1983.

%uroe: Office d Tedmolcgy ASSSSSae=.

‘rre3meIK

Typically, &a@ life is15-30 -IS for equipentotkr than mmbrama (@ Iskas thsn 5 pm). Excep-tions iochk filtration ard~=@@Ql% khirh hme ad6s* life & 15 yearn tutvhich also require norefrq~~ filter regemration.Hare Ulits are plxle to&terial grmth ad rqulrecareful =i~. Ikta arena avallkble m eva2uateultrafiltration sine thislletbd & ken cperatiollalonly Aalt 4-8 yvmi. In-, w~ Ml ~reqired at th etrl of da3ignlife if commtm+rts resmin.

A major cmsl.deration involvestk avaihbillty of altermrtivea for th diapcaal offxeatnent rcd.duea.

h-situ Rehabilitation

De@q life is nfX typically aMldtatlon. (use of madlineqor twisni~tmaneft mttuctlonntKeriala are not ~rallyrqdrcd.)

R4@~rY awrwal w krquired for tk injedon &degradation qlxs.

&* life is - alwys allnitath. %cE@olmildulk purdl&31rg dalternative !llPplia andpointXd+eml use ~thich bah teti to k StK)~term (Ie3s thm 5 y2ara). Inaddl.tion, tb perfonmnm dpoi~ U@ tr~udts has &en Ianmm to shiftdrauatltally cwer tinwDevelo@rg al@trntiwsu@iEs my have a &a@We U- CE 50 pm. ‘l’hedess life & ~paltmaauXK facllitiea la~y on tk oxler d20-30 pars.

A witk ra@e d imtitutionalcomi&mtions my arlaedepemll~ m th? C@Dn ardid.u&senhu3m& cunptinguses, acmas to alternatiwmpplk (e.g., pmdwi~akernatlwe au@ks), adpublic axqtame.

F.3 APPLICATION OF CORRECTIVE ACTION ALTERNATIVES

stareCatesxy comalmI?lK

Cstemy I (Designed to d.lsdlsw)

Most Caualmert ln?ttodsa are~ral.ly qplible to all Cst~tyI sour- ex~t Injecil.on Alabxxuse of tkir depth. my naturalcaXafraEnt *peats qpltcable toinjection wells.

(DeQqed to swine, mt, snd/or di.spcae)

ht Catairrlent l@Ddsa are&T==~Y *P~*le ~ S1-1 Q+te@rYII m=. timulnstx-s~cificevabtiom are typically rO@rad to~ CaQstibi.liv of rdioluclibad any aaterial tarrier.

TO SOURCES

Wittkiradal ‘rramnmt

All wittdrad n8Mtnk are applicableto SIImt all catefJxy I Salre.‘lh exusption is injection w2Lladdch are typkally tm ckp for-v drw, F3= U=*9 orexmvation mstlxxis; in practie,l=dlmh@ In@@ty testil’g Srrianti ~esam teits are used to&tect poh frao injection hellsin lieJ of Correuiw actl.omh

All withirad nethnis are generally@plicable m all Cstefpy IISalr-. withiradal ~nt isnot gemsmlly qd.kable tordosctiw disposal sites.

N.R. b

Inn3itu Rebbilitstlon

While all in-situ tehahilitationmttuda are prslly qplicable toUkx3t Cm!goty I 9Jurm, Siwspecific factocs (e. g., @lw,hydrolcgy, ad COmmdnsms) mst beevalmted to &termLne fcetlmdf~ibfflty. One aaspttin my beinjeutin *Is +Ich are typiallytoo &q for &grdation retbds.

Optlom

~t u-s=- w~mc -~rslly qplicsble to allCs~oty I sour-. Inpradti, corrective actionsare generally I.indtd touansgermnt cpticm for sub-surface ~rcolation.

N.R. b Appllcahility of him tit ~m qt~~c arerehabilitation mettuda to umt ~rally q+~le to all(kegor’y 11 sOW- deperda on Si~ ti~Oty II sour=.spectfic factxm. In particular,tedency for mtlrxk to beaXCmhsn=peclflc my limit u3efor nu.ltiple-caxauhamsitmtiotr3. In dditian, in-siturehabilitation netids wmldgemrally be Inapplicable torailosctim wastes; naturalr~torsticm wculd be Inqplkable toSalras Contalllilg w typea of~ wates; ad &gKdatlontid k ill@p~Qlb& to drdgi~axlditiom.

SowmCatekm-y CrxCaimr Withiraia.1

Cat.SOry HI (DfE@M4 to tra-apxt or tramrit)

Max antailllmlt aettDd# are All Witmrad uetlmda are &nerally~rally applicable to all Wegory qpll(xbl.e to all Cat~ty IIIIII mm. amr-.

tit ~ ~tbka ~tedrlmdly ,@kible to au-V ~ amm?a. Ik3wer,~- to date la limited interns of th? areal extelx d Wllllm?ahatxild; these factma ctuldefkuiwly preclb nettoda fronddrasaing auu2 (htqp’y Iv .scmRCea.

All witMrzIm.1 nettda are tech-Olrxiuy qi@iG3ble to alllmt au ca-t6gory Iv Wurlxla. Emeptlm h-CllL& d?ictw aalta @pllcation,%hich i8 m alenable to Wltklr%aledmcment uetlmda, ad adntrg adndm drainage which, If tk IDim IStoo &ep, will not k ammAle to-V dralm13e or excavation.Vohnea ad ared eX.ent ccmld eff-tively peclude we d & mtbda,twwmer, for ~aaical reaaom3.

‘rTemu?m

N.R. b

N&.b

In-aitu ReMdlitatlon

kgudation mtttxb are generallyqplkble to Catqry 111 amrma,eapedally if tb maldtisindved are pXrolamrtaafxL Inotbr Caaea, Site-qrxific factcmalw b evalmted to daMmdne fea3i-bili~ of In-aim rehabilitationmxhxb.

mile In-aim rebbilitation aetbdaare -rally qplicable to -tcategory N aalrw, SItmpxificfacmra mE3t b Wallsitd to&termLrm2 feaaibili~. DegradaticmmMrxla, -r, are typidly notd for Mc@ aalts.

Mana3emnt Optlom

-t ~ Wt*c -pral.ly i@k3ble to allCm3gory xv Wurms. r.b toth? disp?rad nature ofCaw811Lnatirg activltks, adw tk M@ I.TIhaea ad lawareal extent d gmxkimteraffected, cmrectiw adcmamy be Iind.ted to ~nto@lcm3 in ~aulte.

ScureCatemry

Category V (Prwide comiuit or

CorrMnmmt Wittdrd

irduoe diachage vla alterd flw ~tterm)

TIE qlplidrllity of OxEt Coaair=mtIIE!ttDdaa to met category v 9JU(X3&pen& on d depth. For @mple,oil Ala, gwtknml wells, erharxdrecou2~ wells, and fdution minltgare @ally too &ep for amy ofthese umbda. Only natural cm-taimem wculd na genetally te re-striaed ty &ptlw I.imLtd ex@mceis available -l% hy&tic bartierafor these &ep acurcea. In ppneral,appli~tion of any correcti= =tl.onalternatiw to Cat~ry V acurceadeperLia al udlanid axrlition ofWdJs. &t mttmda are qlidleto ccxwruction exmvation.

cate#Xy VI (Naturall~ ring)

Mcst nrxkdaa are generally*1.idle m all Cat.egxy VISour-.

‘k qplitility of = wittxiraw+dmtlmcb (e. g., gravity ~, -cavation, * gas wmtirg) to matCate@ry V amrces &pmla on welldepth For ~le, oil wells,gxxhemal wells, eticed rem.eryw211s, ad solution mlnirg aretypidly too &ep for these neth-*. Wittxiriual enhXfwEnt is na~plicable to pctknmal or wxersupply ala. only puuping isgenerally uwomtraind in its q@i-cation to Category V auure. Allmtlxxia are Zqlplialble toCIXEltruction excavatim.

Mu3t rtwlmda genedly are applicableto all C.ate@ry VI me.Con3trdnirg factors inckk ckpth oftk saRIX d steal extent arKlVob d grcundna ter affecttd.

‘rraaml’lt

N.R. b

In-aiw Rehshil.itation

‘k applicability of differert *t _euent cptiomc amin-situ rehabilitation netlmda varka ~rally qplicable to allby aalrce. Siwapcific facto= Category v Salrm.mat k evahted to &terndne thef~ibil.1~ of natural promasrestoration. With respect todtgrdstion uettods, oil wdla aderkwwed recouxy wells are typicallytm Aq, ad &akmtil ~k ~~an unfauxable umpersture (high) andctemtcal IEk31p (brine). lmeri~ ofthe water table may k inq~oprlatefor water supply wella.

N.R. b Water table aijustmnt is llkely to ~t ~ * w~~c amk qplicable m all Cste@ry VI ~rally qplicable to allsources. Natural promas restmatlon category VI 9mrCx53.is UIMIGely to te qlplicable.&gradation mttods are typically naused for asks.

a Neitkr steet piles nor cenent grmt mtof fs have @nerally ~tioured wll in pra2tice for tteae acur~. Petionmrce d allnetbda inwlvl~ a8terial tarriers are &pen&m on cmqetibili~ with contaminant s present ani @logic conditions.

b ~ ~=, per se, ~ contautnatim la generally not relevant m tk choice of treatnent technol@es exaipt *far as itindicates idllch specific cinltaldn9nt s my be paent, cent 81dnant concentration, or tte degree of cortauimnt renwit &sired.

c Smre sutstitutlon or same rtmoval mgy na be ecotxntldly feaalble or politically vkble for ~ gmrca in this categoq.

Source: Off ice d Teckdcgy Assessmnt

Appendix GFederal Efforts To Correct

Groundwater Contamination

G.1 CORRECTIVE ACTION PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY I SOURCES

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Corrective Action Provisions

SutslrfacePercdattin

Injeaim Wel.la -Hazardous waste

Safe DridcitgWater Act -

umiergrcalmiInjection ControlPrqgram (4O m144 ad 146)

Safe DrirkirgWater Act - Umkrgrad InjectionCuntrol Program(40 CFR 144 d146)a

Ceasmds or otkr waste teceivitygckvicea Not s~cifid. ouith cpen kttom ad -tires perforatdSicb (class v wells). Applies only to units osexvi~ 20 or uore persom.

Wells tkt inject kardous waste (as Not specified. odefined by R@A) kmath tk &epawfonmion catainirg, within ~usrtermile of the well tore, an unckrgroud scurceof dridci~ water (Chs I wells). o

Wella that inject hazanba waste (as Not spxifiei.defiti by R(XA) into or &we a fotmationcontainil’g, witti-~wa mile d thewell bore, an undergramd scmre cf driricirgvater (Class IV Ala).

o

0

N o s+ecific awrestiw aXion rtquirenr!nts.

If tkre may k a -lath of primty drinki~ va~rregulactim or if tte preaence of a contaminant may he adverselyaffecti~ the kalth of pmmm, enforcement or adnini.strativeauio= can k tzken to prevent tk violatim or advem effect.

Aquifer cleamp shall te prescrilxsd by tk regulatory a.mtmityif it is &enExine-sary ard fe=ible to erwre ackqmteprwection of all undeqymmi sources of driricirg water.

If tkre my te a violation of primry drinkt~ taterre@attira or if tk preaence of a ccxmminant may be adwtselyaffecti~ the h=alth of Prmm, enforc=mmt or achinistxatiwactiors cm k tzicen to prevent tk violation or aiverse ef feet.

N o speafic cornzstive rs.xion requiraumts.

If tkre may k a violation cf prinraty drinkirg w+terregdaticm or if tk preseme of a contauhnt my be adverselyaffectirg the tealth of ~rtxm, enforcement or duhistrativeactiors can k tdcen to pra’ent tk vioktion or adw~e effect.


Injeaion WeLls - ~ekmive Wells tit release twy &rzanba autstam, Not specified. Respmes ran te ““rewval”’ (slmt-term, -~my) ~iom orHaardms Wrote Envirormeaal @utant, or ant ald.nant (as defined ty “’r~al”” (lo~r term, comdstent with prmm tt rexdy) aaions.(Cultll’lled) I@aporse, CEmA). Ikredial -iom w te &ken only at si~ on tk National

Ccrqrmatlon, ad Prlorlties List ard mmt tE codstent wtth rqdrenems spw5fkdLlabllity Act in Natind C.txtiqenq Plan. seleaion d a rem3y is bed on a(40 CFR XXI) kmldriation of cmt-effectiw!n03s (lowest mt Skernatile ttwlt

is te&nol@dly fe=ible ad reliable ad which effectivelyudti@tea ami minimizes _ to and ~ovidea adspte ~ctectlonof public balth, welfare, or tk envlr~ ).

Injectti Wells - tie ~~.qg Wells that inject ~te kneath * deepest Not Spedfid.Nodkardous Water Act L forlmtilxl cortaid~ within onequstter mileWrote IJrdergrould of th hell bore, an Undelgrculd SaJro? of

hjecti.m cuntrd drinkhg tater (C&s I tdla).Prcgram (40 CZR144 ad 146)

Injection Wells - Stie ~~ Wellll d InNon-Wats

cnmaction with oil ad gasWater Act - ~dion tich injea fluids (Clz33a 11Urdelgrould Ala). Includes wells & for erixmmdInjectti Control recow ry, for stm* ct liquid tydro-Prrgran (40 CZR cartuns, ad for welk hre i.njecmi fluids144 ad 146) are trmght to the surfate ad may te

contstrnai with wssw Wate= frau @a planta.

Not Spd.fied.

Wells used for extrartim of mirerala (Clax3 Not Spcifid.111 wells). Inclwka minil’g & Sulfur byFrasd FOCE8S, icraitu ~oduction d uraniunarri ater rmtak, ad aolutlon ndnirg cfsalts or FUadb

Sam a rqui rmerts for hazadcwa wa8te diapoad Wd.la that inject-h tk &~t scurm of drlnldrg wter umkr SX&

San2 a3 rqdr~ s for haramhs -te diapoad Wlls that injectkneath ttk? -t scurct?a of drink@ wter urxkr !X%&

Sare ~ rqulr~ms for harattha w=te dispeal *I6 that injectImeath the &e~t same of drlnldxg =mr un&r ~

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Scarce Cleanup Standard Corrective Action Provisions

Injection Mla - Safe Dririci~Non+aste Water Act -

(C4mtlmed) UdexgraaxlInjec&ion ConuolPrqran (40 CIX144 d 146)(contlnJed)

Land Application - Clean Water Act -Was-ter Section 201

(40 (2R 35;41 ~ 6190,2/11/76)

Lad Application - Clean Water ActWs-ter Seai.on 405 (4OBypduus CFR 257)

Iarxl Appllcatlon - ReEzalroe colBeI-kardcms waste -ion d

Recwery Act -

Suttitle c(40 Cm 264)

wells m ilwlldKi in Catcgorle3 I, II, III,ad LV (Class V uells). Exa@ea of Ckss VAla include artificial redatge wells,coolirg wmer, or sir conditionhg ret-flw *IS.

Wastesater lard treatmxu -Ses (inchnksslow rate, rqld infiltration, ad overlandflew Uetbda).

s-w s- *Pfi-- (i@@=Sgrimltural, forew ad Iatrl rdismtionutilizatim, ad &dica@ lad dispsal).

Lard tream?nt of l’EzardaJs wastes (asdefined by KRA).

Not Spdfled. o No spxific cornxtiw -ion rtquSremmts.

o If tkre my & a violation d @nwry drlnlcl~ ~terrdticm or If tte ~ae= cf a cwtirnwt ~ be adve~elyaffecti~ tk lxx+lrh & Prmns, enbrtx=mx or addniatrstiwsaulom can k tdcen to prevent tte violation or d.erse effect.

Not specifid. o No spcific corrective action rquir-s.

o ilwewr, If Foject is funded as Innovative ard Alternati=T~~, grm ~aiatame ~ k twarded for tte ntxiiflmtlfmor reptint of ~ojeas tkt have na nw ** p2rformneSpcifimtiom (Lrd.ess failure is & to n@@rlce ), correctionof failure rcr@re3 si+pificantly Imreasd @tsl or opimatfngad ueintemme =PeditllL=, ad failure oclllrs within ttr? wp P=lod folkwiw final impeaion.

Na SfEdfid. Sam a3 rquirmmts for lad qpllcatlon d wssteamer wrier WSeaion 201.

Correctiw action prqgram mat o CorreUi* =tion prcgrm mat be conhxmd at tk ccnpl.tanoepeuxlt specified hsi21rdals point ad k-n the ca@an@ potrt and the _adlentconstimnts fran elmtdirg ttdr fzdlity ~cperty barmiary, as ncrmssry to -t t~ clesruprespaive lindts eatabllshed in the statuiwd. Chrective aulfxm are net rtquired ~d ttegrmxhter prtiectlon stdard. d@Kgrallent facility pr@e tly bamdary.(See *P. E.1 on HoxlngFrcwislom for a &scriptIon of the o H~nhs mmtitmnts nust & remvcd or meated in plm%grcumkter prczection Wan&d.) Facility ~mdt will S~&y th axl!wtive ~ion ~a to

k tskn.

●

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Corrective Action Provlaiona

LaniAppliamlon-Reaollro2 oHaudcuaWa3te Cusei’vatimemiQmlrued) R&20ueryAct-

Sulxitiec(40m264) 0

0

0

C43rmztius txtionmat ~wlthlna rE=Mmable tine periodafter grcuxhmterpteuionatankrdle e=eded(tlaepmodSp?dfied illfsdwy permit).

Corraziw amim~ mJattecoMmadcbJrixgalritEyouitbcqdiamep?rlodtotheeluent necmssry to emre that thegmmdwxer praectlon atmiatd la na exeeied. correctiveadon neatmea mmld tqrmd tb CqMance p?micd my beterudnawl if correctiw mtion mnitmitg (see ~p. El)inilolte3 that tb @ curkter pmection stamkrd & net ken~ for ttree Con3eauile years.

lk effettiusram of currealve adon mamxas mm te reptedto tte regulato~ mtltxlty. If a correuiw action prqrm nolo-r eatisfiea tb re@aKmy requireumm, qmpdatem -t 1= SuMtud Wlthln 90 Ckys.

Etircemnt aalon w &m te tdm umkr Sectim 7003-

~~i~ Lad iqpl.lamlon facilitk ttmt releme amy Ncc apedfid.Ewlromemal hazanba aubt8mx2, @l@ant, orReapmse, ~ (as Mid ty O?MM).Cmplm3atlon, adLiatdliq Aa(40 CFR m)

Irmdnert ad Sub3taaial Edaxgetmm

SaE s CSiWA prwiaiom for kardam waste disp6al wells.

Ial’Ki Appllcatlon Ckm Water Act - Diapaal siw for &d@ or fill uaterial. Not speclfkd for grcukkter. No 03rmctiw &xion RquiremeltNm&zardala

s spxified for gramxker.SeaIon w

mte (’40 CFR 2Xl)

a NM ad W him ouerbppirg jurisdiction for iqjeulon wells u3ed to dispose d haumkxa waatea. A petndP_ qproath hsa ken lmthted toboth pogma. An cmer or opxator of such a uell -t ca@y ulth all q@kable S%?! tednid rqutrammx

UJotdina@ tte tqul relmlts d

~matiw requirtsumta. (See 40 Cm 144.14.)putwmt to tk Un&rgrcad Iqjeaion Control Progan ad o3ttain RXA

Saxce: Off Ice d Tednolcgy Aaaemuent.

G.2 CORRECTIVE ACTION PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY II SOURCES


Ladfills IksaK= Camema- Hills used for tk dlspxxd. & hszard-f.lxrfxtive action prqgram aust pmbnims U*te tion ad Recovery -te (as &find by KRA). went Speclfierl hazarrirals Constie

Act - Sutcitle C Ems franexcedi~ tkir resp26(40 CFR %4) tive limits ezwablkdA in the

grcmimter protection stdatd (seeapp. E.2 on ux)nitoti~ Pcuisiomfor a &scriptIon of tte grcm%a-rprotection standard).

Toxic SUhtancm Chmdcd was~ larrlfllls ted for tk dls-Not Spedfid.ColnXol Act - pad of R2Bs atcorKmltratlon3 of 50 ppn andsettdon 6 abwe.(’@ CFR 761)

caqrEhelMle lanifllls that rekz3e any kzazdcusEnvirtmmmtal sulatsnce, pollutant ormmXdnant (asRqonae, @qell- defird ty@lK=).sation, adLiatdJl~ Act(4O CFR w)

Not SpecifiKi.

o Cm-restive =tlon prcgran mat be comiuctd at tte cqdiamxpoint aml ktmen the c@ian@ pdnt ad the dcungradientfaclllty Iq=m ~t =neceaasry to -t tk cleaNpstandsrrL Corrective aalom are ncc rcr@red beYOd ttk?d~txli~ facility prcqxxtybculdsry.- -rdous wn3tl-~s uu3t be renumi or treated in place.Facility petit will SpeCtfy tk mrrecti~ &tion~res to bt-Corrective action uur5 mat be cortirmed duri~ ad kyordtb ccn@ianm period to tk extent neca3sary to emre tkt thegramdwater praection stmimd Is not em4ed. Correuivaaatin neaswea mmlmed lqomi the ccqlian= p2ricd may betenutnated if corrective axion ormitoritg (see app. E.2)indltatea that tk ~ctndater ~eection standird k not kenexaxxkl for 3callealtile yeaxs.The effeuiumeas of corrective action =amea umt te r~~edto tte Kgulatory alttmity.If a correctiw action prqran nolo-r satisfie3 the regulatory rcqutremmts, qpqxl.ate _m.lst be Suhrdttd within m days.

o Enfbrment action can te takn urxkr Section 7W3 - Imntnent andSuktactial Erda~nmt.

o m~~t Cotiiw action rquiramts are n~ speclfiai in tteregulations.o FCB facilitka cktenuhed to k in violatlon d tk disposalrt@atloru3 are subject to civil pnalty ard enforcseti pwl.sionsOfm

I@spmes can te ““renrwal”” (slnrt-te~ eswgency) actiom or“reudhl” (lo~r te~ consistent with Pnmnent rendy)actions. I&dial aak can be taken only at sites cm tkNational Prlorltiea List ad nmt k caaiatent wfth requimmtisspxififsi in National Cont@gency Plan. Selection of a r6s@y isbad on a &terndmtion of cat-effeaiwnwawi (1.owa3t co3talternative that istedmolqgically fe~ible ad reliable ad whicheffectively ndtigatea am! minimizes dmsge to arri Fwldea adeqtmte~a-ion d publ.lc kalth, welfare, or tte erwlrommt).


Ladfills-Sanitsry

opm Dlmpa(includitg illegal&m@%) -Wa3te

REaidmtialDispsal

ResaJrcecomeNa-tiaIarKIRecmeryAct-SukitleD(40CFRZ57)

CaqrehmiveEtironnmtalResponse, cclrpersation, ardLiatrUityAct(40CIR300)

Remuro2caBeIva-tionaodRecoveryAct- SukitleD(40CFR257)

C-miwEnvironmentalRespxElecanpm3Lrtion, am.iLiability Act(40clR3m)

Federsl Imecti-ci&,Fuq@i&,ardlbdlxlticideACt-SeCXiOn19(40cFR165)

sanitary Ialdfilla defimi a fscilitits#lich poae w maonable pmlxlbilityafadwmeeffectscakalthortkenvirmumtfran disposal of solid =te (ss &find byRfRA).

Saml@-y lardfills that r- amy &zadcussubstame, pollutant or cort auinant (asdefiwd by ClildlA).

open dupa defimxl =3 facilitis which & lxxueet ttts criteria for sanitary landfillatir RtlUL

Open duopa that rele~ w branimasutatance, @lutant or cokaninant (ss&find bj am).

Burial d Slmll qlmtitiea d pstkidecmtainers in opn fielda ( corcaimrs *i&held OK@liC or @xitiq#anic Pestides_ o- =w, led, _ ora~ ~)=

Not Spxtfied. No .lqlXific mrrectiw a2tion rquiremts.

Not Spxifiai.

No rquireaents establiskd. No IEqULrelent s establistd.


surface Resalro? colBerva-~- tional-mi RecouxyHazaxdals waste Act- sukit.lec

(40CFR 264)

Cqxeh?mlxeEnviranentalReqxme, Calpl-Sation, dLlatdlityAct(40 CFRXK))

Surke surfaceMinilgI~n= ControlamlNon-Harardolawaste

817)

@xundnentadefinai as all water, seiintmt,almx-y or cchr liquid or smd-llquid bldlngstmaurea ad depre3siom, eitkr na~allyford or artificially hilt. Stmctwea maybe @qorary or penranent. Applies m allsurface alxi ln&rgramd coal mining*ratiom.

Saue a3 rquiremmts for hazardamwaste Iadfills mukr KIM.

SaIE w rqslrenmts for hararrlmswaste Iamifllls wxkr OlRCL4.

Not specifiei.

SSIE as rqdrenents for haamkua wtxme Iamlfilla under MILL

Sme = rquirenenta for hazankus waste Ianifilla *r QIIUIA.

All pmsible stxps mat te tdcen to minlndze ary adwmae iupct tot& envirmment or public kakh and safety resulting fian nomccnpllam with ary permit codltion inchxtltg, ht not limited m:(1) sny =celeratcri or ditional mxtttorirg necxaaaty to &tenntnetk nature ad exte~ d nommqll~ ad tk results of suchactiom;

(ii) Mate iupkmentation d nea3ures ~aary to canply withp2rndt cotitions (e.g. lytilcgic redsmtitm plan, aa deacrikdin qp. H.f+); ad

(iii) _, aa soon as poasfble after karnirg cf au~ mcqti, any p=rswn dm.e lxmlth arrl safety is in inudmntdarger d~ to tk mmx@iarKE.

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Corrective Action Prwiaione

Sutface Fderal Lad~-s Polky arKl-Nmlkatdala mmtActaWrote(ccaimed)

-MineraLLea3irgAct of 1920 dMx?rialaAct d1947 (43 CFR 23).Ccwem Ed.m2ralsSwh as d,plnsphates, aa-m , -w- s~,Stme, gralel, andCh.

- us. Mlniq3k (43 m 3800)hr locatdkIldmrala sudl as@d, ailwr,led, ir~ adc~per.

- Gatinusl stemAct (30 ~ 270

~r%nsl Or&rNo. 4)

Not explicitly uentlrnxd in * mguL3- Not spctficsi.ticm. Ilmmer, @mrlue@a are pxt ofIldnlrg cperatlom. Appllea only to qlerat.lom on Fe&ral lards.

Pita aml almps Us6i to reta.in all lmretlala N% Spxified.ami fluids nemmary to &illiIy& p-odlulal,or &ter qeratiom cm Fdxal lads.

- Ph su~tti w * m!gulatmy mttmlty mBt i.nchxkW3VMOm for reckmstlon tf diatmbed ~. I@llatiom Spxifytlmt Sdsqume lmawre3 mat be m to mm &ulB# to th?emirom?nt aml to public &akh ad safety.

Adwtse ewi t-amxltal iqlacks frm f13wd-etm31-relatl?d activity matk peuxted or ndt~ed tlmaq@ enftmxme~ d qp~leStaniads ad * qplmuorl d exis~ tdmolqgy.


WasteTailirgs Fderal LardPoMcyalrlMana&-nE’ntAa-MLmXal LeaairgAct d l!ZOardMterlala Aa d19$7 (43cFR23)

-U.S. MfIlisw(43 C4R3BOO)

Notexpllcitlynmtiontxiin ttercgula-ticm. Forthe~ of thlstable,hmever,w3stetaillrgaareun3iderdp+3rtof ndnlrg opxatlom on Fe&ral lands.

Not Spzifid.

Proo?asilg sites deal@ated by m Cmtamlg Not Spectfid.ra3idual radioactive naterfala at *& allor sutstaml.ally all of * uranlmo wasprdwed for sale to a Federal a@mcy priorto Jan. 1, 1971.

Safe s raquiremmts for nm+wdma waste Surfme ~n=umkr the9e law.

SmE as rcquiremmts for non—hsu@oua wrote Surface ~~sun&r t&ae lam.

* a3 requkasmts for kzardma waste surface ilqmm&Ents mkr

o Jkcfsion m *t&r to imtitute reuedlal action, *t specificaaion to tale, ad ckamp ImeIs skuld be UM& on a alte-Spxlfic !xIa.o Faaom m comlder inclwk tedmicd feasibility of ~tte quifer in its Iy&cgmlcgic aetti~, the cmt of r=toratiwor pratii~ prqrams, tte paent ad future value of * qulferm a water re90ur oe, tlw availability of alternative u3tersupplles, ad * degree m which hnmn expmure is likely toOccm.

——


oI

I Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Corrective Action Provisions

Materials Fderal Irsecti-stoclcpiles de, Fur@cl&,

ad Rn&ntic.i&AU(40CFR165)

Graveyar& —

AnllmalBuria.1 —

Abovegromd kSJUIW3(klWN=StortgeTarka- tionandRecowytirdmsWae.te Act -SukitleC

(40CFR264)

-~StorageTatics -Non+azatdcmawaste

CcllqreilmliveEnvironrentslReqlme, Canp?rrSation, ardLiahilityAct(40CFR300)

ToxicSu&anceaCmtrolAct(40CFR761)

—

— —

No rqutmlmts eatablishxi. o No rqdremus eatablistd.o It is reccnmmied that Imterials such = dsorptiw clay,hydrated lime, ad sodium Iy@_tlorite k ollained for emer@uzytreatnmX or &toxification of spil19 or ledca.

—

Not Spctfia.1. o No requireumts are eatabliskd for grcundwater conwulnationpr se.o ContIrgenq plan mat spcify produrea to & used to reapd totaric spiLla or lea@+, includirg pxedurea and tiudrg for~t~ remva.1 d le- or spilled waste ard rqair & tktal’k

Stor4re mica that release any harardms Sam2 as stamiard for lwanicus waste S- as rquiramts for hezarcha waste I.anif ilk mder U!17flAesutstance, @lutant or contdnant (ss lardfills *r @RCIA.defw ty OIIUIA).

See TSCA rquirants, belcw, for kzardmaBte ~rao

—

—

—

—

●

Scatutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Corrective Action Provisiona

-w Clean Water Act - OAK)re ad dfstme facl.llthss with abme- Not Spedfid.store ‘h-its - SeCticil 311

0 No rqulreuxts are estztdishd for grcumiwater contmdgrctmxi mpacities of ~ter thin 1,320 gal-

rbation

Norl+k3& (40 m 112)~r se.

10IB d oil (or sirgle tadcs with _tlcs-r than 660 -).c

o Tk Spill Prewntion Contxol ad CaxKe measure (SPCC) Planstrdd pwi& for p-t cm-realm of vlslble leaks. In ttmeimtatma there a facility k experiemxxl spill events, tk SWPlan -t Irclwk a &rlption of tk spill, an-rective aulomt&en, ad plain for preventing a remrra (if Wiperielni?imii~t~ a rea9mable ~mial for equlpent failme, tk planstrxd.d also incld a prdiction & tk direction, rate d fla,ad tctal quatity of oll ti& caild k dlsckrged).

UlxkrgrotxxiSro~ Tarka -Haramha W=te

Haiardma Liquid storage of haranima liquids (as &finsd by mt specified.Pi@lme Safety HU’SA) Incldenta.1 to tblr uovemnt bAct (49 CER 195) P@ne in or Sffe=% intetatate or

forei@ ~m. F@ulatiofls explicitlydeflm abwegraxi “’brealcmt tarks” which areused to reliew surges in a harardcNs llquldpipeline system or to recxsi~ ad a~reharanima liquid trampxcat by a pipeliw.Rqul-~ do na qply co Fderalfacil.lti=.

Resource C0n9erva- Ccsnmd untkxgrad tadca used for tk Regu.ktiom for utrkrgrcad ttition SNl Recousry treatnea or store of harardcma wxe as b not ken pxnulgated.Act - Sukitle C &find by R(llIL(40 CFR %4)

N3 raquir~s eatabliakd.

-tti~ for umk~o-md tadca have na &en prmulgatd.

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Correct ive Action Provisions

UdexgrasndStor.s@ Tanks -

tiadms Waste(Contiti)

Un(krgrowxlStorage Tarks -Noni@xlrdaJswaste

UndergrcudSUrage Tatics -Non+&te

ContafWrs -HazardaJs waste

WqmhendveEnvironmentalRespome, Calpen-Sation, adLiabiLi~ Act(4O m m)

—

Clean Water Act -section 311(40 CFR 112)

Relmure ComeIva-tion ad %!coleryAct - Sukitle C(4O CFR 264)

TOXLC Sutstan@aControl Act -seaion 6(40 m 761)

Stmrqge tarks tkt reLease ary kzardcms Sare as stamiard for twardcus waste Sare as rcquiremmts for tiardcus waste lamif ills der CZRUA.suktarm, pollutant or cent aldlulnt (Sa lamifllls @r @RCIA.&find ty cERaA).

—

Ondore facilities with uraktgrauxi store L%t s~ctfid.apcities qual to or greater thsn 42,@gallcm.

Containers med for the sror~ d tnr.ardous Not Spd.fid.waste (ss defined by mzA).

Cmtainexs uaed to stare PC& atconomtratio= of 50 p~ and abow.Gntdm5m mam ~ W-, ~, title,~, krrel, drun, tanlq or ctkr device.

Not spxifkrl.

— —

M rquLrenr2nts are establfskd for grcumiwater ccatardmatfon~r se.

o No mquiremmts are established for grmndwater corLauinationp2r se.o Spilled or ledced waste ad ~amulatd precipitation mat bereuoved from cnllecttin or cmtainmnt ~tem in as timly a manneras necessary to prevent uverflm of tk systen.

o No rwquiremmts are establiskxl for grcumiwater contanhation~r se.0 Spilkd or Iedced mterials mat ke innedfately cleard up, uslrgsnltemts or ctkr adaqulte maw.

I

G)

●

I &co


Contalnfm Canprehemive bm.i.nersthatreleaaeanyia=anha Sarea3stsniard forhazaxdmswaate San2a3rquireumtafo rhazardmswa stelamifi.lla md2r~RUA.Hamrdms W3te Emrirommmal sutstark32, Pllurant or cOwmdmmt (ss landfih mix C13RCM.(Contimed) Rqxm3e, Caqer &find by OmLLi).

Sation, adLid.lity Act(40 CFTt m)

CmtaimrsNon+iazardmaWaste

CoIKaiMmNcxwaate

—

Federal Imecti- Peatkide Contafm?ts.c.kk, Fu@cide,ad Ro&nticideAct (40 CFR 165)

Op3n Burn@ Srri ksource Con3etw- @en turni~ and &omation of wasteDetonation SIK tion ad Recovery explaives.

Au - subtitle c(4O m 264)

—

See stamiard for materialss~i~ mckr FIIRA.

k@&ti-FJavedEen.

See requfrerents for materials stmiqllea tir -

Ikgulatiom have m teen prarulgated.

●

S t atutory Def init ionSour ce Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Correct ive Action Provisiona

Opn IhrrrLrg ardDerogation sites(Contirued)

RadiosctiwOisplxd sirea

Fe&ral Imecti-cide, Fur@cl&,d Ro&ntici&Act (40 CFR 165)

CQnprehemiwEnvircrmmtalReqxme, Calpn-sation, adLiability &t(40 cm w)

k#riEn# AcZ

Atcndc Energy Act(10 ~ 61 P

Atdc EhergyAah

Source: Office ti Tecimml~ ki~auent.

Open turni~ & amll qtmtitis dccmimatible psticide cortaine = ~ich heldotganic or nk?tallo-otganic pesticides (-to-c m=ury, leai, ~ or arsenic~).

Si- which rel- Sly blllala Sutstance,@lutant or csmt ald.nant (as defti ~cmllA).

Geolc@c repasiwles for high-levelradioactive ~teg.

Diapsal site3 for la-level raiiosctite=Ke.

Site3 identffid ~ ME that were US91 forthe smr~ and p-ocesai~ & ndearmterlala.

SaE as stardard for residential Sam ~ rquirfamts for residential dispal (krial) urkr FIFR&dispxal (turial) mix FIFRA.

SaIe = staniard for hazard- waste Sae as rcquirerents for kzardma waste lamifills uder (ERUA.Iamifills Un&r (ERCliL

No rquiremnts eatabliski. No rtquiremmts eatablistd.

Fb Equiranents estsbliskd. ‘l& Ilcel’r+ee Uust have plalwndgrstion of rd.iondkks wcdd idi~te that spcified pa_fotuame o@jectivea my ncc te net (see tqp. H.2, for performanceobjeuivea).

No rquiretumts est~liskd. No rtquirenmts estilistxio

‘he Fe&ral lad Policy ad t4sns@mt Act (FIFMA) of 1976 (P.L. 94479) rcqulr= that public lands be _ in a ntnner that will gnteu the qdity & envircnmaal valws In ddltion,tk~ are a runber & M r~tirg ~rtain minitg ~ivitks on Fexkral lads. Tk ndnirg regulatti are attorired by bah th? FLFl# ad th spzlfic adnirg Ia@ ad are ttus presentdto@ter in this table. Ntie that regulations for the Gectkrml Stem Act uxe rekigwfxl, with ndrwr revisions, as 43 CER 3~ on Sqm. 30, 1983.

he requtr-tm presentai in this table are tk ILAth ad ?rwircxmental Protection gtamiads pram@at& ~ EPA (40 CR 192, 48 ITt 4YZ!6, OU. 7, 19Kl ). tWLC hm also [email protected] Ikrmirgrquirmenta (lo CFR 30, 4070 d 150).

F~t~ ~ ttose _ in drillirg, prti~, gstkrittg, atm-iqg, prms~, refi~, trsnsferri~, distriktirg, or casundrg oil ad oil prtis. Oil is defimd zm ail of anyldmi or in any fo~ includirg tut nm lidted to ~tio~ fti oil, shxl~, oil r&use, ad oil mixd with wtes &&r than &edged spoil.

-ma Iiqukla incl.txk ~tro~ petraleum products, ad d-iydrcns annmia. A1.tkugh tk -tiom cnly umtlon “brtxiccut taks,” teiks h for storzge ~ are also axed by thstatmes. Rqgulatior6 for such stor~ tanks have not teen cstsbllstwxl by O?T.

waste expl.mi$es InchKk Waate vilich k tk potential to dxxmate d tulk mLlitq prcpellmlts which camrt safely be dispsed cf tkcaqgh ctkr males of tram. E@ulatiom for ~rnrlttifacilities haw nd ken ~am@ted. Interim scsw regulations for opn turni~ ad &tonation & ncc establish corrective action requinmects.

h rqulrenems pr-nttd are tkse establiskd by IKtC for hi#rlevel raiioactiw was-; ttese na@ramts are prcposed tt@atiom3. See 46 FR 3S280, July 8, 1981. =A b also publistedIx~~ kalth ad emimmn$d standads. see 47 FR S8196, k. 29, 1982.

b rcquireaercs presentai are three estiliskd by U for l-level raii-tiw waste sires. F2A is also rquird to estilish lxalth ad enviranent al stmlania for such sit63; stadaniahaw na pt km pcnu@ted ty EfA

h desrup of tb SI= is na explicitly -- ~ ~aktion. H@== r, two prtgr~ have ken Imtitutei ~ IXE tir tk gmeral mtlmization & tte Atanic Enexgy Act. Tk FornerlyUtllbxd sites~ Action Progr-a ~ ‘&tabliahed ‘h ~74 for i&rxifying-arci &cc%Aoniw formr nckar a&erisls sm~-and pxxaalng fscilitl= (ami VIdni V--FOpKIeS). TITS -

Surplus Facilities MamgenEnt Prqyan w+s establiskd in 1978 for &cumdssion@ IDE cwned or operatd rdioactivs mrtaslnstei facilitk. Ikcamnissionirg staxtards &we net yet been=tabliahd @ ~&

Source: Off ice of Technology Assessment.

G.3 CORRECTIVE ACTION PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY III SOURCES

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Correct ive Action Provisions

PipeLinEa — Hazard- Liquid Pi@ines d to trarsport krzardcus liquidsNot s~cifieri. No requirements eatzbliskd.Harardms Pipeline safety (Gcludeapetroleq petrolfilm p-oducts,Materials Act (49 CFR 195) artydrms anumia).

Calqramiw pi~lines that release ary tirdaEtirarrental sutstance, @l- or centallhlmt (ssReap-, cm defiti by alum).pemation, ardl.iabili~ Act(40 CIR X0)

[email protected] —NoniwardaxiiMaterials

MaterialaTr~port adTran3ferOp2ratiom —HazaxximsKIKerials adWa3te

—

HazaIdms Ma-terials Tram-portation Act(49 CFR 171)

Canpk13iveEmrircxnmtalI&pllse, call-pemation, adLiability Act(40 CFR m)

—

St’xi

Not spxifiai.

—

Reapmea can be ““rewval”’ (stDrt-term, amage~) ac&iors or““r~al”” (lo~r te~ comiatent with pe~nt remedy)aaiom. Rfmtdial actiom can be &n only at sitfs cm tkNational Priorities List ard mat & corsiatent with rquiremmssefid in NStbnal Cont~ency Plain %lection of a remiy ISbed on a &termimtion of c=&effectiwna3s (lint ca3talternatiws that is tedmokgidly featile ad reliable ad whicheffectitiy uit@te3 ard ddndzes_ ~ ad Fovida3 ~~teprcceaion & public health welfare, or tk enwironrent).

Ttv? tra-aportation ofk?adala lmterials al-dNo requirements eatabl.ist-ed. N o reqtirenents establiskd.hazardals Wa3te (ss defined ty &iTA) try railw, aircraft,vessel, ami ruxmr vehiclesused in interstate ad fore@camnx~ (andnctor vehicles ti to tramport twmicua-Ge in intrastate camrere).

Trmpxvrelatd =cl&nts that rele~ anySam3 s statriard for piplinesSme as requiramts for pi@itwa urkr (3iiU3Ahazardms suktame, @l~ or cmtdnanttir CERU.4.(ss &fid ty CFIWIA).

Somce: Office of Te&l~ Aawssmmt.

G.4 CORRECTIVE ACTION PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY IV SOURCES

Statucory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Cleanup Standard Correct ive Action Provisions

Pesticl&AppliultiorB

FertiliaxApplication

AniId FedirgOp2ratkm

Clean Water Au -SeUion 209(40 CFIl 35,Su@ G) a

Clean titer Act -Seuicil 20s(40 CFu 35,Sutpx G)

%&d h-Eleui-Cide, REgkide,ad Rn&tki&Aa

Clean Water Act -Sedorl 2@(40 Cm 35,Subpart G)

Clean Water Act -section 209(40 Cm 35,Suhpirt G)

I&rum f lcrm frau irrigated q@,culture.

Applicatim cf certain psti%kswhkhlraycase ~le akerse effects on theenvlrament.

Rmcff franmsrure disposal are ad fronlad - used for livestock.

No mquir~nts esubliskd.

Sam a stardard for ir~tion~aalces txnkr CW

N o rqulreumts eatabliskd.

San? s Smdardfor irrlgattinpractices utukr UJk

SaIE s Stalisrdfor irr@tionpractice8 tumkr C%&

No rqumments estaish?d.

Saw * rqsiremta for irrigation prtiices uwkr Cl#l.

No requir~~s eattblisted.

k ~ rq.drenrmts for irrigation pr~icea @r CIL4.

Sam as rqtdrenerms for irrigation przkea urkr C%&

k+d~ %ksApplhxion

“I

App. G—Federal Efforts To Correct Groundwater Contamination . 465

I

.

.

I

Tlldd‘#


Mil-dlg ardMins sLa?faceMirl@ (i)aryacderatd ordditimal UDnitorirg~ - - l a r d

Ilecesssr yto&teKldmethemtureatxlexteti Of mncanpllane arxitheredts of such

sutfaceMinilg HeclamtialAu(mimed)

autim;(30CFR816) (ii)lnmedlateinpknentationdmaaur~(CoI’chled)

neowaty~ccnplywithpxuttconditiors (e.g. ty&olc#c reclamtlon Dkin, as &~ritedIn tqp. H.4); srd

(iii) Q, as soon as psslble after Iearnirg & suchncrmnpllance, any ~ram ~ tealth ad safety is In imnimntdafger * to tk nomxn@ianm.

%&me Minlrgcontrol adHedamtim Act(30 m 874 ad876)

clean Water Act -Seuion 2C8(4O m 35,Sutpan G)

Urd!rgromi Fderal IaKIPolicy ad~m Ma- Mineral leasingw d 1920 adMaterials Act of1947 (43 CFH 23)

- us. Mlniqg Law(43 m m)

Lads ad tater which wxe MIA (ca=m coalmining ad ndrilqg af tirala ad mterlalsother than coal) or which wre affectd tysurh mini%, u93tetzuks, ~lqg or &&rmxhxis @or to lug. 3, 1977.

Mine-related sm.rosa d pollutlm InchdlrgMdf fran w, aUiVI?, ad abs~edSurf me ad lllxiergrand *.

U for mherals such = Wld, siLwsr,led, iron ad ccpper (on Fe&ral lamk).

Nrx spdfid.

No rqd.remmts estiid.lsted.

o No rquirenents eslxbliskd.

o Gr~s are available to tk Sta~ for reclamation activiti~.

No ~uLrenmts establlskd.

.%52 m stdard for surface A@ .%me = requireusmts for surf- ndnirg *r tkse Iaw5.&r these law.

$&E! a Stadard for surface ndnirg &me as requframts for surface udni~ umkr tkae laws.ukr these -


Minirg ardMlm2 SUrfacelmlil’g Umier.grundcoalminlrg.c %rea3stardatiforaurfacendni~ Sam3a3rqutrementsforsurfsceminirgtir~~- C.antroland tirSMXA.UmieqJrand R=lalrationAaMirdlg (30cFR817)(Coaimed)

a40 clIt 35, S@art Gare tk regulatlom for State grtis for Water C@lity Plfumirg, Mmsgenent, arri In@ementstion. Alttou@ tkClean Water Act is directal at tk praection of surfacemwm, sane states hale ChC4x?n to Include grcirrbter quality program in tkir water quality mulsg@ent plans. Such plara are requirfxl by tk regulattim to Imiicate reco@tion tktgrankater ad surface water are Interrehd.

b ~ F+~ M pO~CY ~ ~nt AU (m) of 1976 (P.L. %-579) requires that pub~c lank k rra~ in a mnmr that will prdect tk qmlity of enviromentsl vaks. In ddtttin,tire are a nnnkr of - rcgulatitvg ertain minl~ activities on Fe&ral lads. The mining regulations are wttmized ty bah tti - ami the apeclfic nd.nirg law ad are ~~mdtqgetkr In this table.

c AppJlea m surface efikus of mdetgraxld Ildnllg.

Somce: Office d Tecinolrgy As~snmt.

G.5 CORRECTIVE ACTION PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY V SOURCES

Statutory DefinitionSource Authority of Source Clearmp Standard Corrective Action Provisions

Prtiion hklla-Ceakrmal adHeat RexXmry

Produuim wells -Water Su@y

Other Wells (non-wuKe)-Monimrirg wells

otter wells (non-fal’ate)-Explorattin hklla

CoI13truaionExramtion

Federal Lad hklla d for t~ &velcfxmmt d ~knmlPolicy ad _ stean on Fe&ral lads.mm Ac@ -Geakrnd steamAm (30 m 270ad 81.M Opmrtional Order No.4)

N3t Spcified. Adwm3e emvlrcamxtsl Inpacts fran ~aherud-relatd tiivi~ matk Pewutei or ndtlgated ttrcugh enforcesrert & qpllcMestamiards ad tk ~pli~tlon of aistlrg techrmlcgy.

Federal Ladpolicy d~~ ~ -MimrSi kil’gkt d 1920 adMaterials Act of1%7 (43 ~ 23)

Ckan Water Act -Seuion 208 (40CER 35, SUtpartG)b

Exploration tells wed In rein@ cperatiomfor mimrals suh as coaL, phqhate, wphalt, Sodlq potaMllq Salri, Stem,grawl, ad c@ (on Fecbral Ian&).

Coc6truction =tivity related to acurcea ofpllution.

N o rqukeretis e3tablis&d.

N o rquiramts estxbliskd.

.

No rquirmmts eatabliskd.

a ‘h? Federal lad Poky adMans&ment Act (PLPFA) d 1976 (P.L. !%-579) rquirea that publlc lads be _ in a mnrerthat will praect tte qmlity of envircarental vsk!a. In ddttion,there are a rwnter of k regulati~ certain rrdnirg acfivitiea on Fe&ral lads. The mining reguktiom are admlzd @ tih the FIRf4 and t& spxtfic minirg lam ad are tlus ~ext~etkr in thla table. Note that regulation for th? @cCknd Steam Act were redeal@atd, with minor revialors, as 43 CER 3%0 on Sept. 30, 1983.

b 40 ~ 35, Su@fi G ~e the regu.laticxm for State _ for water WV ‘-%Msna@ent, ad Im@nwtation. Alttmgh tb Clean Water Act is dlreced at tk ~aedon of surftcewatem, = Statea k= clnsen to inclu&grcmiwater qusliy pr~anr3 in tklr water quallcy mmgemntph. SW% plans are raquird @ tte regulatlcm ti irdlcate recognition thstgrourkater ad surface water intermix

Sau=: Office of Tecimol.cgy Aaaes-N.

G.6 CORRECTIVE ACTION PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY VI SOURCES


Grarrlwater — Clean Water Act —Surf= Water section 2C43 (40Inte-tlom m 35, Sutpart

G)a

Natural IJYxiliw Reclamation Act

Salt-katerInmsion

Clean Water Act —Seuiors 208 (40CFR 35, SlkpartG)a

CcEstal Za’eMar@@nmt Act

InterluLxirg o f gra.n-dwater ad surface water.

Natural salt Ckpct3itswater supplies.

Sffect* Undelgmnd

salt-uater intruaim im rivers, lakes, adeatuarlea resulting fruo redudion of freah-=ter f lcw frao zuy ase, includi~grouxkater extrauion.

salt-ter intrusion.

N o rquiremus eatabliskd. N o rquirments eatabllskd.

k) K’e@relmts estsbliskd. o No rquirfmmts eatabliskd.o Water &wlqmmt projeds mdertken bj tk MM - involvedmrrective a~iom d- to saline condkicm of grcxuxkter.

Stxre as stardard for Sare as rquk=rcs for granxkmemwrface water inte~tiompurrkxemurface m&r ~interixtlom @r W.

N o tquirerents estsbliskrl.N o rquLrau2nts estxkdiskri.

a f+() (3R 35, Sutpart G are tk regulation for State grtis for Water @ality Plannirg,Mansgemnt, ad I@enmtatlon. ALtka@ tk Clean Water Act is directed at tk Prw-inn af surfacewaters, .vcmE Stitea tune chceen to itiu& gr~r q~~ prograns in tkir water qualitymllagment plans.

bra: Office of Te&nolcgyAa9x@lmlt.

Appendix H

Federal Efforts To PreventGroundwater Contamination

H.1 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY I SOURCES(p. 471)

H.2 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY II SOURCES(p. 478)

H.3 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY 111 SOURCES(p. 495)

H.4 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY IV SOURCES(p. 496)

H.5 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY V SOURCES(p. 501)

H.6 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FOR CATEGORY VI SOURCES(p. 503)

470

H.1 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY I SOURCES

Pos t-C 10s ureStatutory Definition Pe rfo rmnce Design and Operating Closure Care

Sour ce Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requlrementa Requirements

Suhmrface CleanWater ActPercolation Section 201

(40 CFR35,suLpxtE)

Safe OrinlclngWbter Act -UndergromdInjection ControlProgram(40CFR 144 d146)

Individual systam defiti asprivately 4 alternativewastcwater trexwnent wodcsseti~ one or mxe principalresidenms or 9nallcomerdslestablistnrents kich areneitkr ccaneud into norprt of any conventionalt-tmnt woks (e.g. , on-sitesystem with localized treat-nmt arfi dispsal & Wst&inter).

Cessm ok or ether waste =Ceivirg &vices uith qen Wtans and acmetimes prforatedsides (itied in Class Vudl category). Applies onlyto units aervi~ 20 or mmeprsns.

AchlWe establ.lskd water o No s+ecific &sign requirtnmts. Not applicable. Not applicable.quality goala of the act. o States are rapired to corsi&r the c~t-effective

use & individual systems as prt of cwerall syatemor part of owrall plarmi~ efforta for Comtructionof nunicipal waste tranmt systcm.

Dcnw3trate that activity will o @@atio= specifying design ad qx2tat@gRe@aticas hwe No requircnrmtsnot be conducted in a mnnerrcquiremnta for Class V @la have not ken not teen pxmd- established mderthat alkws Irove’lE!nt d con-promilgatai. gated for Class V tk UIC Pr~an.tandnants into uxkrgrctuxi o Ownets ad cperafxma are only requird to sdnzit hells.smrces of dridci~ water =imentory information (e.g., location, typ andthat ttere may not be can- ~ratirg sta~s of tte well).pliance with National InterimDrirki~ WKer Regulatlom orSO thtit the health & F21SOl13my not b otherwise trluemelyeffectei.

Pos t-Cl oaureStatutory Def i nit ion Performance Design and Operating Cloaure

SourceCare

Authority of Source Object ive/Cri t eria Requirement a Requirements Requirements

InjectionWel* SafeDrifirg Wells thatiqjectkzarbs Dammtrate tl’w activity till o Locstionuust be identified d all ham wells Certifiwltiorl by NorequirenmtaHarardcus Wte Water Act - -te (ss defined by RCXA) not be conduued in a namer ulthin the injection zone, ad nesurea nu3t be ~ i~ established mder

-th tb &ePest fb~tion thst d~ nr)vwent & CmundeIgrcund urdert.ken for wells khich are Iuprcperly tied, can- mgisteml pr&a- tb WC Prqgmm.Injection control cmtainitw, ulthin ~usrter taninant s into UY&rgromd pleted, or abmimed to pewnt any mvaent of fluid aimsl e@neerPrcgrana mile & tk well bo~ an smrces & dridcirg water. illtO unde~auld SW- of driridg water.(40 Cm 144 ad

Ilust be alinlittedLnd?rgrand aaBxe of drinldng o Well location and cOmttuUion rqdrenents (*1 to regulatory

146) inter (class I wells) caaitg, cmmtirg, ad use d PckexE to preuert car auttmiv (put-taulnant migration) uust be cmplied with. Susnt to RQ7A).o APwwlate te3ta ad 1w5 mat be CoKklctd &rilgdrillil’g d UmMxuction.o Infonmtion on fluid presmre, temperature,fracture ~sure ml akr data on the physical andchauical &aracteriat@ cf iqjection nb9trix adformtion fluids mat k colledei.o Durirg cpem iqjection prmawe mat ncC ex-ceed a amclmm calculated led to asame that nswfracturea are nrt initiated, that edstiqg fracturesare not pxpa&@ed, and that injection fluids do mtm into umbgrod acurw of dririclxg water.Injection be-n atenrmt well mai~ adunie!grcund S-a d dridctrg water IS @dbit=i.Pressure uuat be maintained on antulua be- 41ttiqg ad casirg arrl it mat te find with fluid.(* failurea tmociated with a well duri~ qxxationmst be corrected. )

Wlls that inject hazardma R@ulatiom be ncz been R~tior6 ~~ibit ~Indtt@ d n= CbSS lv -k R6@latiom haue Rqulatiom hamwaa~ (ss defird Iy R@ pr-~ for Clasa IV +ich inject Iwardms kaste into an tirgmdinto or abow a fonmtion

not km pxml-W?lls.

not been WXMAL-smroe & dritkltg water aml ~tire awh esiatirg @&d for Claas IV g3ted for Class IV

=aini~tithin cm-quarter wls to be ~thihited over a period of 6 uonths dia. wlls.mile of the Al bore, an w follmi~ sp~cmml & a State WC Prrgran. [email protected] smrcsa of drixic specifyi~ des~ sm.1 operatiqg requir-s for Classit-g wter (class IV u=lls) IV Ala have not &m ~omil~ted.

oI

IPos t-Closure

Stat u t o ry Definition Performance Design and OperatingSource

Closure CareAuthority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

InjectionWells- safeDri&iqgNon+azardals Water Act -waste Unie@raml

InjectiontitlulPrcgran(40CFR144and 146)

Wells tkt inject -stebeneath the &qeat formtioncontaini~, uLthin mquartermile of the 41 bore, anUIICk~Wd Sour= (f dridcirg-er (Class I weLIE)

Wells USESI in cumection withoil arrl @s ~crilction Whicbinject fluids (Class 11mlk). Includes welk @for -cd recovery, forslxwtge d liquid hydrocarlxmand for Ala tire injectedfluids are brmght tn thesurface ad my canbine withwaste wate= fron *S @ants.

Sme as objective for htzani-cus -te injection wlls tktinject bereath the ckqestllxkgrand Salrces ofdrirkitg water.

SaIE as objective forhazardam wte injectionwells that i~ect he=th tk&epeat mdergrcnnld sauces ofdrikitg water.

Sam as rcquircnents for hazardas -ste wells tktinject be-th the &ePeat brgrmnd sources ofdriricirg water.

o Canpliance is rquird with sitirg ad constmction(casing and cenmting rquirerents). Px@ion francaaifg aml cenmtiqg raquiranents for existirg wellsis allowd if earlier regulations and any Stater~tiom w2re met ad injecttxi fluid will wmigrate into @rground sources of drinking wwer andcrmte a signifiunt ride to the health of ~Isom.o Apvoprlate teats d logs uust be comiucted &ringdrillirg ad construction.o Infonnstion on fluid pressure, estimated fr-urepressure, and physical and chanical characteristics ofthe injection zone mat be collectai.

o Q=rati% rqu.irem=ts are the same s fOrhazardms mste wells that inject bemath the &qesturkxgrcund acurces of drinking wter.

wells nust beplugged withceaent in accord-ance with spx.i-f id mtlmds(mkss an alte~native mtkxl isapproved by regu-latory Suttmity)So that movemntsof fluids into orbetus.en mder-grcund scurces ofdririci~ ~ter arenet allcwd.

Sare asrt=quimmmts forclass I Ala(nm-hiwmckmswste).

Sam as requirenmts for hazard-cua uaste Injeetion hells thatinject temath ttedeepest lrKlex-grcund saIrm ofdriricing wter.

SaIE as requirerents for ha2ard-cus waste Injeetion wells thatinject be~th tlwdeepest lnieL-gramd sources ofdrirking =ter.

Pos t-CloeureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating

Source

Closure CareAuthority of Source Object Ivef Criteria Req ui rments Requirements Requirements

Injeuion Safe Driri@UeMs - kker Act -NouHaEankua IhxlergramdWrote Iqjection Control(~) qarl (40 CFR

144 ad 146)(~)

Lard CIeal water Act -Application - ~ 201wt~ (40 cm 35)

Lklls USEI for eutrauion dmtmrala (Class III wll.a).InchKka Ulinil’g d Sldfm byPraadl p-ocess, in%itu pw&ction cf W- ard &herlletaila, d SoIlltion ndlliqg ofsalts or potash

Wua not inclded inCet%oriea I, II, III,(i.e., class V uel18).

ard IV

E=@- of class v wellsIncMe artificial retixgetells, ad conliqg water orair condltionirg return fkw*IS.

Waatatater led treanwmt IXCrceases (Incldea alm rate,rapid itiiltration ad -rlad flew Mtoda). * befunkd mder Irumative adAltermtiva IMrxhgLeaPr@ran.

Sm2 as owctive ibr hacaI+aJS ~te injeaion dls titiqject ~ th? &epeatUldezgromd aarlea ofdtidcirg wter.

DmKxEtrate ttat activity dllnet be con&cted in a namerthat Sllcw lmmwnwx dContadnants into U’xiergrculdsmras ti dridci~ uater sothat there may not [email protected] with NstiondInterim Drirddrg Vi3terRegulations or so tht tl-ehealth af persona Umyn &beOthelwiae dwmely Sffeud.

If gtxunthter IS a PtertialSWPly Of driticim =ter, theNational Interim Dridcilgmer W@@X= -t not be~. If ba~cund kelaare higher than the NIJMa,thm skuld @ be anImxeaae in that level.(Cottirued nect -e)

o Cawl-imSS? la rqdrei with ccrtkmction (casirgand cenenti@ rqi rments. Exemption franrquizumxta IS all- where tire la ada~ialevi&nce tit no cant-ion or mdergromd amrceof drirkirg water wmld result.o Appropriate tests end loge mat be Considered&riqg drillim ad cccBtructtio Information on fluid paaure, cstimted fractwepreamre, ad phjaical ad dwuical charixteriatica &the injection m -t be collected.0 -=ti% q~~~s are tb aare ss forharardaIs -te uella that inject bemath the &ePeatunhgramd aour- d drirkirg water.

o - - Specww &a@’l d Cperatirgrequirerents for Class V idls hews not teenprallllgltei.o Cxawns ad qeratora are only raquird to stimitinwmtory inforimtion (e.g., location, type, adopratirg status of th? well).

o Criteria for teat ~akable waste treatmenttetilcgy mat be ret. Dea@ and ~rati~rtqulrenents are na spdfied.o Tec+nld @lance uatual contairm information onsite ple (includes selection d site), imewt~iona (gre-deaign), p==$s *Q% ~ -~ard uaiti~.

Sam3 aarequirements fixclass I *Is(ncxrharardmau3ate).

Re@latiom hmenot teen Ptnul-gated for Claaa VvEilIs.

No requireuentaestablished.

No rquirlmentaestablished mdertti UTC Prcgran.

No Equiram’ltseatabuahed (Seediacuaaion al ca-rective actions,W. G.1).

Post-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Deaign and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requlrenents Requirements Requirements

Iald Clean WaterAct -

Ap@bmiorl- section201(40katehater CFR35)(Cultinled) (bltilued)

IAtd CleanWaterAcr - Sewage alud#a@iation(fn-Ap@iaion- Section201 ad Clu.iea tgricultlrd, foreatt&stWr 405(40 cFR257) ardlad rec.lamtionutlllzrByprciilcts tionanddedimedlanddiap

sal).14aybefmdedunderIrmuwative SIXI AlternativeTedmol@ea Pr@ra.

If .gramb=ter is @ ssdrinki~ vater supply, condf-tiora stme stmld hs met (le-WI.S for tdologid contad-llal’tS slmld nc$ be cxcecdedhhere tater is USed withmtdis~edion).If grcuxivater is used forPurpceea otter ttw dridcltgvzater, criteria cstabl.iahed ona case+-caae tads baad on

-t or ptential use oftk gronldwlter.

For unck~cund drirkirg wateracurcea, taclqgrcmd levels orNatbnsl Interim PrimaxyDrinldrg Wer R@ations (ifhigher than tadqgramd level)lruat not be eKeeded bepldtk q@ication bandaty or aIalternative boul&lry ata-bliskd cm a aiteapzlfictmls.

o In aiditica to tk ptionmm starrlsni forgr~er, Prfonnince criteria are also establfakdfor floo@aim, surface water, application to lardd for fkd-chdn crqa, dlseaae, air d aafe~.Design Srrl Cpe’ratitg requirelrenta m specified.o Tecklal @dame ImNal Cmltailm infonmtion onaite plamdI& field Inreatfgstiom, pro@aa designd operation ad ~.

No requiremmts b requiramtseatatu,ahed. eatabliahed (See

cllsmaaion onmrrective action,app. G.1 ).

Post-Closure

Statutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Standard Requirements Requirements Requirements

Lard Reacurce Lard treahrentdbrdcusAppliation- Conaezvationsld -te(asdefined byRLllA).~cuaWste F@coveryAct- Requirammtsdonctq@yto

Subtitle C (40 CFR land treatment facilities (or264) porticm d facilities) that

received wste plor to theeffective &te cf the RCl?A=t@ations (Jan. 28, 1983).

H~r&ua cmtitumts ente~ o Site requiramnts limited to floc@ain ad seifmdc o Design ading the grcmkter rust not CIXdderationa. cperaticg ccsxli-exced lmkgraxxl levels, tk o Prior to qplication d h=nkua VEISte, it mat be tkm mat be mtMmduun Contadnant Leek for *trated (by fixed teata, laboratory analyses, thrcugh Ckmlre14 Cmtituents Spctfid ty available data) that hazardms wte ccmtitments w period.the Mtional Interim Dridclng be ca@etely &graded, tramfonmd or inrmbilized in o VegetativeWater Regulations (if higher tk treatnent 20=. cover mt bettxm tackgrcmd) or altenw o Design d cperat@ Ccditiom will be Spcifid establisw ontive Ccomrt ration limits (= in perndt kwsi on demonstration conditions. pxtion of fac.il-

tsblished on a aitepecific o Runcff Irust be ml nimized; run-on cartrols ad ity bell-g cla3edbis) beyoml a ~cified cm mdf nanagemt system InJst k! imtalled. (so that coverplisnce pint. o wild dispemsl d psrticlllates Ialst be -rolled. will net slA!&xmr

Grtih of food+ain crcpa my be allcxd if it can be tially iupede de-denomtrakd that it will m case s&atantial I-1A grdaticq tramrto bum health. forfmtion, or iur

ndilfzation dhazazdals collxi-tlerms in treat-uent zone). Cover

o Pest clmurecare period is 30yearB (unless pl-ied ia rednxl orexteded bj r-Iatory authority).o All cksi#!Jl,opxating, lnali-tori~ (see *p.El), ad cowrrqutremmta matbe net thrcughpos~clowreperfod.o E%sl@Xl fraupcst+kmre =quirturmts isSlkxd iftreament zol’E

stculd net rquire -II ~ ~ ~-r6iw Iminterr @ bs~dSnce. vaks Ly a sta-o -tion fr~ tistidly sigd-couer r~uirenent fi-t ~t.ia allcwecl iftreatnent Zmeaoil does net ex-ceed bsckgrouldvalues ~ a sta-tistically signi-ficant almxlt.0 t4nitoxlrg (Seeapp. El) is to beContilld thrcughcluwre period(lxEZaturated mImnitorirg Uay beterndnsted after90 days).

Post-Cl osureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

Iaml Clean WaterAct - Dispaal sitea fordr@@ orApplication- Section 404 (40 fill naterialNon-Hazardala CFR230)waste

Restore ad I181tial.n tk chcnr o No spdfic &sign rqulremmts. No rqrirmentsical, physical, and Molo@ral o Guidelines include actions that can be mdertakn established mderintqgrity of witern of the to minimize the 2iv2Be effects of ditxhrge or tte 404 prcgran.United statea. dredged or fill mterial. Cne such action (specified

in the re@atior6) is selecting discharge mtbcb arrldispxd sites vhere the potential for er=ion, slmp-Iqg or Ie*i rg of msterial into the surrrundirg aqus-tic eccaystem will be reduced. Another action is toselect tk dispaal site, tk diachaxge Pint, ard theUettnd of discharge to minimize the extent of anyplum.

No rcquirmmtsestablished uderthe 404 pr~an.

a ~ ad s have cwerlappirg juritiction for ~ection Ala ~ to ~spe ~ h=~~s =stea. A pemdt+pule approa~ has been Imtituttd to coordinate tk rquirerents of bothprogr.ma. An -r or oprator of such a @l mat ccrrply with all applicable ~ tetiical requirements pumuant to the Underground Injection bntrol Program and certain RLIiAahiniatrative rapdrerents.

Same: Office of Techmlogy kaeaamnt.

H.2 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY II SOURCES

Post-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Deaign and Operating

SourceClosure Care

Authority of Source Object ive/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

Lardflus - ~CS (hW3SNeHaardma hkte don ad Recou2ry

Ax - Subtitk c(40 m 264)

Lanifflle used for tk dirposal of hazmkua VaSta (asdefimd Iy R(XA). RequiI&llEfltS do = Sp@y to fadi-tiee (or portiom & faciJ.i-tiea) that received ~teprior to tk effective date dthe RfllA r@atione (Jen. 26,19a3).

HazardaIs cmwltmme erte~@3 the ~r -t -exced tadtgrmd Iesrela, th?Mfmdnuo (hntminent Levels for14 CaBtitlmle Sp?dfiad bjthe Mltialel InterimDrinkingVkWer Rs@aUOm (if t@ertkn beckgromd), or ~tive ccKm21tration limits(established on a sitmpeci-fic t8sis) beprxl a ~~fi~

~ *t*

Toxic %kmcee C%aukal waste Ialrifflle ued Not Spdfid.Ccatrol & - for the &a@ of KBs atsection 6 Conmmrat.ions d 50 pp aml(40 cm 761) SbOW.

o wag rqulrtmalts are l.imitd to floo@lain dSeiandc UnBdltiom.o All Iarrlfflle met haw a lim2r ad Iedutte &Iection and retwe.1 ayetcm Dseign ad operetirg spe=cificm5.om are eetzblisted in &- fad.lity petmlt.o RII1-m Caltrole d rmdfmnagmmt Systma lnstbe ICBtxllk?d.o Wftrl diep5m3al Cf psmial.latee Uuet b? Caltrolled.o Spclal requirmwte4@Y to @litable, reactive,or imaqMtfble WM3tee ad to ccttafmm in ourpaclddrms. lhAUC liquids my only be dbpmed In lamifillewith limm ad kdlatemllectlon [email protected] w~ m li.mr snd Ieachate collection eyetenreqtimnmte rosy be gramed If tlw? lomticm d altel-natiw dea@l ad Operating p3Jieione ~ ndgra-tion Cf kadclle Ccmtiwme,o ~-flgmxrMter mmltorirg rcs@wllECtS (see qpa E.2) may be gr~d if rt@dato~-lmri@ fimk ttere is no potmtial for migration ofliquld fran the facility to tte u~nmet qutferthrc@ the pmt-cbure period.o ~ti frau &ectkm uonltoriw prgan (see4T* E*2) W be m~ for fd.litiea with wem’w3 d IedC &teuion qnm=m belxee.n tl’eIimre. L&m mx3t b repaired or replaced if afailure la deteuai.

o Di~al fd.llty stall k located in .smmof IWto uoderate rel.lefo Flood plaim, slmmlan&, axxlgmudmter red~ area3 met be *i&d, ani tlmxeshall not be a hydr.ad.iccanectlon betwen thefdlity ad sufece ueter.o Mu?rsion dike are required to diuxt surfacewwer nmcff.(Cixltinled next we)

Establish cwerthst Ibin&ea li-quld Ildgratlon,requlrea ndnimllmimenmn? * pr~-= ~,resists ermion orabrasion, accmUO-datc9 Settl.iIg adSutsicbce. PerUWMUV struldbe lma thsn oreqml to Iimr oreubsolla.

No requtrenmtaestablished.

o Pa3rclmwecare period la 30yearn (mLees pst-iod is redwed orextcsrbd bg r-Iatory altbxity).o All li?efgn ad~sOkJrdtorlcg, .sm3-r =@=+=@emet be aetthrolgh PC8eclmme perbd.o Imchate col-lection SystmInst be Operawltill IeAate iano l-rdetectd.

wax? kmteranalysis reprts(See ImxIltorlrgrequlremnte,~. E.2) adOpratiq -rdsrelet k retaimifor at least 20m.

Pos t-Cloa ureStatutory Def i nit ion Perf onuance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Object ive /Criteria Requirements Requirement a Requi rementa

Lardfllla - T(xic SutmX~Uzar&ua Wa5te Cmtml Act -(Ca’tinled)

Ialmifllls -Saniulry

-n Dmpa(incllxK%Illegal dlaqlil’g) -Was&

%CtIOII 6(40 CFR 761)(CtammBi)

Remuroe caBel-Wt5.onadReaneIY Aa -Sukltle D(40 CFR 257)

Rmourca CaBerVatlal andRescveIy Act -Suttitl.e D (40 C3’R257)

Sanitary Iamifilla &fil-Erl mfaciutia ti’lith pa3e mreamable potability ofaiumM effeas on kalth ortk emlrommt frm diqnaald mlid mte (ss d&ined lyRmA).

CpI-1 C@a &fi.lEd afacilit.lell Whith & not lmettk criteria for eanltarylamifi.lls un&r K&i.

For UX&xgramd dridci~ wateracmcea, kicgromi I.mda orNatkmsl Interim PrimLyDrlnldrg Water I@ulatiom (ifMgkr tlm tmicgraaxl) matnot k ~ beymd theafl-tti baaxtary or an~ive ~ =-bllskxl on a site-spxificLmia.

Sare m ot@xive for aanlttuyLmlfllla h SubcitIe D of

o Bottan of lanifill liner or aolla -t be 50 feetfran historical high water table.o Laniflll umt be tirlaln ty aolla or aynttmdc

==~r “th ~ti’v q~ to or ka t~

o Led-late mllecr.ion Syat.ml mt te! Ire!tmed.o Site mat b oprated ml IM.Ima.lned in a mmer toprevent safety protdem or krardma comiitlom rE-Sulting frm Spilled M@.& ad Wimibkxm [email protected] Ihlllc liquids exceedirg 503 ppO may h? lilspoaed afpxidai such wrote la pretreated andlor stabilized.o A waiver frau any re@rarc my k tpprti bytk regulalmy LldlXLty if it m b &mxEtratdtbt operation d tte Iardfill Will met tb pedol-mmce standard.

o Deaifyi ard qerdrg rquhtirretts are net No mqulrelemsspecified. e3tabliahed.o In tzidition to grasxhmter pe?fo~ crloerta,pformmce criteria are exabliahed fir floodplain,am-fm uater, applimtion to Iaml used for focd+aincrqa, diaea3e, air, and safety.

@-en dmpa rmt be clad or upgraded to met tk cri- No requirfmtsterla eat~liahed for sanitary Iardfilla tnnkr eatabllahed.SulxItle D d -

No requherentsfstablistd

t-b requl~aeateblished.

Post-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating

Source AuthorityClosure Care

of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

ReskkltialDiapma.1

Surface

~m-RarardmaWaate

Federal Inaecttici&, Fulglci&,d Ro&nticideAct-Section19(40cFR 165)

Resmr@ComeFvationadReccwy Act-SukitleC(40CFR264)

Burialcfllnsllqmntitieaofpeatklde contafmrsinopenfield3 (COftShXS khich heldorganic or uetalltrwganicpsatkldes eKcept organicorganic uercury, Lead,cahulun, or a~enicC-)=a

surf- ~nts ~ forthe treatment, storage, orm~ d hrdms mste(ss defined by RcRA). wquireumts do - ~ply tofacilities (or pxtiom offacilities) that received=te prior to the effectivedate & the RGtA regulation(Jan. 26, 1983).

Show ti ~rd for prctectimof SUtface and sldmx’facewater.

Sam as objemive for twardms -te Iamifills urlerRCIW

o Requimetis are - specified.o Chtalmm simld be rimed prior to disposal.(Rimw water ad pesticide reddues shxdd k txkkd toSPY ewes in the field or incinerated, tipedof In spctally designated Iamifl.lla, or d-Itwidlydeaeimted. Otkr diapmal mthoda such as soilinjection or denial degraiatkin shmld be tirtdcenwtth ITA guidance).o State ad Fe&ml pollution cmtrol statrIardashould M% be ViOhtEri.

o Sim reqldrelu2ma am limited to floc@aim Sniseismic conditions.o All Swfacll! ~nta mat be a llmx. Jkaignad Operatiqg specifications are established in thefazility pmuit.o All Sw’face iqmndm!nts Uuat be &s@led doperated to pewsllt owrtcpping ad nuat & dikes toprmxlt msaalve fdllln%o Special ccatiqge~ plain to d&e3s leb orspills mat be ~egared (lnclti~ ~oviaions forInmedlate stuedam ad eqxyirg cf the fmpmduent).o Special rqulrelents *ply to i@table, reacttweor -tible waste.o ==Pt- frm certain &sign ad UDnitolirgra@r==ts are the 8= as tbe for harardma vmatelalxlfilla.

No requireilentsestablished.

o For s~~ ortreatlw!nt @culd--s: wta d=* llaB3t heremvedardaellto a penulttcdfacility, adqulplent InJat bed~natd.o For dia~

~nt=elidnate freeliquids anilorSolidlfy -teaad reati, adstablMze remsixri% hmate tosupprt cover.o Cwer re@rees are the Samas tlnae forharardaIs -teIarrlfi.lla.

No rquirenmtaestablished.

s= s rqui=rents for hazal-dms wwte lani-filla.

Post-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Auchority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

surface surface Minirg I~n=d@~==Jl1~1-- Ccmroland water, sedimmt, slurry, orNm-HaZsrdaLs Reclanationkt otkr Liqtid or ~-liquidWaste (30 CFR616and tddingstructurea amideprw

817) siomj, eithm naturally foumdor artlfically tuilt. Stmtorea my be tarqmrary orF nmanent. Applies to all.sUrftce ad undergraxnd coalmhli~ opmticm.

Grmndwater quali~ shall be o ALl iqamimmts mat met rqufrenents for stabil- o Teqmary im-praected by ha-riling earth ity, prevention of cnertopping and proviaion of spill- pxndumts mat beuateriala ad rod f in a mm- vays, ad praection agairsc surface er=ion. Inatal- reroved ad re-rrm tlwit minimiz= acidic, Iatlon of a liner is not a uandatmy rquirenrmt but c m .tacic, or otkr harmful infil- my be requird by the rcgulzmry authi~ on a site o pe nuanerc mtration to grnunkter s~taa spxific &is to met the p2rfotmnce stanciml. pullhnts Uustad @ mn@rg excavaticm o Pennsm2m @ctnxlm nts mat na result in tk dimi- met all designad mkr diaturbmea to mtion of the quality of wter utilimd by aij~nt or aml o~rating re_prevent or control tlm di= surramdirtg Iarr.iomets for agricultural, imluatial, quireumts, kchar% ti P1l=s into the rer.reational or damstic use. The quality of nter in nnimalned ~o~rgrmxh.ater. tk inpundmnt mat be suitable m a ~tnianeti taais ly, wet tk re-

fer its intendsxf use, ad after reclamation, mat meet quirenerrs & theall applidde State ad Fderal starrlank. reclamation plan

and the require-ments of th?grnumiwmer nmi-toriqg plan.

o A hydrOk@Creclamation planmust b Sullnlttedwith a pmnit ap-plication whichspecifics tk m2a-surea to k tdcenduring the miningad reclalmtionopmatiom to p-tect gramdwater(ormite ad &&site) fran adwzseeffects (e.gv acidor toxic dralrrS%S).o A pE!tiOtmslXX!boti -t be filedccwerirg tte &ra-tion of nd.ning andreclanaion acti-Vltiea.0 Mxlilwll’yg Uuatte Comirwd umflm relea3e.

●

Aal

Pos t-CloeureStatutory Def inf tion Performance Design and Operattng

Source Authority of SourceClosure Care

Object ive/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

nut Actbwaste (Comlmed ) - Ftlmld Lea8il’g

Act of 1920 Smimteriala Act d1947 (43 CFR23). (lxmsmlxrerala such ascoal, ptuepbl@-t, -potamlllll, semi,attxn3, gravel and**

Iopmdnefis*for* Tdo?taksqmenmnxeetotmstmntor Cuitrolofrldfaulid, ninimke,orcmrecteml &ail’q@ dlrllg millilg q?- - to tl’e ~~m ~eretlcam on Fe&ral lands. to pdllc health and safety

while encmr.qgtqg &velqmmtof lldmrel ~.

- U.S. Mb@ LZaa9 Not cxplkltly ~loned in Prmelw Lllmc9wxy(43 CFR 3800).

or un&e*~. mr, degrecktion of Fe&ral lands

Cmer locetable @lMIMmts are ccmidered uhld my remit fmm ninirgUdmrala emh Se put of mlll~ qeratlone. qemtime.gold, silusr, Applies only to Fderal IaxkJ.lead, irm ad-r.

o A ndn@ plan met be e@mLttd to tk re@atory o No Spxlflcmtturlty *& Imlwks a &ecriptlon of mmee to requircmmts.be t&en to prevett or cmtml ~cudater @lutiom o Ulnifg plano -h my be pchltdted or restricted in arose umt include Pif it is detenmbd by tk mgulatmy mtbrfty tlmt visiom for ~kater qti~ will be 1- bekw State stamIsr& or clamtlon of *leuels set by tk Departnmt d Interior (mlees it la twkd a-.fcmd tit the ltitg of vater quality is =J===Yto ecaxndc al’d eodal devellqmsmt d will lxx Weckk any s@ed tmer of the mte~ ~A mmt be coa-sukd to emxe tbt the clean Water kt would net beViolated).

O A phln & ~rStiOIE UUSt be S@lllittd CO th2 ~ O NO SpEWifiCIatol.y adlxlty +iCh ilwldaa a &ecrf@m of ma- requirements.sme8 to be tdcen m meet tb pwfomance Stird. o Plan d @era-

0 Wo Speclffcrequirements.o Perfo~bolri mmt be filedin en 8KMlt auf=ftcient to tmtisfytb reckmtionm~sofanfqqmed ndnfxg~w~at bt

●

o No apciflcrtquiremnta.o Perfotmanm

Post-ClosureStatutory Def init Ion Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Object ive/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

surf&x

~A-

Weete (CuKimed)

Federal ladPolicy end~A@(ccmlmed)- GeahxlmlStrean Act (3) m270 ad mm Opertrtimal Or&r No.4)

Fe&ral LardPolicy ad ~Uelt Au- MllEral Leam3irgAu d 1920 adnatezSals AU d19+7 (43 m 23)

- Us. Uinllg I&S(43 m 3800)

Pits ad Sulpa Med to retainau msteti.ak? d flulds a~sary to drillilg p-tlm or &r qeratlom on

lads.

N& explidtly Irentiord intk regulations. Hmeusr,tky are Prt & minirg cp-erstim’% Applies Cm2y toF&ml lards.

Not exp.licltly &flI’Erl in th?--, Ialt dispmd Cftaste t.auilgs ia IE!rttlomd mpm d a mlnirg opxationo

Grallxkatem InBt lmx beaxmdnsted (8ped.fiesCm@mce withad State wateracdarda).

all Federalqua.llty

Sare - o~edi= for mm-harmkms wa9te surf=@xxurlmnts tmxkr tkae lam.

SaD9 = o17jeuive for mm-hszardms -te surf= Illrpmrkrcs m&r tbae Iaas.

Samxs nuat b Iird with lqxmlcus material.

Sare = rqufrcmxm for nm-kamlals waste surf=Iqmdmcs mkr these km.

s- & rqdr—nta for mrhamrdcus waste surfacehqmdmms mix these km

o ~sin.st te filled,WJerld, eni re-turndto amarnatural state.o ~-slast be pur@ demirrnmtially-d &lnkalad pclpimteabefore kK4tfil-U1’g.

Sam a3 requfreI02ms fir norrh%zardala wastesurface hpculd-mmts mder tkaelad%

Sare a t’qulre-mms for norkattials wasteSurfm? @lclmkmmta &r tbaem.

o No I-tEqulrem?IKsestablished.

saE s rquire-UErts fir markzankma wastesurf- ~mema mtkr tlwseI&m.

* s requirmcs for nomkardoua wastesurf- ~nents tmkr tkseIahB*

Pos t-Cloe ureStatutory Def Init ion Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Object ive/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

Waste Tsillrgs Uran@n Mill Tall-(ColKlmed) Iw R&natim

Catrol Act=- Actiw sites(40 clR 192)

mm arw werd by ther6guLstiom umtalni~ w+metalllrgs frcm uranium pmcea-slqg activiciea. Such areasImlutk * region within tkFrineter d an inpmdmt orpile.

&me = o@ctiw for hszard-m -te Surfaos ~=stir KxA qt tit cLln-pm with the stamisrd iSrqrlrd at all points at a-r distance than WO ~tets fran tk * d tk dls-pmxd area ~dor cutsi& ttes i t e - .

Sare = requirements for hszanhs waste surface im-xamimts umkr KIM -t tkt the -ion fmngromdwater nmitoriqg rqulrerems for dcuble-limifacilities with M &tection Systz &es not =ly.

o with respect mIlon-radiolcgidkZanis, site Uust& clmed in amnmr tit:- nddlldze thened for furthertintemance; and- cxxltrola, mini-mizes, or elind-na~, to tl’r! etent nectssary toprewnt *eats toiumn kalth ardtk envircxrnmt,po3tilo3me es-cape & harardmswa3te, hazardmsvmste corstinl-ents, Ieachste,ccnttxnhtd raln-fsll, or wrote de-coqosition pro-ducts to thegrad or surfacewtets or to tteammptere.o With repxt torailolcgialhazards, site matbe designed to &effectivw for ILOU

o See clmurerquhrems.o No specificrequimrefcsestabliskd byEP& W my re-quke ~ termSurwdllane dtk site m pmof tk lhme re-quiremm.

I

Pos t-ClosureStat u to ry Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure

SourceCare

Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirements Requirements

Wste Tafli~s Uraniun Mill Tail-(@ntimd) ings Radiation

Control Actc

-Active Sites40CFR 192)(Contimed)

kwtePiles- ResourceCo=erHazardmsWaste vationand

RecwetyAct -Suttitle C(40cFR 264)

waste piles used for the S- as objedive forh4zzanl-tremrent or storage of as taste landfills @rhzxzardms tastes (as de fimxi RCRA.by RCRA). Rqrhnents do notady to facilities (or pl-tions of facilities) that r-ceived waste prior to tk +fective date of the RCRA regrlatio~ (Jan. 26, 1983).

o Sitirg rcquiremsmts are llndted to floodplain adseisndc conditions.o All waste piles mat hwe a liner ad le~ate col-lection ad remval sptem. Design and cpraticg SKcifications are establiskd in tk fadlity petit.o Ruron controls ad moff nsnagenent system matbe imtalled.o Wird d.isp31saI of Psttimlat- nust be ccmtrollerl.o Special requirt=rents apply to @table, reactiveor incnrpatible wastes.o Exemption fron I.fner ad letiate collection systenrequlrenents msy be granted if:- the waste pile is lccatd imide or mder a sttlcture that provides protection fran precipitation topraent tuncff generation d letiatq ard- the location SIXI alternative design and opratingprwisicm prevent migration d hazardms cmti-twts.o EO=@on fron all grcuncketer nmitorf~ rquire-mnts (see app. E.2) may be granted if the regulatoryauttot-ity firds tbm is no ptential for ndgration ofliquid frcxn the facility to the up~rnmt quiferthrmgh tk pst-clrsure pried.

pus, to tb -tent reaaordlyadi-able, ami,in any case, forat least 203 yeats(limits for atnv-Spherfc rekasesare also spc+fid).

Wastea, wsteresidues, contaml-natd Stmctureaand E@pent, andContdnatcrl sub-soils mat be re-nmed ad sent topenukted fa-Cfliry.

If all contalli-nated sukoils arenot raved, thepcstiosurerquiremnts forhazardms wastelamifills apply.

Poet-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Deafgn and Operating

SourceClosure Care

Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requl rements Requirements

ReaaIre comer!Jhate Piles -

0 ~timfrm &taCtlonmnitmftg prcgnm (see~d ~. E.2) may be grmted for:

HazmdOm bkaste I@couexy Act - - facilities with dmble Iimm ad letk demion(Ccmimsd) Suktitle c ayatma betwen the llmrs (IiIEra nut he rqalred or

(40 CFR 264)(Contimed)

blmte Piles - surface M.inilg Refuae piles Ccmdllilg cdNm+kxlKkla Ccmtrol al-d mine mte (Incluka coal Fo-Waste Ceaailg Uaati d Undaqgmlnd

deuelcqmnt kmate).e Applies817) to all Sufalm? Slrl umiergrallxl

coal allnirg opemtiona exccqttlnae on Federal lamb (lezmedcoal).

riplac.fd if a failure is &tesmd);- facilitlea located Imi& or mix a stnxma-e thatprwidea ~cteulon frcm precipitation to praem m~f ~ of Iea&atq ad- facilities Ulth a@e Iinem ad ledlate ~tion Syatems located above the aea9xMl M@ intertable (a liner impeelon ~tem mat also be Iupkmlted).

Gromdater qmlity alall ke o All uaate mat be @ad in dlapmal am certl-poteued ty~ =h

‘id b a ~ ‘-’- Fb;:ykmteriala ad nmcff in a mm promd ty tk m@atoty axlmti~.ner thst mMndzea acidic, Cnntrolld to: dnindza amxae effects of leachtetrxic, or @her haxmful Irfil- ad smfam water nnnff on mrfam ad gronxk9~,tratioo to ~r ayatcm enmre mm statdlity and p-ewnt mm ~t; en-‘ad ty mml@rg emavatiom s-e that tte final dlapxal facfllty is suitable foraud *r diatmbanoea to ~ reckmtioq net create a pddlc harard; and ~W* or cxxm-ol the dfach~ cmlustion,of @utmts into the grcmxd- o If diapaal area axtairg a@ga, natural or mmkater. de inter cmraea , or *t -r seeps, dmign mat

incluck dlwmlom alrl umk?xdraim s mxsaaly tocmtrol ercsicm, -t tauer infi..l.tration, ademxe stability.

Post-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance De8ign and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirement Requirements

lhr3tePiles- Rderial.alriNJn+az4* EM.icyandMm-Wste ~~

-Mmmallet9ingActof 19208nlMlterialsktof1947(43cFR23)

-U.s.uiniqti(43CFR3800)

FederalIlmeckl-ci&,Fm@ide,aniRn&nticideAct(40cFR165)

tbte@icitlynentiOnaiintheregulation9. Fbwever,tky are col’sidered prt dminirg qeratiom. Appliesonly to %deral lards.

tbt explicitly &finfd in tk

rtittins, W vmte pikaare nentiomi as part d aUdnirg Opxation.

stoqe d psdsges admltaimm of PaBtici&s.

Sme as ol$ective for non-harardam =te surke@XXK&Tlt8 *r ttese M.

* as objective for nomhszardms vmte surkelnpomdmnts ukier tkse M.

Provide for tk safe slmrgeof pelmicide?.

* 88 requiraents for noniwanials UMte Strface@cmhents mdsr these lau3.

%ue as rcqukcments for ncn+wmdals wste Su’fsce~s unkr these -.

0 No maniatmy requirements are estilisld.0 stir- Sites 8tEdd be Im?Xed:- Wh2m? flocdiIg is mliltely ad where Wiltextu-elmuctm? d hydro@olcgic d’iaracteristicswill pevent contamination cf axy wwer aysten bynncff or percolation; aml- with &e raard to th? al?xa’lt, toxicity, demimmental hszad of paMci&s, ad the mmbr andSfzes of Coltaimm.o Drain@e fran tte site sluuld k comainai (e.g.nndf or akter fran the dmtiaulnation ofpemonnel d equipnent) d if Comanfnated, dispJsOiof in axodmce with r@atiorm (see ResitiialDispn3al &r FIFRA abwe).O Rstici&?8 stmld b Ideled aml ~e@ed byformulation 88 tqqmqxiati.o State aml Federal Plltiion control standads.sIrmld m he Violatd.

Post-Closurestatutory Definition Perfornumce Design and Operating


of Source Objective/Criteria Requiranents Requirements Requirements

Grzweyar&

ArLilml Burial

AboVegrcmiSto~eTadca-Harardmskste

AbovegrcundStor~Taks -

NoHauKdcushhate

Above-groundStorqe Tarka-Non-Waate

—

—

Resmr@ComerVationaldRecweryAct -SuttitleC(40~264)

ToxicSutstanceaControl Act (40CIlt 761)

—

CleanWaterAct -Section 311(40 m 112)

— — —

— — —

AboJegr@ tar% uad for tte Prwent spllla or Ietkge. o Tti sM1 nust hwe aufficiert strergth to preverttrwitmnt or storage of hazm-dms ~sta (ss defined tyFfxA).

See TSCA requirements,for hazmlu w3stecontainers.

—

belw,

omkre fadlItie with &wegrand -ties eqd to orgreater than 1,320 g@lcrE ofoil (or sirgle tadcs with-ties greater than 660ga.uona).g

rupture or colkqse. Design speclficatio~ areestablished in tb facility pnnlt for tk tzmk shilland for the fandation, structural aup~rt, seam andpressure ccntrola d tark.o Tank or limr mat be cmpstible with tmatea.o Controls to pr~ent wrfflliqg mat be usai.o S@al rcqul renenta are established for fgtrltable,rea2tive, ad i-tile wastea.

— —

— —

wastes SIXI waste No rqulremtsresidlk?s mmt be eatablhkd.

ravved d sentto a permittedfad.lity.

Prcwent didmged oil fran o No specific rquirarents are etabliskri.~~~ a navigable =ter o A Spill Preumtion Control and Canterneaaurecmrse. (SKC) Plan oust be mindtted to the rqgulati~ al-

tkmity. lhe plan uimt disams povisiona for tkcanpatibility of tlw tadc with stord ontetial,containnemt of spills, imtallation of [email protected] that ~wide warnitga d tak failures, ardother safeguards. _ & to &fective intendktiqg coils shmld & catrolled. Portable ormhile ttwirs shculd be located to preusnt dlachsrgeinto nmigable waters.

No rqldramlts No LTquircmltaestablished. fstabliskd.

wLfJ

2IQo

I

coA

1 Pos t-C 10s ureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Object ive /C ri ce ria Req ui rements Req ui rements Requirements

AbwegrauriSrora&Tanka -Non+aate(Continuei)

Un&rgrourdSmrage Taxics –HazmdcusW=te

Un&rgrcaniStorage Taks -Non+iazardalswaste

HazardasLiquidPipeline SafetyAu (49 CER 195)

Resour= ComerVationarxlRecu?ety Act -

Suttitle C(40m264)

—

Storage of hszardma liquids(as defind ty HLFSA) incickn-tal to tkir unvenmt by pi~-Iine in or affetting Irterstate or foreign cmmr=.Re@atior6 e+idfly defineatrwegramd “bre&cxm tarks”kich are uad to relievesutges in a kzzardaJs liquidpi@ine system or to receimad store hazardous liquidtrarqmted by a pipelire.Rcr@rsnents do net ,apply toFe&ral fac.ilitiea.l

~erd urdergrcmrd tarks usedfor t~ ~tnent or stor~of bzardala waste = defirdbjJKX&

—

Contain hazarrha liquids intte evmt d a spill or le&.

R%ulatiom3 kiw m teenpramlgated.

—

Tak area mat k adequately praead agaimt No rquirasxusuuuttmizd entry ard relief wmitg mat k ~ovi&d =tabliahed.for ed tadc.

—

Fegulatiom tmenm kenprcmlgati.

No nquirammtsemabliskd.

Re@atiom havenot kenprcnulgsti.

—



of Source Objecttve/Criteria Requlrcments Requirements Requirements

Qxlcsimrs -nazanhlaumme

Clemlkiterkt -Section 311(40 CPR112)

malurcecomel-VationarxiRecumyAct -Subtitl.ec (40aR264)

OdDre facilities with mdergramd stor~ mpscit.ieaeqd to or gralter tlm42,000 @hna.

Co@ahxa A for tkstora@ d bzaldma -tea(SS defined Iy R~.

Pmrent dtdwged oil frcmIead@ a nsvigable tiercmra&

Revert .s@lIs or Idage.

o No Spdflc rqlfmoents are e3tilfahEd.o A Spill Prewrtion &@rvl ad cante~(mm Plan Dust be altmitted to tb regulatoryathxlty. The plan must disams pwialofm for the~t~w Of t~ tak kdth atored mterlal,ptection fruo ccmro310n by costl~, Cstmdic pv-tectlon or ctkr effective mthxk cmpatlble with lo-IA soil cxmiltions, ad the Irmtallation of ergf-neerflg d?!vica tlE3t pwf& Wm@s d U fail-Wes, atxl otter aafegmmk. _ h to &fectiveinternal heatitg coils struld be tirolled.

o COmainm or Ilner mat be ~tible with wwtea.o StorW area for cQmxOxs mEt hau? an IllpEmiolmke, ccxmola arrl co.UectlOn ayatm for * cmtrold reuoval of liqulda, spills, and rlEmxl (Inlesactiaimra are elevatxd or pr~ectai fron cmt~ withliquid). spill ~lllmt Systelll Ls mx required ifccataimm do mt ~ liquids.o special requtmenta are aXaMiahed for I@table,resxiti, ad i lnnpsdble tmates.

No rqldrefmlm No rquireentsestablished. eatatdiahed.

o Was* ad No lxqldrmentshmste redches established.Iulat be mv3w?dand amt to a perndtted facility.o CUxalnen3, li-nela, W SNlsoil cUUx&mdWith Wte ImMt berkmtdmtd orr6mved.

Post-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure Care


&maimn3- Toxic subtamealiaa.rdma hbte Cmtml Act -(COmlmad) section6 (40CFR

761)

Qntainera -NarHazardmaWate

contaiIExauaedtostoreKTfJatamcentratiamof50ppnalliabme.

—

contalmrs- Fe&mlImectl- PeatlcldecmtaimmNon-Waste dde,k@mie

alrJRo&*lddeAct(40cFR 165)

Not specified. o Storzge facilitk for tialnem my net belomted bekw the l-r flood kmer elemtion.o sto~ faclliti= uuat IX~& adeqwte *-,Ala, flcora and aRhtng to -t raltu9ter franr*@ cmtainers sml to ~aln ary spUla orLeh.o Teqwnuy sto~e in areas that do net ueet t~TUiremnts v be all~ for certain ~rs.o containem nuat ueet a~clf~~ ~ regulatiore forShlppis ~rs.o tialne= h a spxlfld she oust ueet SPCCrcquiremnts mder Section 311 of the Clean hkter Act?Md Spcifkd OSK4 Stamiards.

—

See *U* ~r Mater-lab See rquimnmta for Materials Stockpiles mix FIFRA.Stockpiles mix FIFRA

openm~ Reamroe Comer Open turnitg ard &tors3tim ci Re@atlom hwe nU kmDetomtion sites Wdon alrl

- - ~ - teen pranllgated.tmate explceiid paall@lted.

Recmry Act -Subtitle c (40 m264)

No I-quirmentseatabushed.

—

see requireumtafor MterialaStodqdles mder

No rqulmmtsestablished.

—

see I-Equllmmtsfor MaterialsStodcpilea mder


SourceClosure Care


Openllurnirgard Federallnaecfi-Demtfon sites ci&, Fungicide,(Cultlnled) ani Rodenticide

Act (40CFR 165)

Radimlctfve Atacdc - A c tm-sites (40 CFR191)

Opnturni~& 9naLlqtatil-ties of canlmstible pesticideContainexstiichtuldoxganicor aetallcmxganlc pesticides(=cqt o~nic nermry, led,cdmiun, or arsenicc~).

Geolqgic rqosltmles forhigfrl~ radioactive-te%

S= as starrlard for r4den-tial dispal (lmrial) mder

MsPal SySt611B rIkISt be &‘W to Pfi a ~eexpectation ttat for 1O,(MIyears after diapal, reason—ably fo reseeable relea3ea ofmte into the accessible errvirauent are ~~ectd to kless tin spxffied amxnts(ve~ mdilcely relea3ea amprojected to be less than tentires spectfid alulnts).

Sam as requirements for residential dispsal (tmrial)uxkr FIIUA.

o Dispsal systera nust net be locatd where tlxwehas been ndning for resmrms or bre there is areawmable ~ctation cf exploration in the ftiure.o Disposal Systelm wt be selected Slri desi$yled tokeep reletses as mall as reamnsbly ahiwable (t&-img teclnical, mclal ad eccnardc ccmideratioms intoacmmt) ard so that rtmval & mat wastes is tipreclwied for a reaamsble pried of tim after di=pal.o Dispxal systans mat use several types & txmriers(e@neered ad natural) to isolate wastes.

Sam? as requfre Stme as requi-mmts for reslckm oenta for residen-tial dispxal(b-u-id) mrkrEIFRA.

sites Ullst kidentified tymsrlws ad reamis.

tial dkpcem.1(burial) wrkrFIFRA.

Disposal systtmmist not rely onactive imti~tional controls(e.g. controllingor cmtainirg r-1~, Uainte!rSnce operations,or rmeiiial aetions) to isolatemtea bqomi amasmnsble tintsperiod (e.g. a fewhurrlrd years) a&ter dispsal.

App. H—Federal Efforts To Prevent Groundwater Contamination . 493

u+o

8z8

a A farmer disposing of pesticides frcia his own use, which are hazardous wastes, is exempt from RCRA requirements, provided each emptied pesticide con-tainer is triple rinsed in accordance with EPA regulations and pesticide residues are disposed of on his own farm in a manner consistent with the dis- 1posal instructions on the pesticide label (40 CFR 262.51).

‘cmCent ration limits for camtiird rdium226 ad rdhmI-22El (5 PC/liter) ad gro3e alpha-psrticle actMty (15 PC/liter cxcbii~ raion ad urmiun) are .91c&I to tk stxdsxd.

ecod pocessitg wtste mxms earth Qmerials W& are Separeted ad Wined fran the product Cosl durirg Cksntlg, anrmtmdxg, or uhr pmcessirg or pqsrfdm of coal. Lhrkrgrcuddevelcpl?m waste Im2am kmsterock mixturea d cal, std.e, claystom, sflts~, eamklmm, liuestom, or relatel materiala that are excavated, Imved, ad disposed d frcm undslgramdwodci~ in ~ction with mdexgrcud mining activities (30 m 701 .5).

f Coal at= waste my be dtspsed d in mdexgromd aine workirgs if qqmwed ty tlw re@atov mttrmlty ad tb Mm Safety ad Redth Mmlnistratiom

g F&t~ ~ tho9e eqqged in drillirg, puducing, gatkrirg, storirg, ~i~, MIII.Is, tmmferrirg, distrlhit.i~, or conmmdw oil d oil p’dicta. oil is &find as oil of anylcird or in ery fore, irdudicg tut net 14mLted to petrohm, fwl oil, slui~, oil ref~ ad oil nixed with mtes @&r thm dred@ s@l.

hm pwisims of Section 311 of the Clean Wster Act are directed tobmrcb surfu wter. Howvsr, the &aigI and operatiq MS@dao Inqmct grcumimer.

~e seine to gmtect against the dlsdm~ of oil ttmt my

j klmte explosives imlixk Wsste which ha * ptential to &tomte A hdk militq ~qdlalm IAich camct safely be dlspxd & tln-mgh otbr U9&S d trestnem. ReguLstim for pemittedfaci3iti.ea haw mt km ~adgeted. Interim status r@htims for qen Lmnirg ad &tamtion estsbllsh ~ dtstace IFrpltrellmt e for auch activities frm the property of * (See40 CFR 265).

k ~ ~d=tis ~m~ in this &k ~ ~ ~th ~ ‘fi raueti pr&ection stxmrismk ~cposd Iy EPA (see 47 FR 58196, Dec. 29, 1982). tRC has also pbl.iskl prqosd @tiomfor tpobgic repositodes. (See 46 FR 35280, July 8, 1981.)

1 TtE requi~S in this tsbhe sre tk WC ~cexB@ requirenetts. WA hses net ~aml=ted health ad ervi rmextel prrxedim stadmb.

H.3 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY III SOURCES

Post-Closure

Statutory Def init ion Performance Design and Operating Closure CareSource Authority of Source Object ive/Criteria Requirements Requirement a Requirements

Pi@lnEs - Mzardma Liquid pipelines Imed m trmportNazardals pipeline SafeQ haaurba liquids (includ=Mstellals Aa (49 m 195) petr- petroleum products

d Sntydrcusammia).

Pipelims -

Waste

MaterialsTrarsport ad‘hamferOperatiorm -

Materials dW=te

— —

Ikardas Mae ‘n’e rmrqortation detials Tram- hanr&us materials andportatlm Act twardma wte (as Mild try(49 CPR 171) w) by rail rar, aircraft,

d ad motor vehicles hin iemtate d fonei@cauE= (ad rotor vehickaused to tramport hszardcusW3ate in intr*-camere).

To protect @jaimt t~tislcs to life adprqerty uhich arei~ h thetransportation ofktdsna ntwerials incmmere.

o

0

0

0

0

Pipelines llMt lx? dlemkally cqstible with tkNo requirem!lts No requirellmxshtdms liquids. eatsbllskd. estsblistd.

Design requirelel’ts cwer comideratim ~~ww), ~= ~ $Ftqraa, p-e3mre d external to

~~~dm a pipe, ad *% mita (and fabrimtedsaaedliea).

NW @pdinf3 mat be COIBtructxd & StCd.

Pi@inea m3t k ~aeaed @n3t wrrcsion.

%fe~ devices ad spill or ledt cottaime~aysxim are required.

—

-- SPedfy lquirenema-m * No rqlirelEas No rqli~s~tim of IMteriak for tramprt (e.g., e3tialskzl* ewdmaki.pdagiqg d axKdlEr apecifiaMons); tmrilirg dI.oadirg; ad IEb4irgc

Sane: Off h d Techmlqy Aases-t.

H.4 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY IV SOURCES

Post-ClosureStatutory Def fni t ion Performance Design and Operating Closure

SourceCare


Ir@tion CleanWaterAct -ltehn-nfl~f ranirrigatdRadices SecIion208 agrialltlme.

(40m35ASutWrtG)

Peatici& ClemWaterkt -&imlturallyrelatd wApplimtiom seuion 208 pcdntacurceaofpollution.

(40CFR35,SubprtG)

Fe&ralInsecti- Armli=tion of ce~aincide, Iir@cideJ p2aticidea which my caseand knknticide tmrea30nable alwme effectsAct - Sectfon 3 on the environrent.(40 GFR 162)

Fertilfa2r Clean Water kt -f#@culturally related ncn-AppllatiolB %xtiorl 208 @nt sources of Dilution.

(40 CFR 35,Subpmt G)

AcM- eat~lishxl waterquality @ala of

Sare aa stamiad~tion practices

t~ act.

for irri-umkr CtA.

Prevent UII-ea30nable alverseeffects on the erwiroment.

o No sp2cific ra@xments are eatabliskrl. k requiraentso Statea are requid to sutndt ~ter quality rmnage- eatkJiahd.nmt plain which mat describe tk regulatory aml non-regulamy act fvitiea ad Uest F@nagem(~) Selectd to et

nt practicesnon-lmint EXlrce control

needa.o IMPs are nethxls, neasmea, or pr-ices tm preventor redme -ter fmllutlon (they includs M are notlfndted w structural ad nonstructural controla, adqeration ati maintenanceTXcaiure). EMPs m beapplied befo~ duri~, ad after poll.utio~aiucirgauivitiea to rti or eliminate the introdudon ofpollutants into receivlrg wate~. Iixxxmic, insti-tutional, arri techical factira mt be co=irkred.

- as rtquirenmts for irrigation ~~ti.c= mder%mE as requirem. -S for irriga-

tion ~=ticea&r G%

o No sp4fic requimmmts. b rqtircaentso A ~tki& a he chsified for ““restricted use.”’ est~lish~.(%atrlctd use Classification= require thtpeatiddea & applied by amtified auplicatm%Reatrlctd w is lxx explicitly defixusd to inclde%Wmhic reatrictiom. )

Sam aa rcquiremmts for ird- Sme as rqdraumts for irrigation vacticea mder* aa raplke-gation Ixactkea &r CSiA. m rents for irriga-

tion practkeatir (X4.

k rqufrmentsatablfahed.

SalE a requiremfts for irriga-tion prxticesunckr tX4.

M Jxquimlmtseatabliahed.

App. H—Federa/ Efforts To Prevent Groundwater Contamination “ 497

b&

‘&

I

I

I

I

I

&

$

M.

I

I

I

I

I

I

Pos t-CloaureStatutory Def init ion Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Object ive/Criteria Requirements Require-nts Requirements

%~- Fe&ral Lad~- ml.i.cy dsurfe Hlnirg ~ ~b(ComiNad) - 14imral leasing

Au d 19’20 idMaterials Aa of1947 (43 ml 23)

Fderal ti).

- us. Mildqg k Wli.rg d IELnrals Swh a(43 Cm 3800) @d, Sll=, lead, Ircxl ad

ccpper (cm Federal lanis).

Take adaquate ~ mavoid, ndnidze, or mrrectdsmga ~ tb elwircxmHu dto public I’Uwkh ad safety- ~e ~of ndmral resources.

Prewnc UUEUESSary or umhdegraktion of Fed?ml lam%which my result fran mdn@Operaths.

o Minil’g plan IQBt te !altmit@d to tb reglllauxyachx-ity htlldl ImludeS - - of ~= toktAentoprevem or ccmrol gmxrkster pllmicm.o Opratiom my Ls2 prchikited or restrlud In areasff it la &teLndnEd by tk rEgulsmy altlmity tithater quali~ will b bed beku State stmdarda ork!da set by mI (Lmlesa it la fad that *hri~ of vmter quality is necessary to eamnd.c dSodsl &@.ofnnm am.! will - p-eclde smy assi@Eim cf tk iater. IPA amt k axmlttd m emwretht tk Ckau Water Act wadd ncc te violated. )

o Plan d Operat.iom -t lx allluitti to tk reglrIatory E@mity %i’liCh inclu&a a &scrl@on d mear- to b tken to meet tb pexfonmnoe Stmiani.

o No specific wqulrelams.o MlnilWJ plan-t [email protected] po-vlaiom for re-ClaEItion d dirturkl ~o

0 k spdfic &quiramxs.o Plan d Opewtiom m.Bt idldeprtuisti for re-Clamtbn of dlxrtl.rkd area3.

o No Spedfic m-qtims.0 PefiotmxceM last be filedinanauamttifiderz m Satisfytkmlkmtimrcq~ of anafpcwed Udnirgplan (at Iea8t$20a)).

O NO s~dfic ~quirclem.o Pelformrmbord mt b filedin an ~t IrMexion th? eatilmtdcat d nx%muikstabilization adWclalmtim tfdistmbd are&3.

Post-ClosureStatutory Def init ion Performance Design and Operating Closure

Sour ceCare

Authority of Source Object I.ve /Cri teria Requirements Requirements Requirements

Mhitg ad M1.m surface Minilg~- Cultrol SrKlsurface Minilg RecIalmtlon Au(CulK1l’lld) (30 m 816)

FfLlrhlg ad Pu.M Fekral budDrainage - policy adIJn&grand ~~ AUlthlirg - MLm2ral bing

AU cf 1920 adnsterlalJ3 Act of1%7 (43 ~ 23)

surface mini.lg d cd.

Mlnirg d Urhlerala Swh scoal, phqiaate, -t,Scdium, potaxliq Ssni,stale, grawl arxi C@ (onFederal lads).

Gro.ndmter qdlty shall be~ctecfd bj hadlng earthnsterials ad nnuff in a IMII-ner that mhimhes acidic,talc, or othx harmEul infil-=~ to ~r wt=d by IIEn?@x excamtiomad @kr disturb to pre-wnt or cuurol tk dischargeof pal~ Into tk grad-wmr.

Sam m stardatd for surfacemini% @r these k.

o M@aOW tuthwity is rquird m as-s tkomu.latiw I@ologi,c iapscts of the ti~ opxatlonprior to pnult qmxral.

O Pexndt ~plication uust c~a.in a &@~ns~n oftk ptable hych-ologlc Comqsmcea on the qual.i~ad qwmtity of grad ad surface water umkr~ fkw condltio~ for tk Popcaed pmuk mdSdjacem Sre.o ~c rdarmtion plan ut be dlutttxxl Withthe perndt qpllmtlon. It mm amtaln stqa to ktkendurilTg -ami rdamstion ttralgh W te-Iease perl.cd to: @’dndZe dialllrh to tk ty&o-lcglc ~ Within th? permit ad Sdjacert ~;prevent -fisl &ma& Cutaide the p2nult are& mtFederal ad State wawr qmli~ rqulaclom; ad prwtecX the rights of lxesmt usera. Specific uea3uresto avoid acid or toxic &_ SIXI ~ prtwi& water-blent facilities, s neuasary mat k imlu&d intk plan.

Ca@ianoe withtk hyckologic re-Clalmtion plan.

Sare m rqdremmts for surface minirg &r tkse %E as requirek. m for aurftce

adnl.rg tir ttih.

o A h@dC@Creclamation plannuat be alhldtteduith a pxnit q-Pliawion whichSplfies the maureatotEt2kenduril’g Ild.nil-g andrdsmtion qera-tiors to praect~~r (CWsite ad df=ite)fran dveme ef-fects (e.g. acidor toxic dral.n-z%i?). A Prf-rmrme bad ImJst bf fled Ctnlerllg *&ration af ndni~SIKl reclauitialSctivitils.o Mnltorllg -tbe ccminm?d untiltorrl relee.

Sam as rquirenexts for surk.eudnirg &r ttme-.

Pos t-CloaureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure Care


MLnirg afrlFtl= -us.MinitgLaa3Mll’@(fcldneralaallAlas~- (43CFR3600) gold,ailuer, IesrJ,ironandUndelgramd c@per(onFderal larrk).Minir$g(Cultillled)

Surfacel’tinirg unKWgrcund @al mhlil’gc-ml SrxiReclamation Act(30 CFR 816)

Me as requtrmmts hr mx- Sare as mqui=nts for stiace mim *r tkface ting tir these h. ~.

Saa2 as stsdad for suface Sane as rquhuents for sufsce min.iqg tir MU&ndni~ tsder ~.

Sare as require sale as rcqldlerents for surface nents for surfacendnitg under these adn@ under tkseh. w .

Sam? = require Sare as requireamts for surface rents for surfaceudnirg &r minlrg underm. m.

a 40 CIR 35, Su@rt G are th regulation for State gr~s for Water Quality P1.amitg, Man@arent, arrJ Implementation. Alttmgh th? Claim Water Act Is directd at the Pd=lon & stiace

vatera, aare Slxtea hate cimen to i.nclule grcxrukit er quality prvgram in tkir taer quality mnagenmt plana. Such plans are rquired ty the regulations to irmikate reco@tion thatgrwndwtexs ad strface water intenrd.x.

b The Federal Lad Policy ad ~mmt Act (IZEt@ Act & 1976 (P.L. 94-579) raquirea that @lie Iartis be mnqged in a reamer that will prdect tti qdity of emd rauental dues. Indditim, ttuxe are a hr of ~ regulati~ antain ndni~ activities on I@&ral lads. l’he ndni~ r@atiocm are tilmrized by both the FWM ad the spcific ndni~ k ad are tluapresetted to@kr in this table.

c Applies to surface effects of Ln&rgrand Idn.ing.

scur=: Office cf Techolcgy Aaaes=nt.

I

H.5 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY V SOURCES

Pos t-ClosureStatutory Definition Performance Design and Operating Closure

Sour ceCare

Aut horlty of Source Object ive /C ri t eria Requirements Requirements Requirements

Prc&ction Wells -Fderal Lard Pol- kills used for tk ckvelqmmt Mst net cmtariltie graI*o All neceaamy ~-tim ouat be tdten to keepwells mat be No requim!mmtsCeottmlld d icy ad Msnagemnt of ~henml stem (on wters (ca@ance utth all wells @r control, utilize trained d ccqetentpltgged d akn- established.Heat RecweIy Act - Ceahemd Federal lads) Federal ad State water qual- perr+onml, utilize lxcperly n!alntaimd cqulprent addcmd in a namer

St- Act (30 CFR fty starxlard9) naterlals, ad use oprati.~ practices tich insureapproved by the270 ad IQI Opera- the safety ami life ard prqmty. m~vtional Order o A plan of operation mat be appmsd (prior toNo.4)a

zmlthori~.Camrenclrg Cperatiom) by the I’egulatoIy attxx’ltyAich &acribea the propcsed maaurea to be takn forthe prtiection & the erwirccuent, includirg tteprewntion or cmtrol of pollution of surface andgramdhiater.

production Welh -Water Su~y

Other W&Us (non-waate) -Mnitoril’g wells

Other Ala (non-waate) -Explotatlcm Wella

Federal LadPolicy adF!aKMI&=nt Acta -

Mineral -i%Act of 1920 adFtXerials Act of1949 (43 CFR 23)

—

—

—

—

Exploration hells UA in T* dcqmte nm!mrea tomlniqg operations for mbrala mid, mtnlmfze, or correctsti as cod, pb@ate, danage to the emdrommt adasphalt, aodilml, pota9aiun,to public health and aafe~sad, sto~ grad, ard clay while(on Federal lands).

emm=33fm &velqmmtof mimmal reaaucea.

—

o E@o~tion PMI nust be fiki with tte regulatory NO requkammtsNo rlqulrsumtsaatlmi~ Inclding a description of -urea to beestablished. established.taken to prtwent or amtrol pollution d surface adgramdmter.


SourceClosure Care

Authority of Source Objective/Criterfa Requirements Requirements Requirements

a The F+ti M Policy ad ~~nt Act (kT.J+@ of 1976 (P.L. 94-579) rczptlrea tit @.ic lank be _ in a reamer that will preect tb qusll~ of erwi rmlmtal *. In Sddftiqtkre are a &r of - re@at@ ~rtsln adni~ activities on F* lads. ‘l’he mklrg r~iorm are atlmized ~ tih tk = ad h S@iC ndninun laasaldtllls F==@t~tkr in this table. Note that ~tiong for tk Gecthxmal Stem Act wre rdesQna@d, ulth mimr rwlsiom, as 43 CFR 3260 on S@. 30, 1983.

b 40 ~ 35, sutprt G S= ~ r@Micmj for State Grants for Water Quality Plamiryg, ~~arrl In@ emntation. Altlwagh the Clean Wster Act is directed at the pu@&lon of surf-watem, sane Stalin W chosen m include grauxbater quality pgmm in their water qti~ ~lt plain. such plal’a SIE rEqUtNsl by tk lvgUlatiotB to ilrlicate rECqnition tlMt

grcmktem ad surface - Interluix.

H.6 DESIGN AND OPERATING PROVISIONS FORCATEGORY VI SOURCES

Pos t-ClosureStatutory Def f ni t ion Performance Design and Operating Closure Care

Source Authority of Source Objective/Criteria Requirements Requirement Requ.lrements

Grcuxlmter— CleanWaterAct—Surftm31&ter Section208(40Intem2tiom cFR35,subpart

G)a

NmralIeachirg Feclsmtionkt

SalMtwer

Jntruah

Clean Waterkt —Section 2@3 (40CFR 35, subpartG)a

Intemdxi~ of greter adaurf- uster.

sal~ter intrusion Intorivers, lakes, arrl e3tmriesrewki~ frao ra.luction &freshwater flrxt fran anycm-, incldlg g-Aterextraction.

f.%astal Zxie sa.l~ter intxuaion.

~~nt ~

Achieve eltabliskrl

vnter qLality @the =.

NC Objecthe

spscified.

Achiae exsbliskfl

vater qdity @tk a.

of

of

nlnimi.ze th? law of

v-w - hsaltwater intrusion.

o M apdfic rquiratmts establishal.o Statea are requiral to suhdt -ter quality~nt @arE M must irriicate recognition thtgromhatem ad surf- vnter fntenuf.x.

o No apxtfic requirxnents ~tiliskd.o Reclamation Act atlrmi~ the Fe&ral Gcnernwmtto &w21w w+ter supplies for dorestlc,~d,irrbatrial, ad otter purpses.

o I@ apzific requLrammts e3tablistd .0 stat= are required to admit wter quality ~QEnt plain UMsh nuat describe tte rEgulatrJry Slr.1 nmrregulatory activities aml Best ~(-) dectd to -t

t Racticeanm+oint aour~ cmtrol

necrk. (IFIPa are netluda, uezxnrea, or ~actices topreuent or reiw2e vmter pllutlon. They inclde tutare not lindtcfl to structmal ad rmn9tructuralcontrols, ad qeratkm aid mmlnt~woaxllre3).BfPa can be -lied before, duri~, am! afterpollutioq-mducirg activities to rduce or elfndnatetk inlxoduction of plkants into reeivf~mtem. Ecomrdc, irstibMIXlal, d tedlnicalfactmrs mat be cord&rd.

ap~opriate.

a 40 (XR 35. Subart G are tk rcnilations for State izrants for Water @alitv Plannlnr.Manamumt. aml Imolerentation. Altlunzh tte Clean Water Act isdirectd at thi pXection of s“ti~ hnter,

Sara: Office of ‘lbdmolqgy Aaaesmmt.

aam Shtea have _ ‘to inilude .grAte; quality ~og+9 in tkir =ter q’iklltymnagment plain.

No rqdrerents M rs@-eumts

Satimi.ahd. e3tabliahed.

No rqdrcimts & requireumtselltabliahed. estsbliskrl.

w rtqulralmts m rqrfreumtsestdliakli. established.

t-b requLrenmta b rcqllkreltsestMidllxl. eatablfahsd.