4.1 types of tissues chapter 4 :organization & …...3 what do bone (pg.63) and cartilage look...

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Chapter 4 :Organization & Chapter 4 :Organization & Regulation of Body SystemsRegulation of Body Systems

What is a tissue?What is a tissue?•• A collection of cells of the same type that A collection of cells of the same type that

perform a common functionperform a common function•• There are 4 major tissue types in the There are 4 major tissue types in the

body:body:1.1. ConnectiveConnective2.2. Muscular Muscular 3.3. NervousNervous4.4. EpithelialEpithelial

4.1 Types of tissues

1. Connective tissue1. Connective tissue

•• Binds and supports parts of the bodyBinds and supports parts of the body•• All have specialized All have specialized cells, ground substancecells, ground substance and and

protein protein fibersfibers•• Ground substance is Ground substance is noncellularnoncellular and ranges from and ranges from

solid to fluidsolid to fluid•• The ground substance and proteins fibers together The ground substance and proteins fibers together

make up the make up the matrixmatrix of the tissueof the tissue•• There are three main types of connective tissue: There are three main types of connective tissue: A. A.

fibrousfibrous , , B. supportiveB. supportive and and C. fluidC. fluid•• See Page 44: Figure 4:4See Page 44: Figure 4:4

4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports

A. Fibrous connective tissueA. Fibrous connective tissue

•• There are two types: dense or loose, but both There are two types: dense or loose, but both contain contain fibroblast cellsfibroblast cells with a matrix of with a matrix of collagen and elastic fiberscollagen and elastic fibers

•• Loose fibrous tissue is found Loose fibrous tissue is found supportingsupportingepithelium and many internal organsepithelium and many internal organs

•• AdiposeAdipose tissue is a special loose fibrous tissue tissue is a special loose fibrous tissue where fat is storedwhere fat is stored


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What does loose fibrous connective What does loose fibrous connective tissue look like?tissue look like?


B. Supportive connective tissue: B. Supportive connective tissue: CartilageCartilage

•• Cells are in chambers called Cells are in chambers called lacunaelacunae•• Matrix is solid but flexibleMatrix is solid but flexible•• 3 types are distinguished by types of fibers3 types are distinguished by types of fibers

1.1. Hyaline cartilageHyaline cartilage –– fine collagen fibers fine collagen fibers LocationLocation: Nose, ends of long bones and fetal skeleton: Nose, ends of long bones and fetal skeleton

2.2. Elastic cartilageElastic cartilage –– more elastic fibers than cartilage more elastic fibers than cartilage fibersfibersLocationLocation: Outer ear: Outer ear

3.3. FibrocartilageFibrocartilage –– strong collagen fibersstrong collagen fibersLocationLocation: : Disks between vertebraeDisks between vertebrae


B. Supportive connective tissue:B. Supportive connective tissue:BoneBone

•• Cells are in chambers called Cells are in chambers called lacunaelacunae•• Matrix is solid and rigid that is made of Matrix is solid and rigid that is made of

collagen and calcium saltscollagen and calcium salts•• 2 types are distinguished by types of fibers2 types are distinguished by types of fibers

1.1. CompactCompact –– made of repeating circular units called made of repeating circular units called osteonsosteons which contain the hard matrix and living which contain the hard matrix and living cells and blood vessels cells and blood vessels LocationLocation: Shafts of long bone: Shafts of long bone

2.2. SpongySpongy –– an open, latticework with irregular spacesan open, latticework with irregular spacesLocationLocation: Ends of long bones: Ends of long bones


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What do bone (Pg.63) and cartilage What do bone (Pg.63) and cartilage look like?look like?


C. Fluid connective tissue:C. Fluid connective tissue:BloodBlood

•• Made of a Made of a fluid matrixfluid matrixcalledcalled plasmaplasma and and cellular componentscellular componentsthat are called formed that are called formed elements elements

•• 3 3 formed elementsformed elements::1.1. Red blood cellsRed blood cells –– cellscells

that carry oxygenthat carry oxygen2.2. White blood cellsWhite blood cells –– cellscells

that fight infectionthat fight infection3.3. Platelets Platelets –– pieces ofpieces of

cells that clot bloodcells that clot blood


C. Fluid connective tissue: LymphC. Fluid connective tissue: Lymph

•• Matrix is a fluid called lymphMatrix is a fluid called lymph

•• White blood cells congregate in this White blood cells congregate in this tissuetissue


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2. Muscle tissue2. Muscle tissue

•• Allows for Allows for movementmovement in the bodyin the body

•• Made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers Made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called called actinactin and myosinand myosin

•• There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: A. SkeletalA. SkeletalB. Smooth B. Smooth C. CardiacC. Cardiac

4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body

A. Muscle tissue A. Muscle tissue -- SkeletalSkeletal

•• AppearanceAppearance: long, : long, cylindrical cells, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, multiple nuclei, striated fibersstriated fibers

•• LocationLocation: attached to : attached to bone for movementbone for movement

•• NatureNature: voluntary : voluntary movementmovement


B. Muscle tissue B. Muscle tissue -- SmoothSmooth

•• AppearanceAppearance: spindle: spindle--shaped cell with one shaped cell with one nucleus, lack striationsnucleus, lack striations

•• LocationLocation: walls of hollow : walls of hollow organs and vesselsorgans and vessels

•• NatureNature: involuntary : involuntary movementmovement


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C. Muscle tissue C. Muscle tissue –– CardiacCardiac•• AppearanceAppearance: branched : branched

cells with a single cells with a single nucleus, striations with nucleus, striations with darker striations called darker striations called intercalated disks intercalated disks between cellsbetween cells

•• LocationLocation: heart: heart

•• NatureNature: involuntary : involuntary movementmovement


3. Nervous tissue3. Nervous tissue

•• Allows for Allows for communication communication between cells between cells through sensory input, integration of data and through sensory input, integration of data and motor outputmotor output

•• Made of 2 major cell types:Made of 2 major cell types:A. A. NeuronsNeuronsB. B. NeurogliaNeuroglia

4.4 Nervous tissue communicates

A. Nervous tissue A. Nervous tissue -- neuronsneurons

•• Made of dendrites, a Made of dendrites, a cell bodycell body and an axonand an axon

•• DendritesDendrites carry carry information information towardtoward the the cell body cell body

•• AxonsAxons carry information carry information away fromaway from the cell bodythe cell body


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A. Nervous tissue A. Nervous tissue -- neuroglianeuroglia

•• A collection of cells that A collection of cells that support support and nourish and nourish neurons neurons

•• Outnumber neurons 9:1Outnumber neurons 9:1

•• Examples are Examples are oligodendrocytesoligodendrocytes, , astrocytesastrocytes and and microgliamicroglia


4. Epithelial tissue4. Epithelial tissue

•• A groups of cells that form a A groups of cells that form a tight, continuoustight, continuousnetworknetwork

•• LinesLines body cavities, body cavities, covers covers body surfaces and found in body surfaces and found in glandsglands

•• Cells are anchored by a Cells are anchored by a basement membranebasement membraneon one side and free on the other sideon one side and free on the other side

•• Named after the appearance of Named after the appearance of cell layerscell layers and the and the shapeshape of the cellsof the cells

•• There is transitional epithelium that changes in There is transitional epithelium that changes in appearance in response to tensionappearance in response to tension

4.5 Epithelial tissue protects

How do we name epithelial tissue?How do we name epithelial tissue?•• Number of cell layers:Number of cell layers:

•• SimpleSimple: one layer of cells: one layer of cells•• StratifiedStratified: more than one layer of cells: more than one layer of cells•• PseudostratifiedPseudostratified: appears to have layers but only : appears to have layers but only

has one layerhas one layer

•• Shape of cell:Shape of cell:•• CuboidalCuboidal: cube: cube--shapedshaped•• ColumnarColumnar: column: column--shapedshaped•• SquamousSquamous: flattened: flattened


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What does epithelial tissue look What does epithelial tissue look like?like?


How are cells connected within a How are cells connected within a tissue?tissue?

•• Tight junctionsTight junctions –– proteins join and form an proteins join and form an impermeable barrier between plasma impermeable barrier between plasma membranes in a membranes in a zipzipperper--like fashionlike fashion

•• Adhesion junctionsAdhesion junctions –– cytoskeletalcytoskeletal fibers fibers joinjoinbetween cells and have flexibilitybetween cells and have flexibility

•• Gap junctionsGap junctions –– a fusion of adjacent plasma a fusion of adjacent plasma membranes with small membranes with small channelschannels between between them that allow small molecules to diffusethem that allow small molecules to diffuse

4.6 Cell junction types

Cell junctionsCell junctions4.6 Cell junction types

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Moving from tissue to organs and Moving from tissue to organs and organ systemsorgan systems

•• An organ is 2 or more tissue types working An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular functiontowards a particular function

•• An organ system is a combination of organs An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular that work together to carry out a particular functionfunction

4.7 Integumentary system

What are the body cavities?What are the body cavities?4.8 Organ systems

What about the body membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities?that line the cavities?•• Mucous membranesMucous membranes –– lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary

and reproductive systems (Parts with connection to and reproductive systems (Parts with connection to OUTSIDEOUTSIDE))

•• Serous membranesSerous membranes –– line lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and line lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and covers the internal organs; named after their location (covers the internal organs; named after their location (Ventral CVentral C.).)

•• PleuraPleura: lungs: lungs•• PeritoneumPeritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs: abdominal cavity and organs•• PericardiumPericardium: heart: heart

•• SynovialSynovial membranesmembranes –– lines the cavities of freely movable jointslines the cavities of freely movable joints

•• MeningesMeninges –– cover the brain and spinal cordcover the brain and spinal cord

4.8 Organ systems

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What are the organ systems of the What are the organ systems of the human body?human body?

4.8 Organ systems

What are the organ systems of the What are the organ systems of the human body?human body?

4.8 Organ systems

The The integumentaryintegumentary system:system:•• Includes the skin and accessory organs such Includes the skin and accessory organs such

as hair, nails and glandas hair, nails and gland

•• The skin has two main regions called the The skin has two main regions called the epidermis and the dermisepidermis and the dermis

•• Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer between the dermis and internal structures between the dermis and internal structures where fat is storedwhere fat is stored

•• Is important for maintaining Is important for maintaining homeostasishomeostasis


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What are the functions of the What are the functions of the integumentaryintegumentary systemsystem

1.1. ProtectsProtects the body from physical the body from physical traumatrauma, , invasion by invasion by pathogenspathogens and and water losswater loss

2.2. Helps regulate body Helps regulate body temperaturetemperature

3.3. Allows us to be Allows us to be awareaware of our surroundings of our surroundings through sensory receptorsthrough sensory receptors

4.4. SynthesizesSynthesizes chemicals such as melanin and chemicals such as melanin and vitamin Dvitamin D


There are two regions of the skinThere are two regions of the skin

•• EpidermisEpidermis•• DermisDermis


The epidermis:The epidermis:•• The thin, outermost layer of the skinThe thin, outermost layer of the skin•• Made of epithelial tissueMade of epithelial tissue•• Cells in the uppermost cells are dead and Cells in the uppermost cells are dead and

become filled with keratin thus acting as a become filled with keratin thus acting as a waterproof barrierwaterproof barrier

•• LangerhansLangerhans cellscells are a type of white blood cell are a type of white blood cell that help fight pathogensthat help fight pathogens

•• MelanocytesMelanocytes produce melanin that lend to skin produce melanin that lend to skin color and protection for UV lightcolor and protection for UV light

•• Some cells convert cholesterol to vitamin DSome cells convert cholesterol to vitamin D


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The dermis:The dermis:•• The thick, inner layer of the skinThe thick, inner layer of the skin

•• Made of Made of dense fibrous connectivedense fibrous connective tissuetissue

•• Contains elastic and collagen fibersContains elastic and collagen fibers

•• Contains blood vessels, many sensory Contains blood vessels, many sensory receptors and glandsreceptors and glands


What are the accessory organs of the What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important?skin and why are they important?•• Includes nails, hair and glandsIncludes nails, hair and glands

•• Nails are derived from the epidermis that offer a Nails are derived from the epidermis that offer a protectiveprotective coveringcovering

•• Hair follicles are derived from the dermis but hair grows Hair follicles are derived from the dermis but hair grows from epidermal cells (protects & warms)from epidermal cells (protects & warms)

•• Oil glands are associated with hair and produce sebum Oil glands are associated with hair and produce sebum thatthat lubricateslubricates hair and skin as well as hair and skin as well as retardsretards bacterial bacterial growthgrowth

•• Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and helps to Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and helps to regulate body regulate body temperaturetemperature


What might skin cancer look like?What might skin cancer look like?


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What you need to know about skin What you need to know about skin cancer?cancer?•• 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis:2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis:

•• Basal cell carcinomaBasal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly is the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancerform of skin cancer

•• MelanomaMelanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least commonleast common

•• What can you do to help prevent this?What can you do to help prevent this?•• Stay out of the sun between 10amStay out of the sun between 10am--3pm3pm•• Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses, Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses,

widewide--brimmed hat)brimmed hat)•• Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from

UVUV--A and UVA and UV--B raysB rays•• DonDon’’t use tanning bedst use tanning beds


What is homeostasis?What is homeostasis?•• The ability to maintain a relatively The ability to maintain a relatively

constant internal environment in the constant internal environment in the bodybody

•• The nervous and endocrine systems are The nervous and endocrine systems are keykey in maintaining homeostasis in maintaining homeostasis

•• Changes from the normal tolerance limits Changes from the normal tolerance limits results in illness or even deathresults in illness or even death

4.9 Homeostasis

All systemsAll systems are important in are important in maintaining homeostasismaintaining homeostasis

4.9 Homeostasis

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Negative feedbackNegative feedback•• The primary mechanism The primary mechanism

for maintaining for maintaining homeostasishomeostasis

•• Has two components: Has two components: •• sensor sensor •• control centercontrol center

•• The The outputoutput of the system of the system dampensdampens the original the original stimulusstimulus

4.9 Homeostasis

An example of negative feedback: An example of negative feedback: body temperaturebody temperature

4.9 Homeostasis

Positive feedbackPositive feedback•• A mechanism for A mechanism for increasingincreasing the change of the the change of the

internal environment internal environment in one directionin one direction

•• An example is the secretion of An example is the secretion of oxytocinoxytocin during during birth to continually increase uterine birth to continually increase uterine contractions contractions

•• Can be harmful such as when a fever is too Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to risehigh and continues to rise

4.9 Homeostasis

4.1 types of tissues chapter 4 :organization & …...3 what do bone (pg.63) and cartilage look...

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